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"Todd Combs Todd Anthony Combs (born January 27, 1971) is a former hedge fund manager and current investment manager at Berkshire Hathaway. Alongside Ted Weschler, he is frequently cited as a potential successor of Warren Buffett as the chief investment officer of Berkshire. In 2016 he was appointed board member of JPMorgan Chase. Todd Anthony Combs was born and raised in Sarasota, Florida. He is a 1993 graduate of Florida State University, with degrees in finance and multinational business operations. Combs later attended Columbia Business School in New York City, graduating in 2002. Before going into the hedge-fund world, Combs worked for a time as a Florida bank regulator and also in the pricing department of Progressive Insurance. In 2005, Combs launched a hedge fund called Castle Point Capital, based in Greenwich, Connecticut. He was Chief Executive Officer and Director of Castle Point from 2005 to 2010. During that time, the returns of Combs's firm were a cumulative 34%, according to an investor. In October 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Buffett had tapped Combs to eventually replace him as the chief investment officer of Berkshire Hathaway. In September 2016 Combs joined the board of U.S. bank JPMorgan Chase, an appointment that expanded Berkshire's ties in the financial services industry to the top three banks in America. Todd Combs Todd Anthony Combs (born January 27, 1971) is a former hedge fund manager and current investment manager at Berkshire Hathaway. Alongside Ted Weschler, he is frequently cited as a potential successor of Warren Buffett as the chief investment officer of Berkshire. In 2016 he was appointed board member of JPMorgan Chase. Todd Anthony Combs was born and raised in Sarasota, Florida. He is a 1993 graduate of Florida State University, with degrees in finance and multinational business operations. Combs later"
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"The Dark Man (film) The Dark Man (AKA \"Man Detained\") is a 1951 British black and white, film-noir, thriller, crime, drama, film, from Rank Studios, written and directed by Jeffrey Dell, and starring Edward Underdown, Maxwell Reed and Natasha Parry. At a farmhouse in a lonely wood, ruthless killer \"The Dark Man\" (Maxwell Reed) murders a petty criminal. He then shoots the taxi driver who drove him there, knowing he would be able to identify him. However, the murder is witnessed by a young actress, Molly (Natasha Parry), who is passing by. The Dark Man now has reason to silence her as well. When the police investigate the murder, Inspector Viner (Edward Underdown) is assigned the case, and soon develops romantic feelings for Molly. Meanwhile, the Dark Man continues to stalk his prey, and is foiled in an attempt to strangle Molly at her home - but continues to pursue her. The climax comes with a desperate chase across a desolate landscape. \"The New York Times\" wrote: \"this Julian Wintle production often stirs up a fair amount of suspense and absorption, chiefly because of the efficient direction of Jeffrey Dell, an excellent performance by Edward Underdown, as a detective, and a painless round-up of typical British \"types\" in minor roles. But the scenario is a meandering affair overbalanced with too many sneering close-ups of its culprits, and...anything but suggestive of the banner of the distributors, \"Fine Arts Films, Inc.\"\". \"AllMovie\" noted: \"the plot is nothing new, though the settings--a provincial repertory theatre, a military rifle range--are rather novel\"; and \"Britmovie\" thought, \"Edward Underdown is clearly too old to be the young policeman and love interest, but brooding Maxwell Reed is very effective as the shadowy ‘Dark Man’.\" The Dark Man (film) The Dark Man (AKA \"Man Detained\") is a 1951"
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"Rajanikant Arole Rajnikant Shankarrao Arole was born in Supa in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra State, India, on 10 July 1934, the second child of Shankar and Leelawati Salve Arole. His parents were both schoolteachers and his father became Inspector of Schools. The Aroles raised their three sons and four daughters in the faith of the Church of England, inculcating in them Christian ethical and spiritual values that have guided Rajnikant through a lifetime of public service. Rajnikant received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1979. He also received PadmaBhushan Mother Teresa Memorial National Award for Social Justice. He died on 25 May 2011 in Pune. President Papers Presented at National & International Conferences/Congresses, Workshop Seminar Attended Voluntary Service Organization (U N Geneva Manila, Philippines) Research / UNICEF, London U.K. Oration Rajanikant Arole Rajnikant Shankarrao Arole was born in Supa in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra State, India, on 10 July 1934, the second child of Shankar and Leelawati Salve Arole. His parents were both schoolteachers and his father became Inspector of Schools. The Aroles raised their three sons and four daughters in the faith of the Church of England, inculcating in them Christian ethical and spiritual values"
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"Gymnocarpium robertianum Gymnocarpium robertianum, the limestone fern or scented oakfern, is a fern of the family Cystopteridaceae. \"Gymnocarpium robertianum\" has small (10–50 cm), deltate, two- to three-pinnate fronds. Fronds arise from creeping rhizomes and have long, delicate rachis. The sori are borne in round clumps on the underside of the blade and lack an indusium. This species differs from the closely related \"G. dryopteris\" in having a densely glandular rachis as well as a more sparsely glandular underside to the blade. \"Gymnocarpium robertianum\" is thought to hybridise with \"G . appalachianum\" giving rise to \"Gymnocarpium\" × \"heterosporum\" . This hybrid was only known from Pennsylvania where it has now been eradicated. The hybrid between \"G. robertianum\" and \"G. dryopteris\" is \"Gymnocarpium\" × \"achriosporum\" this taxon is known from Sweden and Quebec. \"Gymnocarpium robertianum\" is a circumboreal species with populations in Europe, North America and the Caucasus Mountains. This species is protected in Illinois and Michigan and is protected under the Flora Protection Order in Ireland. This species is a calcicole and as such is restricted to alkaline rich areas. In the British Isles its preferential habitat is grykes in limestone pavement. In Michigan the species is most frequent in Thuja occidentalis swamps. Gymnocarpium robertianum Gymnocarpium robertianum, the limestone fern or scented oakfern, is a fern of the family Cystopteridaceae. \"Gymnocarpium robertianum\" has small (10–50 cm), deltate, two- to three-pinnate fronds. Fronds arise from creeping rhizomes and have long, delicate rachis. The sori are borne in round clumps on the underside of the blade and lack an indusium. This species differs from the closely related \"G. dryopteris\" in having a densely glandular rachis as well as a more sparsely glandular underside to the blade. \"Gymnocarpium robertianum\" is thought to hybridise with \"G . appalachianum\" giving rise to \"Gymnocarpium\" × \"heterosporum\" ."
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"WOKS WOKS AM 1340 is a radio station broadcasting a rhythmic oldies format. Licensed to serve Columbus, Georgia, United States, the station serves the immediate area around Columbus and suburban Phenix City, Alabama. The station is currently owned by Davis Broadcasting, Inc. of Columbus. Its radio studios are co-located with four other sister stations on Wynnton Road in Columbus east of downtown, and its transmitter is located in Columbus southeast of downtown. In late February 2016, Davis' W243CE FM 96.5, located all the way on the far northeast edge of metro Atlanta, was given a construction permit to move to Columbus. The broadcast translator will air WOKS on 97.5 with 250 watts from a height of . Ordinarily prohibited, the long-distance move is allowed under the FCC's \"AM revitalization\" program, which allows AM stations (but not other low-power community stations like LPFM) to take existing FM translators and the service they provide away from their current areas and use them to duplicate their own service in the same area the main station already serves, without having to overlap the translator's previous service contour. WOKS WOKS AM 1340 is a radio station broadcasting a rhythmic oldies format. Licensed to serve Columbus,"
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"Susanna Watts Susanna Watts (1768–1842) was a noted English abolitionist, author, translator and artist. Watts was born in 1768, in Danet's Hall, Leicester, the youngest of three sisters and the only child of John and Joan Watts to survive childhood. Her family was left impoverished after her uncle (who had supported the family after Watts' father died when she was 15 months old), died when she was 15. Watts took up writing in order to earn money to support herself and her mother. Her poetry was noted for its anti-slavery themes. Watts published a poem directed at William Wilberforce criticising his views on women working in the abolitionist movement. Despite Wilberforce's views, Watts and her friend Elizabeth Heyrick continued campaigning against slavery, including founding The Humming Bird, the first anti-slavery periodical. Heyrick and Watts would visit greengrocers and other businesses to encourage the owners to not purchase Caribbean sugar and other products produced by slave labour. Watts published a number of translations, collections of poetry, and travel writing. Upon Heyrick's death in 1834, Watts published a poem \"To the Memory of Eliizabeth Heyrick.\" Watts' reputation led to her being noted in Mary Pilkington's \"Memoirs of Celebrated Female Characters.\" She published her guidebook \"A Walk Through Leicester\" anonymously, and referred to herself as 'he' in the address at the beginning of the book. Watts also founded the philanthropical organisation, Society of the Relief of Indigent Old Age, as well as publishing books on the treatment of animals. Her scrapbook is now held by the Leicestershire Records Office. Susanna Watts Susanna Watts (1768–1842) was a noted English abolitionist, author, translator and artist. Watts was born in 1768, in Danet's Hall, Leicester, the youngest of three sisters and the only child of John and Joan Watts to survive childhood. Her family was left"
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"Periciazine Periciazine (INN), also known as pericyazine (BAN) or propericiazine, is a drug that belongs to the phenothiazine class of typical antipsychotics. Pericyazine is not approved for sale in the United States. It is commonly sold in Canada and Russia under the tradename Neuleptil and in United Kingdom and Australia under the tradename Neulactil. The primary uses of pericyazine include in the short-term treatment of severe anxiety or tension and in the maintenance treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether periciazine is more or less effective than other antipsychotics. A 2014 systematic review compared pericyazine with typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia: Periciazine has also been studied in the treatment of opioid dependence. Pericyazine is a rather sedating and anticholinergic antipsychotic, and despite being classed with the typical antipsychotics, its risk of extrapyramidal side effects is comparatively low. It has a relatively high risk of causing hyperprolactinaemia and a moderate risk of causing weight gain and orthostatic hypotension. Periciazine Periciazine (INN), also known as pericyazine (BAN) or propericiazine, is a drug that belongs to the phenothiazine class of typical antipsychotics. Pericyazine is not approved for sale in the United States. It is commonly sold in"
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"Palompon Institute of Technology The Palompon Institute of Technology (PIT) is a state college in the Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher vocational, professional, and technical instruction and training in trade and industrial education and other vocational courses, professional courses, and offer engineering courses. It is also mandated to promote research, advance studies and progressive leadership in the fields of trade, technical, industrial and technological education. Its main campus is in Palompon, Leyte. The Palompon Institute of Technology is composed of many colleges such as the College of Education, College of Technology and Engineering, College of Arts and Science, College of Maritime Education and College of Advance Education. PIT is located along Evangelista Street in Palompon,leyte Province Philippines. PIT is a Leyte educational institution that specializes in the field of Maritime Sciences. This college offers academic programs such as Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation, Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Bachelor of Arts in Communication, Bachelor of Science in Shipping Management, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management Major in Cruise Ship, Bachelor of Elementary Education, Bachelor of Secondary Education, and Bachelor of Science in Home Technology Education. Aside from these baccalaureate degrees,PIT also offers graduate academic programs that include Doctor of Philosophy Major in Educational Management, Master of Arts Major in Community Development, and Master of Technology Education. Furthermore, this educational institution also offers scholarships and grants to numerous intelligent students. Palompon Institute of Technology The Palompon Institute of Technology (PIT) is a state college in the Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher vocational, professional, and technical instruction and training in trade and industrial education"
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"Money Won't Change You \"Money Won't Change You\" is a song recorded by James Brown in 1966. It was released in edited form as a two-part single which charted #11 R&B and #53 Pop. It was his third message song, after \"Don't Be a Drop-Out,\" and \"Get it Together\", songs recorded in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. Both parts of the single were included on Brown's 1967 album \"Sings Raw Soul\". An unedited version of the song appeared for the first time in the 1991 box set \"Star Time\". Aretha Franklin covered \"Money Won't Change You\" on her 1968 album \"Lady Soul\". Money Won't Change You \"Money Won't Change You\" is a song recorded by James Brown in 1966. It was released in edited form as a two-part single which charted #11 R&B and #53 Pop. It was his third message song, after \"Don't Be a Drop-Out,\" and \"Get it Together\", songs recorded in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. Both parts of the single were included on Brown's 1967 album \"Sings Raw Soul\". An unedited version of the song appeared for the first time in the 1991 box set \"Star Time\". Aretha Franklin covered \"Money Won't"
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"Échandens Échandens is a municipality in the district of Morges of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Échandens is first mentioned in 1164 as \"Scandens\". Échandens has an area, , of . Of this area, or 52.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 18.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 29.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 13.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.5%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 15.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 42.0% is used for growing crops, while 9.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Échandens became part of the new district of Morges. It consists of the village of Échandens and the hamlet of Les Abbesses. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Gules, two Chevrons Argent.\" Échandens has a population () of . , 17.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 2.8%. It has changed at a rate of -1.2% due to migration and at a rate of 3.9% due to births and deaths. Most of the population () speaks French (1,804 or 86.5%), with German being second most common (121 or 5.8%) and Italian being third (40 or 1.9%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 388 or about 18.6% were born in Échandens and lived there in 2000. There were 875 or 42.0% who were born in the same canton, while 388 or 18.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 386 or 18.5% were born outside of Switzerland. In there were 10 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 11 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 6 Swiss men and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 6 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.3%. The age distribution, , in Échandens is; 196 children or 9.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 262 teenagers or 12.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 220 people or 10.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 261 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 320 people or 15.0% are between 40 and 49, and 291 people or 13.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 329 people or 15.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 182 people or 8.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 67 people or 3.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 9 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older. , there were 810 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,068 married individuals, 77 widows or widowers and 130 individuals who are divorced. , there were 828 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 211 households that consist of only one person and 59 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 853 households that answered this question, 24.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 253 married couples without children, 310 married couples with children There were 38 single parents with a child or children. There were 13 households that were made up of unrelated people and 25 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 22.16% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.33%), the SP (16.99%) and the Green Party (15.34%). In the federal election, a total of 704 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.7%. , Échandens had an unemployment rate of 3%. , there were 54 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 456 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 38 businesses in this sector. 591 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 102 businesses in this sector. There were 1,101 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.9% of the workforce. , there were 775 workers who commuted into the municipality and 881 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.1% of the workforce coming into Échandens are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 14.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.8% used a private car. From the , 575 or 27.6% were Roman Catholic, while 1,106 or 53.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 22 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.06% of the population), and there were 76 individuals (or about 3.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 individuals (or about 0.43% of the population) who were Jewish, and 12 (or about 0.58% of the population) who were Islamic. 243 (or about 11.65% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 79 individuals (or about 3.79% of the population) did not answer the question. In Échandens about 832 or (39.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 379 or (18.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 379 who completed tertiary schooling, 56.5% were Swiss men, 28.8% were Swiss women, 10.0% were non-Swiss men and 4.7% were non-Swiss women. In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 233 students in the Échandens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 112 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 119 students in those schools. There were also 2 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. , there were 38 students in Échandens who came from another municipality, while 201 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Échandens Échandens is a municipality in the district of Morges of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Échandens is first mentioned in 1164 as \"Scandens\". Échandens has an area, , of . Of this area, or 52.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 18.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 29.1% is"
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"Robert Biswas-Diener Robert Biswas-Diener (born July 27, 1972) is a positive psychologist, author and instructor at Portland State University. Biswas-Diener's father is Ed Diener, a psychologist. Biswas-Diener's research focuses on income and happiness, culture and happiness, and positive psychology. Biswas-Diener's research has led him to areas such as India, Greenland, Israel, Kenya, and Spain, and he has been called the \"Indiana Jones of positive psychology\". He obtained his PhD in 2009 on \"Material wealth and subjective well-being\" from the University of Tromsø. Biswas-Diener is interested in looking into the difference between a procrastinator and what he calls an \"incubator\". Biswas-Diener is an author of books and articles and sits on the editorial boards of the \"Journal of Happiness Studies\" and \"Journal of Positive Psychology\". Biswas-Diener also co-founded The Strengths Project, a charity whose mission is to \"help underprivileged individuals and groups realise their strengths to enhance quality of life and build on their life circumstances.\" The psychological study of happiness is referred to as subjective well-being. Researchers are principally interested in the measurement, causes and consequences of being happy. Biswas-Diener has contributed to the study of happiness principally through his investigations of the well-being of exotic groups traditionally overlooked by psychologists. These include the Amish, the Maasai and homeless people. Positive psychologists have argued that there is a need create a taxonomy of “what goes right with people” as well as “what goes wrong with people.” Previous attempts have focused on uni-dimensional approaches such as identify individual strengths. Biswas-Diener has expanded on these approaches by creating a “multi-axial” approach to comprehensive diagnosis similar to the DSM Multi-axial Approach used in clinical psychology. His positive diagnosis model includes: Many researchers have examined the phenomenon of procrastination. Some researchers have noted that procrastination can be adaptive. Biswas-Diener has examined the work styles of people who knowingly procrastinate and allow mounting anxiety to propel them to high performance, albeit “at the last minute.” He has identified this work style as “incubator.” A major area of interest within positive psychology theory and research has been on the topic of strengths. Strengths are disproportionately represented among publications in the Journal of Positive Psychology. Biswas-Diener and his colleagues argue that strengths are potentials rather than traits and that they can be cultivated through effort. Following from this argument is the idea that strengths can be over or underused and that “strengths development” is largely a matter of learning to use strengths appropriately to unique situations. They further argue that if used inappropriately strengths use may be associated with social costs or personal psychological harm. Biswas-Diener has written that courage consists of two separable processes: managing the emotion of fear and “boosting the willingness to act”. He suggests that courage consists of skills that can be learned. Robert Biswas-Diener Robert Biswas-Diener (born July 27, 1972) is a positive psychologist, author and instructor at Portland State University. Biswas-Diener's father is Ed Diener, a psychologist. Biswas-Diener's research focuses on income and happiness, culture and happiness, and positive psychology. Biswas-Diener's"
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"Ballandean railway station Ballandean railway station is located on the Southern line in Queensland, Australia. It services the town of Ballandean, a rural district in the Granite Belt. The station is a well-known landmark on the New England Highway due to the big dinosaur in front of it, nicknamed the Fruitisforus (\"Fruit-is-for-us\"). The dinosaur was originally constructed for a float in the 1998 Apple and Grape Festival. After the festival, the community placed it in front of the railway station to get passing traffic to stop and buy fruit for a community fundraiser. It proved so popular that it was reinforced with fibregrass and painted and made a permanent roadside feature. It is long and high. Ballandean railway station Ballandean railway station is located on the Southern line in Queensland, Australia. It services the town of Ballandean, a rural district in the Granite Belt. The station is a well-known landmark on the New England Highway due to the big dinosaur in front of it, nicknamed the Fruitisforus (\"Fruit-is-for-us\"). The dinosaur was originally constructed for a float in the 1998 Apple and Grape Festival. After the festival, the community placed it in front of the railway station to get passing traffic"
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"North Tayside (Scottish Parliament constituency) North Tayside was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. Also, however, it is one of nine constituencies in the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole. The other eight constituencies of the mid Scotland and Fife Region are Dunfermline East, Dunfermline West, Fife Central, Fife North East, Kirkcaldy, Ochil, Perth and Stirling. The region covers all of the Clackmannanshire council area, all of the Fife council area, all of the Perth and Kinross council area, all of the Stirling council area and parts of the Angus council area. The constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of a pre-existing Westminster (House of Commons) constituency. In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster constituencies were generally replaced with new larger constituencies. For representation at Westminster, the area of the Holyrood constituency is now divided between the Perth and North Perthshire Westminster constituency and the Angus Westminster constituency. The Holyrood constituency of North Tayside covers a northern portion of the Perth and Kinross council area and a northern portion of the Angus council area. The rest of the Perth and Kinross council area is covered by the Mid Scotland and Fife constituencies of Perth and Ochil and the North East Scotland constituency of Angus. The rest of the Angus council area is covered by the Angus constituency. The Perth constituency is entirely within the Perth and Kinross council area, south of the Tayside North constituency. The Ochil constituency covers a south-eastern portion of the Perth and Kinross council area, the Clackmannanshire council area, and a south-eastern portion of the Stirling council area. The Angus constituency covers a small eastern portion of the Perth and Kinross council, a southern portion of the Angus council area, and north-western and north-eastern portions of the City of Dundee council area. The constituency was a relatively prosperous, largely rural, Lowland seat, on the fringe of the Highlands, with successful livestock farming, fruit-growing and tourism interests, a combination of small towns and rich agricultural land, with relatively low unemployment. It included the towns of Pitlochry, Forfar and Blairgowrie. The south-western area, near the town of Perth, is the most populous. John Swinney has represented the constituency for the SNP since the first Scottish election in 1999. He is the Cabinet Secretary for Finance, and was SNP leader from 2000 to 2004. North Tayside (Scottish Parliament constituency) North Tayside was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. Also, however, it is one of nine constituencies in the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs,"
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"Lambic Lambic ('lɒmbiːk or 'læmbɪk) is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels and in Brussels itself at the Cantillon Brewery. Lambic beers include gueuze and kriek lambic. Lambic differs from most other beers in that it is fermented through exposure to wild yeasts and bacteria native to the Zenne valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains of brewer's yeast. This process gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, vinous, and cidery, usually with a sour aftertaste. Lambic is first mentioned in 1794 as 'allambique'. The initial 'a' was dropped early on, so that in an 1811 advert it was called 'lambicq', though it was sometimes referred to as 'alambic' as late as 1817 or even 1829. The name therefore likely stems from the alembic, a still used for producing jenever. Probably the beer was considered to have characteristics akin to spirits (like its yellow colour, its clarity and above-average alcohol content). Because of the original form 'allambique' other explanations, such as that it was derived from Lembeek, a municipality near Halle, Belgium, seem less likely. The beer is generally brewed from a grist containing approximately 60–70% barley malt and 30–40% unmalted wheat. The wort is cooled overnight in a shallow, flat metal pan (generally copper or stainless steel) called a coolship where it is left exposed to the open air so more than 120 different types of microorganisms may inoculate the wort. This cooling process requires night-time temperatures between -8C (18F) and 8 C (46F). While this cooling method of open air exposure is a critical feature of the style, the key yeasts and bacteria that perform the fermentation reside within the breweries' timber fermenting vessels. Over eighty microorganisms have been identified in lambic beer, the most significant being \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\", \"Saccharomyces pastorianus\" and \"Brettanomyces bruxellensis\". The process is generally only possible between October and May as in the summer months there are too many unfavourable organisms in the air that could spoil the beer. In Brussels dialect, lambic produced after this traditional brewing season is referred to as \"bezomerd,\" meaning that it has had \"too much summer\". Climate change is further shortening this limited brewing window: in the early 1900s, lambic brewers enjoyed roughly 165 days a year in the ideal temperature range, whereas by 2018 that number has shrunk to 140. Since at least the 11th century, and probably earlier, hops have been used in beer for their natural preservative qualities as well as for the pleasant bitterness, flavour, and aroma they impart. Since the method of inoculation and long fermentation time of lambic beers increases the risk of spoilage, lambic brewers use large amounts of hops for their antibacterial properties. Lambic in the early 19th century was a highly hopped beer, using 8–9 g/l of the locally grown Aalst or Poperinge varieties. Modern lambic brewers, however, try to avoid making the beer extremely hop forward and utilise aged, dry hops which have lost much of their bitterness, aroma and flavour. Consequently, lambics often have a strong, cheese-like, \"old hop\" aroma, in contrast to the resiny, herbal, earthy hop bitterness found in other styles. The favourite hop used for lambic in the nineteenth century was a variety called Coigneau which was cultivated in the Aalst-Asse area in Belgium. After the fermentation process starts, the lambic is siphoned into old port wine or sherry barrels (of chestnut or oak) from Portugal or Spain. Some brewers prefer used wine barrels. The lambic is left to ferment and mature for one or several years. It forms a \"velo de flor\" of yeast that gives some protection from oxidation, in a similar way to vin jaune and sherry; the barrels are not topped up. Lambic is usually a blend of at least two different beers; many producers are blenders who buy beer from other brewers and blend them together to create the desired result. A gueuze may have occupied space in several different cellars over six years or more. While those outside Belgium are likely to find bottled gueuze and fruited versions, a wider variety of styles is available to local drinkers. Beers are often blended again or sweetened with sugar or flavoured syrups before drinking as some can be extremely tart. Most, if not all, of the varieties listed below have Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status. This status does not specify that a product has a link to specific geographical area. Unblended lambic is a cloudy, uncarbonated, bracingly sour beverage that is rarely available on tap. Draught releases are generally regarded as either \"jonge\" (young) or \"oude\" (old), depending on age and discretion of the brewer. Bottled offerings from Cantillon and De Cam can be found outside Belgium. A mixture of young (one-year-old) and old (two- and three-year-old) lambics that have been bottled. Because the young lambics are not yet fully fermented, it undergoes secondary fermentation in the bottle and produces carbon dioxide. A gueuze will be given a year to carbonate in the bottle, but can be kept for 10–20 years. Mars traditionally referred to a weaker beer made from the second runnings of a lambic brewing. It is no longer commercially produced. In the 1990s, Boon Brewery made a modern Mars beer called Lembeek's 2% (the 2% referring to the alcohol content), but its production has since been discontinued. Historically, a low-alcohol, sweetened beer made from a blend of lambic and a much lighter, freshly brewed beer to which brown sugar (or sometimes caramel or molasses) was added. The fresh beer was referred to as \"meertsbier\", and was not necessarily a lambic. Sometimes herbs were added as well. The use of meertsbier (or water) and of substandard lambic in the blend made this a cheap, light, sweet drink for everyday consumption. The 19th century French poet Charles Baudelaire commented on faro's disagreeable aftertaste, \"It's beer that you drink twice\", believing that the Faro in Brussels was brewed from the waters of a river (the Senne or Zenne) that was also used as a sewer. The sugar was originally added shortly before serving, and therefore did not add carbonation or alcohol to the beverage, as the sugar did not have the time to ferment. Modern faro beer is still characterized by the use of brown sugar and lambic, but is not always a light beer. The use of meertsbier has disappeared, and modern faro is not viewed as cheap or light. Today, faro is bottled, sweetened, and pasteurized to prevent refermentation in the bottle. Examples are produced by Cantillon, Boon, Oud Beersel, Lindemans or Mort Subite. Lambic refermented in the presence of sour cherries (usually the \"morello\" variety, or a bitter variety known as the Schaerbeek cherry) and with secondary fermentation in the bottle results in kriek. Traditional versions of kriek are dry and sour, just as traditional gueuze. Lambic with the addition of raspberry (framboise), peach (pêche), blackcurrant (cassis), grape (druif), or strawberry (aardbei), as either whole fruit or syrup. Other, rarer fruit lambic flavorings include apple (pomme), banana (banane), pineapple (ananas), apricot (abricot), plum (prune), cloudberry (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and blueberry (myrtille). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among the most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the Liefmans Brewery, for example, use an oud bruin, rather than a lambic as a base. Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that were commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low quality products by many beer enthusiasts. These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based",
"(pomme), banana (banane), pineapple (ananas), apricot (abricot), plum (prune), cloudberry (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and blueberry (myrtille). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among the most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the Liefmans Brewery, for example, use an oud bruin, rather than a lambic as a base. Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that were commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low quality products by many beer enthusiasts. These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based on syrups instead of whole fruit. Lambic beers are only produced within 500 kilometres of Brussels due to that region's natural microflora. The number of producers, which numbered more than 300 in 1900, has shrunk drastically throughout the 20th century. Lambic production is generally sanctioned and promoted by HORAL. Lambic Lambic ('lɒmbiːk or 'læmbɪk) is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels and in Brussels itself at the Cantillon Brewery. Lambic beers include gueuze and kriek lambic. Lambic differs from most other beers in that it is fermented through exposure to wild yeasts and bacteria native to the Zenne valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains"
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"Frederick Coombs Frederick Coombs (sometimes Willie Coombs and also known as George Washington II) was an eccentric who lived in San Francisco in the 19th century and believed himself to be George Washington. For a time he was as popular a figure as Joshua A. Norton, the \"Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico\", and his deeds were reported in the local newspapers. He left the city after a feud with Norton, who he thought was jealous of his \"reputation with the fairer sex\" and returned to his native New York City. Little is known of his early life. He was born in New York City and was apparently a phrenologist by trade, though he was also an accomplished photographer, daguerreotypist, inventor, and possibly a marriage broker. He had travelled throughout the west during the 1830s giving demonstrations of phrenology, apparently accompanied by a giant and a dwarf, and published at least one book on the subject, \"Popular Phrenology\" in 1841. in which the features of George Washington's skull are praised on the introductory page. He was interested in railways and designed a type of electric locomotive that enjoyed some minor success as a curiosity but was never put into large scale production. In 1848 he visited England where he obtained some commissions for the use of his engine, and claimed to have received a proposition to supply his engine to the Russians. He spent five years in England before returning to the United States. Coombs was active as photographer in the 1850s on the West Coast. Some time before 1863 he appeared in San Francisco, either claiming to be George Washington from the outset, or by other accounts, setting up his phrenology business and entertaining fashionable society with readings of their skulls. According to this second story, he was generally known as \"Professor\" Freddy Coombs and resembled George Washington so much that after many comments, he became convinced that he was the former President of The United States and took to dressing in uniform. He wore a Continental Army uniform of tanned buckskin, and set up his headquarters at the saloon of Martin and Horton, where he would study maps while planning his campaigns for the Revolutionary War. He was reported to have spent a winter starving himself until he was convinced by concerned friends that the Battle of Valley Forge was over. In his office as President he composed letters to the United States Congress and issued proclamations, just as Norton did. During the day he would often be seen in Montgomery Street wearing a powdered wig and tricorne hat and carrying a banner proclaiming himself \"The Great Matrimonial Candidate\". Initially he, Norton, and the two well-known stray dogs Bummer and Lazarus drew equal interest from the San Francisco newspapers who delighted in recounting their exploits. Coombs appears in a couple of satirical cartoons by Edward Jump alongside Norton and the dogs: in \"Ambling along Montgomery Street\" he appears in the centre of the picture in full uniform holding a banner with the words \"And Still They Go Marching On\", while in \"The Funeral of Lazarus\" he features as the gravedigger while Norton performs the ceremony. Although short, balding, and rotund, Coombs was pompous and vain, and thought himself to be a ladies' man. He believed this formed the basis of his dispute with Emperor Norton. Norton had torn down some posters that Coombs had put up in Montgomery Street and Coombs reported him to the police. As it was not a criminal offence the police told him they could do nothing, so in an attempt to raise funds for a civil action he sold his story to the \"Alta California\" newspaper. When the reporter asked him why Norton would have done such a thing Coombs replied that he \"was jealous of my reputation with the fairer sex\". This caused great amusement and a few days later the \"Alta California\" published a story mocking both the men in which they reported that the \"light of insanity\" could be seen in Coombs eyes. Norton and Coombs, both convinced of their sanity, demanded a retraction, but Norton also issued his own proclamation against Coombs in which he ordered the Chief of Police to: Coombs left the city immediately, presumably for New York, as in 1868 he was discovered there by Mark Twain, still believing himself to be Washington and still convinced of the effect of his charms on the ladies, whom he entertained by displaying his legs on street corners. Twain reported that he travelled around New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington selling photos of himself visiting Benjamin Franklin's grave for 25 cents. When the William Penn Mansion in Philadelphia was proposed for demolition he asked Congress to give it to him. After it was torn down he switched to demanding the Washington Monument. Coombs died in New York City in 1874. Frederick Coombs Frederick Coombs (sometimes Willie Coombs and also known as George Washington II) was an eccentric who lived in San Francisco in the 19th century and believed himself to be George Washington. For a time he was as popular a figure as Joshua A. Norton, the \"Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico\", and his deeds were reported in the local newspapers. He left the city after a feud with Norton, who he thought was jealous of his \"reputation with the fairer sex\""
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"Battle of Harem The Battle of Harem was fought between the FSA and the Syrian Army, from the 17 October to the 25 December 2012. The fight occurred during the Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013) of the Syrian Civil War. By the end of the battle, the town had been captured by the rebels. The first time rebel forces launched a major attack against the town was on 2 September 2012. The fighting continued the whole next day as well. On that occasion, rebels took control of six of the seven roads leading into Harem and killed a pro-government militia commander. They also burned a dozen homes of suspected militia members in the town, in retaliation for the burning of the houses in their villages. On 17 October, the rebels launched an offensive to capture the town of Harem, which dominates a strategic route to the city of Aleppo. Harem was also seen as a possible new rebel supply route from Turkey. By the end of October, 4,000 civilians, along with pro-government militias, had taken refuge in the old fortress and were in fear of a massacre if the opposition started to bombard the castle. Dozens of wounded Syrian soldiers died of their injuries due to the shortage of supplies, while wounded rebel fighters were transported across the border to Turkey in ambulances. Rebel units withdrew to the edges of the town, while holding on to some parts inside Harem, after an attack on the local headquarters of the political security section was repelled by security forces and Army units that were sent from Salqeen as reinforcements. Dozens of people, including civilians, were killed. During the fighting for the town, government Sukhoi-22 jets were bombarding rebel positions, with an 80 percent hit-rate. On 2 November, a series of air-strikes on Harem reportedly left 70 people dead. At this time, a video emerged, filmed by a \"Reuters\" crew, of rebel fighters gunning down an unarmed man in a dusty alley. Rebels claimed he was a loyalist Army officer, but even so the killing was viewed as proof of both sides committing war crimes. The \"Reuters\" crew also saw the bodies of four uniformed soldiers lined up in a garden, all shot in the head. And, although dozens of prisoners were held by rebels in the town, at least one fighter described commanders' calls for fair treatment as a smokescreen to keep the killings hidden. By 4 November, rebels were reportedly in control of the city center, while fighting was still ongoing at the citadel. On 5 November, Syrian warplanes attacked rebel positions around Harem, resulting in the deaths of 20 rebel fighters, including the brigade commander Basil Eissa. In response to the air-strike, rebels bombarded the al-Tarem neighborhood which is considered as a pro-government stronghold. Late on 24 December, rebels fully captured Harem after the 30 remaining government troops at the historic citadel surrendered. The town was subjugated to continuing air-strikes for months after the rebels captured it. Battle of"
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"Kenwood House Kenwood House (also known as the Iveagh Bequest) is a former stately home, in Hampstead, London, on the northern boundary of Hampstead Heath. It served as a seat for the aristocratic Murray and Guinness families and had various tenants. The original house dates from the early 17th century when it was known as Caen Wood House. The orangery was added in about 1700. In 1754 it was bought by William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield. He commissioned Robert Adam to remodel it from 1764–1779. Adam added the library (one of his most famous interiors) to balance the orangery, and added the Ionic portico at the entrance. In 1793-6 George Saunders added two wings on the north side, and the offices and kitchen buildings and brewery (now the restaurant) to the side. The 2nd Earl and Countess of Mansfield added a dairy to supply Kenwood House with milk and cheese. After two years of negotiations, the 6th Earl of Mansfield leased the house to the exiled Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia and his wife Countess Sophie of Merenberg in 1910. Lord Iveagh, a rich Anglo-Irish businessman and philanthropist (of the Guinness family), bought the house from the Mansfield family in 1925 and left it to the nation upon his death in 1927; it was opened to the public in 1928. The furnishings had already been sold by then, but some furniture has since been bought back. The paintings are from Iveagh's collection. Part of the grounds were bought by the Kenwood Preservation Council in 1922, after there had been threats that it would be sold for building. In 2017, 143,490 people visited the house. The estate has a designed landscape with gardens near the house, probably originally designed by Humphry Repton, contrasting with some surrounding woodland, and the naturalistic Hampstead Heath to the south. There is also a new garden by Arabella Lennox-Boyd. The estate is Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. One third of the estate is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, particularly the ancient woodlands. These are home to many birds and insects and the largest Pipistrelle bat roost in London. There are sculptures by Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore and Eugène Dodeigne in the gardens near the house. Music concerts, originally classical but in more recent years predominantly pop concerts, were held by the lake on Saturday evenings every summer from 1951 until 2006, attracting thousands of people to picnic and enjoy the music, scenery and spectacular fireworks. In February 2007, English Heritage decided to abandon these concerts owing to restrictions placed on them after protests from some local residents. On 19 March 2008, it was announced that the concerts would return to a new location on the Pasture Ground within the Kenwood Estate, with the number of concerts limited to eight per season. The house was closed for major renovations from 2012 until late 2013. The house was the subject of a Margaret Calkin James poster in the 1930s, seen by many commuters on the London Underground. The 1999 British feature film \"Notting Hill\" had a scene filmed here. The 1995 British feature film \"Sense and Sensibility\" had scenes filmed here. Many scenes in the 2013 film \"Belle\", in which William Murray figures as a character, are set in the house or its grounds, although filmed elsewhere. A scene from the 2016 novel \"Swing Time\" by Zadie Smith is set on the grounds of the estate. Paintings of note include Other painters include Most of the works were acquired by Iveagh in the 1880s–1890s and are mainly Old Master portraits, landscapes and 17th century Dutch and Flemish works and British artists. Others were not part of the Iveagh Bequest but were added to the collection after his death because of a connection with Kenwood House. There is also a collection of shoe buckles, jewellery and portrait miniatures. In 2012, an exhibition of works from the art collection, \"Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Gainsborough: The Treasures of Kenwood House, London\" began a tour of museums in the United States while Kenwood House was undergoing renovations; many of the works had never been outside Britain. The exhibit opened 6 June 2013 in Little Rock, Arkansas at the Arkansas Arts Center. Kenwood House Kenwood House (also known as the Iveagh Bequest) is a former stately home, in Hampstead, London, on the northern boundary of Hampstead Heath. It served as a seat for the aristocratic Murray and Guinness families and had various tenants. The original house dates from the early 17th century when it was known as Caen Wood House. The orangery was added in about 1700. In 1754 it was bought by William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield. He commissioned Robert Adam to remodel it from 1764–1779. Adam added the library (one of his"
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"Jamison v. Texas Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a Dallas city ordinance, which prohibited distribution of handbills on the streets, violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment because the material being distributed is religious in its nature. Jamison, a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses, was charged with distributing handbills on the streets of Dallas, Texas, in violation of an ordinance of that city which prohibits their distribution. She was convicted in the Corporation Court of Dallas, and appealed to the County Criminal Court where, after a new trial, she was again convicted and a fine of $5.00 and costs was imposed. Justice Black delivered the opinion of the Court: \"The state can prohibit the use of the street for the distribution of purely commercial leaflets, even though such leaflets may have 'a civic appeal, or a moral platitude' appended. They may not prohibit the distribution of handbills in the pursuit of a clearly religious activity merely because the handbills invite the purchase of books for the improved understanding of the religion or because the handbills seek in a lawful fashion to promote the raising of funds for religious purposes.\" Jamison v. Texas Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a Dallas city ordinance, which prohibited distribution of handbills on the streets, violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment because the material being distributed is religious in its nature. Jamison, a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses, was charged with distributing handbills on the streets of Dallas, Texas, in violation of an ordinance of that city which prohibits their distribution. She was convicted in"
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"EWA Heavyweight Championship The EWA Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling heavyweight championship in the Eastern Wrestling Alliance (EWA). It has been defended throughout the New England region since its introduction in 1998, specifically, in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. The inaugural champion was \"Big\" Rick Fuller, who was awarded the title by the promotion's executive committee to become the first EWA Heavyweight Champion. Maverick Wild holds the record for most reigns, with three. At 742 days, Maverick Wild's third reign is the longest in the title's history. Mikaze's second reign was the shortest in the history of the title losing it to Sean Burke moments after winning the vacant championship. Overall, there have been 24 reigns shared between 18 wrestlers with six vacancies. As of 23, 2019. EWA Heavyweight Championship The EWA Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling heavyweight championship in the Eastern Wrestling Alliance (EWA). It has been defended throughout the New England region since its introduction in 1998, specifically, in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. The inaugural champion was \"Big\" Rick Fuller, who was awarded the title by the promotion's executive committee to become the first EWA Heavyweight Champion. Maverick Wild"
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"Vogon The Vogons are a fictional alien race from the planet Vogsphere in \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\"—initially a BBC Radio series by Douglas Adams—who are responsible for the destruction of the Earth, in order to facilitate an intergalactic highway construction project for a hyperspace express route. Vogons are slug-like but vaguely humanoid, are bulkier than humans, and have green skin. Vogons are described as \"one of the most unpleasant races in the galaxy—not actually evil, but bad-tempered, bureaucratic, officious and callous\", and having \"as much sex appeal as a road accident\" as well as being the authors of \"the third worst poetry in the universe\". They are employed as the galactic government's bureaucrats. According to Marvin the Paranoid Android, they are also the worst marksmen in the galaxy. Guide Description: Vogons are roughly human-sized, although much bulkier, with green or grey skin. Their noses are above their eyebrows, which are either ginger (in the television series) or white (in the film). The film's commentary states that the idea behind the high flat noses was that they evolved both the noses and the severe bureaucracy from being repeatedly whacked by the paddle creatures under the sand on Vogsphere whenever they had an independent thought (in the film, the Vogon bureaucracy is centred on Vogsphere). In the radio series it is said that \"Their highly domed nose rises above their small piggy forehead\". Garth Jennings deliberately based his conception of the Vogons on the work of cartoonist James Gillray (1757–1815). \"His creations were so grotesque...when we looked at them, we realised they \"were\" the Vogons\". The series tells that, far back in prehistory, when the first primeval Vogons crawled out of the sea, evolution gave up on them. Through sheer obstinacy, though, the Vogons survived (partly by adapting a misplaced, badly malformed, and dyspeptic liver into a brain). As the radio show says: \"What nature refused to give to them, they did without. Until their myriad anatomical deficiencies could be rectified with surgery. They then emigrated \"en masse\" to the MeagaBrantis star cluster (although the film has them staying on Vogsphere), the political hub of the galaxy. They banish the ruling philosophers to the tax office to lick stamps and within a few short Voge years took over pretty much all of the galactic civil service, where they form most of the Galactic bureaucracy, most notably in the Vogon Constructor Fleets (which, despite their name, patrol the galaxy demolishing planets). The only named Vogons in the stories are Jeltz (see below), Kwaltz (who appears in the film), Zarniwoop, revealed to be a Vogon in the Quintessential Phase, and Jeltz's son Constant Mown. Vogons are described as officiously bureaucratic, a line of work at which they perform so well that the entire galactic bureaucracy is run by them. On Vogsphere, the Vogons would sit upon very elegant and beautiful gazelle-like creatures, whose backs would snap instantly if the Vogons tried to ride them. The Vogons were perfectly happy with just sitting on them. Another favourite Vogon pastime is to import millions of beautiful jewel-backed scuttling crabs from their native planet, cut down giant trees of breathtaking beauty, and spend a happy drunken night smashing the crabs to bits with iron mallets and cooking the crab meat by burning the trees. In the movie, the Vogons seem to smash the crabs for no apparent reason besides pure pleasure at killing something. The Vogons' battle-cry, and counter-argument to dissent, is \"resistance is useless!\" (cf. \"Resistance is futile\"). Vogon poetry is described as \"the third worst poetry in the Universe\" behind that of the Azgoths of Kria; four members of an audience died of internal haemorrhaging during a recitation by their poet master Grunthos the Flatulent of his poem \"Ode to a Small Lump of Green Putty I Found in My Armpit One Midsummer Morning\" while the President of the Mid-Galactic Arts Nobbling Council survived by gnawing one of his own legs off. Grunthos himself was later killed by his own major intestine, which leaped up through his neck and throttled his brain when he attempted to read his twelve-book epic \"My Favourite Bathtime Gurgles\". Their poetry was also behind that of Paula Nancy Millstone Jennings of Sussex, which was destroyed when the Earth was. The main example used in the story is a short piece composed by Jeltz, which roughly emulates nonsense verse in style (example below). The story relates that listening to it is an experience similar to torture as demonstrated when Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect are forced to listen to the poetry (and say how much they liked it) prior to being thrown out of an airlock. A second example of Vogon poetry is found in the Hitchhiker's Guide interactive fiction game that was produced by Infocom. The first verse is as above; one version of the second verse follows: An unused extended version of the poem is also excerpted in Neil Gaiman's book \"\", in Appendix III. A third example appears in \"The Quintessential Phase\" of the radio series, again written by Jeltz. A fourth example appears in \"And Another Thing...\", the sixth book in the trilogy written by Eoin Colfer. The poem is also written by Jeltz. The Vogon Captain in charge of overseeing the destruction of the Earth, Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz is sadistic and unpleasant to look at, even by Vogon standards. He enjoys shouting at or executing members of his own crew for insubordination, and takes professional pride in his job of demolishing planets. He very rarely smiles: \"Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz smiled very slowly. This was done not so much for effect as because he was trying to remember the sequence of muscle movements.\" It is revealed in \"The Restaurant at the End of the Universe\" that Jeltz had been hired by Gag Halfrunt to destroy the Earth (though in the film it was Zaphod who gave the order by mistake). Halfrunt had been acting on behalf of a consortium of psychiatrists and the Imperial Galactic Government in order to prevent the discovery of the Ultimate Question. When Halfrunt learns that Arthur Dent escaped the planet's destruction, Jeltz is dispatched to track him down and destroy him. Jeltz is unable to complete this task, due to the intervention of Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth, Zaphod's great-grandfather. In \"Mostly Harmless\", Jeltz is once again responsible for the destruction of the Earth, after the Vogons infiltrate the Hitchhikers' Guide company offices to turn the Guide into a device capable of destroying all Earths in every dimension, this time presumably killing Arthur, Ford, Trillian, and Arthur's daughter, Random—a fate dodged by the characters in the Quintessential Phase. \"Prostetnic Vogon\" may be a title, rather than part of his name, since during the second episode of the third radio series (Fit the Fourteenth), two other Prostetnic Vogons are heard from. Also, in \"The Restaurant at the End of the Universe\", Gag Halfrunt refers to Jeltz as \"Captain of Vogons Prostetnic\" (although this may have been a play on Halfrunt's accent). Jeltz appears in: In the first radio series, he was played by Bill Wallis. On television, it was Martin Benson. In the third, fourth and fifth radio series, he was played by Toby Longworth, although Longworth did not receive a credit for the role during the third series. In the film, he is voiced by Richard Griffiths. In cartoon he is voiced by Rupert Degas. The ships of the Vogon Constructor Fleet were described as \"impossibly huge yellow somethings\" (the colour being a parallel to bulldozers that demolish Arthur's house) that \"looked more like they had been congealed than constructed\" and \"hung in the air in much the same way that bricks don't\"; they are said to be undetectable to radar and capable of travel through hyperspace. They are not crewed exclusively by Vogons; a species known as the Dentrassi are responsible for on-board catering. In the television",
"On television, it was Martin Benson. In the third, fourth and fifth radio series, he was played by Toby Longworth, although Longworth did not receive a credit for the role during the third series. In the film, he is voiced by Richard Griffiths. In cartoon he is voiced by Rupert Degas. The ships of the Vogon Constructor Fleet were described as \"impossibly huge yellow somethings\" (the colour being a parallel to bulldozers that demolish Arthur's house) that \"looked more like they had been congealed than constructed\" and \"hung in the air in much the same way that bricks don't\"; they are said to be undetectable to radar and capable of travel through hyperspace. They are not crewed exclusively by Vogons; a species known as the Dentrassi are responsible for on-board catering. In the television version of the story, the craft are shaped like battleships, albeit with a flat bottom through which the demolition beams are fired. In the film version, the craft are grey and cubic, a continuation of the emphasis on bureaucracy in the Vogons' conception: \"Douglas [Adams]'s description of the Vogon ships hanging in the air in much the same way that bricks don't [led to] these Vogon ships which are these massive concrete tower blocks, with hardly any windows, they just have a few doors around the base,\" says Joel Collins. Vogon The Vogons are a fictional alien race from the planet Vogsphere in \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\"—initially a BBC Radio series by Douglas Adams—who are responsible for the destruction of the Earth, in order to facilitate an intergalactic highway construction project for a hyperspace express route. Vogons are slug-like but vaguely humanoid, are bulkier than humans, and have green skin. Vogons are described as \"one of the most unpleasant races in the galaxy—not actually evil, but bad-tempered, bureaucratic, officious and callous\", and having \"as much sex appeal as a road accident\""
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"National Steeplechase Association The National Steeplechase Association is the official sanctioning body of American steeplechase horse racing. The National Steeplechase Association was founded on February 15, 1895 by August Belmont, Jr., the first president of The Jockey Club and chairman of the New York State Racing Commission, along with Alexander Cassatt, John G. Follansbee, H. DeCourcy Forbes, Frederick Gebhard, James O. Green, Samuel S. Howland, Foxhall P. Keene, and Frederick H. Prince. The governing authority for the sport of steeplechase racing, their National Steeplechase Association held, promoted, and documented steeplechase races and events throughout the United States and granted licenses to its various participants. The organization continues to this day with headquarters in Fair Hill, Maryland. The current president is Guy J. Torsilieri. (also Chairman of the Far Hills Race Meeting). One of the leading steeplechasers, William C. Lickle, has his silks and trophies in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga, NY. In terms of his prize winnings, $3,151,921, and a three time leading annual National Steeplechase Association owner in 1991, 1992, and 1997, William C. Lickle is the second leading National Steeplechase Association owner. National Steeplechase Association The National Steeplechase Association is the official"
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"Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre (1708–1798) was a French painter. Born in Paris, Marie-Maximilienne was the daughter of Louis and Marie-Catherine Silvestre, and from youth was taught by them. Soon she was active copying her father's works in pastel. She then became drawing teacher and \"lectrice\" to Maria Josepha of Saxony; when the latter became Dauphin and traveled to France in 1747, de Silvestre was the only one of her servants permitted to come along; she received praise for her counsel from Maurice of Saxony, and kept the court in Dresden abreast of Maria's health and events in her life. She also introduced the work of Pietro Rotari to the Dauphine. De Silvestre died in Versailles in 1798. Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre Marie-Maximilienne de Silvestre (1708–1798) was a French painter. Born in Paris, Marie-Maximilienne was the daughter of Louis and Marie-Catherine Silvestre, and from youth was taught by them. Soon she was active copying her father's works in pastel. She then became drawing teacher and \"lectrice\" to Maria Josepha of Saxony; when the latter became Dauphin and traveled to France in 1747, de Silvestre was the only one of her servants permitted to come along; she received praise for her"
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"McArthur River uranium mine The McArthur River Uranium Mine, in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, is the world's largest high-grade uranium deposit. The McArthur River deposit was discovered in 1988. The property is located 620 air kilometres north of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and 80 kilometres northeast of the Key Lake mill in the uranium rich Athabasca Basin. Mine construction began in 1997, with production commencing in 1999. The mine achieved full commercial production in November 2000. Production is regulated at 18.7 million pounds of yellowcake a year with the ore being processed through the Key Lake mill. Between 2000 and 2013, the McArthur River/Key Lake operation has produced 250.6 million pounds UO. Note that this production figure includes production from the former Key Lake mine as well as that derived from the McArthur River mine. In 2012, McArthur River was the world's largest producing uranium mine, accounting for 13% of world mine production. In late 2017, citing \"continued low uranium prices,\" Cameco announced that the McArthur River/Key Lake operation would suspend production for approximately ten months starting by the end of January 2018. In July 2018 Cameco announced that this shut-down would extend for an indefinite period of time pending an upswing in the uranium market. As of December 31, 2013, the mine has proven and probable reserves of 1,037,400 tonnes at an average grade of 15.76% UO. (360.5 Million pounds) During the most hazardous mining operations, remote controlled underground mining systems in this mine are used to reduce personnel exposure to rock particulates, radon gas, and other hazards. A video detailing the operations at the mine is provided by CAMECO. The McArthur River mine has been awarded the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum's John T. Ryan Trophy for the best safety record for metal mines several times. This award is given to the metal mine with the best safety record for the previous year. National Trophy Regional Trophy - Prairies and Northwest Territories The mine is owned by Cameco (70%) and Areva Resources Canada (30%), formerly COGEMA Resources Inc. Cameco is the mine operator. The mine is serviced by the McArthur River Airport to the northeast. It is also connected to the south by a restricted access haulage road. According to Google Maps, this road is Saskatchewan Highway 914, however the official 2011 highway map of Saskatchewan indicates that 914 terminates at a checkpoint at Key Lake mine, while the road that continues to McArthur is not a public highway (owned by Cameco) and does not appear on maps. McArthur River uranium mine The McArthur River Uranium Mine, in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, is the world's largest high-grade uranium deposit. The McArthur River deposit was discovered in 1988. The property is located 620 air kilometres north of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and 80 kilometres northeast of the Key Lake mill in the uranium rich Athabasca Basin. Mine construction began in 1997, with production commencing in 1999. The mine achieved full commercial production in November 2000. Production is regulated at 18.7 million pounds of"
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"K-noid In differential geometry, a \"k\"-noid is a minimal surface with \"k\" catenoid openings. In particular, the 3-noid is often called trinoid. The first \"k\"-noid minimal surfaces were described by Jorge and Meeks in 1983. The term \"k\"-noid and trinoid is also sometimes used for constant mean curvature surfaces, especially branched versions of the unduloid (\"triunduloids\"). \"k\"-noids are topologically equivalent to \"k\"-punctured spheres (spheres with \"k\" points removed). \"k\"-noids with symmetric openings can be generated using the Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization formula_1. This produces the explicit formula where formula_5 is the Gaussian hypergeometric function and formula_6 denotes the real part of formula_7. It is also possible to create k-noids with openings in different directions and sizes, k-noids corresponding to the platonic solids and k-noids with handles. K-noid In differential geometry, a \"k\"-noid is a minimal surface with \"k\" catenoid openings. In particular, the 3-noid is often called trinoid. The first \"k\"-noid minimal surfaces were described by Jorge and Meeks in 1983. The term \"k\"-noid and trinoid is also sometimes used for constant mean curvature surfaces, especially branched versions of the unduloid (\"triunduloids\"). \"k\"-noids are topologically equivalent to \"k\"-punctured spheres (spheres with \"k\" points removed). \"k\"-noids with symmetric openings can be generated using"
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"Oakwood, Queensland Oakwood is a locality in the Bundaberg Region of the greater Wide Bay region of Queensland, Australia. It is about 300 km from Queensland's capital city of Brisbane and Bundaberg is about 5.89 km away. Oakwood is in the federal electorate of Flynn. In the 2011 census the population of Oakwood was 341. Oakwood is bounded on the south by the Burnett River and on the west by Splitters Creek. The North Coast railway line forms its north-eastern border. Camp Island () in the Burnett River is within the locality's borders. There is a network of sugar cane tramways through the locality. Oakwood has a subtropical climate with wet, hot summers and mild winters. The annual rainfall of Oakwood is about 1010 mm.The most rain received by Oakwood in a day was 258 mm. The most rain received by Oakwood in a September day was around 125 mm. Oakwood State School opened on 24 March 1924 under head teacher James Whalley. Oakwood has the following heritage listings: Oakwood has several notable places where the community can get together and relax and entertain themselves. The Oakwood Community Church is a non-denominational church on the main road and it sits opposite a park from the Oakwood Queensland Country Women's Association Hall. The Oakwood State School also serves as a place where the local families gather. Oakwood, Queensland Oakwood is a locality in the Bundaberg Region of the greater Wide Bay region of Queensland, Australia. It is about 300 km from Queensland's capital city of Brisbane and Bundaberg is about 5.89 km away. Oakwood is in the federal electorate of Flynn. In the 2011 census the population of Oakwood was 341. Oakwood is bounded on the south by the Burnett River and on the west by Splitters Creek. The North Coast"
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"East Freetown, Massachusetts East Freetown is one of two villages in the town of Freetown, Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. Added to the town in 1747, East Freetown was originally an outpost settlement of Tiverton, Rhode Island, then a part of Massachusetts. It rests on the shore of Long Pond. East Freetown was made a part of Freetown as a result of the Pocasset Purchase of 1747. It remained less economically developed and industrialized than its sister village, Assonet well into the 20th century. The village was the birthplace of Massachusetts Governor Marcus Morton. The East Freetown Historic District has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999. It contains many buildings, sites, and features of local historical significance. The district is located roughly along Howland, Gurney, Washburn County Roads. East Freetown is located in Southeastern Massachusetts. It is bounded by Dartmouth, Fall River, New Bedford, Lakeville, Assonet, Rochester, Acushnet, and Long Pond. It has a hilly terrain, with many outcroppings of bedrock. Maple, elm, oak, pine, and birch trees are common throughout. Numerous streams and brooks flow through the village, including Fall Brook. Many peninsulas exist around Long Pond, laying site for summer resorts such as Heaven's Heights and Hemlock Point. A small portion of the village comprises a part of the Freetown-Fall River State Forest. Several churches have been built in East Freetown. St. John Neumann Church is a Roman Catholic parish covering the village of East Freetown. On the grounds of the church are Cathedral Camp and Our Lady of the Lake camp, both of which combined to form the co-ed Cathedral Camp. The camp has an extensive outdoor program, including swimming and boating on Long Pond. The East Freetown Congregational-Christian Church is a gathering of people who emphasize music, prayer, and Bible-based preaching as part of their worship life together. The congregation is bound by a covenant and is considered \"non-credal\". That means there is no declared statement which is used as a filter of membership. The congregation has not been part of any other denomination or structure since its gathering in 1831. From its inception in the New England Christian Connexion movement of the 18th-19th century, the congregation has maintained five tenets of that movement: 1. the Lordship of Jesus Christ as the sole head of the church; 2. the use of no other name than \"Christian\"; 3. the canonical Scriptures as the only rule of faith and practice; 4. individual duty of the interpretation of the Scriptures; 5. Christian character as a test of fellowship. The church took on the additional title \"Congregational\" in 1931 as a recognition of the historical roots of its polity, and as part of an emerging spirit of communion among Reformed tradition American churches. ed From the early 19th century until 1950, Freetown was serviced by several neighborhood grammar schools, several of which existed in East Freetown. From 1950 forward, students have attended the Freetown Elementary School, first for grades 1-8, later K-6, and currently PreK-3. Students also attend George R. Austin Intermediate School (4-5), and Freetown-Lakeville Middle School (6-8). For secondary education, students have three options: Apponequet Regional High School serves students with an academic focus for grades 9-12. Old Colony Regional Vocational Technical High School in Rochester accepts students from Assonet when there are openings, and provides a voc-tech atmosphere. Bristol County Agricultural High School serves students wanting to focus primarily in agricultural and animal studies. East Freetown, Massachusetts East Freetown is one of two villages in the town of Freetown, Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. Added to the town in 1747, East Freetown was"
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"Strange Son Strange Son: Two Mothers, Two Sons, and the Quest to Unlock the Hidden World of Autism is a non-fiction book that follows the story of Portia Iversen's second son who initially appeared to be developing normally, but started to have autistic characteristics by the age of two. His mother heard about an autistic 14-year-old boy in India who had been taught to communicate so well that he could write poetry. She decided to bring the boy and his mother to California to see if their success could be replicated with her own son. Portia Iversen's second son Dov, born in 1992, seemed normal as a baby. By the age of two, he reacted atypically to noises and also made odd noises himself. By the time he was three years old, he was unable to speak and was fascinated by objects. This led to a diagnosis of autism. At the age of eight, Dov was still uncommunicative. Portia heard about an autistic boy named Tito that lived in Bangalore, India with his mother, Soma Mukhopadhyay. Soma had taught her son how to communicate, write poetry, and explain how the poetry made him feel. This story inspired Portia to want to help her own son in the same manner. She invited Soma and Tito to California for a month in the hope that Soma could help her son become communicative. Soma's methods were unusual but she managed to help Dov start communicating with his parents. Portia's husband Jon Shestack started an organization called Cure Autism Now (CAN). CAN's goal was not only to find a cure, but to also increase people's understanding of those with autism. A part of all sales Iversen's book benefited CAN's Innovative Technology for Autism initiative. CAN merged with the Autism Speaks organization in 2007; the merged group uses the name \"Autism Speaks.\" Ernst VanBergeijk of \"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders\" found it disappointing that there was a mention in passing that Dov started showing signs of autism after a vaccination. Ernst said, \"This causal impression does a disservice to families\" because there are \"mountains of data finding no causal link between vaccines and autism\". Abigail Zuger, M.D. of \"The New York Times\" said that the book does not gloss over problems as is common in other books that detail medical stories. Regis Schilken of Blogcritics said that \"\"Strange Son\" should be read by psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors, counselors, and at all costs, by politicians who must provide money for autism research.\" Strange Son Strange Son: Two Mothers, Two Sons, and the Quest to Unlock the Hidden World of Autism is a non-fiction book that follows the story of Portia Iversen's second son who initially appeared to be developing normally, but started to have autistic characteristics by the age of two. His mother heard about an autistic 14-year-old boy in India who had been taught to communicate so well that he could write poetry. She decided to bring the boy and his mother to California to"
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"Guido Reni Guido Reni (; 4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, although his works showed a classical manner, similar to Simon Vouet, Nicholas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne. He painted primarily religious works, but also mythological and allegorical subjects. Active in Rome, Naples, and his native Bologna, he became the dominant figure in the Bolognese School that emerged under the influence of the Carracci. Born in Bologna into a family of musicians, Guido Reni was the only child of Daniele Reni and Ginevra Pozzi. At the age of nine, he was apprenticed to the Bolognese studio of Denis Calvaert. Soon after, he was joined in that studio by Albani and Domenichino. He may also have trained with a painter by the name of Ferrantini. When Reni was about twenty years old, the three Calvaert pupils migrated to the rising rival studio, named \"Accademia degli Incamminati\" (Academy of the \"newly embarked\", or progressives), led by Ludovico Carracci. They went on to form the nucleus of a prolific and successful school of Bolognese painters who followed Lodovico's cousin Annibale Carracci to Rome. Reni completed commissions for his first altarpieces while in the Carracci academy. He left the academy by 1598, after an argument with Ludovico Carracci over unpaid work. Around this time he made his first prints, a series commemorating Pope Clement VIII's visit to Bologna in 1598. By late 1601, Reni and Albani had moved to Rome to work with the teams led by Annibale Carracci in fresco decoration of the Farnese Palace. During 1601–1604, his main patron was Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati. By 1604–1605, he received an independent commission for an altarpiece of the \"Crucifixion of St. Peter\". After returning briefly to Bologna, he went back to Rome to become one of the premier painters during the papacy of Paul V (Borghese); between 1607–1614, he was one of the painters most patronized by the Borghese family. Reni's frescoed ceiling of the large central hall of the \"Casino dell'Aurora\", located in the grounds of the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi, is often considered his fresco masterpiece. The building was originally a pavilion commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese; the rear portion overlooks the Piazza Montecavallo and Palazzo del Quirinale. The massive fresco is framed \"in quadri riportati\" and depicts \"Apollo in his Chariot preceded by Dawn (Aurora) bringing light to the world\". The work is restrained in classicism, copying poses from Roman sarcophagi, and showing far more simplicity and restraint than Carracci's riotous \"Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne\" in the Farnese. In this painting Reni allies himself more with the sterner Cavaliere d'Arpino, Lanfranco, and Albani \"School\" of mytho-historic painting, and less with the more crowded frescoes characteristic of Pietro da Cortona. There is little concession to perspective, and the vibrantly colored style is antithetical to the tenebrism of Caravaggio's followers. Documents show that Reni was paid 247 \"scudi\" and 54 \"baiocchi\" upon completion of his work on 24 September 1616. In 1630, the Barberini family of Pope Urban VIII commissioned from Reni a painting of the Archangel Michael for the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini. The painting, completed in 1636, gave rise to an old legend that Reni had represented Satan—crushed under St Michael's foot—with the facial features of Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphilj in revenge for a slight. Reni also frescoed the Paoline Chapel of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome as well as the Aldobrandini wings of the Vatican. According to rumor, the pontifical chapel of Montecavallo (Chapel of the Annunciation) was assigned to Reni to paint. However, because he felt underpaid by the papal ministers, the artist left Rome once again for Bologna, leaving the role of the preeminent artist in Rome to Domenichino. Returning to Bologna more or less permanently after 1614, Reni established a successful and prolific studio there. He was commissioned to decorate the cupola of the chapel of Saint Dominic in Bologna's Basilica of San Domenico between 1613 and 1615, resulting in the radiant fresco \"Saint Dominic in Glory\", a masterpiece that can stand comparison with the exquisite Arca di San Domenico below it. He also contributed to the decoration of the Rosary Chapel in the same church, with a \"Resurrection\"; and in 1611 he had already painted for San Domenico a superb \"Massacre of the Innocents\", now in the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, which became an important reference for the French Neoclassic style, as well as a model for details in Picasso's \"Guernica\". In 1614–15 he painted \"The Israelites Gathering Manna\" for a chapel in the cathedral of Ravenna. Leaving Bologna briefly in 1618, Reni traveled to Naples to complete a commission to paint a ceiling in a chapel of the cathedral of San Gennaro. However, in Naples, other prominent local painters, including Corenzio, Caracciolo and Ribera, were vehemently resistant to competitors, and according to rumor, conspired to poison or otherwise harm Reni (as may have befallen Domenichino in Naples after him). Reni, who had a great fear of being poisoned (and of witchcraft), chose not to outstay his welcome. After leaving Rome, Reni alternately painted in different styles, but displayed less eclectic tastes than many of Carracci's trainees. For example, his altarpiece for \"Samson Victorious\" formulates stylized poses, like those characteristic of Mannerism. In contrast, his \"Crucifixion\" and his \"Atlanta and Hipomenes\" depict dramatic diagonal movement coupled with the effects of light and shade that portray the more Baroque influence of Caravaggio. His turbulent yet realistic \"Massacre of the Innocents\" (Pinacoteca, Bologna) is painted in a manner reminiscent of a late Raphael. In 1625, Prince Władysław Sigismund Vasa of Poland visited the artist's workshop in Bologna during his visit to Western Europe. The close rapport between the painter and the Polish prince resulted in the acquisition of drawings and paintings. In 1630, Reni painted the \"Pallion del Voto\" with images of Saints Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, painted during the plague of 1630 that afflicted Bologna. By the 1630s, Reni's painting style became looser, less impastoed, and dominated by lighter colors. A compulsive gambler, Reni was often in financial distress despite the steady demand for his paintings. According to his biographer Carlo Cesare Malvasia, Reni's need to recoup gambling losses resulted in rushed execution and multiple copies of his works produced by his workshop. Among the paintings of his last years are many unfinished works. Reni's themes are mostly biblical and mythological. He painted few portraits; those of Sixtus V, and Cardinal Bernardino Spada are among the most noteworthy, along with one of his mother (in the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna) and a few self-portraits from both his youth and his old age. (The so‑called \"Beatrice Cenci\", formerly ascribed to Reni and praised by generations of admirers, is now regarded as a doubtful attribution. Beatrice Cenci was executed in Rome before Reni ever lived there and so could not have sat for the portrait.) Many etchings are attributed to Guido Reni, some after his own paintings and some after other masters. They are spirited, in a light style of delicate lines and dots. Reni's technique was used by the Bolognese school and was the standard for Italian printmakers of his time. Reni died in Bologna in 1642. He was buried there in the Rosary Chapel of the Basilica of San Domenico; the painter Elisabetta Sirani, whose father had been Reni's pupil and who was considered by some to be the artistic reincarnation of Reni, was later interred in the same tomb. Reni was the most famous Italian artist of his generation. Through his many pupils, he had wide-ranging influence on later Baroque. In the center of Bologna he established two studios, teeming with",
"and so could not have sat for the portrait.) Many etchings are attributed to Guido Reni, some after his own paintings and some after other masters. They are spirited, in a light style of delicate lines and dots. Reni's technique was used by the Bolognese school and was the standard for Italian printmakers of his time. Reni died in Bologna in 1642. He was buried there in the Rosary Chapel of the Basilica of San Domenico; the painter Elisabetta Sirani, whose father had been Reni's pupil and who was considered by some to be the artistic reincarnation of Reni, was later interred in the same tomb. Reni was the most famous Italian artist of his generation. Through his many pupils, he had wide-ranging influence on later Baroque. In the center of Bologna he established two studios, teeming with nearly 200 pupils. His most distinguished pupil was Simone Cantarini, named \"Il Pesarese\", who painted the portrait of his master now in the Bolognese Gallery. Reni's other Bolognese pupils included Antonio Randa (early on in his career considered the best pupil of Reni, until he tried to kill his master), Vincenzo Gotti, Emilio Savonanzi, Sebastiano Brunetti, Tommaso Campana, Domenico Maria Canuti, Bartolomeo Marescotti, Giovanni Maria Tamburino, and Pietro Gallinari (Pierino del Signor Guido). Other artists who trained under Reni include Antonio Buonfanti (il Torricello), Antonio Giarola (Cavalier Coppa), Giovanni Battista Michelini, Guido Cagnacci, Giovanni Boulanger of Troyes, Paolo Biancucci of Lucca, Pietro Ricci or Righi of Lucca, Pietro Lauri Monsu, Giacomo Semenza, Gioseffo and Giovanni Stefano Danedi, Giovanni Giacomo Manno, Carlo Cittadini of Milan, Luigi Scaramuccia, Bernardo Cerva, Francesco Costanzo Cattaneo of Ferrara, Francesco Gessi, and Marco Bandinelli. Beyond Italy, Reni's influence was important in the style of many Spanish Baroque artists, such as Jusepe de Ribera and Murillo. But his work was particularly appreciated in France—Stendhal believed Reni must have had \"a French soul\"—and influenced generations of French artists such as Le Sueur, Le Brun, Vien, and Greuze; as well as on later French Neoclassic painters. In the 19th century, Reni's reputation declined as a result of changing taste—epitomized by John Ruskin's censorious judgment that the artist's work was sentimental and false. A revival of interest in Reni has occurred since 1954, when an important retrospective exhibition of his work was mounted in Bologna. The Louvre contains twenty of his pictures, the National Gallery of London seven, and others once there have now been removed to other public collections. Among the seven is the small \"Coronation of the Virgin\", painted on copper. It was probably painted before the master left Bologna for Rome. References Sources Guido Reni Guido Reni (; 4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, although his works showed a"
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"Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line ( or Siegfried Position) was a German defensive position of World War I, built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front, from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916, the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun had been a costly failure. The Anglo-French offensive at the Battle of the Somme had forced a defensive battle on the Germans, leaving the western armies (\"Westheer\") exhausted. On the Eastern Front, the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies in Russia and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy. Construction of the Hindenburg Line in France was begun by the Germans in September 1916 to make a retirement from the Somme front possible as a means to counter an anticipated increase in the power of Anglo-French attacks in 1917. The shorter defensive position behind the Noyon Salient was built to economise on manpower, contain an Allied breakthrough and make possible a deliberate withdrawal to prepared positions. By destroying the infrastructure and demolishing civilian buildings in the salient before a withdrawal, the Germans could dislocate Franco-British offensive preparations, by forcing them to advance into a wasteland. The British and French armies would need about eight weeks to rebuild roads, bridges and railways in the abandoned area before they could attack. A shorter Western Front could be held with fewer troops and by incorporating the lessons of defensive battle on the Somme, the importance of troop dispersal, reverse-slope positions, defence in depth and camouflage, German infantry casualties could be reduced. While the German army recuperated from the losses of 1916, protected by the Hindenburg Line and similar defensive positions on the rest of the Western Front, a return to unrestricted submarine warfare and a strategic bombing offensive against Britain were planned. By the beginning of 1917, the strategic outlook for the Germans made a retirement inevitable. German divisions on the Western Front numbered 25 January 1917, reducing the German manpower shortage but not by enough to contemplate an offensive. Greater output of explosives, ammunition and weapons by German industry to provide the means to counter the Allied (battle of equipment) was attempted in the Hindenburg Programme of August 1916. Production did not sufficiently increase over the winter, with only 60 percent of the programme expected to be fulfilled by the summer of 1917. The German (peace initiative) of December 1916, had been rejected by the Entente and the Auxiliary Service Law of December 1916, intended to further mobilise the civilian economy, had failed to supply the expected additional labour for war production. The retirement to the Hindenburg Line took place as part of the (Operation Alberich/Alberich Manoeuvre) from after local withdrawals on the Somme had been forced on the 1st Army in January and February, by British attacks up the Ancre valley. News of the demolitions and the deplorable condition of French civilians left behind by the Germans, were serious blows to German prestige in neutral countries. Labour was transferred south in February 1917 to work on the , from La Fère to Rethel and on the forward positions on the Aisne front, which the Germans knew were due to be attacked by the French armies. Divisions released by Operation and other reinforcements increased the number of divisions on the Aisne front to early April. The Hindenburg Line was attacked several times in 1917, notably at St Quentin, Bullecourt, the Aisne and Cambrai and was broken in September 1918, during the Hundred Days Offensive. In August 1916 the German armies on the Somme had been subjected to great strain; the IX Reserve Corps had been \"shattered\" in the defence of Pozières. Ten fresh divisions had been brought into the Somme front and an extra division had been put into the line opposite the British. Movement behind the German front was made difficult by constant Anglo-French harassing-fire by artillery, which added to equipment shortages by delaying deliveries by rail and interrupting road maintenance. Destruction, capture, damage, wear and defective ammunition had caused guns and guns to be out of action by the end of August. The artillery situation was only slowly improved by the plan of General Max von Gallwitz, to centralise the command of the remaining artillery for counter-battery fire and to use reinforcements of aircraft to increase the amount of observed artillery fire, which had little effect on Allied air superiority but did eventually increase the accuracy and efficiency of German bombardments. The 2nd Army had been starved of reinforcements in mid-August, to replace exhausted divisions in the 1st Army and plans for a counter-stroke had been abandoned for lack of troops. The emergency in Russia caused by the Brusilov Offensive, the entry of Romania into the war and the French counter offensive at Verdun had already overstretched the German army. General Erich von Falkenhayn the German Chief of the General Staff was dismissed on 29 August 1916 and replaced by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, with First \"Generalquartiermeister\" General Erich Ludendorff as his deputy. The new supreme command (OHL) ordered an end to attacks at Verdun and the dispatch of troops from there to Romania and the Somme front. On 5 September proposals for a new shorter defensive position to be built in France were requested from the commanders of the western armies, who met Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Cambrai on 8 September. The western front commanders were told that no reserves were available for offensive operations, except those planned for Romania. Lieutenant-General Fuchs, a corps commander, recommended that a defensive line be built from Arras to west of Laon, to shorten the front by and release ten divisions, which with other troops could be used for an offensive in Alsace or Lorraine. Ludendorff criticised the practice of holding ground regardless of its tactical value and advocated holding front-line positions with a minimum of troops and the recapture of lost positions by counter-attacks, a practice that had already been forced on the German armies on the Somme. On 15 September Crown Prince Rupprecht, commander of the northern group of armies, was ordered to prepare a rear defensive line and on 23 September work on the new (Hindenburg Line) began. On 21 September, after the battle of Flers–Courcelette (15–22 September), Hindenburg ordered that the Somme front would have priority in the west for troops and supplies. By the end of the Battle of Morval (25–28 September) Rupprecht had no reserves left on the Somme front. During September, the Germans sent another thirteen fresh divisions to the British sector and scraped up troops wherever they could be found. The German artillery fired of field artillery shells and of heavy ammunition, yet the début of the tank, the defeat at the Battle of Thiepval (26–28 September) and the number of casualties (September was the costliest month of the battle for the German armies) had been severe blows to German morale. On 7 October, Rupprecht anticipated a British attack north of the Ancre River in mid-October, anxiety about the situation at Verdun also increased and on 19 October, the dispatch of reinforcements from Verdun to the Somme was suspended. Defeats inflicted by the French Tenth Army (10–21 October) led to the sacking of the 2nd Army Chief of Staff, Bronsart von Schellendorf. Hindenburg and Ludendorff demanded domestic changes to complement their strategy changes. German workers were to be subjected to an Auxiliary Service Law () that subjected all Germans from old to compulsory service, from November 1916. The new programme was intended to create a trebling of artillery and machine-gun output and a doubling of munitions and",
"battle for the German armies) had been severe blows to German morale. On 7 October, Rupprecht anticipated a British attack north of the Ancre River in mid-October, anxiety about the situation at Verdun also increased and on 19 October, the dispatch of reinforcements from Verdun to the Somme was suspended. Defeats inflicted by the French Tenth Army (10–21 October) led to the sacking of the 2nd Army Chief of Staff, Bronsart von Schellendorf. Hindenburg and Ludendorff demanded domestic changes to complement their strategy changes. German workers were to be subjected to an Auxiliary Service Law () that subjected all Germans from old to compulsory service, from November 1916. The new programme was intended to create a trebling of artillery and machine-gun output and a doubling of munitions and trench mortar production. Expansion of the army and output of war materials caused increased competition for manpower between the army and industry. In early 1916, the German army had in recruit depots and another in March when the 1897 class of conscripts was called up. The army was so flush with men that plans were made to demobilise older \"Landwehr\" classes and in the summer, Falkenhayn ordered the raising of another for an army of The costly battles at Verdun and the Somme had been much more demanding on German divisions and they had to be relieved after only a few days in the front line, lasting about 14 days on the Somme. A larger number of divisions might reduce the strain on the \"Westheer\" and realise a surplus for offensives on other fronts. Hindenburg and Ludendorff ordered the creation of another 22 divisions, to reach 179 divisions by early 1917. The men for the divisions created by Falkenhayn had come from reducing square divisions with four infantry regiments to triangular divisions with three regiments, rather than a net increase in the number of men in the army. Troops for the extra divisions of the expansion ordered by Hindenburg and Ludendorff could be found by combing out rear-area units but most would have to be drawn from the pool of replacements, which had been depleted by the losses of 1916 and although new classes of conscripts would top up the pool, casualty replacement would become much more difficult once the pool had to maintain a larger number of divisions. By calling up the 1898 class of recruits early in November 1916, the pool was increased to men in February 1917 but the larger army would become a wasting asset. Ernst von Wrisberg () Deputy Minister of the Prussian Ministry of War, responsible for raising new units, had grave doubts about the wisdom of this increase in the army but was over-ruled by Ludendorff. The German army had begun 1916 equally well-provided for in artillery and ammunition, massing field and heavy artillery shells for the beginning of the Battle of Verdun but four million rounds were fired in the first fortnight and the 5th Army needed about trains a day to continue the battle. The Battle of the Somme further reduced the German reserve of ammunition and when the infantry was forced out of the front position, the need for \"Sperrfeuer\" (defensive barrages), to compensate for the lack of obstacles, increased. Before the war, Germany had imported nitrates for propellant manufacture and only the discovery before the war of the Haber process for the synthesis of nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, enabled Germany to produce explosives while blockaded. Developing the Haber process and building factories to exploit it took time. Under Falkenhayn, the procurement of ammunition and the weapons to fire it, had been based on the output of propellants, since the manufacture of ammunition without sufficient propellant fillings was as wasteful of resources as it was pointless; Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted firepower to replace manpower and ignored the principle. To meet existing demand and to feed new weapons, Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted a big increase in propellant output to a month. In July 1916, the output target had been raised from , which was expected to cover existing demand and the extra of output demanded by Hindenburg and Ludendorff could never match the doubling and trebling of artillery, machine-guns and trench mortars. The industrial mobilisation needed to fulfil the Hindenburg Programme increased demand for skilled workers, \"Zurückgestellte\" (recalled from the army) or exempted from conscription. The number of \"Zurückgestellte\" increased from men, of whom deemed \"kriegsverwendungsfähig\" (\"kv\", fit for front line service), at the end of 1916 to men in October 1917 and more than two million by November, being \"kv\". The demands of the Hindenburg Programme exacerbated the manpower crisis and constraints on the availability of raw materials meant that targets were not met. The German army returned workers to the war economy and exempted from conscription, from 1917. Steel production in February 1917 was short of expectations and explosives production was below the target, which added to the pressure on Ludendorff to retreat to the Hindenburg Line. Despite the shortfalls, by the summer of 1917, the \"Westheer\" artillery park had increased from guns and from guns, many being newer models of superior performance. Machine-gun output enabled each division to have and machine-guns and for the number of \"Maschinengewehr-Scharfschützen-Abteilungen\" (\"MGA\", machine-gun sharpshooter detachments) to be increased. The greater output was insufficient to equip the new divisions, and existing divisions, which still had two artillery brigades with two regiments each, lost a regiment and the brigade headquarters, leaving three regiments. Against the new scales of equipment, British divisions in early 1917 had and machine-guns and the French and machine-guns. Hindenburg and Ludendorff forced a return to the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare on 9 January 1917 and engineered the dismissal of the Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and other opponents of the policy the next day. The policy was to resume on 1 February, to sink of shipping per month and knock Britain out of the war in Optimistic claims by the navy were less important to the decision than the \"desperate\" position of the western armies and the decrepitude of Germany's allies. Another front in the west was to be opened by the resumption of air attacks on Britain. New aircraft had become available to replace airships, which had become too vulnerable to British counter-measures in 1916. Planning began in late 1916 and Operation Turk's Cross (\"Unternehmen Türkenkreutz\") began in May 1917. As part of the defensive strategy for the Western Front, five defensive positions were planned to form the basis of the (defensive battle) expected in 1917. A (Flanders Position) from the Belgian coast, along Passchendaele Ridge and behind the Messines salient, to the defences of Lille, the (Wotan Position, known as the Drocourt-Quéant Line to the British) from Lille to Sailly, was to be built behind the battlefields of 1915 at Loos, Vimy and Arras and the 1916 battlefield of the Somme. The (Siegfried Position, known to the British as the Hindenburg Line) was to be built across the base of the Noyon Salient, from Neuville Vitasse near Arras, through St Quentin and Laon, the Aisne east of Soissons to Cerny en Laonnois on the Chemin des Dames ridge. The (Hunding Position) was to run from Péronne to Etain, north-east of Verdun behind the Champagne battlefields of 1915. The (Michel Position) was to cover Etain to Pont-à-Mousson behind the St. Mihiel Salient. The new fortified areas were intended to be precautionary measures () built to be used as rallying-positions (, similar to ones built on the Russian front) and to shorten the Western Front to economise on troops and create more reserves. The had the potential to release the greatest number of troops and was begun first; Hindenburg and Ludendorff decided its course on 19 September and construction began on 27 September. Withdrawal to the",
"from Neuville Vitasse near Arras, through St Quentin and Laon, the Aisne east of Soissons to Cerny en Laonnois on the Chemin des Dames ridge. The (Hunding Position) was to run from Péronne to Etain, north-east of Verdun behind the Champagne battlefields of 1915. The (Michel Position) was to cover Etain to Pont-à-Mousson behind the St. Mihiel Salient. The new fortified areas were intended to be precautionary measures () built to be used as rallying-positions (, similar to ones built on the Russian front) and to shorten the Western Front to economise on troops and create more reserves. The had the potential to release the greatest number of troops and was begun first; Hindenburg and Ludendorff decided its course on 19 September and construction began on 27 September. Withdrawal to the was debated by Ludendorff and other senior German commanders over the winter of 1916–1917. An offensive in the new year with was discussed on 19 December but it was considered that such a force could not achieve a decisive result. An \"Oberste Heeresleitung\" (\"OHL\", German army high command) memorandum of 5 January, noted that offensive preparations by the French and British were being made all along the Western Front so as to keep the site of a spring offensive secret. It was considered that the Somme front, the area between Arras and Lille, the Aisne front, Lorraine and Flanders were particularly threatened. Prisoner interrogation, postal analysis, espionage and air reconnaissance were used to identify the probable sites of Anglo-French offensives. March was considered the earliest that the Anglo-French could attack, with a possible delay if a Russian offensive was also planned. The Chief of Staff of Army Group Rupprecht, \"Generalleutnant\" Hermann von Kuhl issued a survey of offensive possibilities on 15 January. A German breakthrough attempt was rejected for lack of means and the consequences of failure. Limited-objective attacks at Loos, Arras, the Somme and the Aisne were considered but the manpower and equipment shortage meant that even smaller attacks risked using up reserves needed for defence against the expected Anglo-French spring offensives. Local attacks like those at Bouchavesnes and La Maisonette on the Somme in late 1916, which could be mounted without reinforcements, were all that could be considered. Ludendorff accepted the analysis that no offensive was possible. On a visit to Kuhl on 20 January, \"Generalleutnant\" Georg Fuchs, concluded that Allied superiority was so great that the German army could not forestall the Anglo-French with an attack or stop them attacking elsewhere. The army could not withstand another battle like the Somme; work on defences there was futile and would exhaust the troops for nothing. On 29 January, Ludendorff ruled that a withdrawal could not be ordered on political as well as military grounds, then on 31 January, discussed withdrawal with Kuhl, while the 1st and 2nd Army commanders on the Somme front opposed a retirement. Resources continued to be directed to the Somme defences during January and February and on 6 February, the 1st Army HQ requested three divisions and to work on new positions, to implement the plan, a partial withdrawal to a line from Arras to Sailly. Even with the expansion of the German army over the winter and the transfer of divisions from Russia, divisions the Western Front were confronted by , British and Belgian divisions, many of which were bigger than the German equivalents. The plan would reduce the front by and need six fewer front-holding divisions, compared to a shortening of and a saving of by withdrawing an average of to the (Hindenburg Line). The German army was far from defeat but in 1916 had been forced back on the Somme and at Verdun, as had the Austro-Hungarian army in southern Russia. At the Chantilly Conference of November 1916 the Allies agreed to mount another general offensive. The Anglo-French contribution was to be a resumption of the Somme offensive with much larger forces, extending the attack north to Arras and south to the Oise, followed by a French attack between Soissons and Rheims. The British were to attack the salient that had formed between Bapaume and Vimy Ridge with two armies and the French with three armies from the Somme to Noyon. The attacks were to be made on the broadest possible fronts and advance deep enough to threaten German artillery positions. When Marshal Joseph Joffre was superseded by General Robert Nivelle, the \"Chantilly strategy\" was altered. The French returned to a policy of decisive battle, with a breakthrough to be achieved within leading to the \"total destruction of active enemy forces by manoeuvre and battle\". Successive attacks in a methodical battle were dropped and continuous thrusts were substituted, to deprive the Germans of time to reinforce and strengthen their defences. A large amount of heavy artillery fire up to deep, to the rear edge of the German defences would achieve the breakthrough. The infantry advance was to reach the German heavy artillery in one attack and then widen the breach with lateral attacks. A strategic reserve would then move through the gap and destroy the German reserves in open warfare. The original French attacks between the Somme and Oise were reduced in size and the secondary attack between Soissons and Rheims was reinforced to become the main offensive. The Nivelle Offensive was planned to begin with a British attack on the Bapaume salient in early April 1917, to assist the main French attacks a week later by holding German troops on the Arras front and diverting reserves from the Aisne. German reconnaissance aircraft surveyed all of the Western Front over the winter of 1916–1917 to look for signs Anglo-French offensive preparations. The design of the (Siegfried Position, later known by the Allied powers as the Hindenburg Line) was drawn up by Colonel Kraemer, an engineer from supreme headquarters (OHL) and General Lauter, the Inspector General of Artillery. Construction was organised by Rupprecht and Kuhl; when the plans were ready the line was divided into sectors and officers from the General Staff, gunners and engineers were appointed to oversee construction, which was expected to take five months. The defences were built by German construction companies, who brought skilled workmen to fabricate ferro concrete emplacements, while and labourers and Russian prisoners of war dug the trenches. The building works absorbed most of the cement, sand and gravel production of occupied France and Belgium plus that of west Germany. Transport of materials was conducted by canal barge and railway, which carried of engineering stores, although the building period from October 1916 to March 1917 meant that only about eight trains a day were added to normal traffic. Mass-production techniques were used to produce items for the position. Steel-reinforced concrete dug-outs for infantry squads and artillery-observation posts were standard designs and all woodwork was made to a pattern. The line was long and built for a garrison of twenty divisions, one every . Telephone cables were deeply buried and light railways built to carry supplies to the defences. The position had two trenches about apart, with sentry garrisons to occupy the front trench. The main line of defence was the second line, which was equipped with dugouts for most of the front garrison. Fields of barbed wire up to deep, were fixed with screw pickets in three belts wide and apart, in a zig-zag so that machine-guns could sweep the sides placed in front of the trench system. Artillery observation posts and machine-gun nests were built in front of and behind the trench lines. Where the lay of the land gave observation from behind the system, it was built on reverse slopes (a ), with a short field of fire for the infantry, according to the experience of the Western Front defensive battles of 1915 and 1916, when forward-slope positions had been smashed by",
"to the defences. The position had two trenches about apart, with sentry garrisons to occupy the front trench. The main line of defence was the second line, which was equipped with dugouts for most of the front garrison. Fields of barbed wire up to deep, were fixed with screw pickets in three belts wide and apart, in a zig-zag so that machine-guns could sweep the sides placed in front of the trench system. Artillery observation posts and machine-gun nests were built in front of and behind the trench lines. Where the lay of the land gave observation from behind the system, it was built on reverse slopes (a ), with a short field of fire for the infantry, according to the experience of the Western Front defensive battles of 1915 and 1916, when forward-slope positions had been smashed by observed Franco-British artillery-fire. In much of the new position, the new principle of reverse-slope positions with artillery-observation posts to the rear, was not followed. Artillery observation posts were built in the front-trench system or in front of it. Trenches had been dug near a crest, on a forward slope or at the rear of a reverse slope, which replicated the obsolete positions being abandoned. The 1st Army commander, General Fritz von Below and his Chief of Staff Colonel Fritz von Loßberg rejected this layout since smoke and dust would make artillery observation from such positions impossible. They urged that the 1st Army section of the (Hindenburg Line) from Quéant, where it met the site of the (Wotan Line) to Bellicourt north of St Quentin, should have another position built in front of the new position, which would become the artillery protection position () behind the revised front system; the line already had to accommodate , which was sufficient to shelter local reserves. The new line would be similar but on reverse slopes, have dugouts for and be ready by 15 March. The existing artillery positions were scrapped and the artillery sited to dominate ground useful for the assembly of assault-troops, such as the La Vacquerie plateau. Rupprecht refused to delay implementation of Operation (the ) but having inspected the (Hindenburg Line) on 27 February, sanctioned the 1st Army proposal and provided three divisions and for the new construction, which turned the (Hindenburg Line) into the . Another two-trench system () was planned near the artillery reserve positions, which were about behind the existing battery positions, to be built as soon as labour became available. The extra position would ensure that an attack that captured the (Hindenburg Line), could not continue without a pause to move artillery into range of the . When complete the various positions had a depth of and the original Hindenburg Line had become an intermediate line (). Work began on another defensive position in the autumn of 1917, with the original Hindenburg Line as its front-trench system. The practice of rigidly defending front-line trenches, regardless of casualties was abolished, in favour of a mobile defence of the fortified areas being built over the autumn and winter of 1916–1917. (Principles of Field Fortification) was published in January 1917, in which instructions were given for the construction of defences in depth, according to the principles of greater depth and of disguise by dispersal and camouflage. Trench-lines were mainly intended for accommodation, dumps of supplies and as decoys, rather than firing lines. Deep dug-outs in the front line were to be replaced by many more smaller, shallow (\"MEBU\" (pillboxes)) with most built towards the rear of the defensive areas. Within the new forward zones, battlezones and rearward battle zones, the chain of command was streamlined by making corps headquarters into (groups), responsible for the administrative tasks in an area into which divisions would be moved for periods, before being withdrawn to rest, train and be brought up to strength. Command of areas rather than units was also introduced in divisions, with command of regiments devolved to the front battalion commander (\"KTK\" ), which reduced the chain of command from five to two posts. The value of ground was to be determined by its importance to a defensive position. Where the lay of the land gave the defender a tactical advantage, by which an attacker could be defeated with the minimum of casualties to the defenders, with small-arms fire from dispersed, disguised positions and observed artillery-fire, it was to be fought for by the garrison and local reserves, which would counter-attack to regain any ground lost. The changes were codified in a training manual (The Conduct of the Defensive Battle in Position Warfare) issued on 1 December 1916, which made infantry sections () rather than the battalion the basic tactical unit. Small, advanced garrisons were to repulse attacks and penetrations were to be cut off and counter-attacked immediately, without waiting for orders. Front line troops were allowed to move away from fire, preferably by advancing into no man's land but moves to the flanks and rear were also allowed. When front-line garrisons and their supports were unable to hold or recapture the front-line, they were to defend positions even if surrounded, to give time for a counter-attack by reserve divisions. When an immediate counter-attack () from behind the defensive position was not possible, a deliberate counter-attack () was to be planned over several days. Two schools of thought emerged over the winter; the principal authors of the new training manual, Colonel Max Bauer and Captain Hermann Geyer of the General Staff, wanting front garrisons to have discretion to move forwards, sideways and to retire. General von Hoen and Colonel Fritz von Lossberg the 1st Army Chief of Staff issued a memorandum, (Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles) on 30 January 1917. The document advocated the rigid holding of the front line by its garrison, to keep the defence organised under the control of battalion commanders. Lossberg and Hoen doubted that relief divisions could arrive quickly enough to counter-attack before Allied infantry had consolidated. They predicted that (relief divisions) would not be ready in time for hasty counter-attacks to succeed and that they should make planned counter-attacks after with full artillery support. Both theories were incorporated by Ludendorff into the new (Training Manual for Foot troops in War) of March 1917. Training schools were established to prepare German commanders and courses began in February 1917. British and French plans for 1917 were agreed at an Allied conference at Chantilly from 1916. Existing operations were to continue over the winter, fresh troops arriving in front-line units were to be trained and in the spring the front of attack was to be broadened, from the Somme to Arras and the Oise. The front of attack was to be about long, with two French surprise attacks near Rheims and in Alsace, to begin after the main attacks, to exploit German disorganisation and lack of reserves. The Allies expected to have against divisions, for the co-ordinated offensives. A British operation in Flanders was also agreed, to begin several weeks after the main offensives further south. Joffre was replaced by Nivelle on 13 December, who proposed a much more ambitious strategy, in which the plan for a resumption of Anglo-French attacks either side of the Somme battlefield of 1916 was retained but the offensive on the Aisne was converted to a breakthrough offensive, to be followed by the commitment of a strategic reserve of to fight a \"decisive\" battle leading to the exploitation of the victory by all of the British and French armies. French troops south of the British Fourth Army were freed to join the strategic reserve by an extension of the British front, to just north Roye on the Avre facing St Quentin, which was complete by 26 February. During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had",
"weeks after the main offensives further south. Joffre was replaced by Nivelle on 13 December, who proposed a much more ambitious strategy, in which the plan for a resumption of Anglo-French attacks either side of the Somme battlefield of 1916 was retained but the offensive on the Aisne was converted to a breakthrough offensive, to be followed by the commitment of a strategic reserve of to fight a \"decisive\" battle leading to the exploitation of the victory by all of the British and French armies. French troops south of the British Fourth Army were freed to join the strategic reserve by an extension of the British front, to just north Roye on the Avre facing St Quentin, which was complete by 26 February. During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had reported new defences being built far behind the Somme front; on 9 November, reconnaissance aircraft found a new line of defences from Bourlon Wood to Quéant, Bullecourt, the river Sensée and Héninel, to the German third line near Arras. Next day, an escaped Russian prisoner of war, reported that were working on concrete dug-outs near St Quentin. Behind the Fifth and Fourth army fronts, the course of the Hindenburg Line was further away and the winter weather was exceptionally bad, which grounded aircraft and made air observation unreliable. On 11 December, a reconnaissance in the area of Marcoing reported nothing unusual, despite flying over the new diggings. German fighter opposition in the area became much worse, with more aircraft and the arrival in service of superior aircraft types in the late summer of 1916. Three intermediate defensive lines begun in late 1916, much closer to the Somme front, were observed by British reconnaissance aircraft, which made fragmentary reports of digging further back unexceptional. On 2 January, Nivelle instructed the \"Aéronautique Militaire\" to co-operate with the British to investigate German defensive systems that spies and repatriated civilians had reported. Not until 26 January, did a British intelligence summary report a new line of defence between Arras and Laon. In February, attempts to send more aircraft to reconnoitre the line were hampered by mist, snow, rain, low cloud and an extremely determined German air defence. British air reconnaissance discovered diggings between Drocourt and Vitry en Artois at the end of January and on 15 February, found a line between Quéant and Etaing. The British were able to trace the new line (named the Drocourt–Quéant Switch) south to Bellicourt on 15 February and St Quentin on 25 February, the day after the first German withdrawal on the Ancre. British aircraft losses on these flights were severe due to the presence of \"Jagdstaffel\" 11 (the Richthofen Circus) near Douai; six British reconnaissance aircraft were shot down on 15 April, along with two escorts. Winter weather in mid-November 1916, stopped the Anglo-French attacks on the Somme, rather than the defensive efforts of the German army. On 1 January, a German attack took Hope Post near Beaumont Hamel, which was lost to a British attack on 5 January. On the night of a British attack captured the Triangle and Muck Trench, covering the flank of an attack on Munich Trench during the day; British troops edged forward over Redan Ridge for the rest of the month. A fall in temperature added to German difficulties, by freezing the mud in the Ancre valley, making it much easier for infantry to move. On 3 and 4 February, British attacks towards Puisieux and River trenches succeeded, despite German counter-attacks on 4 February. On 7 February, British attacks threatened the German hold on Grandcourt and Serre. Each small advance uncovered to British ground observers another part of the remaining German defences. A bigger British attack began on 17 February, to capture and gain observation over Miraumont and the German artillery positions behind Serre. Three divisions attacked after a three-day artillery bombardment using the new fuze 106. A thaw set in on 16 February, which with the Germans alerted to the attack by a deserter, led to the attack on the south bank advancing only at most and to the capture Boom Ravine (). The attack on the north bank, to gain observation over Miraumont from the west, succeeded despite the weather and the Germans being forewarned. On the Fourth Army front, fewer attacks took place while the French line was being taken over in stages, southwards to the Amiens–Roye road. On 27 January, the 29th Division took in an advance of only and on 1 February, an Australian attack on Stormy Trench was repulsed by a German counter-attack. A second attack on 4 February succeeded. On 8 February, a battalion of the 17th Division took a trench overlooking Saillisel and held it, despite German counter-attacks that continued on 9 February. On 21 and 22 February, Australian troops captured more of Stormy Trench despite rain, which made the ground even more \"appalling\", than before the freeze in January and early February. On 23 February, British and Australian troops on the south side of the Ancre, sent patrols forward to investigate fires seen in German trenches and discovered the German withdrawal. Reports began to reach British commanders by on 24 February, who ordered intensive patrolling and advanced guards to be prepared, ready to move forward at dawn on 25 February. The German positions back to a reserve line, (Trench I Position) from Le Transloy to Serre were found to be empty; Gough ordered that strong patrols were to move forward and regain contact with the Germans. Behind the British front, the effect of the thaw on roads and supply routes caused acute supply difficulties. Over the winter, German deception operations were conducted and indications of an offensive through Switzerland diverted French attention at the end of 1916. The British were occupied by reports of troops and heavy artillery moving into Flanders and increased numbers of agent reports of troop movements from Lille, Tourcoing and Courtrai. Until January 1917, the British took seriously a possible limited offensive towards the Channel ports and made Flanders the subject of most of their long-range reconnaissance flights. Rupprecht, the northern army group commander on the Western Front, was made responsible for planning the devastation of the infrastructure within the Noyon Salient and the retirement to new defensive positions along the (Hindenburg Line), codenamed the (Operation Alberich/Alberich Manoeuvre). The Germans prepared a timetable; infrastructure in the salient was to be destroyed and buildings demolished from Booby-traps were devised with delayed-action fuzes used a striker on a spring, held back by a wire. Acid ate through the wire, to release the striker and detonate the explosive. A number of devices with such fuzes were planted in bunkers but most booby-traps had simple pressure detonators. Wires were attached to useful items like stove chimneys and loot; trip-wires on the stairs of dugouts were connected to bundles of hand-grenades. On some roads, heavy-artillery shells were buried with contact-fuzes, which would only be triggered by the weight of a lorry. British engineers and tunnelling companies scoured areas as they were occupied and disabled many of the explosives. Roads were flooded by destroying drains and water-courses; wells sabotaged by drilling a shaft next to them and exploding a charge, permanently ruining the well. Much of the explosive used by the Germans (\"Donarit\", \"Westphalite\" and \"Perdit\") had the property of water-absorption so could be neutralised by dousing. Some British booby-trap patrols made German prisoners go first, who revealed traps rather than be blown up and British tunnellers removed of explosives. (In some areas no booby-traps were found, as German divisional commanders had been allowed to choose whether to mine their areas and some refused.) Trees were to be cut down, wells polluted and the civilian",
"lorry. British engineers and tunnelling companies scoured areas as they were occupied and disabled many of the explosives. Roads were flooded by destroying drains and water-courses; wells sabotaged by drilling a shaft next to them and exploding a charge, permanently ruining the well. Much of the explosive used by the Germans (\"Donarit\", \"Westphalite\" and \"Perdit\") had the property of water-absorption so could be neutralised by dousing. Some British booby-trap patrols made German prisoners go first, who revealed traps rather than be blown up and British tunnellers removed of explosives. (In some areas no booby-traps were found, as German divisional commanders had been allowed to choose whether to mine their areas and some refused.) Trees were to be cut down, wells polluted and the civilian population forced to leave the area. Rupprecht objected to the scorched-earth policy on moral and practical grounds, that the destruction would be a propaganda disaster, provide enemy troops with shelter, material to repair the damage to roads and undermine the morale and discipline of the German soldiers involved in the destruction. The buildings of Nesle, Ham, Noyon and several villages were excluded from the plan and French civilians were to be left behind in them, while civilians were to be evacuated to work in the rest of occupied France and Belgium. A timetable for the demolition plan was prepared to be followed by two \"marching days\" for the troops on the flanks of the area, three for the troops between Nauroy and Coucy le Chateau and four marching days for those between St Quentin and La Fère. Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition, the garrisons were exhausted and postal censors reported tiredness and low morale, which left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The German defences on the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks in January 1917, which caused Rupprecht to urge on 28 January, that the retirement to the (Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal next day but British attacks on the 1st Army, particularly the Action of Miraumont/Battle of Boom Ravine caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February, to order a preliminary withdrawal of about between Essarts and Le Transloy to . On 24 February, the Germans withdrew to the protected by rear guards, over roads in relatively good condition, which they then destroyed. Next day, German rear guards inflicted on Australian troops near Loupart Wood and forced British troops back out of Irles with artillery-fire. A British attack on Puisieux on 26 February took all day and ended in hand-to-hand fighting. Next day troops of Prussian Foot Guard Regiment 5 withdrew from Thilloy, completing the retirement to the . The German withdrawal was helped by a thaw, which turned roads behind the British front into bogs and by disruption to the Allied railways that supplied the Somme front. On the night of 12 March, the Germans withdrew from the between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit, while small parties of troops sent up flares to mislead the British, who were preparing an attack. It took the British until 13 March to close up the (Trench II Position). The British opposite the 1st Army, received indications that a withdrawal was imminent on 20 and 21 February, when intercepted wireless messages were decoded, ordering German wireless stations at Achiet le Petit, Grévillers and the vicinity of Bapaume, to close and prepare to move back. After this period, information from prisoners and the evidence of German demolitions, indicated that a longer retirement was planned but the existence of three German reserve lines behind the front line, made a local German retirement seem more likely than a longer one. On 13 March, a document revealing the plan and the code-name dated 5 March, was found in Loupart Wood. On 24 February Lieutenant-General Hubert Gough defined the boundaries of the three corps making the advance and ordered them to regain contact with the German armies, using strong patrols supported by larger forces moving forward more deliberately behind them. The German front-line was being maintained along the rest of the front and the possibility of a sudden German counter-offensive was not discounted. On 25 February, the 2nd Australian Division advanced on Malt Trench, found it strongly held and was forced to retire with The Fifth Army divisions advanced with patrols until they met German resistance, then prepared deliberate attacks, some of which were forestalled by German withdrawals, which by 26 February, apart from some small detachments, had abandoned the ground west of the . British engineers improvised sleds to move guns and wagons, with pack-mules being used to carry food and ammunition and on 8 March, ammunition lorries were able to move forward in the V Corps area. Behind the old British front line, the thaw badly affected roads, which had been in a very poor condition at the end of 1916, many were closed and others were limited to horse-drawn traffic. Railway transport was even worse affected, with Boulogne harbour blocked, the number of trains and wagons on the northern French railways far short of British requirements, the lines being congested and subject to traffic restrictions. Supply difficulties had also begun to increase on the Third Army and Fourth Army fronts before the German withdrawals. On 10 March, the Fifth Army took Grévillers Trench and Irles in a deliberate attack, which overwhelmed the German defence and took Fires could be seen behind Bapaume, with more visible behind the and British military intelligence reported that the headquarters of Rupprecht had been moved to Mons; civilians were known to have been evacuated along with supply dumps and artillery. The was found to be empty between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit on the night of 12 March but next day an attack on Bucquoy failed with The German document found in Loupart Wood dated 5 March, containing details of the (Operation ), showed that Loupart Wood had been abandoned a day early. On the night of 14 March, patrols found that the Germans had withdrawn from part of the Fourth Army front and on 17 March, the Germans slipped away on all of the Third and Fifth Army fronts. On 4 February, the order was given to begin the (Alberich Manoeuvre), with 9 February to be the first day and 16 March the first marching day. The 1st Army from Arras to Péronne brought reserve divisions forward to the and outpost villages close to the (Hindenburg Line). The front-holding divisions, which had been worn down by British attacks, were withdrawn behind the (Hindenburg Line). On 17 March, the German troops at the north end of the Bapaume Salient withdrew swiftly, as there were no intermediate lines corresponding to the north of Achiet le Grand. was abandoned by 18 March and next day Boyelles and Boiry Becquerelle were evacuated. The withdrawal went straight back to the (Hindenburg Line) except for outposts at Hénin sur Cojeul, St. Martin sur Cojeul and the west end of Neuville Vitasse. Numerous raids were mounted on British outposts during 20 and 21 March. The was abandoned north of the Ancre, along with part of the near its junction with at Bapaume, which was also abandoned while many houses were still on fire. Next day, parties of Germans at Beugny in the fought until nightfall then slipped away. A party at Vaulx Vraucourt was surprised (while some were shaving) and driven back to Lagnicourt. On 20 March, an Australian attack on Noreuil failed with and an attack on Croisilles was repulsed. A German counter-attack to recover Beaumetz was mounted on 23 March and got into the village before being forced to withdraw; the attack was repeated next day but only one party reached the village. Lagnicourt was lost on 26 March and a counter-attack from Noreuil repulsed, then a British attack on Bucquoy was defeated. The 2nd Army conducted the",
"March. The was abandoned north of the Ancre, along with part of the near its junction with at Bapaume, which was also abandoned while many houses were still on fire. Next day, parties of Germans at Beugny in the fought until nightfall then slipped away. A party at Vaulx Vraucourt was surprised (while some were shaving) and driven back to Lagnicourt. On 20 March, an Australian attack on Noreuil failed with and an attack on Croisilles was repulsed. A German counter-attack to recover Beaumetz was mounted on 23 March and got into the village before being forced to withdraw; the attack was repeated next day but only one party reached the village. Lagnicourt was lost on 26 March and a counter-attack from Noreuil repulsed, then a British attack on Bucquoy was defeated. The 2nd Army conducted the withdrawal with the line-holding divisions, which were fresher than the divisions of the 1st Army and assisted by several cavalry divisions and cyclist battalions. On 17 March, withdrawals began north of the Avre and by 18 March, the German 7th, 2nd, 1st and the southern wing of the 6th Army, began to withdraw from the old front-line ( in length, as the crow flies). Soissons was abandoned, roads leading out of Noyon were flooded, railway bridges were blown and the Somme River and canal crossings from Offoy to Péronne were destroyed. Roads built on causeways over marshy ground between the river and canal, caused water to form pools wide, making crossings practical only at the causeways. The bridges over the rivers Germaine, Omignon, Cologne, Tortille and the Canal du Nord were also destroyed and huge craters blown in crossroads, the damage being made worse by the spring thaw. German rear-guards made a stand in part of the from Nurlu to Péronne on 18 March, which was the third and final marching day of the retreat from Roye to St Quentin and the second and final day from Péronne to le Catelet, when the main body of German troops reached the (Hindenburg Line). Work was still being done to remedy defects in the original position and the rear-guards retired next day from Nurlu and Bertincourt as soon as British troops appeared, then counter-attacked British cavalry around Poeuilly on 22 March. A large counter-attack was mounted on the French front on 22 March, which forced French cavalry and cyclists back over the Crozat Canal with many casualties but began too soon to ambush a large force that included artillery, as had been intended. A Booby-trap exploded in Bapaume town hall on 25 March, killing Australian troops and two French Deputies; French civilians were left behind at Bouvincourt, Vraignes and Tincourt on 26 March and Villers Faucon, Saulcourt and Guyencourt were lost on 27 March, to attacks by British cavalry and armoured cars. Supplies of armour-piercing bullets had been sent forward by the Germans after Roisel was captured the day before, resulting in the armoured cars being peppered with bullet-holes. The armoured cars decoyed the German defenders, while cavalry got round the flanks and captured the villages. Outpost villages close to the (Hindenburg Line) south of Quéant had to be held by the Germans for longer than expected, because of the need to complete the additions to the defences being built to remedy defects in the original position. Heudicourt, Sorel and Fins were lost on 30 March. The northern outpost villages were lost on 2 April and Lempire fell on 5 April. The German order of battle after the retirement from north to south was 23rd Reserve Division, 220th Division, 26th Reserve Division, 2nd Guards Reserve Division, 38th Division, 4th Division, 50th Reserve Division, 9th Reserve Division, 22nd Reserve Division, 199th Division, 29th Division, 111th Division, 221st Division, 25th Division, 15th Reserve Division, 47th Division, 46th Reserve Division, 13th Division, 211th Division and 222nd Division. In early March, instructions were given by the British Fourth Army corps commanders, for advanced guards to maintain contact should the Germans retreat, with larger forces to follow and dig in behind them on defensible ground, so that the advanced guards could fall back if attacked. The first sign of a German retreat was seen on 14 March when fires were seen in St Pierre Vaast Wood. Later in the day, the British entered Saillisel and by 16 March, most of the wood had been occupied. The British Fourth and Fifth armies organised all-arms forces of cavalry squadrons, infantry and cyclist battalions and artillery batteries, some of which had armoured-car units attached. On 15 March the French (GAN), south of the junction with the British Fourth Army at Roye, was ordered to follow up a German retirement. By 18 March the German 6th, 1st, 2nd and 7th armies were withdrawing and British and French cavalry patrols met in Nesle, behind the old front line. When French troops entered Lassigny they caused a traffic jam and vehicles that tried to skirt the jam bogged in mud. GAN had been on ten-day's notice to attack (about fourteen days before (GAC) attacked on the Aisne) between the Oise and Avre rivers. News of the first German retirements led the army group commander, General Franchet d'Espérey to advocate an attempt to surprise the Germans and force them to retreat prematurely. The suggestion was rejected and GAN began to prepare a limited attack for 17 March, by when the Germans had gone. On 17 March Haig and the British army commanders met and discussed the effect of the German retirement. The precedent of a German withdrawal to a prepared position followed by a counter-attack, which had occurred in 1914 was noted and that reserves freed by the retirement, would give the Germans an opportunity to attack the flanks of the withdrawal area. Nivelle had already decided to use the French troops released by the shorter front to reinforce the line in Champagne. British preparations for the attack at Arras were to proceed, with a watch kept for a possible German attack in Flanders and preparations for the attack on Messines Ridge were to continue. The pursuit of the German army was to be made in the Fourth Army area with advanced guards covered by the cavalry and cyclists attached to each corps and the 5th Cavalry Division. Larger forces were not to move east of a line from the Canal du Nord to the Somme south of Péronne until roads, bridges and railways had been repaired. The boundary of the Fourth Army and French Third Army was set from south of Nesle, through Offroy to St Quentin. In the Fifth Army area from Bapaume to the north, the advance to the Hindenburg Line needed to be completed in time to conduct supporting operations for the Third Army attack, due at Arras in early April. All-arms columns of cavalry, infantry, artillery and engineers were organised to advance on the front of each division. The advanced guards of the 5th and 2nd Australian divisions had a detachment of the Australian Light Horse, a battery of 18-pounder field guns, part of an engineer field company, two infantry battalions and several machine-guns. The advance had fewer geographical obstacles than further south. On the left flank the country beyond \"Riegel II Stellung\" was open and on the right the Germans made little effort to hold the ground west of \"Riegel III Stellung\", the ground inclining slightly to the north-east towards Bullecourt, away, with most of the rivers flowing in the direction of the British advance. After 18 March the main body of the Fifth Army was ordered to dig in temporarily from Bancourt to Bapaume, Achiet-le-Grand and Ablainzevelle and the advanced guards, which were large enough to be mobile columns, be reinforced to the strength of brigade groups. Some of the columns advanced boldly and others dug in temporarily as a precaution. Information that the Germans were burning villages behind the Hindenburg Line, led Gough to order II Corps and V Corps and the Lucknow Cavalry Brigade to advance vigorously on 19 March, with the support of the reinforced mobile",
"the Germans made little effort to hold the ground west of \"Riegel III Stellung\", the ground inclining slightly to the north-east towards Bullecourt, away, with most of the rivers flowing in the direction of the British advance. After 18 March the main body of the Fifth Army was ordered to dig in temporarily from Bancourt to Bapaume, Achiet-le-Grand and Ablainzevelle and the advanced guards, which were large enough to be mobile columns, be reinforced to the strength of brigade groups. Some of the columns advanced boldly and others dug in temporarily as a precaution. Information that the Germans were burning villages behind the Hindenburg Line, led Gough to order II Corps and V Corps and the Lucknow Cavalry Brigade to advance vigorously on 19 March, with the support of the reinforced mobile columns to Ecoust St. Mein, Croisilles, Lagnicourt and Hénin sur Cojeul. Next day the brigade groups were to support the cavalry drive the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line, which led the 2nd Australian Division force to attack Noreuil on 20 March. The attack was repulsed with and an advance on Ecoust and Croisilles by infantry of the 18th Division with cavalry and artillery on the flanks was repulsed by fire from about fifteen machine-guns and six field guns; Gough ordered that attacks on the German outpost line were to stop until more artillery was available. The British advance in the Fourth Army area reached the Somme rapidly from 17 to 20 March, with a continuous pursuit by vanguards and the main body moving forward by bounds between lines of resistance up to the Somme river and Canal du Nord, which ran north-to-south from Offoy to Péronne, then paused while the river was bridged, with a priority of light bridges for infantry first, pontoon or trestle bridges for wagons and field artillery and then heavy bridges for mechanical transport and heavy artillery. The heavy steel bridges could be transported from a Base Park at Le Havre with notice. A bridge over the canal near Péronne was built by surveying the ground on the night of 15 March, towing pontoons up river the next night, building beginning at dawn on 17 March and the pontoon being ready by noon. Infantry of the 1/8th Royal Warwicks crossed that evening and were then ferried over the river beyond on rafts, to become the first Allied troops into Péronne. On the right flank, IV Corps had to advance about over cratered and blocked roads to reach the Somme but Corps Mounted Troops and cyclists arrived on 18 March to find German rearguards also mounted on bicycles. Infantry crossed the river on 20 March by when the mounted troops had reached Germaine and the Fourth Army infantry outposts were established on high ground east of the Somme. \"Ward's Force\" was formed with corps cavalry, cyclists and two batteries of field artillery, two sections of engineers, a battalion of infantry from the 48th Division on 22 March as a precaution after cavalry was forced out of Poeuilly and neighbouring villages by a counter-attack and the corps cavalry relieved by the 5th Cavalry Division. The villages were reoccupied next day. The German retirement from the had begun on 19 March when Nurlu and Bertincourt were occupied by the British after slight pressure. British infantry and cavalry were finding greater German resistance. After a pause until 26 March, Ward's Force captured Roisel with an infantry company, two cavalry squadrons and two armoured cars; Canadian cavalry took Equancourt. The cavalry advanced again on 27 March and took Villers Faucon, Saulcourt and Guyencourt \"with great dash\". An attempt at a swifter pursuit by French cavalry and cyclists on 22 March failed, when they were forced back over the Crozat canal by a German counter-attack, with many casualties. On 28 March the British precautionary line of resistance was moved forward to a line Germaine–Caulaincourt–Bernes–Marquaix–Lieramont–Nurlu–Equancourt–Bertincourt while the outposts of cavalry, cyclists and some infantry mostly paused. On the army boundary with the French the 32nd Division kept two brigades in line and one in reserve. Each brigade in the line had two infantry companies in outposts held by platoons backed by their battalions and the artillery close enough to cover the outposts. By late March each British corps in the pursuit had diverted a minimum of one division to work on road repairs and bridging, the thaw making the effect of German demolitions far worse. In the Fifth Army area, repair work was concentrated on the railway up the Ancre valley, the Candas–Acheux line, two light railways and the Albert–Bapaume, Hamel–Achiet le Petit–Achiet le Grand and Serre–Puisieux–Bucquoy–Ablainzevelle roads, most of the labour coming from front-line divisions. By 1 April, the British and French armies were ready to begin operations, against outpost villages still occupied by the Germans west of the Hindenburg Line. The French Third Army prepared to attack at St Quentin on 10 April, for which the preliminary bombardment began on 4 April. The British Fourth Army prepared to support the attack with artillery and such infantry attacks as could be attempted, while communications were still being repaired. Information from captured documents and prisoners had disclosed the details of Operation and that outpost villages had to be held for longer than planned, to enable work to continue on the Hindenburg Line (), where it was being rebuilt south of Quéant. Despite increased German resistance Neuville Bourjonval, Ruyaulcourt, Sorel le Grand, Heudicourt, Fins, Dessart Wood, Ste. Emilie, Vermand sur Omignon, Vendelles, Jeancourt, Herbecourt, Épehy, Pezières were captured between 28 March and 1 April. Deliberate attacks were mounted in early April to take Holnon Wood, Savy (where the German garrison had to be overwhelmed by house-to-house fighting), Holnon, Sélency (including six German field guns) and Francilly Sélency. A German counter-attack on 3 April by a storm troop, to recover a German artillery battery from Holnon Wood, coincided with a British attempt to do the same and failed. The French Third Army captured the Epine de Dallon on 3 April, bringing it up to the Hindenburg Line and on 4 April the British captured Metz en Couture in a snowstorm. Ronssoy, Basse Boulogne and Lempire were captured after house-to-house fighting but an attack on le Verguier failed. The villages still held by the Germans were found to be in a much better state of defence, with much more barbed wire around them. An attack on Fresnoy Le Petit late on 5 April, was hampered by uncut wire and a second attack the next night was stopped halfway through the village, the defenders holding out until 7 April; an attack on Vadencourt also failed. On 9 April the Fourth Army began a bombardment of the Hindenburg Line, with such heavy artillery that it had in range, as the Third and First armies began the offensive at Arras to the north. Fighting on the Fourth Army front, for the remaining outpost villages, went on until the end of April. German air operations over the winter concentrated on reconnaissance to look for signs of Anglo-French offensive preparations, which were found at Messines, Arras, Roye, the Aisne and the Champagne region. By March the outline of the Anglo-French spring offensive had been observed from the air. German air units were concentrated around Arras and the Aisne, which left few to operate over the Noyon Salient during the retirement. When the retirement began British squadrons in the area were instructed to keep German rearguards under constant observation, harass German troops by ground attacks and to make long-range reconnaissance to search the area east of the Hindenburg Line, for signs of more defensive positions and indications that a further retreat was contemplated. A policy on rapid movement had been devised in September 1916, in which the Army Wing and Corps Wings not attached to the corps moving forward, would move with army headquarters and the Corps Wings",
"and the Champagne region. By March the outline of the Anglo-French spring offensive had been observed from the air. German air units were concentrated around Arras and the Aisne, which left few to operate over the Noyon Salient during the retirement. When the retirement began British squadrons in the area were instructed to keep German rearguards under constant observation, harass German troops by ground attacks and to make long-range reconnaissance to search the area east of the Hindenburg Line, for signs of more defensive positions and indications that a further retreat was contemplated. A policy on rapid movement had been devised in September 1916, in which the Army Wing and Corps Wings not attached to the corps moving forward, would move with army headquarters and the Corps Wings attached to the corps that were advancing, would keep as close to their associated corps headquarters as possible. Squadrons would not need to move every day and could arrange temporary landing-grounds. On 21 March 1917 the use of temporary facilities was ordered with portable hangars to be built near corps headquarters and aircraft flown back to their normal aerodromes at night. IV and V Brigades were involved in the advance, with their squadrons attached to divisions for contact-patrols. Two cavalry divisions were attached to the Fourth and Fifth armies for the advance, with aircraft for reconnaissance of the ground that the cavalry was to traverse and to help the cavalry maintain touch with the rear. Suitable targets found by air observation were engaged by artillery using the \"zone call\" system. The cavalry divisions were issued with wireless stations to keep in touch with their attached aircraft but in the event good ground communications made them redundant. The German retirement was so swift and the amount of artillery fire was so small, that telephone wires were cut far less frequently than expected. German troop movements were well concealed and rarely seen from the air and it was usually ground fire that alerted aircrew to their presence. Pilots flew low over villages and strong points to invite German ground fire for their observers to plot, although this practice gave no indication of the strength of rearguards. A few attacks were made on German cavalry and infantry caught in the open but this had little influence on ground operations. The artillery wireless organisation broke down at times, due to delays in setting up ground stations, which led to missed opportunities for the direction of artillery fire from the air. The main influence of air operations was exerted through message carrying and reconnaissance, particularly in observing ground conditions in front of the advance and intermittent co-operation with artillery. Distant reconnaissance, some by single-seat fighters, found no evidence of German defences beyond the Hindenburg Line but many new aerodromes and supply dumps, indicating the permanence of the new position. The success of the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line has been explained as an Allied failure to anticipate the retirement and in being unable seriously to impede it. Another view is that the Anglo-French were not pursuing a broken enemy but an army making a deliberate withdrawal after months of preparation, which retained considerable powers of manoeuvre and counter-attack. Belated awareness of the significance of the building work along the base of the Noyon Salient, has also been given as a reason for a cautious pursuit deliberately chosen, rather than an inept and failed attempt to intercept the German retirement. In \"Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical\" (1907) Haig had described the hasty retreat of a beaten enemy and an organised withdrawal by a formidable force, capable of rapidly returning to the attack, to defeat a disorganised pursuit. In the case of an organised withdrawal, Haig described a cautious follow up by advanced guards, in front of a main force moving periodically from defensive position to defensive position, always providing a firm base on which the advanced guards could retire. The conduct of the Anglo-French pursuit conformed to this model. General Franchet d'Espérey proposed a hasty offensive to Nivelle, who rejected the idea, in favour of strengthening the main French front on the Aisne. British heavy artillery had been moved north from the Fifth Army in January, ready for the offensive at Arras and had been partly replaced by inexperienced units from Britain. Divisions from the Fourth Army had been moved south, to take over former French positions and I Anzac Corps had been transferred to the Fifth Army to compensate for divisions sent north to the Third Army by 6 February, which left the Anglo-French forces in the area depleted. Beach concluded that evidence of German intentions had been collected by air reconnaissance, spy reports and debriefings of refugees and escaped prisoners of war but that German deception measures made information gleaned from intermittent air reconnaissance during the frequent bad flying weather over the winter appear unremarkable. German digging behind existing fortifications had taken place several times during the Somme battle and led British Intelligence to interpret the evidence of fortification-building further back from the Somme front, as an extension of the construction already being watched. In late December 1916, reports from witnesses led to British and French air reconnaissance further to the south and in mid-January 1917 British intelligence concluded that a new line was being built from Arras to Laon. By February, the line was known to be near completion and by 25 February, the local withdrawals on the Fifth Army front and prisoner interrogations, led the Anglo-French to anticipate a gradual German withdrawal to the new line. When British patrols probing German outposts found them unoccupied, the Allies began a cautious advance, slowed by German destruction of the transport infrastructure. The troubled transport situation behind the British front, which had been caused by mounting difficulties on the Nord railways, overloading and the thaw on roads made British supply problems worse. The Germans had the advantage of falling back over good roads to prepared defences, protected by rearguards. The German armies made an efficient withdrawal, although the destruction accompanying Operation led a considerable amount of indiscipline. Defending villages as outposts, with most of the rearguard posted at the western exits, left them vulnerable to encirclement and attacks from commanding ground and the predictability of such methods, provided French and British troops with obvious objectives. Cyril Falls, a British official historian, criticised the British army for the failings it showed during the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, writing that the divisions were \"bewildered and helpless\", until they gained experience in the new form of warfare. The commander of the 8th Division, Major-General William Heneker wrote on 2 April, that it had taken three weeks for his division to become proficient in open-warfare techniques. In April 1917, an analysis by II Corps had found that patrols coming under fire had stopped to report, ground of tactical importance had been ignored by patrols that had returned to British lines, forfeiting opportunities to force German withdrawals and artillery had been reluctant to push forward. Liaison between divisional engineers and artillery had been poor, advanced guards had not known the importance of reporting on the condition of roads, ground and the accuracy of maps; the cavalry element of advanced guards was also criticised for hesitancy although in contrast, Charles Bean, the Australian official historian, concluded that the advanced troops of I Anzac Corps had been sent out on a limb. Falls rejected claims that British methods were predictable, noting that attacks had been made at dawn, noon, afternoon and at night.",
"found that patrols coming under fire had stopped to report, ground of tactical importance had been ignored by patrols that had returned to British lines, forfeiting opportunities to force German withdrawals and artillery had been reluctant to push forward. Liaison between divisional engineers and artillery had been poor, advanced guards had not known the importance of reporting on the condition of roads, ground and the accuracy of maps; the cavalry element of advanced guards was also criticised for hesitancy although in contrast, Charles Bean, the Australian official historian, concluded that the advanced troops of I Anzac Corps had been sent out on a limb. Falls rejected claims that British methods were predictable, noting that attacks had been made at dawn, noon, afternoon and at night. Bombardments had been fired before some attacks, during attacks on other occasions, on call from the infantry or were dispensed with. Attacks had been made indirectly, using ground for cover and a number of outflanking moves had succeeded. Combined operations with infantry, cavalry, cyclists, armoured cars and aircraft had also occurred. The most successful divisions in the pursuit were those that had been on the Somme for a considerable time, rather than the newer divisions, which were fresh and had trained for open warfare in England. Many of the British attacks had substantial casualties, mostly from German machine-gun fire, although artillery casualties were also high. Attacks on similar objectives using different methods had similar casualties, which suggested that losses were determined by the German defence, rather than unsatisfactory British methods. British field artillery had been supplied with an adequate amount of ammunition, despite the transport difficulties but much heavy artillery was left behind. The weather was also unusually severe, with snow in early April, which had less effect on German rearguards, who occupied billets and then blew them up when they retired. Allied troops in the pursuit suffered from exposure and shortages of supplies but had increased morale, better health (trench foot cases declined sharply) and adapted to open warfare. Draught animals suffered from the weather, short rations and overloading; the British artillery soon had a shortage of and several immobilised heavy artillery batteries. The length of the Western Front was reduced by , which needed German divisions to hold. The Allied spring offensive had been forestalled and the subsidiary French attack up the Oise valley negated. The main French breakthrough offensive on the Aisne (the Nivelle Offensive), forced the Germans to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line defences behind the existing front line on the Aisne. German counter-attacks became increasingly costly during the battle; after four days had been taken by the French armies and casualties were inflicted on German armies opposite the French and Belgian fronts between April and July. Most German casualties had been incurred during the Nivelle Offensive and were greater than any earlier Entente attack, against French casualties for the same period. The French armies lost by 25 April and were also struck by a collapse of the medical services on the Aisne front, casualties being stranded close to the battlefield for several days; German losses have been estimated at for the same period. A wave of mutinies broke out in the French armies, which eventually affected . Between 16 April and 15 May the mutinies were isolated but then spread, with recorded by 31 May. From violent resistance increased, possibly six people being killed by mutineers, which threatened the battle-worthiness of the French armies, before order slowly returned by the end of June. The French strategy of breakthrough and decisive battle had failed disastrously and for the rest of 1917, the French armies resorted to a strategy of \"healing and defence\". Continuous and methodical battles were replaced by limited attacks followed by consolidation. A massive rearmament programme was begun to produce aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks and chemicals, which had similar goals to the Hindenburg Programme. The parts of the Western Front where German defences were rebuilt on the new principles, or had naturally occurring features similar to the new principles, such as the Chemin des Dames, withstood the Franco-British attacks of the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917, although the cost in casualties was high. The \"rate\" of German infantry losses in these defences diminished, although this was also apparent in the \"rate\" of loss of the attackers, who were better organised and used more efficient methods, made possible by the increased flow of equipment and supplies to the Western Front, which had so concerned Ludendorff in September 1916 (In 1917 British artillery ammunition shortages ended and barrel-wear, from firing so many shells became a problem.) At Verdun in December 1916, Arras in April 1917 and at Messines in June, where the new German defensive principles of depth, camouflage and reverse-slope defences, dispersed methods of fortification and prompt reinforcement by divisions, were not possible or had not been adopted in time, the British and French armies inflicted costly defeats on the Germans. The German defensive strategy on the Western Front in 1917, succeeded in resisting the increase in the offensive power of the Entente, without the loss of vital territory but the attrition of German manpower was slowed rather than reversed. Unrestricted submarine warfare caused the United States to declare war on 6 April and failed to isolate Britain from its overseas sources of supply. The bombing offensive against Britain, acted to divert Anglo-French air defence resources, which slowed the rate at which the German air service was outnumbered in France. By the end of the Third Battle of Ypres in November 1917, the effectiveness of the methods of defence introduced in 1917 had been eroded and continuation of a defensive strategy in the west was made impossible. The defeat of Russia gave the German leadership a final opportunity to avoid defeat, rather than the attempts to compete with Allied numerical and industrial superiority, through economic warfare in the Atlantic and the domestic initiatives of the Hindenburg Programme, the Auxiliary Service Law and temporary demobilisation of skilled workers from the army. The accuracy of Great War casualty statistics is disputed. Casualty data available refer to Western Front totals as shown in Winston Churchill's \"The World Crisis\" (1923–29) and do not refer directly to the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line () or losses that would be considered \"normal wastage\", occurring as a consequence of the existence of the Western Front, rather than to particular military operations. Total British losses from January to March 1917 in France were given as losses given were German losses were The first attack of the Nivelle Offensive by the British First and Third armies came at Arras, north of the Hindenburg Line on 9 April and inflicted a substantial defeat on the German 6th Army, which occupied obsolete defences on forward slopes. Vimy Ridge was captured and further south, the greatest depth of advance since trench-warfare began was achieved, surpassing the success of the French Sixth Army on 1 July 1916. German reinforcements were able to stabilise the front line, using both of the defensive methods endorsed in the new German training manual and the British continued the offensive, despite the difficulties of ground and German defensive tactics, in support of the French offensives further south and then to keep German troops in the area while the Messines Ridge attack was being prepared. German casualties were British losses of the Third and First armies. During the Battle of Arras the British Fifth Army was intended to help the operations of the Third Army, by pushing back German rear guards to the (Hindenburg Line) and then",
"captured and further south, the greatest depth of advance since trench-warfare began was achieved, surpassing the success of the French Sixth Army on 1 July 1916. German reinforcements were able to stabilise the front line, using both of the defensive methods endorsed in the new German training manual and the British continued the offensive, despite the difficulties of ground and German defensive tactics, in support of the French offensives further south and then to keep German troops in the area while the Messines Ridge attack was being prepared. German casualties were British losses of the Third and First armies. During the Battle of Arras the British Fifth Army was intended to help the operations of the Third Army, by pushing back German rear guards to the (Hindenburg Line) and then attacking the position from Bullecourt to Quéant, which was from the main Arras–Cambrai road. The German outpost villages from Doignies to Croisilles were captured on 2 April and an attack on a front, with Bullecourt in the centre was planned. The wire-cutting bombardment was delayed by transport difficulties behind the new British front line and the attack of the Third Army, which was originally intended to be simultaneous, took place on 9 April. A tank attack by the Fifth Army was improvised for 10 April on a front of to capture Riencourt and Hendecourt. The attack was intended to begin before sunrise but the tanks were delayed by a blizzard and the attack was cancelled at the last minute; the 4th Australian Division withdrawal from its assembly positions was luckily obscured by a snowstorm. The cancellation did not reach the 62nd Division on the left in time and several patrols were already in the German barbed wire when the order arrived. The attack was postponed for but only four of the twelve tanks in the attack were in position on time. The tanks that attacked lost direction and were quickly knocked out, leaving no gaps in the barbed wire for the infantry. Australian troops took a portion of the front Hindenburg trench and false reports of success led to cavalry being sent forward, where they were forced back by machine-gun fire as were the Australians, by a counter-attack at Total British casualties were from the 62nd Division lost the 4th Australian Brigade lost of with prisoner and the 12th Australian Brigade had German casualties were At on 15 April, elements of four German divisions attacked from the (Hindenburg Line) from Havrincourt to Quéant to occupy Noreuil, Lagnicourt, Morchies, Boursies, Doignies, Demicourt and Hermies until nightfall, to inflict casualties, destroy British artillery to make a British attack in the area impossible and to attract British reserves from the Arras front further north. Lagnicourt was occupied for a short time and five British guns destroyed but the rest of the attack failed. Co-ordination between German infantry and artillery suffered from the hasty nature of the attack, for which planning had begun on 13 April. Several units were late and attacked on unfamiliar ground, with against losses. Labour was transferred to work on the from La Fère to Rethel and labour battalions were sent to work on the forward positions on the Aisne front on 23 February. The German strategic reserve rose to by the end of March and the Aisne front was reinforced with the 1st Army, released by Operation Alberich and other divisions, which raised the number to line and reserve on the Aisne by early April. The French (GAN) attacked the Hindenburg Line at St Quentin on 13 April with no success and the \"decisive\" offensive, by the French (GAR) began on 16 April, between Vailly and Rheims. The French breakthrough attempt was defeated but forced the Germans to abandon the area between Braye, Condé and Laffaux and withdraw to the Hindenburg Line from Laffaux Mill, along the Chemin des Dames to Courtecon. The German armies in France were still short of reserves, despite the retirements to the Hindenburg Line and divisions depleted by during the Nivelle Offensive and then replaced by those in reserve, had to change places with the counter-attack divisions, rather than be withdrawn altogether. Another British attack at Bullecourt was planned after the failure of 11 April but postponed several times until the Third Army further north, had reached the river Sensée and there had been time for a thorough artillery preparation. By May the attack was intended to help the Third Army to advance, hold German troops in the area and assist the French army attacks on the Aisne. Two divisions were involved in the attack with the first objective at the second Hindenburg trench on a front of , a second objective at the Fontaine–Quéant road and the final objective at the villages of Riencourt and Hendecourt. Many of the British transport and supply difficulties had been remedied, with the extension of railways and roads into the \"\" area. The attack began on 3 May, part the 2nd Australian Division reached the Hindenburg Line and established a foothold. Small parties of the 62nd Division reached the first objective and were cut off, the division having an attack by the 7th Division was driven back. From the battle in the 2nd Australian Division sector continued and the foothold in the Hindenburg Line was extended. The 7th Division continued to try to reach British parties, which had got into Bullecourt and been isolated. A German counter-attack on 6 May was defeated but the engagement exhausted the 2nd Australian Division and the 62nd Division; serious losses had been inflicted on the 1st Australian and 7th divisions. The German 27th, 3rd Guard, 2nd Guard Reserve divisions and a regiment of the 207th Division had made six big counter-attacks and also had many casualties. The British attacked again on 7 May with the 7th Division towards Bullecourt and the 1st Australian Brigade west along the Hindenburg trenches, which met at the second objective. Next day the \"Red Patch\" was attacked again and a small part held after German counter-attacks. The 5th Australian Division relieved the 2nd Australian Division by 10 May, while the battle in Bullecourt continued to the west, the 7th Division capturing the village except for the Red Patch on 12 May, while the 62nd Division advance was pushed back. The 58th Division relieved the Australians and British attacks on 13 May failed. A final German counter-attack was made to recapture all of Bullecourt and the Hindenburg trenches on 15 May. The attack failed, except at Bullecourt where the west of the village was regained. The 7th Division was relieved by part of the 58th Division, which attacked the Red Patch again on 17 May and captured the ruins, just before the Germans were able to withdraw, which ended the battle. The Fifth Army lost and German losses in two divisions were with casualties in the regiments of five other divisions engaged being a minimum. Total British losses for both Bullecourt operations were The Battle of Cambrai began with a secret deployment of British reinforcements for the attack. Instead of a long period of artillery registration (firing ranging shots before the attack) and wire-cutting, which would have warned the German defence that an assault was being prepared, massed artillery-fire did not begin until the infantry–tank advance began on 20 November, using unregistered (predicted) fire. The British sent to roll through the (Hindenburg Line) barbed-wire fields, as a substitute for a long wire-cutting bombardment and the ground assault was accompanied by a large number of ground-attack aircraft. The British attack broke through the but was contained in the rear battlezone () by the , which had been built on the east side of the St Quentin canal on this part of the front. Preparations for a further advance were hampered by the obstacles of the Hindenburg defences, which had been crossed but which limited the routes by which the most advanced British forces could be supplied. The German defence quickly",
"defence that an assault was being prepared, massed artillery-fire did not begin until the infantry–tank advance began on 20 November, using unregistered (predicted) fire. The British sent to roll through the (Hindenburg Line) barbed-wire fields, as a substitute for a long wire-cutting bombardment and the ground assault was accompanied by a large number of ground-attack aircraft. The British attack broke through the but was contained in the rear battlezone () by the , which had been built on the east side of the St Quentin canal on this part of the front. Preparations for a further advance were hampered by the obstacles of the Hindenburg defences, which had been crossed but which limited the routes by which the most advanced British forces could be supplied. The German defence quickly recovered and on 30 November began a counter-offensive, using a similar short bombardment, air attacks and storm troop infantry tactics, which was contained by the British, in some parts of the battlefield using the Hindenburg Line defences captured earlier. A sequence of Allied offensives began with attacks by American and French armies on 26 September 1918 from Rheims to the Meuse, two British armies at Cambrai on 27 September, British, Belgian and French armies in Flanders on 28 September; on 29 September the British Fourth Army (including the US II Corps) attacked the Hindenburg Line from Holnon north to Vendhuille while the French First Army attacked the area from St Quentin to the south. The British Third Army attacked further north and crossed the Canal du Nord at Masnières. In nine days British, French and US forces crossed the Canal du Nord, broke through the Hindenburg Line and took and German troops were short of food, had worn out clothes and boots and the retreat back to the Hindenburg Line had terminally undermined their morale. The Allies had attacked with overwhelming material superiority, using combined-arms tactics, with a unified operational method and achieved a high tempo. On 4 October, the German government requested an armistice and on 8 October, the German armies were ordered to retire from the rest of the (Hindenburg Line). Books Theses Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line ( or Siegfried Position) was a German defensive position of World War"
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"Ukyō-ku, Kyoto The meaning of \"ukyō\" (右京) is \"on the Emperor's right.\" When residing in the Kyoto Imperial Palace the emperor would sit facing south, thus the western direction would be to his right. Similarly, there is a ward to the east called Sakyō-ku (左京区), meaning \"the ward on the Emperor's left.\" In old times, \"ukyō\" was referring to the western part of the capital. The area of ancient Ukyō slightly overlaps the area of present Ukyō-ku. On April 1, 2005, the ward expanded its territory to the area of former town of Keihoku when the town merged into the city of Kyoto. This increased the ward's territory from 74.27 km² to 291.95 km². As of October 1, 2016, the ward has an estimated population of 204,135, with 95,297 households and a density of 699 persons per km². Ukyo-ku is home to many renowned sites, including Rohm, an electronic parts manufacturer, Nissin Electric, a global electrical equipment company and the multinational Dynic Corporation are headquartered in the ward. Ukyō-ku, Kyoto The meaning of \"ukyō\" (右京) is \"on the Emperor's right.\" When residing in the Kyoto Imperial Palace the emperor would sit facing south, thus the western direction would be to"
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"Faces in the Crowd (Sports Illustrated) Faces in the Crowd is a long-running segment from \"Sports Illustrated\". Starting in the January 9, 1956, issue, the segment was originally titled \"These Faces in the Crowd.\" The predecessor to \"These Faces...\" was a segment called \"Pat on the Back\". It differed in that it did not just focus on unknown or amateur athletes. Contrary to \"Faces in the Crowd\", it featured professional athletes who set milestones and celebrities who undertook an athletic endeavor. From 1956 to 2006, a total of 15,672 athletes have been featured. Video Faces in the Crowd is segment from \"Sports Illustrated\" and TAKKLE.com, which features up-and-coming high school athletes and their sports videos. The athletes are featured in the \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine, on the \"Sports Illustrated\" website and on the TAKKLE website. The 1950s The 1960s The 1970s The 1980s The 1990s The 2000s Faces in the Crowd (Sports Illustrated) Faces in the Crowd is a long-running segment from \"Sports Illustrated\". Starting in the January 9, 1956, issue, the segment was originally titled \"These Faces in the Crowd.\" The predecessor to \"These Faces...\" was a segment called \"Pat on the Back\". It differed in that it did not"
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"Fractional cascading In computer science, fractional cascading is a technique to speed up a sequence of binary searches for the same value in a sequence of related data structures. The first binary search in the sequence takes a logarithmic amount of time, as is standard for binary searches, but successive searches in the sequence are faster. The original version of fractional cascading, introduced in two papers by Chazelle and Guibas in 1986 (; ), combined the idea of cascading, originating in range searching data structures of and , with the idea of fractional sampling, which originated in . Later authors introduced more complex forms of fractional cascading that allow the data structure to be maintained as the data changes by a sequence of discrete insertion and deletion events. As a simple example of fractional cascading, consider the following problem. We are given as input a collection of \"k\" ordered lists \"L\" of numbers, such that the total length Σ|\"L\"| of all lists is \"n\", and must process them so that we can perform binary searches for a query value \"q\" in each of the \"k\" lists. For instance, with \"k\" = 4 and \"n\" = 17, The simplest solution to this searching problem is just to store each list separately. If we do so, the space requirement is O(\"n\"), but the time to perform a query is O(\"k\" log(\"n\"/\"k\")), as we must perform a separate binary search in each of \"k\" lists. The worst case for querying this structure occurs when each of the \"k\" lists has equal size \"n\"/\"k\", so each of the \"k\" binary searches involved in a query takes time O(log(\"n\"/\"k\")). A second solution allows faster queries at the expense of more space: we may merge all the \"k\" lists into a single big list \"L\", and associate with each item \"x\" of \"L\" a list of the results of searching for \"x\" in each of the smaller lists \"L\". If we describe an element of this merged list as \"x\"[\"a\",\"b\",\"c\",\"d\"] where \"x\" is the numerical value and \"a\", \"b\", \"c\", and \"d\" are the positions (the first number has position 0) of the next element at least as large as \"x\" in each of the original input lists (or the position after the end of the list if no such element exists), then we would have This merged solution allows a query in time O(log \"n\" + \"k\"): simply search for \"q\" in \"L\" and then report the results stored at the item \"x\" found by this search. For instance, if \"q\" = 50, searching for \"q\" in \"L\" finds the item 62[1,3,2,3], from which we return the results \"L\"[1] = 64, \"L\"[3] (a flag value indicating that \"q\" is past the end of \"L\"), \"L\"[2] = 62, and \"L\"[3] = 79. However, this solution pays a high penalty in space complexity: it uses space O(\"kn\") as each of the \"n\" items in \"L\" must store a list of \"k\" search results. Fractional cascading allows this same searching problem to be solved with time and space bounds meeting the best of both worlds: query time O(log \"n\" + \"k\"), and space O(\"n\"). The fractional cascading solution is to store a new sequence of lists \"M\". The final list in this sequence, \"M\", is equal to \"L\"; each earlier list \"M\" is formed by merging \"L\" with every second item from \"M\". With each item \"x\" in this merged list, we store two numbers: the position resulting from searching for \"x\" in \"L\" and the position resulting from searching for \"x\" in \"M\". For the data above, this would give us the following lists: Suppose we wish to perform a query in this structure, for \"q\" = 50. We first do a standard binary search for \"q\" in \"M\", finding the value 64[1,5]. The \"1\" in 64[1,5], tells us that the search for \"q\" in \"L\" should return \"L\"[1] = 64. The \"5\" in 64[1,5] tells us that the approximate location of \"q\" in \"M\" is position 5. More precisely, binary searching for \"q\" in \"M\" would return either the value 79[3,5] at position 5, or the value 62[3,3] one place earlier. By comparing \"q\" to 62, and observing that it is smaller, we determine that the correct search result in \"M\" is 62[3,3]. The first \"3\" in 62[3,3] tells us that the search for \"q\" in \"L\" should return \"L\"[3], a flag value meaning that \"q\" is past the end of list \"L\". The second \"3\" in 62[3,3] tells us that the approximate location of \"q\" in \"M\" is position 3. More precisely, binary searching for \"q\" in \"M\" would return either the value 62[2,3] at position 3, or the value 44[1,2] one place earlier. A comparison of \"q\" with the smaller value 44 shows us that the correct search result in \"M\" is 62[2,3]. The \"2\" in 62[2,3] tells us that the search for \"q\" in \"L\" should return \"L\"[2] = 62, and the \"3\" in 62[2,3] tells us that the result of searching for \"q\" in \"M\" is either \"M\"[3] = 79[3,0] or \"M\"[2] = 46[2,0]; comparing \"q\" with 46 shows that the correct result is 79[3,0] and that the result of searching for \"q\" in \"L\" is \"L\"[3] = 79. Thus, we have found \"q\" in each of our four lists, by doing a binary search in the single list \"M\" followed by a single comparison in each of the successive lists. More generally, for any data structure of this type, we perform a query by doing a binary search for \"q\" in \"M\", and determining from the resulting value the position of \"q\" in \"L\". Then, for each \"i\" > 1, we use the known position of \"q\" in \"M\" to find its position in \"M\". The value associated with the position of \"q\" in \"M\" points to a position in \"M\" that is either the correct result of the binary search for \"q\" in \"M\" or is a single step away from that correct result, so stepping from \"i\" to \"i\" + 1 requires only a single comparison. Thus, the total time for a query is O(log \"n\" + \"k\"). In our example, the fractionally cascaded lists have a total of 25 elements, less than twice that of the original input. In general, the size of \"M\" in this data structure is at most as may easily be proven by induction. Therefore, the total size of the data structure is at most as may be seen by regrouping the contributions to the total size coming from the same input list \"L\" together with each other. In general, fractional cascading begins with a \"catalog graph\", a directed graph in which each vertex is labeled with an ordered list. A query in this data structure consists of a path in the graph and a query value \"q\"; the data structure must determine the position of \"q\" in each of the ordered lists associated with the vertices of the path. For the simple example above, the catalog graph is itself a path, with just four nodes. It is possible for later vertices in the path to be determined dynamically as part of a query, in response to the results found by the searches in earlier parts of the path. To handle queries of this type, for a graph in which each vertex has at most \"d\" incoming and at most \"d\" outgoing edges for some constant \"d\", the lists associated with each vertex are augmented by a fraction of the items from each outgoing neighbor of the vertex; the fraction must be chosen to be smaller than 1/\"d\", so that the total amount by which all lists are augmented remains linear in the input size. Each item in each augmented list stores with it the position of that item in the unaugmented list stored at the same vertex, and in each of the outgoing neighboring lists. In the simple example above, \"d\" = 1, and we augmented each list with a 1/2 fraction of the neighboring items. A query in this data structure consists of a standard binary search in the augmented list associated with the first vertex of the query path, together with simpler searches at each successive vertex of the path. If a 1/\"r\" fraction of items are used to augment the lists from each neighboring item, then each successive query result may be found within at most \"r\" steps of the position stored at the query result from the previous path vertex, and therefore may be found in constant time without having to perform a full binary search. In \"dynamic fractional cascading\", the list stored at each node of the catalog graph may change dynamically, by a sequence of updates in which list items are inserted and deleted. This causes several difficulties for the data",
"fraction of the neighboring items. A query in this data structure consists of a standard binary search in the augmented list associated with the first vertex of the query path, together with simpler searches at each successive vertex of the path. If a 1/\"r\" fraction of items are used to augment the lists from each neighboring item, then each successive query result may be found within at most \"r\" steps of the position stored at the query result from the previous path vertex, and therefore may be found in constant time without having to perform a full binary search. In \"dynamic fractional cascading\", the list stored at each node of the catalog graph may change dynamically, by a sequence of updates in which list items are inserted and deleted. This causes several difficulties for the data structure. First, when an item is inserted or deleted at a node of the catalog graph, it must be placed within the augmented list associated with that node, and may cause changes to propagate to other nodes of the catalog graph. Instead of storing the augmented lists in arrays, they should be stored as binary search trees, so that these changes can be handled efficiently while still allowing binary searches of the augmented lists. Second, an insertion or deletion may cause a change to the subset of the list associated with a node that is passed on to neighboring nodes of the catalog graph. It is no longer feasible, in the dynamic setting, for this subset to be chosen as the items at every \"d\"th position of the list, for some \"d\", as this subset would change too drastically after every update. Rather, a technique closely related to B-trees allows the selection of a fraction of data that is guaranteed to be smaller than 1/\"d\", with the selected items guaranteed to be spaced a constant number of positions apart in the full list, and such that an insertion or deletion into the augmented list associated with a node causes changes to propagate to other nodes for a fraction of the operations that is less than 1/\"d\". In this way, the distribution of the data among the nodes satisfies the properties needed for the query algorithm to be fast, while guaranteeing that the average number of binary search tree operations per data insertion or deletion is constant. Third, and most critically, the static fractional cascading data structure maintains, for each element \"x\" of the augmented list at each node of the catalog graph, the index of the result that would be obtained when searching for \"x\" among the input items from that node and among the augmented lists stored at neighboring nodes. However, this information would be too expensive to maintain in the dynamic setting. Inserting or deleting a single value \"x\" could cause the indexes stored at an unbounded number of other values to change. Instead, dynamic versions of fractional cascading maintain several data structures for each node: These data structures allow dynamic fractional cascading to be performed at a time of O(log \"n\") per insertion or deletion, and a sequence of \"k\" binary searches following a path of length \"k\" in the catalog graph to be performed in time O(log \"n\" + \"k\" log log \"n\"). Typical applications of fractional cascading involve range search data structures in computational geometry. For example, consider the problem of \"half-plane range reporting\": that is, intersecting a fixed set of \"n\" points with a query half-plane and listing all the points in the intersection. The problem is to structure the points in such a way that a query of this type may be answered efficiently in terms of the intersection size \"h\". One structure that can be used for this purpose is the convex layers of the input point set, a family of nested convex polygons consisting of the convex hull of the point set and the recursively-constructed convex layers of the remaining points. Within a single layer, the points inside the query half-plane may be found by performing a binary search for the half-plane boundary line's slope among the sorted sequence of convex polygon edge slopes, leading to the polygon vertex that is inside the query half-plane and farthest from its boundary, and then sequentially searching along the polygon edges to find all other vertices inside the query half-plane. The whole half-plane range reporting problem may be solved by repeating this search procedure starting from the outermost layer and continuing inwards until reaching a layer that is disjoint from the query halfspace. Fractional cascading speeds up the successive binary searches among the sequences of polygon edge slopes in each layer, leading to a data structure for this problem with space O(\"n\") and query time O(log \"n\" + \"h\"). The data structure may be constructed in time O(\"n\" log \"n\") by an algorithm of . As in our example, this application involves binary searches in a linear sequence of lists (the nested sequence of the convex layers), so the catalog graph is just a path. Another application of fractional cascading in geometric data structures concerns point location in a monotone subdivision, that is, a partition of the plane into polygons such that any vertical line intersects any polygon in at most two points. As showed, this problem can be solved by finding a sequence of polygonal paths that stretch from left to right across the subdivision, and binary searching for the lowest of these paths that is above the query point. Testing whether the query point is above or below one of the paths can itself be solved as a binary search problem, searching for the x coordinate of the points among the x coordinates of the path vertices to determine which path edge might be above or below the query point. Thus, each point location query can be solved as an outer layer of binary search among the paths, each step of which itself performs a binary search among x coordinates of vertices. Fractional cascading can be used to speed up the time for the inner binary searches, reducing the total time per query to O(log \"n\") using a data structure with space O(\"n\"). In this application the catalog graph is a tree representing the possible search sequences of the outer binary search. Beyond computational geometry, and apply fractional cascading in the design of data structures for fast packet filtering in internet routers. use fractional cascading as a model for data distribution and retrieval in sensor networks. Fractional cascading In computer science, fractional cascading is a technique to speed up a sequence of binary searches for the same value in a sequence of related data structures. The first binary search in the sequence takes a logarithmic amount of time, as is standard for binary searches, but successive searches in the sequence are faster. The original version of fractional cascading, introduced in two papers by Chazelle and Guibas in 1986 (; ), combined the idea of cascading, originating in range"
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"55th Academy Awards The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11, 1983, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore, Richard Pryor, and Walter Matthau. The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner \"Gandhi\", which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations. Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year, ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie. Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award. She had been nominated the year before for \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades. Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in \"An Officer and a Gentleman\". This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony. Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and, in subsequent years, her special aired prior to the Academy's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet. It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 55th Academy Awards The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11, 1983, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore, Richard Pryor, and Walter Matthau. The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner \"Gandhi\", which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations. Jessica Lange became the first"
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"Paul of Aegina Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta (; Aegina, ) was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician best known for writing the medical encyclopedia \"Medical Compendium in Seven Books. \"He is the father of early medical books\"\". For many years in the Byzantine Empire, this work contained the sum of all Western medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Nothing is known about his life, except that he was born in the island of Aegina, and that he travelled a good deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandria. He is sometimes called \"Iatrosophistes\" and \"Periodeutes\", a word which probably means a physician who travelled from place to place in the exercise of his profession. The exact time when he lived is not known; but, as he quotes Alexander of Tralles, and is himself quoted by Yahya ibn Sarafyun (\"Serapion the Elder\"), it is probable that Abu-al-Faraj is correct in placing him in the latter half of the 7th century. The Suda says he wrote several medical works, of which the principal one is still extant, with no exact title, but is commonly called \"Medical Compendium in Seven Books\" (, \"Epitomes iatrikes biblia hepta\"). (Digital German edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf) This work is chiefly a compilation from earlier writers; indeed its Greek title proclaims that it is an epitome of medicine, \"epitomes iatrikes.\" William Alexander Greenhill wrote that his reputation in the Islamic world seems to have been very great, and it is said that he was especially consulted by midwives, whence he received the name of \"Al-kawabeli\" or \"the Accoucheur.\" He is said by the Arabic writers to have written a work, \"De Mulierum Morbis,\" and another, \"De Puerulorum Vivendi Ratione atque Curatione.\" His great work was translated into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq. The sixth book on surgery in particular was referenced in Europe and the Arab world throughout the Middle Ages, and is of special interest for surgical history. The whole work in the original Greek was published in Venice in 1528, and another edition appeared in Basel in 1538. Several Latin translations were published. Its first full translation into English, was by Francis Adams in 1834. In this work he describes the operation to fix a hernia similar to modern techniques writing, \"After making the incision to the extent of three fingers' breadth transversely across the tumor to the groin, and removing the membranes and fat, and the peritoneum being exposed in the middle where it is raised up to a point, let the knob of the probe be applied by which the intestines will be pressed deep down. The prominence, then, of the peritoneum, formed on each side of the knob of the probe, are to be joined together by sutures, and then we extract the probe, neither cutting the peritoneum nor removing the testicle, nor anything else, but curing it with applications used for fresh wounds.\" Paul of Aegina Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta (; Aegina, )"
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"West Shore, Staten Island West Shore refers to the section of the New York City borough of Staten Island that borders the Arthur Kill, between the Staten Island Expressway and the Fresh Kills. The Arthur Kill shoreline north of the expressway — most commonly called Port Ivory — is considered part of the North Shore, while the land along the Arthur Kill south of Fresh Kills is generally included within the South Shore. While only one residential neighborhood — Travis — can actually be found on the West Shore, other place names are used to identify locations to the north of Travis, chief among them Bloomfield and Chelsea. A study by the New York City Department of City Planning also identified Howland Hook/Arlington, Rossville, Woodrow, Charleston and Tottenville as being part of the West Shore, along with Fresh Kills Park. The West Shore Expressway, which connects the Staten Island Expressway with the Richmond Parkway at the Staten Island terminus of the Outerbridge Crossing, is the area's principal north-south thoroughfare, while the western end of Victory Boulevard, in Travis, is its main east-west road. Through the late 20th Century, land use in the West Shore was dominated by industrial activities (Travis was once named \"Linoleumville\" as a consequence of a linoleum factory having once been built there), most notably oil refining and construction; in the latter example, much property in the region is devoted to the storage of heavy equipment, such as cement mixers. In addition, a few horse stables and riding academies exist in the area, which is the least densely populated section of Staten Island. Many species of migratory birds can be found in the area, especially on nearby Prall's Island. In the 1990s, a string of large office complexes were built along South Avenue, which begins in Mariners Harbor on the North Shore, and ends in Travis; other businesses arrived later, including a Hilton Garden Inn hotel in 2001, Hampton Inn hotel in 2007, Comfort Inn hotel and Holiday Inn Express hotel in 2010. A large Con Edison electrical plant stands at the site of the former linoleum factory in Travis, which is also the home of the Teleport, a high-tech industrial park built in the early 1980s, mostly to house companies engaged in the communications industry. The West Shore's vast expanses of unused land has made it the focus of many ambitious and controversial development proposals at the start of the 21st Century. The most prominent of these involves the possible building of a NASCAR racetrack there — a plan that has engendered spirited debate in Staten Island political circles. A 2004 proposal included a oval track that would be constructed on a largely unused site. West Shore, Staten Island West Shore refers to the section of the New York City borough of Staten Island that borders the Arthur Kill, between the Staten Island Expressway and the Fresh Kills. The Arthur Kill shoreline north of the expressway — most commonly called Port Ivory — is considered part"
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"Abbas Al Omran Abbas Al Omran is a Bahraini human rights and labor activist. He currently resides in London, England after his arrest, torture, and conviction in Bahrain for political crimes. Prior to his entry into political activism, Abbas Al Omran worked in the oil industry at Bahrain Petroleum Company, also known as Bapco. His time, however, was short-lived after Al Omran was found communicating to the media regarding poor reviews on Bapco. The company then proceeded to dismiss him from his position after they had already banned him from the company's e-mail. Abbas Al Omran is a member of the British-based Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. He is a primary activist for Bahrain that now resides in the United Kingdom after he was arrested and tortured. Although he has recently resided in London, he was put on the list of wanted persons in 2011 in Bahrain.<ref name=\"10/5/2011\"></ref> In 2009, Al Omran was physically abused, along with Ali Mushaima, by a group of three that were said to be of African descent. In this attack, Al Omran suffered several injuries including swelling of his right eye, lower right shoulder, knees and elbow. Al Omran and Mushaima were known in the London area for their peaceful protests because Al Omran is a human rights activist. In Bahrain in 2013, the use of protest masks, also known as Guy Fawkes masks, have been banned and the country has strictly shut down the import of these masks. Al Omran became involved in this issue, as he stated in an interview with The Cutting Edge News that \"he didn't think the ban would have much effect, as there are already many of the masks already in Bahrain, and the masks can still be sneaked in or even made at home.\" On September 29, 2013, roughly 50 individuals were tried under the terrorism laws, including many Bahrain Centre of Human Rights members. Among the accused was Al Omran. This case is known as the \"February 14th Coalition.\" Al Omran was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. However, in an interview regarding the court case, Maryam al-Khawaja, who is the President of the Bahrain Centre of Human Rights, was quoted saying, \"There was no due process in the entirety of this case which is why the defendants and their lawyers decided to boycott. From the time that the defendants were abducted, tortured and then sentences, nothing was done according to international standards of a fair trial. If these fifty people were really guilty of a crime, why was the only evidence presented confessions extracted under torture? This was a sham trial with a political verdict, they should be released immediately.\" Abbas Al Omran Abbas Al Omran is a Bahraini human rights and labor activist. He currently resides in London, England after his arrest, torture, and conviction in Bahrain for political crimes. Prior to his entry into political activism, Abbas Al Omran worked in the oil industry at Bahrain Petroleum Company, also known as Bapco. His time, however,"
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"John 20:5 John 20:5 is the fifth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the Bible. The Beloved Disciple and Peter have traveled to the tomb of Jesus to investigate Mary Magdalene's report that the body of Jesus had disappeared. In this verse the Beloved Disciple arrives at the tomb and while he looks in he does not enter it. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The English Standard Version translates the passage as: Barrett reports that the term that is translated as stooping/bending over is one that is most often used to refer to looking down from a height. This would imply that Jesus' tomb is a vertical shaft like grave. The rest of the passage verse indicates a tomb that is more like a cave. However the word can also refer to any looking that requires the head to be bent. Tombs of this period generally had an entrance that was less than a meter high, which would thus require some contortion to peer in. The word that describes John looking at the grave clothes implies more a short glance than a detailed examination. The main unanswered question about this passage is why the Beloved Disciple pauses outside the tomb. One theory is that he is deferring to Peter, as the junior disciple the Beloved Disciple pauses to allow Peter to be the first into the tomb. Another notion is that the Beloved Disciple paused because entering a tomb at this point would be a violation of ritual. Perhaps his concern was with respecting the burial place of his lord. Most scholars believe the first explanation is the most likely as the Beloved Disciple does enter the tomb soon after in . John 20:5 John 20:5 is the fifth"
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"Fiskå, Rogaland Fiskå is a village in Strand municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the Årdalsfjorden, about northeast of the village of Tau. The small farming village of Holta is located a short distance south of Fiskå. The lake Vostervatnet lies just up the hill to the south of the village. The lake drains out through the river Fiskåna which flows through the village of Fiskå on its way to the fjord. All of the school children from northern Strand go to school in Fiskå. The \"Fiskå mølle\" mill has been grinding corn and selling it for centuries. It is one of the most significant businesses in the area. Fiskå, Rogaland Fiskå is a village in Strand municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the Årdalsfjorden, about northeast of the village of Tau. The small farming village of Holta is located a short distance south of Fiskå. The lake Vostervatnet lies just up the hill to the south of the village. The lake drains out through the river Fiskåna which flows through the village of Fiskå on its way to the fjord. All of the school children from northern Strand go to school"
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"Gib Gas – Ich will Spass Gib Gas – Ich will Spass (German for \"Step on the gas – I want fun\") is a 1983 film which helped to launch the career of the German pop singer Nena, although it took its title from the lyrics of her co-star Markus Mörl's 1982 hit single \"Ich will Spass\". Following the success of Nena's song \"99 Luftballons\" (which is not featured in the film), it was dubbed into English and released in the USA under the title \"Hangin' out\". A youthful student Robby (Markus Mörl) joins his new classmates in a Munich school, where he meets the extrovert Tina (Nena) and falls in love with her. Tina, however, only has eyes for Tino (Endrick Gerber), an unemployed womanizer who works on a fairground. While Robby tries in vain to conquer Tina's heart, she already has other plans: she wants to drop out of school and run away with Tino. Tino, however, drives off without Tina. In order to quickly catch him up, Tina, without explaining her motives, charms Robby to \"step on the gas\" and on Robby's scooter, Tina and Robby give chase. Over the course of their pursuit they come to like each other more and more. In an old hut they finally kiss, and Tina realises that she has fallen in love with Robby. At the same time, however, Robby finally becomes aware that they have only been driving around in pursuit of Tino and leaves. Tina finds Robby on the train to Venice, where the finale is set. In Venice Tina doesn't want anything to do with Tino, who falls into the water and Robby goes to his rescue. Neither can swim, however, and so Tino is pulled out by a girl on a passing boat whilst Tina saves Robby. \"Gib Gas – Ich will Spass\" showcases the music of its two main stars, Nena and Markus Mörl, who had an affair during the course of the making of the film. The film features 6 tracks by Nena's eponymous band, including their first German release and breakthrough hit \"Nur geträumt\" (1982), its B-side \"Ganz oben\" and \"Leuchtturm\" which went on to become a top 10 hit in Germany on two separate occasions (1983 and 2003). The film also includes Nena and Markus's \"exclusive\" version of his German top 5 hit \"Kleine Taschenlampe brenn'\", the female sections of which were sung in the original by Andrea-Maria Schneider. Markus and Nena performed the song live at the 2002 concert marking 20 years since the release of \"Nur geträumt\" Contemporary reviews of the film were damning. In \"Der Tagesspiegel\" Carla Rhode wrote, \"I would also have liked to have had fun but all that stayed with me were Nena and Markus and the director Wolfgang Büld being completely guilty of a lame entertainment dud. What was it meant to be? A story about runaways, a hit movie or just a few fairly unimaginative scenes to somehow accommodate a handful of numbers by Nena and Markus?\" For the \"Berliner Morgenpost\" Peter Müller wrote, \"The film material was not new, only the times different, the context changing. And so Wolfgang Büld's \"Gib Gas – Ich will Spass\" could have been filmed twenty years ago, perhaps with Peter Alexander and Cornelia Froboess singing 'In love, engaged, married'. This little movie is of unqualified irrelevance.\" And no more complimentary was Otto Heuer, in the \"Rheinische Post\", opining, \"And now that five and twenty years in the life of pop industry insights have passed, this attempt at a revival of that now blissfully transfigured genre turns out to have been convincingly stillborn.\" Nevertheless, the film was a box office success in Germany where 256,000 people saw it during its first four weeks of release. It finished as the 13th most successful film in Germany in 1983 with in excess of 1.5 million people seeing it. However Nena very quickly distanced herself from the movie. In a May 1984 interview with \"New Musical Express\", at the peak of her international fame from the global success of \"99 Luftballons\", she said, \"Don't talk about this fucking film. I hate it – it follows me wherever we go.\"<ref name=\"NME 5/5/84\"></ref> In another interview at the same time, Nena explained that she, \"thought it would be a good thing to make our music a little popular 'cause at the time we weren't successful at all. So I did it, and the result was that we made this movie successful, and not the other way.\" Gib Gas – Ich will Spass Gib Gas – Ich will Spass (German for \"Step on the gas – I want fun\") is a 1983 film which helped to launch the career of the German pop singer Nena, although it took its title from the lyrics of"
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"retrieved": [
"Rosa Brett Rosa Brett (7 December 1829 – 31 January 1882), was a Pre-Raphaelite painter and sister of landscape artist John Brett. Their mother was Ann Brett and their father was an army surgeon, Captain Charles Curtis Brett (1789–1865). Rosa grew up in Dublin, but was known to travel on the continent, spending 1854–55 in Belgium for her health. Her artistic career was cut short by chronic illness and family demands. She used the pseudonym 'Rosarius' for a period when exhibiting. She never married and died at aged 52. Rosa received private artistic training as early as October 1841 and her father paid for lessons for both her and John. Between the years 1850 and 1851 she kept a diary of her time with her brother John, recording their artistic life together when they shared a studio. It is still extant in the Brett family papers. Diary entries record that though they collaborated together, a portion of Rosa's work was sold under her brother's name. Describing an evening when John's pupils came to visit, Rosa said, '[...] I had to make my escape not wishing any one to see me working at the [picture entitled] Fungus as the work passes for John's.'[\"sic\"] John referred to her as 'a Diamond sister' in his diaries. Pamela Gerrish Nunn found within the family archives that Rosa's earliest work dates from 1843. She had sold her first work by 1850 and exhibited several times. Her painting of a cat sitting on a hay bale, \"The Hayloft\" was shown at the Royal Academy in 1858. It was favourably reviewed in both the \"Saturday Review\" and \"The Spectator\". After the rejection of a second picture for exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1863, she was successful again with a total of nine works including \"The Field-Mice at Home\" in 1867, \"Starling and Bluetit\" in 1876 and \"Iris\" in 1887. She worked in both oils and watercolours and the majority of her works are in private collections. Rosa Brett Rosa Brett (7 December 1829 – 31 January 1882), was a Pre-Raphaelite painter and sister of landscape artist John Brett. Their mother was Ann Brett and their father was an army surgeon, Captain Charles Curtis Brett (1789–1865). Rosa grew up in Dublin, but was known to travel on the continent, spending 1854–55 in Belgium for her health. Her artistic career was cut short by chronic illness and family"
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"ABC Muirend/Toledo The ABC cinema (originally called the Toledo), on Clarkston Road in the Muirend area of Glasgow, existed from 1933 to 2001. At the time of its closing, it was the second-oldest working cinema in Glasgow, Scotland. The ABC Toledo cinema was opened on 2 October 1933. It was designed by William Beresford Inglis, who also built other cinemas in Glasgow. He also designed the Beresford Hotel, notable for its very cinema-like design, which is now the Beresford Flats. The design is a rare Scottish example of an atmospheric cinema; there were only ever around five cinemas built in this style in Scotland (others include the Campbeltown Picture House and Edinburgh's New Victoria. The Toledo interior was designed to give a feel that the patron was sitting outside in a Spanish courtyard, surrounded on either side by small false buildings and painted landscapes, with a ceiling above painted blue to feel like sky. Even more rarely, the exterior of the building was also in a \"Spanish/American\" style. Originally seating 1,598 people in a single auditorium, the cinema was subdivided into three auditoria in 1982, when the interior of the building was refurbished. The new Cinema Screen 1 consisted of the original circle area, with a brand new screen, which now sat an extra 482. Cinema Screen 2 had 208 seats in the old front stalls and used the original proscenium opening. Cinema Screen 3 had 90 seats in the old rear stalls. Eventually, the time of the cinema came to an end. Glasgow City Council's Development and Regeneration Director, Rodger McConnell, said \"the fabric of the 1933 building has deteriorated so badly it would require a substantial upgrade and repairs\". Indeed, the building was so run-down inside at time of closure, the heating system had been broken for over a month. During that time, the management had hung signs all over the public areas of the building stating that, since they would be closing soon anyway, there were no plans to fix the heating. Fewer people went to the cinema because it meant having to wrap up inside the cold screens. A proposal was put forward by Cala Homes to use the site to build upmarket flats. The planned development angered local residents, who insisted the building should be kept as a cinema. The local MP asked for a decision on the future of the B-listed building to be deferred for a year to allow him to try to find an alternative cinema operator. Unfortunately, he later admitted that a new operator for the venue could not be found. He said: \"I wrote to all the major chains, as well as the independent companies I could identify. However, they all said the same thing... that it was just not worthwhile.\" Since no firms showed any interest in taking over the venue, the residents of Muirend had to accept the new use of the building. The MP made the following statement: \"I am disappointed because, while I am not averse to having flats in that area, there is virtually nothing there for young people to do. And although I am reluctant to see the cinema disappear, it is fairly clear now that I am not going to make any headway. The new building will be very impressive - but that is not much consolation to people in the community who have nothing to do in their area.\" Cala Homes said that they intended to retain and restore the Art Deco frontage of the cinema, which would be extended onto the rear car park, since it was a listed building. They also planned a new internal foyer to be created which would incorporate elements from the original cinema. Urns that decorated the interior would be re-used, with lighting features and tiles being incorporated along with some of the scenes painted onto panels in the building. On 21 October 2001, the cinema closed down for good. The cinema owners, Odeon, ultimately blamed the opening of multi-screen cinemas elsewhere in the city for the fall of the old venue. On its final night, the cinema marquee read: The cinema building, with the exception of the facade, was demolished, and new flats were constructed behind that. Additional windows were added to the frontage. The entrance foyer to the flats feature reproductions of some of the decorative features rescued from the auditorium, and some of the tiles and light-fittings. It remains a category B listed building. ABC Muirend/Toledo The ABC cinema (originally called the Toledo), on Clarkston Road in the Muirend area of Glasgow, existed from 1933 to 2001. At the time of its closing, it was the second-oldest working cinema in Glasgow, Scotland. The ABC Toledo cinema was opened on 2 October 1933. It was designed by William Beresford Inglis, who also built other"
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"Thinking Plague Thinking Plague is a United States avant-garde progressive rock group founded in 1982 by guitarist/composer Mike Johnson and bass guitarist/drummer Bob Drake. Based in Denver, Colorado, the band has been active off and on since 1982, taking on a number of musicians over the years. They have made six studio albums between 1984 and 2012, and released one live album recorded at NEARfest in 2000. Their music is a mix of rock, folk, jazz and 20th-century classical music. Music.com remarked that \"...Thinking Plague stand out as a shining example of avant-garde music blended with just enough rock for it to be called progressive rock...\" While never directly related to Rock in Opposition (RIO), Thinking Plague was strongly influenced by this late-1970s movement, particularly Henry Cow and Art Bears. In spite of Johnson's dislike of the term, the band has often been categorized as a \"RIO\" band. Mike Johnson and Bob Drake first met in 1978 and played in several cover bands. They began experimenting with basement recordings in 1980 and by 1982 they had enough song material to attempt a few live performances. For these shows they enlisted the services of classically trained vocalist Sharon Bradford, luthier Harry Fleishman on keyboards, and Rick Arsenault on drums. This ensemble became the first incarnation of Thinking Plague. They played at a few venues around Denver in 1983 but their complicated music was not well received and Johnson and Drake decided to make an album of their material instead. With Bradford, Fleishman and Mark Fuller on drums the band worked on and off for almost a year recording their songs at a crude 8-track recording facility in the basement of an old slaughterhouse called the Packing House Studios. Having limited funds they did all the tracking and mixing themselves, and released the album, \"...A Thinking Plague\" in 1984 on their own Endemic label. Only 500 LPs were pressed with each cover hand painted by Drake with spray-paint and a stencil. In spite of the small scale, low-tech quality of the release, a number of distributors, including Recommended Records and Wayside Music (Cuneiform Records) agreed to sell the album and it was well received by some critics. In 1985 Johnson and Drake began to record material for a new Thinking Plague album. The Packing House Studios had closed but they had access to a few \"low budget\" recording facilities in Denver. Having disbanded the \"Packing House\" group after their first album, Johnson and Drake recruited a new band: singer-song writer Susanne Lewis, drummer Mark Fuller and keyboardist Eric Moon. Disregarding, or ignorant of the proper \"industry\" way of doing things, Thinking Plague recorded their second album, \"Moonsongs\". The title track was a fifteen-and-a-half minute \"tribal-pagan-environmental-anti-materialistic avant-rock ritual\" composed by Johnson. Initially \"Moonsongs\" was released in 1986 on cassette by Endemic, but the following year the band signed with Dead Man’s Curve Records in London and \"Moonsongs\" was released on LP. As with their first album, \"Moonsongs\" was praised in \"progressive\" circles and Thinking Plague enhanced their stature as an avant-rock band. Riding on the success of their two albums, Thinking Plague performed a series of live shows in 1987 in Denver, opening for Sonic Youth at one of them. Pianist/clarinetist Lawrence Haugseth joined the band for the live performances, but left in early 1988. Haugseth's brief stay did, however, establish the need for a woodwind/reed section in the band. Fuller and Moon had also left the band in late 1987, which prompted the acquisition of three new musicians: classical pianist, Shane Hotle, bassist Maria Moran, and Mark Harris on clarinet, saxophones and flutes. Drake switched from bass guitar to drums. Recording for a new album began in early 1988 in various studios, including a large rehearsal room in an old yogurt factory (referred to as the Yog Factory). Johnson and Lewis had collaborated on a collection of songs for the album, which featured several \"new\" instruments, including sampler, tabla, various African and Balinese percussion instruments, and a fiddle (courtesy Bob Drake). Ex-Henry Cow guitarist Fred Frith guested on one track, \"Organism (version II)\", the original version (also with Frith) having been released on Recommended Records' \"RēR Records Quarterly Vol.2 No.4\". Drake did all the production work and the album, \"In This Life\" was finished in mid-1988. At the time ex-Henry Cow drummer and Recommended Records founder, Chris Cutler was on tour with Pere Ubu in Denver and Johnson gave Cutler a cassette tape of the new album. Cutler offered to release it on the Recommended label, and in September 1989, \"In This Life\" became the first US-made CD on the British label. \"In This Life\" was widely distributed and began \"gaining kudos from aficionados of avant rock from all around the world.\" But Thinking Plague's euphoria was short lived when Lewis moved to New York City. Attempts to replace her with a local singer were unsuccessful and working \"long distance\" with her proved impractical at the time. Disillusioned, Drake relocated to Los Angeles to work as an engineer and producer, and Moran left the band, leaving Thinking Plague at the point of disintegrating. In Los Angeles, Drake met drummer Dave Kerman of an avant-rock band, the 5uu's and began working with Kerman's band. Kerman's interest in Thinking Plague led to him joining the Denver band. Drake and Lewis also agreed to \"rejoin\" (despite the distances) and with the other remaining members, Johnson, Harris and Hotle, Thinking Plague \"reformed\" in 1990. For the next few years the band worked intermittently at some long-distance rehearsals, performed in a few concerts and made some new recordings, after which all work was put on hold. During this period of dormancy Johnson toured across Europe in 1995 with Drake, Kerman and the 5uu's, but upon returning to the United States the three agreed that reviving Thinking Plague again was not a practical option. Johnson joined another local avant-rock band, Hamster Theatre in 1996, and suggested to its leader, accordionist and bassist Dave Willey that he join a new incarnation of Thinking Plague. Willey agreed and recommended Deborah Perry as a singer. At much the same time, Kerman moved to Denver and rejoined the band. With existing members Harris and Hotle the new Thinking Plague began recording new material that Johnson had written. In early 1998 the finished tracks were sent to Drake (now living in France) for mixing and production, and the result was Thinking Plague's fourth album, \"In Extremis\", released in 1998 by Cuneiform Records. \"In Extremis\" was rated the top album in 1998 by \"Gnosis\", and its success resulted in new concert appearances for the band. A new member, Matt Mitchell on keyboards was recruited to replace Hotle who had left after the making of \"In Extremis\", and Thinking Plague performed at the 1999 ProgDay Festival, followed by a tour of the eastern and mid-western United States. In June 2000 the band played at NEARfest, a recording of which was mixed three years later by Drake and released as \"Upon Both Your Houses\" in 2004 by NEARfest Records. In July 2000 the band toured France and Italy. After the concerts in Europe, Kerman left the band and was replaced by ex-Sleepytime Gorilla Museum drummer David Shamrock. Work began on a new album, \"A History of Madness\", which was released in September 2003 by Cuneiform Records. It was recorded over a period of two years, with half the band members flying into Denver from across the United States to add their contributions. \"A History of Madness\" was the first Thinking Plague album that Bob Drake did not produce; Johnson and Mark McCoin, of the Brave New Audio studio where the album was recorded, did all the mixing. Thinking Plague's name was created by the band's founders, Mike Johnson and Bob Drake. According to Johnson, \"The idea was to say",
"Your Houses\" in 2004 by NEARfest Records. In July 2000 the band toured France and Italy. After the concerts in Europe, Kerman left the band and was replaced by ex-Sleepytime Gorilla Museum drummer David Shamrock. Work began on a new album, \"A History of Madness\", which was released in September 2003 by Cuneiform Records. It was recorded over a period of two years, with half the band members flying into Denver from across the United States to add their contributions. \"A History of Madness\" was the first Thinking Plague album that Bob Drake did not produce; Johnson and Mark McCoin, of the Brave New Audio studio where the album was recorded, did all the mixing. Thinking Plague's name was created by the band's founders, Mike Johnson and Bob Drake. According to Johnson, \"The idea was to say something about that sort of existential condition of being unable to stop thinking, analyzing, or otherwise intellectualizing, which causes one to be separated from 'things in themselves', as it were.\" A number of musicians have passed through Thinking Plague over the years, except for Mike Johnson who has remained with the group since its inception. The dates below indicate the years that they were active in the group. Thinking Plague Thinking Plague is a United States avant-garde progressive rock group founded in 1982 by guitarist/composer Mike Johnson and bass guitarist/drummer Bob Drake. Based in Denver, Colorado, the"
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"Marija Vučinović Marija Vučinović (born in 30 January 1958), is a Montenegrin nautical engineer and politician. She serves as Minister Without Portofolio since he was appointed by Prime Minister Milo Đukanović on 4 December 2012 and re-appointed by Duško Marković on 28 November 2016. She had been a member of the Parliament in the minority Croatian group and the president of the Croatian Civic Initiative, a party that brings together Croats in Montenegro. Born in Rijeka, Croatia, she graduated from the Faculty of Engineering - Department of Shipbuilding and Graduated Engineer of Shipbuilding. She worked for sixteen years in the Adriatic shipyard in Bijela in the construction office, in the affairs of the chief constructor and as head of the office. Since 2005 she has been the president of the Croatian Civil Initiative party and is a member of the Croatian - Montenegrin interstate council. She was a member of the Croatian National Council. Marija Vučinović Marija Vučinović (born in 30 January 1958), is a Montenegrin nautical engineer and politician. She serves as Minister Without Portofolio since he was appointed by Prime Minister Milo Đukanović on 4 December 2012 and re-appointed by Duško Marković on 28 November 2016. She had"
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"Charles Bouvard Charles Bouvard (1572 in Montoire– October, 25 1658) was a French chemist and physician. Bouvard served as the physician of France's King Louis XIII (as successor of Jean Héroard) and as the superintendent of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Bouvard was himself a son of a physician from his native city who taught him his profession in Bouvard's earliest childhood, yet died when Bouvard was still a small child leaving him an orphan Recognising his skill, he was brought up by Marin Liberge, a professor at the famous university of Angers which was to be his Alma mater and the place where he received his doctor title in 1604. Shortly thereafter he came to Paris where he became a professor at the Collège Royal. Bouvard was known for using his knowledge of plants to create a number of medicines from common ordinary flowers. The flower Bouvard is most closely associated with is the \"bouvardia\" genus of evergreen herbs and shrubs. Bouvard also wrote the \"Historicae Hodiernae Medicinae Rationalis Veritatis\", a book defending medical rationalism, in 1655. Charles Bouvard was a close friend of Joseph Barsalou (physician) (1600–1660). Through their correspondence they shared ideas on medicine and treating patients with plants. Charles Bouvard Charles Bouvard (1572 in Montoire– October, 25 1658) was a French chemist and physician. Bouvard served as the physician of France's King Louis XIII (as successor of Jean Héroard) and as the superintendent of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Bouvard was himself a son of a physician from his native city who taught him his profession in Bouvard's earliest childhood, yet died when Bouvard was still a small child leaving him an orphan Recognising his skill, he was brought up by Marin Liberge, a professor at the famous university of Angers which was to"
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"Four-sided die Four-sided dice, abbreviated d4, are often used in tabletop role-playing games to obtain random integers in the range 1–4. Two forms exist of this die: a tetrahedron (pyramid shape) with four equilateral triangle-shaped faces, and an elongated long die with four faces. The former type does not roll well and is thus usually thrown into the air or shaken in a box. Four-sided dice were among the gambling and divination tools used by early man who carved them from nuts, wood, stone, ivory and bone. Six-sided dice were invented later but four-sided dice continued to be popular in Asia. In Ancient Rome, elongated four-sided dice were called \"tali\" while the six-sided cubic dice were \"tesserae\". In India and Tibet, three four-sided long dice were rolled sequentially as an oracle, to produce 1 of 64 possible outcomes. The ancient Jewish dreidel is a four-sided long die with one end changed into a handle, to allow it to be spun like a top. The ancient Mesopotamian Royal Game of Ur uses eight four-sided pyramid-shaped dice made out of rock, half of them colored white, and half black. The Scandinavian game daldøs uses a four-sided long die. Role-playing games involving four-sided tetrahedral dice include \"Dungeons & Dragons\", \"Ironclaw\", and \"Pathfinder Roleplaying Game\". The d20 System includes a four-sided tetrahedral die among other dice with 6, 8, 10, 12 and 20 faces. Tetrahedral dice are peculiar in that there is no topmost face when a die comes to rest. There are several common ways of indicating the value rolled. On some tetrahedral dice, three numbers are shown on each face. The number rolled is indicated by the number shown upright at all three visible faces—either near the midpoints of the sides around the base or near the angles around the apex. Another configuration places only one number on each face, and the rolled number is taken from the downward face. Four-sided die Four-sided dice, abbreviated d4, are often used in tabletop role-playing games to obtain random integers in the range 1–4. Two forms exist of this die: a tetrahedron (pyramid shape) with four equilateral triangle-shaped faces, and an elongated long die with four faces. The former type does not roll well and is thus usually thrown into the air or shaken in a box. Four-sided dice were among the gambling and divination tools used by early man who carved them from nuts,"
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"Ditcheat Ditcheat is a village and civil parish south of Shepton Mallet, and north-west of Castle Cary, in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. The parish of Ditcheat incorporates three hamlets: Wraxall, Alhampton and Sutton. In the Domesday book of 1086, Ditcheat belonged to Glastonbury Abbey and contained 36 families. The parish of Ditcheat was part of the Whitstone Hundred. Its primary infrastructure connections consist of the A37, west, connecting Bristol and Yeovil or the A371, east, connecting Shepton Mallet and Wincanton. It is situated near the River Brue which is crossed by Ansford bridge which dates from 1823. Boulter's Bridge which spans the River Alham is of medieval origin and has been designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The parish is close to the Roman Fosse Way. The Manor House, is a 17th-century manor house built by Sir Ralph Hopton The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council. The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Shepton Mallet Rural District, who are responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning. It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elects seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. The Church of St Mary Magdalene has 12th-century origins. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. The Abbey is a large house (formerly known as The Priory), built as the rectory by John Gunthorpe who was rector of Ditcheat, Dean of Wells and Lord Privy Seal, in 1473. The house was altered in 1667 for Christopher Coward; and given a new facade and rearranged internally in 1864–68, probably by James Piers St Aubyn for Rev. William Leir. The exterior is now mostly his Victorian neo-Tudor; inside there are reused fragments and some original 15th- and 17th-century work – coffered ceilings and the arch-braced roof of the ‘chapel wing’, but most of the elaborate Gothic work dates from the 1860s. Priors Leigh on the Alhampton Road is a former chapel, now a private home. Ditcheat is home to the stables operated by Paul Nicholls, trainer of Cheltenham Gold Cup-winning horses Kauto Star and Denman. Ditcheat Ditcheat is a village and civil parish south of Shepton Mallet, and north-west of Castle Cary, in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. The parish of Ditcheat incorporates"
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"Jason Forrest Jason Forrest is an electronic music producer known for noisy experimental electronica and breakcore incorporating many ideas of mash-up and rock and roll. Largely produced and performed on a single computer (including live shows), his songs tend to be constructed from digital samples of found sounds and other artists' music. Until 2004 he recorded under the name Donna Summer, an allusion to disco singer Donna Summer. In 2005 \"RES\" magazine named Forrest's \"Steppin Off\" video, by director Jon Watts, music video of the year. In 2006 \"Res\" magazine named Forrest's video \"War Photographer\", directed by Joel Trussell video of the year, and online magazine \"Pitchfork Media\" also named it in their top five videos of the year. Both videos have won several awards at various international film and video festivals and have both been widely viewed, downloaded and acclaimed. Forrest has released on many labels, but primarily on Sonig, the Köln, Germany based record label. He also has releases on Irritant Records (UK), Omeko (JP), MeWe le Disque (BE), Mirex (DE), Broklyn Beats (USA), and HOSS Records (USA). Some of the more conspicuous samples of other artists to be found in Forrest's work include ones from Laurie Anderson, The Who, Supertramp, Steely Dan, Joe Jackson, Elton John, Creedence Clearwater Revival and Pat Benatar. This (along with his former stage name) shows his interest in appropriation as an artistic concept. Along with many images featured on the Cock Rock Disco web site it also shows his interest in recontextualizing popular culture from past decades. Forrest grew up in South Carolina, has lived in Atlanta and New York City and now (Winter, 2009) resides in Berlin. He has a BA in Photography. He previously worked as a professional artist as well as an art critic for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution news paper. Besides being a fan himself, there is no connection between Forrest and the pop music/disco artist, Donna Summer. In a 2003 interview with the CBC Radio program, \"Brave New Waves\", he stated that by being a middle class white male using this name he was \"subjecting people to a fake issue of diversity\" and forcing them \"to consider gender a little bit more.\" He created the record label Cock Rock Disco to release his own recordings in 2000, while living in New York City. For 3 years he self-released his earliest albums on CD-R, including \"Rock Non Rock\" and \"Belligerent Super Vision\", his first unreleased full-length. Then in 2005, Cock Rock Disco began releasing other artists including Duran Duran Duran, Drumcorps, Otto von Schirach, About, the Assdroids and Dev/Null. The label has currently (as of Nov 2009) 18 full-length releases, 15 12\"-only releases and continues to release bi-monthly free MP3 only albums, of which there are currently 19 and growing fast. A free full-length Mp3 album was made available in Dec, 2005 and remains online and free to download. To date it has been downloaded over 70,000+ times. In April 2009 a new free compilation \"Monsters of Cock Rock Disco\" was released and features newcomers to the label Captain Ahab in addition to their normal roster of artists. To celebrate release of the \"Monsters of CRD\" the label hosted a tour of central Europe with Otto von Schirach, Duran Duran Duran, Nero's Day at Disneyland, and Forrest, as DJ Donna Summer. The tour lasted 2 weeks and stopped at 10 cities. There was a limited edition poster accompanying the tour that was sold out. Forrest also designs most of the visuals for Cock Rock Disco including the website, many of the album covers, and any social media presence. In 2015, Cock Rock Disco was re-launched with many of the label's previous releases becoming available as free mp3 downloads and continuing to release new music and videos. In 2008 Forrest began a new label that focused exclusively on club-friendly music called Nightshifters together with New York City Dj Jubilee. The label works mainly with a small group of musicians including AC Slater, Hostage, Rob Threezy, Proper Villains, Jubilee, Rampage, and Forrest himself as Dj Donna Summer. The label releases \"EP\" length releases of usually 4 original tracks and 2-4 remixes per release. To date (Nov 2009) the label has released 9 mp3-only releases, 3 Dj mixes, and a T-shirt. Remixers have included Jokers Of The Scene, Mikix the Cat, Angel Alanis, Scott Cooper, Luna-C, Grahmzilla, DreSkull, and Blatta & Inesha. Forrest currently makes all of the design work for Nightshifters. Forrest was also the host of \"Advanced D&D With Donna Summer\" on independent freeform radio station WFMU, where he continued to use the name Donna Summer after dropping it in relation to his own recordings. The show is still archived on the main WFMU website above. Forrest says, \"\"The show was primarily focused on unreleased new musicians. I tried to play as much CDR stuff as possible, and figure about 80% of each show was completely unreleased.\"\" On his own web-forum he has maintained that he would like to continue with the show again in the future. Network Awesome is an online TV broadcasting outlet launched by electronic musician Jason Forrest and co-founder Greg Sadetsky on January 1, 2011. Network Awesome also includes a magazine with the goal of providing commentary and analysis of the featured content via daily articles. The magazine is syndicated by Huffington Post and DigBoston. In 2005, Forrest co-founded the Wasted Festival to showcase breakcore musicians and related acts. The mini-festival began in co-operation with Club Transmediale, and ran at least ten events. Jason Forrest Jason Forrest is an electronic music producer known for noisy experimental electronica and breakcore incorporating many ideas of mash-up and rock and roll. Largely produced and performed on a single computer (including live shows), his songs tend to be constructed from digital samples of found sounds and other artists' music. Until 2004 he recorded under the name Donna Summer, an allusion to disco singer Donna Summer. In 2005 \"RES\" magazine named Forrest's \"Steppin Off\" video, by director Jon Watts, music video"
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"Bucculatrix cuneigera Bucculatrix cuneigera is a moth in the Bucculatricidae family. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, Ohio, New York, Massachusetts and North Carolina. The wingspan is 9-10.5 mm. The forewings are dark brown or almost black with white marks. The hindwings are dark brownish or blackish grey. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to July. The larvae feed on \"Aster\" species, including \"Aster shortii\". They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a long contorted and sometimes spiral mine. The species overwinters within the mine in a flat circular yellow cocoon. After hibernation, the larva bores into a growing shoot just below the tip, hollowing out the stem. Full-grown larvae leave the stem and pupate in a white or pale yellowish cocoon. The cocoon is spun on dead stems and twigs near the host plant. Bucculatrix cuneigera Bucculatrix cuneigera is a moth in the Bucculatricidae family. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, Ohio, New York, Massachusetts and North Carolina. The wingspan is 9-10.5 mm. The"
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"Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol Francis I de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, Duke of Estouteville (6 October 1491 – 1 September 1545), was a French prince and important military commander during the Italian Wars. Francis was the second son of Francis, Count of Vendôme and Marie de Luxembourg, Countess of Saint-Pol. As such he was a \"prince du sang\" in France. His appanage, the countship of St. Pol, came from his mother's Luxembourg inheritance. His marriage on the 9 February 1534 with the heiress Adrienne, Dame d’Estouteville, brought him several baronies which comprised the lands of the Norman House of Estouteville; Vallemont, Varengeville, Berneval and Cleuville. These were erected for Francis into the dukedom of Estouteville by royal letters patent registered 12 September 1534 in the \"Parlement\" of Rouen, the couple's marriage contract being registered by the \"Parlement\" of Paris on 16 April 1540. In 1537 he exchanged the countship of St. Pol for that of Montfort-l'Amaury with King Francis I, but in 1544 it was returned to him to enjoy as before the war. He was knighted by Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard after the Battle of Marignano in 1515. He participated in the defence of Mézières in 1521, fought under Bonnivet and Bayard at the lost Battle of the Sesia (1524) and was made prisoner at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. In 1527 he became governor of the Dauphiné, and was as such responsible for the French operations against Savoy and Piedmont. His army was destroyed and he was taken prisoner in the Battle of Landriano, until the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529. He was present at the meeting between Francis I of France and Pope Clement VII in Marseille in 1533. In 1542, he joined the Dauphin at Picardy and Luxembourg. In 1543, he was part of the French command against the English and Spanish in Picardy. In the Italian War of 1542–1546, he was charged with the conquest of Savoy. He advised against the Battle of Ceresole (1544), but was overruled by Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc, who won the battle. He married, on 9 February 1534, Adrienne, duchesse d'Estouteville 1512-1560: Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol Francis I de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, Duke of Estouteville (6 October 1491 – 1 September 1545), was a French prince and important military commander during the Italian Wars. Francis was the"
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"Leonard Robinson Leonard Robinson is an American comedian, actor, writer, performer. Leonard Robinson is a writer/performer who made his Hollywood debut as a series regular on MTV's hit comedy show \"Nick Cannon Presents: Wild 'N Out\" and the critically acclaimed ESPN mini-series \"The Bronx is Burning\" alongside John Turturro, Oliver Platt and Daniel Sunjata. He has appeared in numerous films such as \"Life of Crime\" with Jennifer Aniston and John Hawkes and guest starred on television shows including \"NCIS\", \"Parks & Recreation\", \"Law and Order\", and \"Wilfred\". Leonard has also appeared in theaters nationwide including \"The Exonerated\" at The Culture Project (Off-Broadway), Williamstown Theatre Festival, New York Fringe Festival, and Studio Theatre in Washington, DC. As a stand-up comedian, Leonard has performed all across the U.S. and was a participant in the NBC Stand-Up for Diversity. He regularly writes and performs sketch at the Groundlings and Upright Citizen’s Brigade and has participated in the CBS Diversity Sketch Comedy Showcase. His internet video “Drink” starring hip-hop star Lil Jon and featuring LMFAO has reached over 5 million views on YouTube alone. He was also a highly skilled wrestler in high school winning numerous county and state titles. Leonard Robinson Leonard Robinson"
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"Jeroen van der Veer Jeroen van der Veer (born 27 October 1947 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is the former CEO of the petroleum corporation Royal Dutch Shell until 30 June 2009. He currently serves as Chairman of Philips. Van der Veer graduated in 1971 from the Delft University of Technology with an engineer's degree in mechanical engineering under Jan in 't Veld, where he had been teaching assistant with prof Pierre Malotaux. He went on to earn an MSc degree in economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam. In 2005 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria. Van der Veer joined Shell in 1971 and worked in manufacturing and marketing in the Netherlands, Curaçao and the United Kingdom. In March 2007 it was announced that Mr. van der Veer's contract as CEO would be extended to June 2009 some twenty months beyond his normal retirement date of October 2007. He was the first executive director of Shell to stay in office beyond the age of 60. He retired as Chief Executive of Royal Dutch Shell June 2009, and remains on the Board of Directors. He also is a non-executive director of Unilever and chairman of \"Platform Bèta Techniek\" (which organized the 2010 Science & Technology Summit in The Hague, which had Neil Armstrong and Steve Wozniak as keynote speakers, an event which Van der Veer headlined). In 2009, Van der Veer was appointed member of the Supervisory Board of Philips. He works directly with Hugo Barbosa Vazquez on market analysis and forecasting activities across all Philips businesses (Consumer Lifestyle, Healthcare and Lighting) and geographies. In October 2015, van der Veer was appointed Honorary Global Chairman of London Speaker Bureau, with whom he is also a speaker. Jeroen van der Veer is married to Mariette and has three daughters. A Royal honour was conferred upon Jeroen van der Veer to mark his retirement in 2009. He has been appointed by the Queen of the Netherlands as a Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau. In 2010 Jeroen van der Veer was presented with Singapore’s Honorary Citizen Award by President S.R. Nathan at a ceremony held in Singapore on 25 February 2010. The Honorary Citizen Award is the highest form of recognition for outstanding contributions to the country’s growth and development. Jeroen van der Veer Jeroen van der Veer (born 27 October 1947 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is the former"
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"Principal part In mathematics, the principal part has several independent meanings, but usually refers to the negative-power portion of the Laurent series of a function. The principal part at formula_1 of a function is the portion of the Laurent series consisting of terms with negative degree. That is, is the principal part of formula_4 at formula_5. If the Laurent series has an inner radius of convergence of 0 , then formula_6 has an essential singularity at formula_7, if and only if the principal part is an infinite sum. If the inner radius of convergence is not 0, then formula_6 may be regular at formula_7 despite the Laurent series having an infinite principal part. Consider the difference between the function differential and the actual increment: The differential \"dy\" is sometimes called the principal (linear) part of the function increment \"Δy\". The term principal part is also used for certain kinds of distributions having a singular support at a single point. Principal part In mathematics, the principal part has several independent meanings, but usually refers to the negative-power portion of the Laurent series of a function. The principal part at formula_1 of a function is the portion of the Laurent series consisting"
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"Pietro Figlioli Pietro Figlioli (born 29 May 1984) is a Brazilian-born Italian water polo player. He competed for Australia at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics and for Italy in 2012 and 2016 and won two medals for Italy. He also won the world title in 2011. In 2012 he received the Gold Collar of Sporting Merit from the Italian Olympic Committee. Figlioli was born in Brazil, but his family moved to Australia when he was three years old. His father José Fiolo is a former Olympic swimmer. Figlioli is married to Laura and has sons Lorenzo and Matteo. Figlioli started competing with the North Brisbane Polo Bears at Albany Creek, Queensland in Australia. He was part of Australia's Olympic squad for the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics. He was also a member of the Australian squad that finished 10th at the 2007 FINA World Championships in Melbourne and won the bronze medal at the 2007 FINA Water Polo World League in Berlin. Figlioli is regarded as one of the world's fastest water polo swimmers and shooters. In May 2009, Figlioli signed a deal with Italian club Pro Recco. The deal included becoming an Italian citizen, to comply with the Italian league's rule changes to restrict extra-European players from two to one player per team. As a result of this, he was able to play for Italy at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, winning a medal on both occasions. Pietro Figlioli Pietro Figlioli (born 29 May 1984) is a Brazilian-born Italian water polo player. He competed for Australia at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics and for Italy in 2012 and 2016 and won two medals for Italy. He also won the world title in 2011. In 2012 he received the Gold Collar of Sporting Merit from the Italian Olympic Committee. Figlioli"
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"Ministry of Justice (Uzbekistan) The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, (), is the central government body charged with leading the legal and penal system of Uzbekistan. People's Commissariat of Justice of Uzbekistan was established November 26, 1924 decision of the Revolutionary Committee based on the People's Commissariat of Justice of the Turkestan Autonomous Republic . One of its most important tasks was to coordinate and organize the activities of judicial authorities in the former states have joined the Uzbek Bukhara Emirate, and Khorezm Kokand khanate. May 6, 1925 the Presidium of the CEC of Uzbekistan approved the Statutes of the People's Commissariat of Justice, to determine its structure and authority . According to Article 1 NKJU entrusted to : general management, organization and guidance of all judicial institutions, prosecution, investigation authorities, notaries and bailiffs, court approval in office workers; monitor the activities of land commissions and other institutions carrying out judicial functions, to monitor the activities boards defenders and management of legal assistance to the population, consideration of controversial issues on the delimitation of the competence of judicial authorities, on the one hand, and the other departments of the other; preliminary review of all introduced to the CEC and SNK Uzbekistan legislative proposals, monitoring of compliance with the law, the interpretation of existing laws, publication of collections of laws and orders of the government of the republic, etc. People's Commissariat of Justice consisted of three main sections: the judicial system and supervision, prosecution, and the Department of legislative proposals. People's Commissar of Justice considered simultaneously and the State Prosecutor of the Republic, appoint and dismiss the CEC to report SNK Uzbek SSR . December 22, 1926 Regulation of the People 's Commissariat of Justice of Uzbekistan was amended and supplemented, and October 11, 1931 replaced by a new, repeatedly changed in subsequent years due to changes in the structure and functions of the judicial and prosecutorial . In the early 1930s of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the republic consisted of the Prosecutor's Office, Supreme Court, organizational and Instruction Department, the General Directorate of corrective labor institutions and the general department . Vice Commissar of Justice had to face the prosecutor of the Republic, President of the Supreme Court and the Chief of the corrective labor institutions . NKJU tasked to the republic unified judicial policy, the organization and the overall supervision of the activities of all organs of justice, supervision over the legality of actions of officials and individuals. He led the investigation of all the organs in the fight against crime, the study of crime and ways to combat it. In conducting the People's Commissariat of Justice is to oversee special judicial institutions, as well as oversees all correctional labor practices in the country, etc. The prosecutor's office was part of the Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan until 1936. Is administered by the People's Commissariat of Justice of the Union republics Penitentiary institutions moved, according to the decision of the CEC and SNK on October 27, 1934, with the introduction of the NKVD and its local bodies . September 10, 1934 CEC and CPC Uzbek SSR adopted a decree \"On the reorganization and strengthening of judicial and prosecution \", which changed the structure of some of the People's Commissariat of Justice, the Prosecutor's Office and the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan. NKJU consisted then of the Prosecutor's Office, the Supreme Court of the Republic and departments. The final act of a centralized judicial and prosecutorial system was the decision of the CEC and SNK on July 20, 1936 \"On the formation of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR .\" December 8, 1936 the CEC and SNK approved the Statute of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. Supreme Court of Uzbekistan was released from judicial control functions, he became only the highest supervisory authority of the republic. Of reference of People 's Commissariat of Justice of the Union republics were seized all prosecutors and investigative agencies . At the Union- Republican People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR entrusted the organization and management of judicial institutions. The Regulation determines the structure of the People's Commissariat of Justice of Uzbekistan, which was headed by People's Commissar of having two deputies. As part NKJU Uzbek SSR departments were established judicial institutions, the department of judicial protection and legal assistance to the population sector notaries department Uzbek SSR codification of legislation, legal advice, etc. In addition, NKJU republic directed and oversaw the activities of bailiffs, organized and led the court statistics . During the war in the structure of Justice has not changed significantly . Network of Justice of the Republic remained stable, although in separate links it endured adjustments related to changes in the administrative-territorial division of the republic, especially in wartime. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR on August 7, 1956 \"On the Abolition of Justice Department of the Uzbek SSR in province Soviets \" The Council of Ministers Uzbek SSR decision of 6 November 1956 approved the new Statute of the Ministry of Justice of the republic. According to the new Regulation Justice Uzbek SSR subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers. The ministry functioned Board comprising the Minister, his deputies and several senior officials who examined the practical management of the judicial institutions and judicial authorities, checking performance, recruitment, training major orders, instructions, etc. March 23, 1959 for the purpose of \"concentration of control over the activities of regional and national courts \", the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet UzSSR abolished the Ministry of Justice of the republic. The right to conduct an audit of the regional and national courts, to exercise control over all their activities, the responsibility for maintaining judicial statistics went to the Supreme Court Uzbek SSR . As a result of this reorganization as organs of judicial administration began to advocate higher courts . The Council of Ministers of the Republic of 27 March 1959 at the latest Law Commission was established, which was entrusted with the work of codification and systematization of legislation, working on behalf of the government and made a preliminary review of the Council of Ministers the draft legislation and government decisions on regulatory nature . However, subsequent events have shown that this approach was wrong, was the result of a voluntary approach to the practice of state-building. As a consequence, the quality was damaged preparation of legislation . Adversely affected by this reorganization and staffing of legal professionals . In this regard, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR August 31, 1970 issued a decree \" On the Formation of the Union- republic's Ministry of Justice of the USSR .\" In accordance with October 1, 1970 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR issued a decree \" On the Formation of the Union- republic's Ministry of Justice of the Uzbek SSR .\" The provision to it was approved by Council of Ministers Uzbek SSR 27 September 1972. The Ministry of Justice organizational leadership by the Supreme Court of Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic, regional, Tashkent city, district (city) people's courts, the work on organizing and preparing proposals for codification of legislation Uzbek SSR, providing methodological guidance legal work in the national economy, guidance and coordination of public bodies and public organizations to promote legal knowledge and clarifying the law of",
"On the Formation of the Union- republic's Ministry of Justice of the USSR .\" In accordance with October 1, 1970 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR issued a decree \" On the Formation of the Union- republic's Ministry of Justice of the Uzbek SSR .\" The provision to it was approved by Council of Ministers Uzbek SSR 27 September 1972. The Ministry of Justice organizational leadership by the Supreme Court of Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic, regional, Tashkent city, district (city) people's courts, the work on organizing and preparing proposals for codification of legislation Uzbek SSR, providing methodological guidance legal work in the national economy, guidance and coordination of public bodies and public organizations to promote legal knowledge and clarifying the law of population, business notaries, Tashkent research Institute forensic and general management of the organs of civil status and legal profession Uzbek SSR. In 70–80 years of significant changes in the structure and competence of the governing bodies of justice has occurred. Ministry of Justice Uzbek SSR provides organizational support of the courts, during which addressed the formation of the judiciary, selection, placement and training of personnel of the judiciary and the courts, creating normal conditions for the implementation of the courts of justice, was organized statements of judges and people 's assessors before voters, conducted general checks organization of work in the district, municipal and provincial courts, authorities and institutions of justice. During these years, the Ministry of Justice, its local bodies, in coordination with other law enforcement agencies studied jurisprudence on certain categories of criminal cases and take measures to correct deficiencies. In particular, it summarizes judicial practice in cases of embezzlement, bribery and speculation, violation of safety rules, judicial and prosecutorial practice for the release of property from seizure ( exclusion from the inventory), checked the law enforcement agencies to combat the theft of state and public property, postscripts and speculation, studied the state of administrative and financial authorities on compensation of material damage in cases of theft of state property, etc. Board of the Ministry of Justice has repeatedly discussed the work of legal services, ministries, agencies, organizations and businesses to comply with legislation on the protection of women and minors . The focus of the Ministry of Justice and the courts of the Republic were the problem of effective use of legal means for the prevention of violations of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. Employees of the judiciary and law courts conducted propaganda among the population. Were judges, notaries, lawyers, legal scholars . The Ministry of Justice has used this form of work and how the analysis of the theme and content of legal publications in the national newspapers and to make proposals to strengthen their activities. Improving the performance of Justice and courts largely depended on their working conditions and logistics . These institutions bring in significant revenue local budgets, and their content is not local funds were, of the national budget allocated small amounts . Many courts, notaries and registry office located in emergency or unsuitable premises . Lacked paper, typewriters, office equipment, furniture, etc., and the number of states was almost twice lower than the standard . In 1991, the people of Uzbekistan gained independence . Its historical significance lies primarily in the fact that it enshrines a commitment to human rights and the principles of state independence, puts the task of creating a humane and democratic state of law. During the period of lawful state significantly increases the role of the Ministry of Justice as sole legal body of the republic . In order to enhance the role and responsibility of Justice, activation of legislative activity, improve legal services to the population, protection of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan President January 8, 1992 issued a decree \"On improvement of the Ministry of Justice .\" On this basis, the Cabinet of Ministers Decree Republic of Uzbekistan on November 12, 1992 adopted Resolution № 523 \" On issues of improvement activities of the Ministry of Justice .\" This Decision Union- Republican Ministry of Justice of the Uzbek SSR was transformed into the Ministry of Justice, was also approved the structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Justice and the new Regulations . To further improve the activity of the Ministry of Justice to ensure the implementation of the unified state policy in the area of law and practice, as well as the implementation of the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms Cabinet of Ministers August 27, 2003 adopted Resolution № 370 \"On measures for further improvement of Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. \" Ministry is a republican executive bodies subordinate to the nature of their activities directly to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and is under the status of the Cabinet of Ministers. In the system of the Ministry of Justice are: the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the Justice regional administrations and the city of Tashkent, the institution of notaries, civil status records ( registry office ), Tashkent Research Institute of Forensic Expertise ( TashNIISE ), Institute of Judicial Training, Tashkent State law Institute, Tashkent State College of Law, law Lyceum, publishing \"Adolat\", as well as self-supporting legal aid center . The Ministry is headed by Minister appointed and dismissed from office in accordance with the Constitution, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and then submitted for approval to the Oliy Majlis . The main and most important task of the Ministry of Justice is to provide a unified state policy in the field of legislation and law enforcement practice. Building a democratic state of law is impossible without a high and lasting authority of the law . This truth lies at the heart of policy renewal and progress . Rule of law, obedience to him the legislative, executive and judicial powers - precondition operation of law. That Constitution, laws must be above any authority . Without this condition can not be formed people's confidence in the inviolability of their rights, to create a society of personal and economic freedom. In 2011, special attention was paid consistent democratic renewal and further liberalization of all spheres of society, in particular, social, economic, political, legal sphere . In this regard, an important guide to action is put forward by the President November 12, 2010 at the joint session of the Oliy Majlis of the Concept of further deepening democratic reforms and formation of civil society in the country. This Concept suggestions for practical implementation documents establishing new legal mechanisms to further strengthen the role of judicial authorities in compliance with the law and the rule of law . We can say that these proposals were the beginning of a new phase of the judicial authorities . With the adoption of Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan \"On measures for further improvement of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan\" dated August 23, 2011 to improve even more work in this direction . In this Resolution Regulations defines the role of the Ministry of Justice to improve governance and public administration . In accordance with the decree of the President \" On measures to further enhance the role of judicial authorities in ensuring the legitimacy of the state bodies \" from June 17, 2011 established new mechanisms for the implementation of the system for monitoring and controlling the activities of the law enforcement agencies of government, local authorities, law enforcement and",
"the beginning of a new phase of the judicial authorities . With the adoption of Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan \"On measures for further improvement of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan\" dated August 23, 2011 to improve even more work in this direction . In this Resolution Regulations defines the role of the Ministry of Justice to improve governance and public administration . In accordance with the decree of the President \" On measures to further enhance the role of judicial authorities in ensuring the legitimacy of the state bodies \" from June 17, 2011 established new mechanisms for the implementation of the system for monitoring and controlling the activities of the law enforcement agencies of government, local authorities, law enforcement and regulatory bodies. The system formed by the Ministry of Justice General Directorate for monitoring compliance with legislation and its territorial offices . Creating this structure served as an important step towards the implementation outlined in the Concept of priority - the rule of law in the activities of public authorities, law enforcement and regulatory authorities, as well as the establishment of their system of checks and balances. - Function Part I: in a unified state policy in the area of law and practice: 1. In the field of training and legal expertise of laws and regulations: 2. In departmental rule making: 3. Systematization of legislation in the field of: - Function Part II: in the field of protection of human rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and laws: - Function Part III: in the coordination of government agencies on legal advocacy: - Function Part IV: in logistical and financial support of the courts, as well as ensuring the performance of judicial acts and other public bodies: - Function Part V: in the sphere of state regulation in the field of legal services: 1. On the organization of activities of the notary and civil registration: 2. Development of advocacy and legal services: Ministry of Justice (Uzbekistan) The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, (), is the central government body charged with leading the legal and penal system of Uzbekistan. People's Commissariat of Justice of Uzbekistan was established November"
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"Music & Me Music & Me is the third studio album by American artist Michael Jackson, released in 1973 on the Motown label, selling two million copies worldwide. The album was reissued in 2009 as part of the 3-disc compilation \"\". The album was released during a difficult period for Jackson, who was 14 years old at the time, as he had been experiencing vocal changes and facing a changing music landscape. Having been influenced by fellow Motown label mates Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder, Jackson wanted to include his own compositions on the album, but Motown refused to allow this. Jackson would later express his frustrations about this to his father, Joe Jackson, who would later work to terminate Michael's and his brothers' contract with Motown, and negotiate lucrative contracts for them with Epic Records. Since Jackson was on a world tour with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, promotion on this album was limited. The Stevie Wonder cover, \"With a Child's Heart\", was released as a single in the United States, where it reached #14 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart and #50 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Singles chart. Two additional songs (\"Music and Me\" and \"Morning Glow\") were released as singles in the UK, but they failed to chart. Another track, \"Too Young\", was released as a single in Italy, while the track \"Happy\" was a single in Australia and \"Doggin' Around\" was a limited-release single in the Netherlands. Ten years after this album's release, \"Happy\" was released as a single in the UK to promote Motown's \"18 Greatest Hits\" compilation album. For the compact disc issues of the album, the text on the album was changed and the shade of green was darker. Despite featuring a photo of Jackson strumming an acoustic guitar on the album cover, he does not actually play an instrument on the album. The album was arranged by Dave Blumberg, Freddie Perren, Gene Page and James Anthony Carmichael and is the singer's lowest selling. After this release, it would take Motown two years to release another Jackson solo album, entitled \"Forever, Michael.\" A solo album recorded by Jackson soon after \"Music and Me\" was shelved following the surprising smash success of the \"Dancing Machine\" single from the Jackson 5; the album would later be overdubbed and released in 1984 as \"Farewell My Summer Love\", cashing in on the success of the \"Thriller\" album. The original mix of the album would be released as part of the \"\" in 2009. \"Music & Me\" is sometimes confused with a Michael Jackson compilation album of the same name that Motown Records released on CD in the 90s. It was originally released in 1982 as \"Motown Legends: Michael Jackson\" on vinyl and received a US release in 1985 (also on vinyl). The compilation contained all tracks from the 1973 album (with the exception of \"Doggin' Around\"), with several more from Jackson's other albums. The CD was not released in the US, but it is available as an import. Music & Me Music & Me is the third studio album by American artist Michael Jackson, released in 1973 on the Motown label, selling two million copies worldwide. The album was reissued in 2009 as part of the 3-disc compilation \"\". The album was released during a difficult period for Jackson, who was 14 years old at the time, as he had been experiencing vocal changes and facing a changing music landscape. Having been influenced by fellow Motown label mates Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder, Jackson wanted to include his own compositions on the album,"
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"1982 Denver Broncos season The 1982 Denver Broncos season was the team's 23rd year in professional football and its 13th with the National Football League (NFL). The Broncos played only nine games this season, owing to the strike imposed by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). The Broncos were looking to improve on their 10-6 record from 1981. But due to many injuries plus the strike, the Broncos only won 2 games, while losing 7, their worst record since 1971 as well as their first losing season since 1975. This was also their first season with below 3 wins since 1964. The Broncos only won 1 home game the entire year, against reigning Super Bowl champion San Francisco. Their only other win was against the Los Angeles Rams. The Broncos went winless against AFC foes in 1982. All of their AFC foes were their own division rivals. 1982 Denver Broncos season The 1982 Denver Broncos season was the team's 23rd year in professional football and its 13th with the National Football League (NFL). The Broncos played only nine games this season, owing to the strike imposed by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). The Broncos were looking to"
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"Beauty and the Beast (2014 film) Beauty and the Beast () is a 2014 Franco-German romantic fantasy film based on the traditional fairy tale of the same name by Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve. Written by Christophe Gans and Sandra Vo-Anh and directed by Gans, the film stars Léa Seydoux as Belle and Vincent Cassel as the Beast. The film was screened out of competition at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival and was released in France on 12 February 2014 to positive reviews, becoming a box office success. International reviews were more mixed. It was nominated for the People's Choice Award for Best European Film at the 27th European Film Awards. It also received three nominations at the 40th César Awards, winning Best Production Design for Thierry Flamand. A widowed merchant (André Dussollier) is forced to move to the countryside after going bankrupt, with his six children, three sons and three daughters. His youngest daughter, Belle (Léa Seydoux) is the only one happy with the change. When one of the merchant's ships is found, the merchant prepares to return to reclaim his assets. While his two older, spoiled daughters give him a long list of expensive things to bring back for them, Belle asks only for a rose. The merchant arrives and learns that the ship and its cargo have been taken to settle his debts. On the way home through the forest, the merchant loses his way, his horse slips and is injured, and they are attacked by wolves. He laments that he has \"not even a weapon to finish off\" the poor horse. The merchant stumbles upon the magical domain of the Beast (Vincent Cassel). In the castle, all of his needs are magically met, including food, the exact items his daughters had asked him to bring, and his horse, magically cured. He packs up and departs with the items. Passing through the garden, he recalls Belle's request of a rose, and he picks one. He is immediately confronted by the Beast, who thunders at him for taking the rose. As punishment, the Beast demands the merchant return to the castle in one day after saying goodbye to his children. If he fails to return, his family will be killed. The father returns home and tells the story to his children. Learning of her father's fate, Belle, feeling responsible, takes her father's horse and returns to the castle to offer herself in the place of her father. At the castle, Belle is accepted as a substitute for her father. She is given luxurious goods and permission to roam the grounds, but must return every evening for dinner with the Beast warning her not to escape. At night, Belle has a vivid dream, revealing the backstory of the Prince: he enjoys hunting, but often ignores the Princess (Yvonne Catterfeld) who loves him but is lonely. The Prince is after an elusive golden deer, and when the Princess asks him to stop hunting the deer, he promises to do so if she will give him a son. Belle wakes to find the Beast watching her sleep before he suddenly flees. Belle explores the castle grounds, eventually finding a statue resembling the Princess from her dream. At dinner, the Beast displays a rather cold exterior towards Belle while attempting to charm her, only to be rejected. He suddenly bursts out at Belle stating he will claim her despite her resistance. She later has another dream: The Prince announcing that he and the Princess will have an heir, but when she reminds him of his promise, he seems to have forgotten. During dinner, the Beast apologizes for his previous behavior. Belle makes the Beast a proposal; she will dance with him, if she is allowed to see her family one last time. The two begin to dance though amidst it all, the Beast asks for Belle's love. Jarred, Belle demands to see her family as she had bargained. When the Beast refuses, Belle fervently rejects him once again. That same night, she witnesses the Beast prey upon and devour a hog. In shock, she attempts to escape by running into the enchanted forest only for the Beast to catch up to her on the frozen lake. As Belle is suddenly knocked down and pinned, the Beast attempts to kiss her when suddenly the ice beneath her breaks as she sinks into the frozen lake. The Beast pulls her from the water, and brings her back to the castle. The Beast agrees to let Belle return home, giving her a small vial of healing water. He tells her return to him in one day or he will \"die\". Belle arrives home, where her father is bedridden, and seems to be dying. She pleaded for him to wake only to fall asleep. Belle's eldest brother, Maxime (Nicolas Gob) finds a jewel on her clothing, positing that the castle may contain further treasures. He wants to find it to settle his debt to gangster Perducas (Eduardo Noriega). He knocks out his youngest brother, Tristan, who tries to stop him, and meets with Perducas and his gang, leading them to the castle. Belle has one final dream about how the Prince broke his promise and killed the golden deer. While dying, the deer transformed into the Princess, revealing she was the Nymph of the Forest who became human because she wanted to experience love. She begged her father, the God of the Forest, to spare the Prince from his wrath. But he transformed the Prince into a beast, changed the hunting dogs into Tadums, and his friends into statues. The God of the Forest proclaimed that only the love of a woman would break the Beast's eternal curse. Belle awakes and gives her father the vial of water, reviving him. She attempts to return to the castle, and discovers that Maxime has taken the horse to meet with Perducas. Tristan takes her to the castle, arriving just as the Beast is about to kill the invaders, including Belle's brothers. The Beast stops his attack when Belle begs for mercy. Perducas stabs the Beast, mortally wounding him. Suddenly, vines sprout about the castle destroying anything in their paths. Perducas's lover, Astrid, is killed when he abandons her, but not before cursing him of his fate. Perducas is soon killed by the vines and turned into a human tree. Belle and her brothers carry the Beast into the castle, and place him into the healing pool of water. Dying, the Beast asks whether Belle could ever love him, and she counters that she already does. The Beast sinks into the water then resurfaces, transforming back into the Prince and the Tadums back into dogs. The story is being told by Belle to her two young children. They are living in the same countryside house, surrounded by rose bushes, with Belle's father, who is now a flower merchant. Belle goes outside to greet her husband, the Prince, and the two kiss and embrace. Principal photography took place in Germany, at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, from November 2012 to February 2013, on a production budget of €35 million. The film earned a total of internationally. In Japan, the film topped the box office on its release, making it the first non-English-language foreign film to top the Japanese box office since \"Red Cliff II\" in 2009, and the first French film to top the Japanese box office since Mathieu Kassovitz's \"The Crimson Rivers\" in 2001. In France, the film received positive reviews. France Télévisions called the film Christophe Gans' \"greatest success\". They praised the colours and contrasts of the landscape, which they said recalled the work of American painter Maxfield Parrish, and the visual style, which they compared to films by Mario Bava and Tsui Hark. They also noted that Gans had successfully differentiated the film from the source material and prior adaptations, while keeping the \"spirit\" of the original story. Laurent Pecha of EcranLarge remarked that while the film was \"far from perfect\", it was \"so ambitious\" compared to the \"doldrums\" of French cinema that Gans won her over. She called the introduction \"spectacular\" and praised Gans for his willingness to make the audience believe the \"incredible and improbable love story\", praising the \"excellent\" Seydoux and Cassel. Writing for TF1, Olivier Corriez gave",
"\"greatest success\". They praised the colours and contrasts of the landscape, which they said recalled the work of American painter Maxfield Parrish, and the visual style, which they compared to films by Mario Bava and Tsui Hark. They also noted that Gans had successfully differentiated the film from the source material and prior adaptations, while keeping the \"spirit\" of the original story. Laurent Pecha of EcranLarge remarked that while the film was \"far from perfect\", it was \"so ambitious\" compared to the \"doldrums\" of French cinema that Gans won her over. She called the introduction \"spectacular\" and praised Gans for his willingness to make the audience believe the \"incredible and improbable love story\", praising the \"excellent\" Seydoux and Cassel. Writing for TF1, Olivier Corriez gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and remarked that it was not easy to offer a modern interpretation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" as it had been adapted so many times before, but found Gans' film \"flamboyant\" but \"accessible to all audiences\". He said that it \"plays wonderfully on contrasts\" and praised Seydoux for her \"charm and tenderness\" and Cassel for providing \"brutality [and] weakness.\" International reviews for the film were mostly negative. Although the visuals and production design were praised, storytelling was criticized. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 32%, based on 19 reviews and the average rating is 4.6/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100, the film has a score of 39 based on 10 reviews, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Jessica Kiang of IndieWire thought the film was \"immensely, crushingly boring\" and Seydoux wasted in a role that required her to do little more than \"heave her breasts and fall over things prettily.\" Beauty and the Beast (2014 film) Beauty and the Beast () is a 2014 Franco-German romantic fantasy film based on the traditional fairy tale of the same name by Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve. Written by Christophe Gans and Sandra Vo-Anh and directed by Gans, the film stars Léa Seydoux as"
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"Paul Feinberg Paul David Feinberg (August 13, 1938 – February 21, 2004) was an American theologian, author, and professor of systematic theology and philosophy of religion at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. Feinberg was born on August 13, 1938, to Charles Lee and Anne Priscilla (née Fraiman) Feinberg. His family moved from Dallas, Texas to Los Angeles, California in 1948 when his father became the first dean of Talbot Theological Seminary. Feinberg earned his B.A. (1960) from the University of California at Los Angeles, his B.D. (1963) and Th.M. (1964) from Talbot Theological Seminary, his Th.D. (1968) from Dallas Theological Seminary, his M.A. (1971) from Roosevelt University and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Feinberg was married in 1967 to Iris Nadine (née Taylor), whom he met at Moody. Paul's brother John (born 1946) serves as the chair of the Department of Biblical and Systematic Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. Feinberg taught from 1966 to 1970 at Moody Bible Institute, then from 1970 to 1972 at Trinity College. From 1972 through 1974, he served as a field representative for the American Board of Missions to the Jews, and then joined the faculty of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, where he taught the rest of his life. Feinberg was also an ordained minister in the Evangelical Free Church of America, and in 1977 he helped found the Village Church (EFCA) of Lincolnshire, Illinois. In 1977 he served a year as president of the Evangelical Philosophical Society. He also taught at the Japan Bible Seminary, Asian Theological Seminary in Manila, Tyndale Theological Seminary, and the Italian Bible Institute in Rome. He was also a Pitcher at UCLA during his college career. He also contributed articles to \"Baker's Dictionary of Christian Ethics\" and the \"Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia\", as well as a chapter in \"Inerrancy\" by Norman Geisler. Feinberg died of congestive heart failure on February 21, 2004, in Highland Park, Illinois, after earlier falling and fracturing a hip at Trinity. Paul Feinberg Paul David Feinberg (August 13, 1938 – February 21, 2004) was an American theologian, author, and professor of systematic theology and philosophy of religion at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. Feinberg was born on August 13, 1938, to Charles Lee and Anne Priscilla (née Fraiman) Feinberg. His family moved from Dallas, Texas to Los Angeles, California in 1948 when his father became the first dean of Talbot Theological Seminary. Feinberg earned his"
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"Well End, Buckinghamshire Well End is a hamlet in the parish of Little Marlow, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated on the north-west side of the village of Bourne End. Although it lies in a separate parish, it is geographically contiguous with and subordinate to Bourne End; but unlike most of the hamlets consumed by its larger neighbour, it retains a distinct character, and the use of the name is common and well recognised locally. The area was once known as \"Fontibus de Merlow\", (Marlow Fountain), of which \"Well End\" is a likely etymological derivative. It is endowed with Abbotsbrook Hall, a small, parish council-owned venue used for community events. The local hostelry is The Black Lion situated on Marlow Road. Claytons School, the junior school serving Well End and Bourne End, is sited locally on Wendover Road. There is nearby access to the Little Marlow Gravel Pits nature reserve and to the River Thames towpath. Well End was formerly home to a Congregationalist mission hall and The Blacksmiths Arms public house. Well End, Buckinghamshire Well End is a hamlet in the parish of Little Marlow, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated on the north-west side of the village of"
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"Kolalapudi Kolalapudi is a village in Martur mandal, Prakasam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The village had a population of 4,560 at the 2011 census. Kolalapudi is located 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from National Highway No. 5. The nearest towns are Chilakaluripet, Addanki, Ongole and Guntur, which are 25 km, 23 km, 50 km and 60 km away from Kolalapudi respectively. Kolalapudi benefited from the irrigation facilities provided by the Nagarjunasagar canals. The fertile irrigated land and the seasonal vegetables farming and milk production were the major sources of prosperity of the village. The main crop grown in the village is paddy and many farmers migrate seasonally to various parts of South India to grow paddy and other commercial crops and they return to the home place after harvest and marketing. Eventually Kolalapudi diversified its wealth into business, granites, contracts and higher education. Kolalapudi counts among its natives some well-known farmers and educated people. Many villagers have migrated to other state proviences and also to the foreign countries. The people in this village worships the goddess named \"Gangamma thalli\" as Gramadevatha and they do celebrations (Kolupulu) in favour of her every year in Sravana masam. The geographical calculations say that this mighty hill is the first hill to come to view when seen from the Bay of Bengal. Kolalapudi Kolalapudi is a village in Martur mandal, Prakasam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The village had a population of 4,560 at the 2011 census. Kolalapudi is located 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from National Highway No. 5. The nearest towns are Chilakaluripet, Addanki, Ongole and Guntur, which are 25 km, 23 km, 50 km and 60 km away from Kolalapudi respectively. Kolalapudi benefited from the irrigation facilities provided by the Nagarjunasagar canals. The fertile irrigated land"
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"Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg The coat of arms of the German state of Baden-Württemberg features a greater and a lesser version. The coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg was determined after the merging of the former German states Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, that were divided due to different occupying forces after World War II, in 1952. The creation of the state was not without controversies and thus only the state colours black and gold were determined in 1952, but not yet the arms. The latter were only regulated in the \"Gesetz über das Wappen des Landes Baden-Württemberg\" (Law on the Coat of Arms of Baden-Württemberg) of 3 May 1954. Its use is moreover regulated by an order dated 2 August 1954. It was designed by Fritz Reinhardt. The shield shows three black lions with red tongues on a golden background. The arms refer to the coat of arms of the Duke of Swabia whose House of Hohenstaufen had used these arms. The name of Suabia had long been discussed for use with the newly created state but it failed to be adopted due to resistance from parts of Baden. The six small coat of arms at the top stand for the origins of parts of Baden-Württemberg. They are from left to right: Thereby the arms of Baden and Württemberg are slightly elevated. The supporters are a stag to the left representing Württemberg and a griffin to the right representing Baden. The supporters are those used in the arms of the pre-war states of Baden and Württemberg. They are positioned on a pedestal of black and gold which is not further mentioned in the law about the arms. The great coat of arms is only used by higher authorities, i.e. the state premier, the government, the ministries, the state's representation to the Federation and to the EU, the Supreme State Court and higher courts, the audit court and the Administrative Districts. The lesser coat of arms features the shield topped with crown styled like leaves that symbolises the people's sovereignty after the abolishment of monarchy in Germany. The lesser arms are used by all state authorities that do not employ the great coat of arms, as well as by those notaries that are civil servants. Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg The coat of arms of the German state of Baden-Württemberg features a greater and a lesser version. The coat of arms"
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"Ngozi Ebere Ngozi Ebere (born 5 August 1991) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a defender for Cypriot team Barcelona FA, and internationally for the Nigeria women's national football team. She was a member of the Rivers Angels who won the Nigerian domestic double in 2014, and the Nigerian national women's team who won the 2014 African Women's Championship. In 2014, Ngozi Ebere was part of the Nigerian domestic team Rivers Angels who won the Nigerian Women Football League and Nigeria Federation Cup double. During the course of the season, Ebere scored seven goals including the third and final goal on the final match of the season in the 3-1 victory over Sunshine Queens. Ebere was signed by the French team Paris Saint-Germain in September 2015 on a two year contract. She said at the time, \"I am here to give the best of myself and to win trophies, I am very motivated by this new challenge that awaits me here in Paris. It’s a dream come true.\" She made her debut in a Division 1 Féminine match against Olympique Lyonnais on 27 September 2015. Two months later, she was placed on the five person shortlist for African Women's Footballer of the Year; she suggested that this nomination came as a result of her recent performances. During the course of her first season, she played in eight matches; six in the Division 1 Féminine and two in the Coupe de France Féminine. The 2017–18 season she played in Cyprus at Barcelona FA. She was part of the Nigeria women's national football team squads at the African Women's Championship in 2012 and the winning team of 2014. She was also in the squad at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Ngozi Ebere Ngozi Ebere (born 5 August 1991) is a"
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"As the story goes, when the Billy Graham team went to London in 1954 for the Harringay Crusade, they were given a pamphlet containing Hine's work. \"At first they ignored it, but fortunately not for long,\" said (Bud) Boberg. They worked closely with Hine to prepare the song for use in their campaigns. They sang it in the 1955 Toronto campaign, but it didn't really catch on until they took it to Madison Square Garden in 1957. According to Cliff Barrows (Dr. Graham's longtime associate), they sang it one hundred times during that campaign because the people wouldn't let them stop.\" \n British Methodist missionary Stuart Wesley Keene Hine (born 25 July 1899 in Hammersmith Grove, London, England; died 14 March 1989) was dedicated to Jesus Christ in the Salvation Army by his parents. Hine was led to Christ by Madame Annie Ryall on 22 February 1914, and was baptised shortly thereafter. Hine was influenced greatly by the teachings of British Baptist evangelist Charles Spurgeon. \n One man to whom they were ministering told them an amazing story:he had been separated from his wife at the very end of the war, and had not seen her since. At the time they were separated, his wife was a Christian, but he was not, but he had since been converted. His deep desire was to find his wife so they could at last share their faith together. But he told the Hines that he did not think he would ever see his wife on earth again. Instead he was longing for the day when they would meet in heaven, and could share in the Life Eternal there. These words again inspired Hine, and they became the basis for his fourth and final verse to' How Great Thou Art':\"When Christ shall come with shout of acclamation to take me home, what joy shall fill my heart. Then we shall bow in humble adoration and there proclaim, My God How Great Thou Art!\" \n The hymn has also been translated into the Welsh language as \"Mor Fawr Wyt Ti\". \n The Manna Music editors changed \"works\" and \"mighty\" in Hine's original translation to \"worlds\" and \"rolling\" respectively. According to Manna Music, \"Presently it is considered, and has been for several years, to be the most popular Gospel song in the world.\" \n The fourth verse was another innovation of Stuart Hine, which was added after the Second World War. His concern for the exiled Polish community in Britain, who were anxious to return home, provided part of the inspiration for Hine's final verse. Hine and David Griffiths visited a camp in Sussex, England, in 1948 where displaced Russians were being held, but where only two were professing Christians. The testimony of one of these refugees and his anticipation of the second coming of Christ inspired Hine to write the fourth stanza of his English version of the hymn. According to Ireland:\n A translation exists by Avis B. Christiansen, retaining the \"O Store Gud\" melody with an arrangement by Robert J. Hughes. This version, titled \"Lord, I Adore Thee\", appears in the 1958 hymnal Songs for Worship. \n \"O Store Gud\" became more popular in Sweden after the dissemination of \"How Great Thou Art\" in English. Swedish gospel singer Per-Erik Hallin (sv) has credited Elvis Presley's rendition of \"How Great Thou Art\" as a major factor in the revival of \"O Store Gud\" in Sweden. \n When Christ shall come with shout of acclamation \n And take me home, what joy shall fill my heart! \n Then I shall bow in humble adoration, \n And there proclaim, my God, how great Thou art! \n (Repeat Refrain.) \n When Boberg arrived home, he opened the window and saw the bay of Mönsterås like a mirror before him ... From the woods on the other side of the bay, he heard the song of a thrush ... the church bells were tolling in the quiet evening. It was this series of sights, sounds, and experiences that inspired the writing of the song. \n This hymn was the title track of Elvis Presley's second gospel LP How Great Thou Art (RCA LSP/LPM 3758), which was released in March 1967. The song won Presley a Grammy Award for \"Best Sacred Performance\" in 1967, and another Grammy in 1974 for \"Best Inspirational Performance (Non-Classical)\" for his live performance album \"Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis\" (RCA CPL 1 0606; Released:June 1974) recorded on 20 March 1974 at the Mid-South Coliseum in Memphis, Tennessee. \n In 2016, former Isley Brother Chris Jasper included a soulful version of the song on his album \"Share With Me\". This is also the year when acapella group Home Free released their own cover of the song and it is their seventh track on their holiday album, \"Full of (Even More) Cheer.\" \n Eventually, the German version reached Russia where a Russian version entitled \"Velikiy Bog\" (Великий Бог-Great God) was produced in 1912 by Ivan S. Prokhanov (1869–1935), the \"Martin Luther of Russia\", and \"the most prolific Protestant hymn writer and translator in all of Russia\" at that time in a Russian-language Protestant hymnbook published in St. Petersburg (later Leningrad), Kymvali (Cymbals). An enlarged edition of this hymnbook entitled \"Songs of a Christian\", including \"Velikiy Bog\" was released in 1927. \n The song was first translated from Swedish to German by a wealthy Baltic German Baptist nobleman, Manfred von Glehn (born 1867 in Jelgimaggi, Estonia; died 1924 in Brazil), who had heard the hymn in Estonia, where there was a Swedish-speaking minority. It was first published in Blankenburger Lieder. The song became popular in Germany, where \"Wie groß bist Du\" is the common title (the first line is \"Du großer Gott\"). \n (Verse 3) E nel pensar, che il Salvator qui in terra, Venne a soffrir, per l'uomo peccator, Ch'Egli portò, sul Golgota i miei mali, E che morì, per darmi pace e amor. \n Boberg first published \"O Store Gud\" in the Mönsterås Tidningen (Mönsterås News) on 13 March 1886. \n The poem became matched to an old Swedish folk tune and sung in public for the first known occasion in a church in the Swedish province of Värmland in 1888. Eight verses appeared with the music in the 1890 Sions Harpan. \n And when I think that God, His Son not sparing, \n Sent Him to die, I scarce can take it in; \n That on the cross, my burden gladly bearing, \n He bled and died to take away my sin:\n (Repeat Refrain.) \n När jag hör åskans röst och stormar brusa Och blixtens klingor springa fram ur skyn, När regnets kalla, friska skurar susa Och löftets båge glänser för min syn. When I hear the voice of thunder and storms and see the blades of thunder striking from the sky when the cold rain and fresh showers whirl and the arc of promise shines before my eyes. \n (Refrain) Un canto il cuor, innalza a Te, Signor:Grande sei Tu! Grande sei Tu! Un canto il cuor, innalza a Te, Signor:Grande sei Tu! Grande sei Tu! \n The tune is similar to the tune of the Horst-Wessel-Lied though neither copied the other. Both copied traditional Northern European folk music. Numerous musicologists have pointed out that the metrical pattern and chord progressions of \"O Store Gud\" are similar to those of the \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\" (first line \"Die Fahne hoch\"); see also the section \"Songs with the same or similar melodies to the HWL melody\" in George Boderick, \"The Horst-Wessel-Lied:A Reappraisal\", International Folklore Review 10 (1995), 100-127, available online. Boderick's scholarly analysis declines to list O STORE GUD among the kindred tunes of the \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\". \n The pamphlet had been given to Shea by his friend George Gray, who worked with the Pikering and Inglis publishing firm, on Oxford Street in London in 1954. Barrows, who also had been given a copy, had Paul Mickelson (died 21 October 2001) arrange the song for use in the 1955 Toronto Crusade. George Beverly Shea's recording of the hymn ranks number 204 on the top recordings of the 20th century according to the Recording Industry Association of America.",
"The pamphlet had been given to Shea by his friend George Gray, who worked with the Pikering and Inglis publishing firm, on Oxford Street in London in 1954. Barrows, who also had been given a copy, had Paul Mickelson (died 21 October 2001) arrange the song for use in the 1955 Toronto Crusade. George Beverly Shea's recording of the hymn ranks number 204 on the top recordings of the 20th century according to the Recording Industry Association of America. \n The first literal English translation of O store Gud was by E. Gustav Johnson (1893–1974), then a professor of North Park College, Illinois. His translation of verses 1, 2, and 7-9 was published in the United States in the Covenant Hymnal as \"O Mighty God\" in 1925. \n Carl Boberg and some friends were returning home to Mönsterås from Kronobäck, where they had participated in an afternoon service. Presently a thundercloud appeared on the horizon, and soon lightning flashed across the sky. Strong winds swept over the meadows and billowing fields of grain. The thunder pealed in loud claps. Then rain came in cool fresh showers. In a little while the storm was over, and a rainbow appeared. \n (Verse 4) Quando Gesù, ritornerà dal Cielo, E gioia appieno, mi darà lassù, Mi prostrerò, davanti al Suo bel trono, Per proclamar:Signor, grande sei Tu! \n The version that appeared in the 1973 edition of The Covenant Hymnbook was:\n One of the verses Hine added was the current third verse:\n John W. Peterson wrote new words to the tune, called \"O Mighty God, When I Behold the Wonder\", in 1973. \n Amy Grant recorded it as part of a medley \"What a Friend We Have in Jesus/Old Rugged Cross/How Great Thou Art\" for her 2002 studio album Legacy ... Hymns and Faith, and later included it on her 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know ... Hymns & Faith. \n O Lord my God! When I in awesome wonder \n Consider all the works Thy hand hath made. \n I see the stars, I hear the rolling thunder, \n Thy power throughout the universe displayed. \n Refrain:",
"Then sings my soul, my Saviour God, to Thee:\n How great Thou art, how great Thou art! \n Then sings my soul, my Saviour God, to Thee:\n How great Thou art, how great Thou art! \n Given the popularity of Stuart Hine's translation of How Great Thou Art in the late 60s and early 70s, the Hymnal Commission struggled with whether to go with the more popular version or retain E. Gustav Johnson's translation. However, economics settled the issue inasmuch as we were unable to pay the exorbitant price requested by the publishing house that owned the copyright despite the fact that the original belonged to the Covenant. \n In 1996 Johnson's translation was replaced in The Covenant Hymnal–A Worshipbook because \"E Gustav Johnson's version, while closer to the original, uses a more archaic language.\" However, according to Glen V. Wiberg:\n In Hine's book, Not You, but God:A Testimony to God's Faithfulness, Hine presents two additional, optional verses that he copyrighted in 1953 as a translation of the Russian version, that are generally omitted from hymnals published in the United States:\n The first major American recording of \"How Great Thou Art\" was by Bill Carle in a 1958 Sacred Records album of the same name (LP9018). He reprised the song on his \"Who Hath Measured the Waters In the Hollow of His Hand\" album (Sacred Records LP9041) later that year. \n It was typical of the Hines to ask if there were any Christians in the villages they visited. In one case, they found out that the only Christians that their host knew about were a man named Dmitri and his wife Lyudmila. Dmitri's wife knew how to read–evidently a fairly rare thing at that time and in that place. She taught herself how to read because a Russian soldier had left a Bible behind several years earlier, and she started slowly learning by reading that Bible. When the Hines arrived in the village and approached Dmitri's house, they heard a strange and wonderful sound:Dmitri's wife was reading from the gospel of John about the crucifixion of Christ to a houseful of guests, and those visitors were in the very act of repenting. In Ukraine (as I know first hand!), this act of repenting is done very much out loud. So the Hines heard people calling out to God, saying how unbelievable it was that Christ would die for their own sins, and praising Him for His love and mercy. They just couldn't barge in and disrupt this obvious work of the Holy Spirit, so they stayed outside and listened. Stuart wrote down the phrases he heard the Repenters use, and (even though this was all in Russian), it became the third verse that we know today:\"And when I think that God, His Son not sparing, Sent Him to die, I scarce can take it in.\" \n The inspiration for the poem came when Boberg was walking home from church near Kronobäck, Sweden, and listening to church bells. A sudden storm got Boberg's attention, and then just as suddenly as it had made its appearance, it subsided to a peaceful calm which Boberg observed over Mönsterås Bay. According to J. Irving Erickson:\n While there was sympathy on the commission for retaining this older version, a compromise led to preserving it in printed form on the opposite page of How Great Thou Art, hymn 8. The new version with fresher language and some striking metaphors seems uneven and incomplete. \n Boberg wrote the poem \"O Store Gud\" (O Great God) in 1885 with nine verses. \n \"How Great Thou Art\" is a Christian hymn based on a Swedish traditional melody and a poem written by Carl Gustav Boberg (1859–1940) in Mönsterås, Sweden in 1885. It was translated into German and then into Russian and became a hymn. It was translated into English from the Russian by English missionary Stuart K. Hine, who also added two original verses of his own. The composition was set to a Russian melody. It was popularised by George Beverly Shea and Cliff Barrows during the Billy Graham crusades. It was voted the United Kingdom's favourite hymn by BBC's Songs of Praise. \"How Great Thou Art\" was ranked second (after \"Amazing Grace\") on a list of the favourite hymns of all time in a survey by Today's Christian magazine in 2001. \n När tryckt av synd och skuld jag faller neder, Vid Herrens fot och ber om nåd och frid. Och han min själ på rätta vägen leder, Och frälsar mig från all min synd och strid. When burdens press, and seem beyond endurance, Bowed down with grief, to Him I lift my face; And then in love He brings me sweet assurance:' My child! for thee sufficient is my grace' . När jag hör dårar i sin dårskaps dimma Förneka Gud och håna hvad han sagt, Men ser likväl, att de hans hjälp förnimma Och uppehållas af hans nåd och makt. O when I see ungrateful man defiling This bounteous earth, God's gifts so good and great; In foolish pride, God's holy Name reviling, And yet, in grace, His wrath and judgment wait. \n The first time \"How Great Thou Art\" was sung in the United States was at the aforementioned Forest Home conference in 1954, led by Dr. Orr. In honor of this event, Forest Home had the words to the song carved on a polished Redwood plaque. This plaque hangs on the wall of Hormel Hall at Forest Home to this day, enabling people to sing it at any time, to help in learning the song, and to raise hearts to the Lord in impassioned praise. \n It has also been translated into Greek, called Ω Κύριε μου, πόσο σε θαυμάζω. \n (Verse 2) Allor che vo' , vagando su pei monti, E degli uccel, io sento il cinguettar, E vedo giù, gl'immensi prati verdi, E d'un ruscel, ascolto il mormorar. \n The Hines had to leave Ukraine during the Holodomor or Famine Genocide perpetrated on Ukraine by Joseph Stalin during the winter of 1932–33, and they also left Eastern Europe at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, returning to Britain, where they settled in Somerset. Hine continued his evangelistic ministry in Britain working among the displaced Polish refugee community. \n According to Hine, James Caldwell, a missionary from Central Africa, introduced Hine's version to the United States when he sang it at a convention in Stony Brook, New York, on Long Island in 1951. \n There have been over seventeen hundred documented recordings of \"How Great Thou Art\". It has been used on major television programs, in major motion pictures, and has been named as the favorite Gospel song of at least three United States' presidents. \n On 4 April 2011, Carrie Underwood performed this song on ACM Presents:Girls Night Out show. Carrie sang together with Vince Gill and received a standing ovation. It was televised on CBS on 22 April 2011, and shortly after the show had ended, Carrie's version of How Great Thou Art single reached No. 1 spot in iTunes Top Gospel Song and Top 40 in iTunes All-Genre Songs. It debuted at the No. 2 position on Billboard Christian Digital songs chart and No. 35 on the Country Digital Songs chart. As of December 2014, it has sold 599,000 digital copies in the USA. Underwood's version, featuring Gill, is included on her 2014 compilation album, Greatest Hits:Decade No. 1. \n Boberg later sold the rights to the Svenska Missionsförbundet (Mission Covenant Church of Sweden). In 1891 all nine verses were published in the 1891 Covenant songbook, Sanningsvittnet. These versions were all in 3/4 time. In 1894 the Svenska Missionsförbundet sångbok published \"O Store Gud\" in 4/4 time as it has been sung ever since ). \n Michael Ireland explains the origin of this original verse written by Hine:",
"Boberg later sold the rights to the Svenska Missionsförbundet (Mission Covenant Church of Sweden). In 1891 all nine verses were published in the 1891 Covenant songbook, Sanningsvittnet. These versions were all in 3/4 time. In 1894 the Svenska Missionsförbundet sångbok published \"O Store Gud\" in 4/4 time as it has been sung ever since ). \n Michael Ireland explains the origin of this original verse written by Hine:\n O mighty God, when I survey in wonder The world that formed when once the word you said, The strands of life all woven close together, The whole creation at your table fed, Refrain:(vss 1-3) My soul cries out in songs of praise to you, O mighty God! O mighty God! (repeat) When your voice speaks in rolls of thunder pealing, Your lightning power bursts in bright surprise; When cooling rain, your gentle love revealing, Reflects your promise, arcing through the skies. The Bible tells the story of your blessing So freely shed upon all human life; Your constant mercy, every care addressing, relieving burdened souls from sin and strife. And when at last, the clouds of doubt dispersing, You will reveal what we but dimly see; With trumpet call, our great rebirth announcing, we shall rejoin you for eternity. Refrain:(verse 4) Then we will sing your praise forever more, \n Their father was Vernon' Tim' Spencer (born 13 July 1908; died 26 April 1974), a converted cowboy, and former member of The Sons of the Pioneers, who had founded the newly established Manna Music of Burbank, California in 1955. Spencer negotiated with Hine for the purchase of the song. \n Sent Him to die, I scarce can take it in; That on the Cross, my burden gladly bearing, \n According to Boberg's great-nephew, Bud Boberg, \"My dad's story of its origin was that it was a paraphrase of Psalm 8 and was used in the' underground church' in Sweden in the late 1800s when the Baptists and Mission Friends were persecuted.\" The author, Carl Boberg himself gave the following information about the inspiration behind his poem:\n Hine published hymns and evangelical literature in various languages, including Eastern Melodies & Hymns of other Lands (1956) and The Story of \"How Great Thou art\":How it came to be written ... With complete album of hymns of other lands ... Russian melodies, Eastern melodies, etc (1958). Hine died on 14 March 1989. His memorial service was held at the Gospel Hall on Martello Road, Walton-on-Naze, Essex, England, on 23 March 1989. \n In 1948 Hine finished composing the final verse. Hine finalised his English translation in 1949, and published the final four verse version in his own Russian gospel magazine Grace and Peace that same year. As Grace and Peace was circulated among refugees in fifteen countries around the world, including North and South America, Hine's version of O store Gud (How Great Thou Art) became popular in each country that it reached. British missionaries began to spread the song around the world to former British colonies in Africa and India in approximately its current English version. \n Swedish hymnals frequently include the following verse:\n O mighty God, when I behold the wonder Of nature's beauty, wrought by words of thine, And how thou leadest all from realms up yonder, Sustaining earthly life with love benign, Refrain:With rapture filled, my soul thy name would laud, O mighty God! O mighty God! (repeat) When I behold the heavens in their vastness, Where golden ships in azure issue forth, Where sun and moon keep watch upon the fastness Of changing seasons and of time on earth. When crushed by guilt of sin before thee kneeling, I plead for mercy and for grace and peace, I feel thy balm and, all my bruises healing, My soul is filled, my heart is set at ease. And when at last the mists of time have vanished And I in truth my faith confirmed shall see, Upon the shores where earthly ills are banished I'll enter Lord, to dwell in peace with thee. \n In 1995 the United Church of Christ released the New Century Hymnal, which included an updated English language translation of Boberg's \"O store Gud\" entitled \"O Mighty God, When I Survey in Wonder\". According to the editors of the New Century Hymnal, \"This translation and arrangement were created for the New Century Hymnal to restore the meaning and flavour of Boberg's original hymn.\" \n When through the woods and forest glades I wander \n And hear the birds sing sweetly in the trees; \n When I look down from lofty mountain grandeur \n And hear the brook and feel the gentle breeze:\n (Repeat Refrain.) \n (Verse 1) O mio Signor, allor che con rispetto Io miro il ciel, che fece il Tuo voler, E lo splendor di stelle, o sento il tuono, È il mondo inter, che narra il Tuo poter. \n O when I see ungrateful man defiling This bounteous earth, God's gifts so good and great; In foolish pride, God's holy Name reviling, And yet, in grace, His wrath and judgment wait. When burdens press, and seem beyond endurance, Bowed down with grief, to Him I lift my face; And then in love He brings me sweet assurance:' My child! for thee sufficient is my grace' . \n \"It's a quite literal translation from Boberg, but I suspect that he had the Hine work at hand because he uses the phrase' how great Thou art. ' Also, the music by Josephine Carradine Dixon is similar to Hine's. He added two verses of his own.\" \n It was that time of year when everything seemed to be in its richest colouring; the birds were singing in trees and everywhere. It was very warm; a thunderstorm appeared on the horizon and soon there was thunder and lightning. We had to hurry to shelter. But the storm was soon over and the clear sky appeared. \n Dr. Orr's theme for the week of the conference was \"Think not what great things you can do for God, but think first of whatever you can do for a great God.\" And so he introduced the song at the start of the conference and it was sung each day. Attending the Forest Home college-age conference were Hal Spencer and his sister, Loretta, son and daughter of Tim Spencer, who was a songwriter and publisher of Christian music. Hal and Loretta borrowed the song sheet from Dr. Orr and brought it home and gave it to their father. \n The hymn was translated in 1957 for InterVarsity Christian Fellowship by Joseph T. Bayly (5 April 1920–16 July 1986), and set to the music of Josephine Carradine Dixon. According to Bud Boberg, the grandson of the younger brother of the original author of the poem:\n When I came home I opened my window toward the sea. There evidently had been a funeral and the bells were playing the tune of \"When eternity's clock calls my saved soul to its Sabbath rest\". That evening, I wrote the song, \"O Store Gud\". \n A program note from a Gustavus Adolphus College, Minnesota, concert tells listeners that Dr.J. Edwin Orr (born 15 January 1912; died April 1987) of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California discovered the song being sung in a small village near Deolali, India by a choir of the Naga tribe from Assam near Burma. The tribesmen had arranged the harmony themselves, and a Mennonite missionary had transcribed it. \n Boberg's entire poem appears (with archaic Swedish spellings). Presented below are two of those verses which appear (more or less loosely) translated in British hymnbooks, followed in each case by the English. \n And when I think that God, His Son not sparing,",
"A program note from a Gustavus Adolphus College, Minnesota, concert tells listeners that Dr.J. Edwin Orr (born 15 January 1912; died April 1987) of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California discovered the song being sung in a small village near Deolali, India by a choir of the Naga tribe from Assam near Burma. The tribesmen had arranged the harmony themselves, and a Mennonite missionary had transcribed it. \n Boberg's entire poem appears (with archaic Swedish spellings). Presented below are two of those verses which appear (more or less loosely) translated in British hymnbooks, followed in each case by the English. \n And when I think that God, His Son not sparing, \n Among notable renditions of \"How Great Thou Art\" are recordings by the Blackwood Brothers Quartet, Dixie Carter, Tammy Wynette (1969-album \"Inspiration\"), Charlie Daniels, Tennessee Ernie Ford (backed by the Jordanaires), Burl Ives, Alan Jackson, Dolly Parton, Martina McBride, Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard, Roy Rogers, George Beverly Shea, Carrie Underwood and Connie Smith, whose \"inspiring four-minute rendition ... originally appeared on the otherwise secular album Back in Baby's Arms in 1969\". Mahalia Jackson performed \"How Great Thou Art\" in Hamburg in 1961. A rendition by the Statler Brothers, from their album Holy Bible New Testament, peaked at number 39 on the Hot Country Songs charts in 1976. The hymn became the de facto theme of New Zealand entertainer Sir Howard Morrison, who released it as a single sung in both English and Maori. After his death in 2009, a tribute tour under the title \"Sir Howard Morrison:How Great Thou Art\" travelled throughout the country. \n The Manna Music version of the song was popularised as the \"signature song\" of the 1950s Billy Graham Crusades. It was popularized by George Beverly Shea and Cliff Barrows during Billy Graham crusades. According to Ireland:\n A Māori version, \"Whakaaria mai\", was originally sung at the Royal Command Performance in 1981 upon the occasion of the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to New Zealand. It was subsequently popularised by Maori entertainer Howard Morrison, who released it as a single in 1982, where it spent six months in the New Zealand national charts, and five weeks in the number one position. This version was also sung by Lizzie Marvelly at the memorial service of New Zealand rugby legend Jonah Lomu. \n In English the first line is \"O Lord, my God\"; and the hymn may appear with that heading, especially in British hymnals, where first-line citation is the dominant practice. English-language hymnals prevailingly indicate the tune title as the Swedish first line, O STORE GUD. \n The hymn was translated into Spanish by Pastor Arturo Hotton, from Argentina, in 1958. He was an Evangelical leader of the Plymouth Brethren denomination. By the 1960s it began to be sung by many Evangelical churches in the Spanish speaking world. Later on, in the 1970s its fame rocketed until becoming the most famous hymn in every Christian hymnal and was being sung by numerous congregations, choirs and soloists. Decades later, its attractiveness has not diminished. Although it can be considered a \"modern\" hymn given that it was widely popularized as recently as the sixties it soon surpassed the older ones. No doubt about it, today it is the number one hymn in most languages; and might be called the Anthem of the Protestant/Evangelical Christian church. \n The first three Covenant hymnals in English used Johnson's translation, with The Covenant Hymnal (1973) including all nine verses of Boberg's original poem. There was a desire to replace Johnson's version with the more popular version of British missionary Stuart K. Hine's \"How Great Thou Art\". Wiberg explains:\n Evangelist Billy Graham said:\"The reason I like' How Great Thou Art' is because it glorifies God. It turns Christian's eyes toward God, rather than upon themselves. I use it as often as possible because it is such a God-honoring song.\" \n Hine first heard the Russian translation of the German version of the song while on an evangelistic mission to the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine, near the Polish border, in 1931. Upon hearing it, Hine was inspired to create his English paraphrase known as \"How Great Thou Art\". According to Michael Ireland, \"Hine and his wife, Edith, learned the Russian translation, and started using it in their evangelistic services. Hine also started re-writing some of the verses–- and writing new verses (all in Russian)–- as events inspired him.\" \n | \"How Great Thou Art\" Play media Yolanda Adams performs \"How Great Thou Art\" at the White House Celebration of Music from the Civil Rights Movement in 2010. \"How Great Thou Art\" audio only file \n---|--- \nProblems playing these files? See media help. \n In 1890 Boberg became the editor of Sanningsvittnet (The Witness for the Truth). The words and music were published for the first time in the 16 April 1891 edition of Sanningsvittnet. Instrumentation for both piano and guitar was provided by Adolph Edgren (born 1858; died 1921 in Washington, D.C.), a music teacher and organist, who later migrated to the United States. \n Orr was so impressed with the song that he introduced it at the Forest Home Christian Conference Center in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California founded in 1938 by Henrietta Mears (born 23 October 1890; died 19 March 1963) in the summer of 1954. Mears' publishing company, Gospel Light Press, published Hine's version of the song in 1954. However, according to Manna Music's website, \n This hymn has been translated into many languages, including Cherokee (hear it sung by Tsasuyeda on YouTube); Chinese (\"祢 真 偉大\"), Japanese, Korean (주 하나님 지으신 모든 세계), Indonesian (\"Ajaib Tuhan\" which means \"Miraculous God\"), Czech (Ó velký Bože, tvá když vidím díla), Polish (\"Gdy na ten świat\"), Romanian (\"O, Doamne Mare!\" and \"Spre Cel din slăvi\", Spanish ( \"Cuan Grande es Él\"), Slovak (\"Nebeský Bože, Tvorca všehomíra\"), Vietnamese (\"Lớn Bấy Duy Ngài\"), Breton (\"Tridal a ra va c'halon\", \"My heart quivers\") and even two Esperanto versions:\"Ho granda Dio, kiam mi rigardas\", which was translated by William John Downes in 1966; and \"Sinjoro Dio, kiam mi miregas\", translated by Leonard Ivor Gentle in 1985. It has also been translated in Hopi by Martonio Isaac Sullivan, (\"Hin Wuupa Um Penaqe) \n Eminent British hymnologist Erik Routley (born 31 October 1917; died 1982) so disliked both the hymn and its melody, he wrote a new text, \"O Mighty God\" and re-harmonised the Swedish tune in 1982. This was one of his last works before his death. His translation was included as hymn 466 in Rejoice in the Lord:A Hymn Companion to the Scriptures (1985)."
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"Crawford Ker Crawford Francis Ker (born May 5, 1962) is a former American football guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos. He played college football at the University of Florida. Ker was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was the only son of George and Anne Ker. His father George immigrated to the United States from Scotland, and had previously served in the British Army as a Buckingham Palace guard. When Ker was young, his family moved to Florida, and his father worked several jobs to support the family in Dunedin, Florida; running a lawn service during the day and working at a convenience store at night. After school, and during weekends and summers, Ker followed his father's steps with his work ethic. In the mid-1970s, George managed the kitchen at a sports restaurant in Clearwater, Florida, where Ker worked as a busboy while he was in high school. During school semester breaks and vacations, he also waited tables and cooked in the kitchen. Ker attended Dunedin High School in Dunedin. During his junior year in high school, he decided to become a professional football player. He had not played high school football before his junior year, but he started working out; after beginning high school at 145 pounds, he bulked up to 210. As a senior, he was named All-Conference and the Dunedin Falcons football team won a Pinellas County championship, but no Division I football programs recruited him to play college football. He graduated in 1980, but he wanted to play at a big school to improve his chances of being drafted in the NFL, so he worked out during the first year after graduation, adding another fifty pounds to his six-foot, four-inch frame. On the advice of a friend, Ker called the football coach at Arizona Western College who invited him to walked-on to the football team. As a sophomore, he was recognized as a junior college (\"JUCO\") All-American in 1982. The Florida Gators football coaches were convinced of Ker's talent and offered him a football scholarship to attend the University of Florida for his last 2 years of eligibility in 1983 and 1984. Ker's nickname among his Gators teammates was \"Big Daddy,\" and he could bench-press up to 515 pounds making him one of the strongest players in college football. He played two years for coach Charley Pell and coach Galen Hall's Florida Gators football teams. As a senior, he was was a starter at right tackle on the Gator's 1984 squad that, at the time, was considered the finest Gators football team ever. The Gators' outstanding offensive line was called \"The Great Wall of Florida,\" and included Ker, Phil Bromley, Lomas Brown, Billy Hinson and Jeff Zimmerman. Behind the blocking of Ker and his Great Wall teammates, the Gators' quarterback Kerwin Bell, fullback John L. Williams and halfback Neal Anderson led the Gators to a 9–1–1 overall win-loss record and won their first Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a conference record of 5–0–1. He was recognized as a second-team All-SEC selection and an honorable mention All-American following the 1984 season. Ker was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (76th overall) of the 1985 NFL Draft, as part of a change in the offensive line philosophy, when the team started to value size and strength over speed and athletic ability. He was moved to guard, but only played five games as a 23-year-old rookie, after being placed on the injured reserve list with a back injury on October 23. In , he was named the starter at right guard after Kurt Petersen suffered a season ending left knee injury early in training camp. In , he was switched to left guard to replace Nate Newton, who was moved to right tackle. Ker became the Cowboys' highest-paid offensive lineman, and started in eighty-six of the Cowboys' ninety-one regular season games from to . On March 27, , he was signed in plan B free agency by the Denver Broncos. He was placed on the injured reserve list during the pre-season and later started 10 games after being activated. He was waived on July 9, . On August 20, , he signed with the Detroit Lions. He was released on August 27 and retired. Ker was an investor in The Winghouse Bar & Grill, which is a casual dining/ sports grill restaurant chain created and founded by visionary Canadian-born restaurant entrepreneur Edward Burnett. Ker's WingHouse Bar & Grill, a Florida-based chain of restaurants and sports bars in which he sold in 2014 for an undisclosed amount. He is currently President of Ker Holdings, LLC and owner of The Beachview Hotel located in Clearwater, Florida. He lives in Clearwater with two daughters and a son. His father was as a guard at Buckingham Palace. Crawford Ker Crawford Francis Ker (born May 5, 1962) is a former American football guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos. He played college football at the University of Florida. Ker was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was the only son of George and Anne Ker. His father George immigrated to the United States from Scotland, and had previously served in the British Army as a Buckingham Palace guard. When Ker was young, his family moved to Florida, and his father worked several jobs to support the family in"
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"The Liquidator (novel) The Liquidator (1964) was the first novel written by John Gardner and the first novel in his Boysie Oakes series. After publishing his autobiographical account of alcoholism \"Spin the Bottle\", Gardner decided to write a novel about governments killing people. Sending the first four chapters to his literary agent, Gardner's agent summoned him to London and told him the pretentious book was truly rubbish and suggested as he made a hash of drama perhaps he could try his hand at comedy. Inspired by the James Bond series of Ian Fleming novels and films, Gardner wrote his book with the character of Brian \"Boysie\" Oakes as an anti-Bond. The success of the novel led to several more in the series, and interest from MGM in a Boysie Oakes film series, with only \"The Liquidator\" made in 1965 with Rod Taylor as Boysie. One of Gardner's Boysie Oakes short stories \"A Handful of Rice\" mentions an actor named \"Roy Buster\" that expressed Gardner's impressions of Taylor. \"New York Times Book Review\" reviewer Anthony Boucher remarked \"Gardner succeeds in having it both ways; he has written a clever parody which is also a genuinely satisfactory thriller\". In Paris in 1944 Tank Corps Sergeant Boysie Oakes kills two Germans attempting to assassinate an Intelligence Corps officer named Mostyn. Twenty years later Mostyn's memories have transformed Oakes (who is in reality cowardly and hedonistic) into a fearless master assassin though nothing could be further from the truth. Mostyn recruits Oakes into the Secret Service where after a training course he is given an enviable lifestyle. Oakes' function is to \"liquidate\" security risks for the State. Oakes hires a mild mannered professional assassin to do his dirty work for him. Going for a \"dirty weekend\" leads to Boysie being captured by enemy agents who involve him in an assassination plot. The Liquidator (novel) The Liquidator (1964) was the first novel written by John Gardner and the first novel in his Boysie Oakes series. After publishing his autobiographical account of alcoholism \"Spin the Bottle\", Gardner decided to write a novel about governments killing people. Sending the first four chapters to his literary agent, Gardner's agent summoned him to London and told him the pretentious book was truly rubbish and suggested as he made a hash of drama perhaps he could try his hand at comedy. Inspired by the James Bond series of Ian Fleming"
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"Altona Main Cemetery Altona Main Cemetery ( or \"Friedhof Altona\") is located at Stadiongasse 5, Bahrenfeld, Altona, in north-western Hamburg, Germany and, with an area of 63 hectares, is the fourth largest burial ground in the city and surrounding area. It has been a protected site since the revision of the Hamburg Monument Protection Law (\"Hamburger Denkmalschutzgesetz\") in 2013. The main cemetery of Altona was planned from 1913 by Ferdinand Tutenberg, Director of Gardens of the then District of Altona. The new facility, designed as a central cemetery for the whole of Altona, was to replace the existing small church burial grounds and with its generous area of green to provide an appropriately contemporary element of town planning. Construction began in spring 1920; the first burial took place on 2 October 1923, even before the official opening on 1 November 1923. The address was given by the Mayor of Altona, Bernhard Schnackenburg, three months before his untimely death from typhus. Tutenberg's plan was based on the concept of an \"architectonic landscape\" which would make possible a dignified burial even for the less well-off inhabitants of the town. To explain his intentions Tutenberg wrote in 1928: \"A visitor to the dead will not have the view of rows of graves stretching away into the distance but through the smaller space of the little garden... will have the opportunity for inner composure\". Thus a geometric and axial network of paths was laid out, the central axis of which was formed by the broad central avenue, now terminating in a monument honouring the fallen of World War II. To the west of this axis are alternating areas of park and woodland, and to the east the area for urn burials, laid out in concentric circles. Most burials are marked by grave steles, whereby the desired homogeneity of appearance is attained. In the wooded section however there are also some elaborate burial walls or crosses. The site has a chapel and two nurseries for the cemetery gardener. The chapel was extended by Gustav Oelsner in 1926-27 by the addition of the rectangular arcade. A crematorium was originally planned, but was never built. Up to 2012 more than 100,000 burials had taken place in the cemetery. There are 1,856 war graves from World War II, mostly civilian casualties from the bombing of Altona, but also some graves of soldiers. The present arrangement dates from the end of the 1960s, when the dead whose graves had been scattered throughout the cemetery during the war were re-buried in one spot around a high cross; the soldiers' graves are directly next to it. The graves of the bombing victims are arranged in the shape of a cross. The gravestones are in the form of either standing crosses or flat stones. The soldiers' gravestones bear only an Iron Cross and the name of deceased, without any other decoration or even the dates of birth and death. A part of the cemetery is set aside for the graves of Roma and Sinti. Since 2008 there has been in the north-east of the cemetery a special burial ground for supporters of the Hamburger SV (HSV): the Volksparkstadion lies directly over the road. For its construction inspiration was taken from the shape of a football stadium, with allusions to elements such as the stands, the goal and the field. Parts of the area have been laid with turf from the stadium ground itself. The cemetery has been run since its creation by the District of Altona. Integration into the central Hamburg cemetery administration is under discussion in the context of an administrative reform, but is regarded critically by the District of Altona. Altona Main Cemetery Altona Main Cemetery ( or \"Friedhof Altona\") is located at Stadiongasse 5, Bahrenfeld, Altona, in north-western Hamburg, Germany and, with an area of 63 hectares, is the fourth largest burial ground in the city and surrounding area. It has been a protected site since the revision of the Hamburg Monument Protection Law (\"Hamburger Denkmalschutzgesetz\") in 2013. The main cemetery of Altona was planned from 1913 by Ferdinand Tutenberg, Director of Gardens of the then District of Altona. The new facility, designed as a central cemetery for the"
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"Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen (b. Oslo, 11 January 1964) is a contemporary Norwegian composer. Aagaard-Nilsen grew up in Kabelvåg on Lofoten in northern Norway. From 1986 to 1990 he studied at the Bergen Conservatory of Music (now known as the Grieg Academy) and at the University of Bergen. From 1990 to 1994 he worked at the Bergen Conservatory as a teacher of contemporary classical music. Furthermore, he was leader of the \"Autunnale-festivalen - (Music Factory and Autunnale)\", also in Bergen. In 1992 and 1993 he arranged and composed for the \"Forsvarets Stabsmusikkorps Vestlandet - Norwegian Army Band, Bergen (NABB)\", writing, among other works, \"Arctic Landscape\". In this period Aagaard-Nilsen wrote many works for wind band and brass band. Aagaard-Nilsen works as conductor of various school and amateur orchestras, and also as a teacher at the \"Manger Folkehøgskule\". He founded the forum \"Av garde\" together with Ketil Hvoslef, Jostein Stalheim and Knut Vaage. As a composer he has written for orchestra, chamber ensemble, choir, wind band and brass band. Works that exemplify Aagard-Nilsen fosuc on narrative and visual aspects in a nearly impulsive form include \"Fabula I \"and \"Fabula II\" (1996), \"Sinfonietta\" (1998) and \"The Season of Blue Lights\" (2008) commissioned by BIT20 Ensemble. A stronger focus on expressive elements in Aagard-Nilsen’s output is evident in works such as \"Pierrot´s Lament\" (Concerto for Euphonium and Orchestra), premiered in 2001 with the Lahti Symphony Orchestra. The trumpet concerto \"Blue Phrases\" (2007), the sinfonietta \"The Season of Blue Light\" and quartet \"Blue Fragments\" (2008) are additional examples of Aagard-Nilsen’s expressive focus; while the orchestral work \"Boreas Sings\" (2012) represents a new direction in which a spectrum of colours and dancing rhythms become evident. 2014 saw his orchestral work \"Boreas Blæs\" (2014) premiered by the Norwegian Arctic Philharmonic Orchestra at the opening ceremony of Stormen, Bodø’s concert hall. March 2016 saw Aagard-Nilsen being bestowed with the Norwegian Music Publishing Association’s Annual Award for his work \"Dirty Dancing\", commissioned and premiered by the Christiania Blåseensemble in 2015. Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen Torstein Aagaard-Nilsen (b. Oslo, 11 January 1964) is a contemporary Norwegian composer. Aagaard-Nilsen grew up in Kabelvåg on Lofoten in northern Norway. From 1986 to 1990 he studied at the Bergen Conservatory of Music (now known as the Grieg Academy) and at the University of Bergen. From 1990 to 1994 he worked at the Bergen Conservatory as a teacher of contemporary classical music. Furthermore, he was"
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"Collegium 419 Collegium 419 is a vocal ensemble specializing in music of the 16th to 18th century, aiming at historical performance praxis of high Renaissance as well as early and high Baroque vocal music with or without instrumental accompaniment. There are still relatively few ensembles with similar specialization in the Czech Republic. Collegium 419 therefore aims for studying and staging ensemble and choral works, which are well-known and often shown in Europe but which still remain undiscovered or rare in Bohemia. The ensemble puts high demands on the vocal culture of its own members; most singers study privately solo singing and have wide experience with ensemble or solo singing. Shared interest in old music and refined aesthetical taste are the main motivations for their collaboration in Collegium 419. When interpreting works with orchestral accompaniment, Collegium 419 works with outstanding instrumental ensembles that follow historical performance praxis of early music, e.g. Hipocondria Ensemble, La Gambetta, Ritornello and others. The ensemble was founded by Marika Pečená in 1999 with the main aim of discovering German Baroque Protestant music (Schein, Schutz, Buxtehude, Bach…). In 2004, Čeněk Svoboda started working with the ensemble and broadened the range of the repertoire with music of European high Renaissance (Victoria, Palestrina, Tallis, Lassus, Gallus…) and Italian Baroque music (Monteverdi, Lotti, Caldara, Astorga…). In autumn 2007 he took the role of artistic leader of the whole ensemble. Collegium 419 pays special attention to preparation of coherent dramaturgy, takes into consideration liturgical and thematic affinity of its programmes and tries to perform according to period praxis. The most successful projects of Collegium 419 in the past few years were, in particular: 2003: Dietrich Buxtehude - Membra Jesu nostri 2004: Heinrich Schütz - Musikalische Exequien 2005: Tomás Luis de Victoria - Officium defunctorum 2006: Johann Sebastian Bach - Motets 2007: Dolorosi martir (Musical Inspiration in Rudolphine Prague) 2007: Richte uns, Gott! (Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy - Psalms and Te Deum) Collegium 419 Collegium 419 is a vocal ensemble specializing in music of the 16th to 18th century, aiming at historical performance praxis of high Renaissance as well as early and high Baroque vocal music with or without instrumental accompaniment. There are still relatively few ensembles with similar specialization in the Czech Republic. Collegium 419 therefore aims for studying and staging ensemble and choral works, which are well-known and often shown in Europe but which still remain undiscovered or rare in Bohemia. The"
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"Juno Awards of 2016 The Juno Awards of 2016, honouring Canadian music achievements, were presented in Calgary the weekend of 2–3 April 2016. The ceremonies were held at the Scotiabank Saddledome, and televised on CTV. It was the first televised awards show to be broadcast in 4K ultra high-definition. The primary ceremony hosts were musician Jann Arden and athlete and television personality Jon Montgomery. It included performances by Bryan Adams, Dean Brody, Alessia Cara, Dear Rouge, Coleman Hell, Scott Helman, Shawn Hook, Lights, Shawn Mendes, The Weeknd and Whitehorse. The television broadcast on CTV attracted ratings of 1.4 million viewers. The Juno Cup charity hockey game was played at Max Bell Centre on 1 April. Burton Cummings is the 2016 inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame. His band, The Guess Who, was inducted in 1987. Rosalie Trombley, former music director for CKLW radio, will be presented with the year's Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award. Arcade Fire is the recipient of the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for their contributions to various non-profit organizations. Nominees were announced on 2 February 2016. The lack of female nominees in categories such as Artist of the Year and Album of the Year resulted in social media discussions tagged \"#JunosSoMale\". Musicians Amy Millan and Grimes were also critical of the gender balance of this year's nominations. Juno Awards of 2016 The Juno Awards of 2016, honouring Canadian music achievements, were presented in Calgary the weekend of 2–3 April 2016. The ceremonies were held at the Scotiabank Saddledome, and televised on CTV. It was the first televised awards show to be broadcast in 4K ultra high-definition. The primary ceremony hosts were musician Jann Arden and athlete and television personality Jon Montgomery. It included performances by Bryan Adams, Dean Brody, Alessia Cara, Dear Rouge, Coleman Hell,"
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"Behind the Eyes (Amy Grant album) Behind the Eyes is the tenth studio album, and fifteenth album by Christian music and pop music singer Amy Grant, released in 1997. Issued near the end of Grant's marriage to Christian singer-songwriter Gary Chapman, many of the songs on \"Behind the Eyes\" reflect Grant's struggles in her marriage and all relate to a theme of optimism. Upon its release, it went to No. 2 on \"Billboard\"'s Christian albums chart and No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Meanwhile, the first single from the album, \"Takes a Little Time\", was a Top Five Adult Contemporary hit and a Top Thirty pop chart single. \"Like I Love You\" and \"I Will Be Your Friend\" also reached the Adult Contemporary chart, at No. 10 and No. 27, respectively. The CD was also released in a limited two-CD version (with the second CD titled, \"More Music From Behind the Eyes\"). In 2007, \"Behind the Eyes\" was reissued and digitally remastered by Grant's new record label, EMI/Sparrow Records, along with 13 other Amy Grant albums. The remastered edition is labeled with a \"Digitally Remastered\" logo in the 'gutter' on the CD front. Because of Grant's deal with her previous label, Word Records, the remastered editions of \"Behind the Eyes\" and \"A Christmas to Remember\" were not sold in Christian Music retailers such as Family Christian Stores or Lifeway Christian Resources until 2009. Until that time, Word Records continued to distribute those titles to Christian retailers in the original, non-remastered editions while EMI distributed the remastered editions to most major retailers. The 12 remaining remastered editions are distributed by EMI to all US retailers, both Christian and secular. The album was listed at No. 44 in the 2001 book, \"CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music\" and was Grant's most successfully charting non-holiday album, reaching No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" 200, compared with \"Heart in Motion\", which reached No. 10, and \"How Mercy Looks from Here\", which reached No. 12. Album - \"Billboard\" (North America) Singles - \"Billboard\" (North America) Singles - CCM Magazine (North America) GMA Dove Awards Behind the Eyes (Amy Grant album) Behind the Eyes is the tenth studio album, and fifteenth album by Christian music and pop music singer Amy Grant, released in 1997. Issued near the end of Grant's marriage to Christian singer-songwriter Gary Chapman, many of the songs on \"Behind the Eyes\""
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"Charles Cabaniss Charles Cabaniss (October 14, 1859 – January 19, 1882) was a midshipman in the United States Navy and early player of American football. Born and raised in Central Virginia, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of 16. At the academy, Cabaniss retained average-level grades and was a member of the school's first-ever football team. He graduated in 1880 and was appointed to the USS \"Swatara\". Cabaniss was killed in an accident on the \"Swatara\" in 1882 which received coverage throughout much of the Eastern United States. Cabaniss was born on October 14, 1859 in Petersburg, Virginia. He grew up in Central Virginia until he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of sixteen years and eight months. He began classes at the academy on June 21, 1876 and was the only member of his class from Virginia. Cabaniss was an average student while at the Naval Academy; he finished 40th in his class of 69 in his second year, earning near-top marks in drawing and mathematics but very low marks in history and French language. He also spent the mandatory two months and eighteen days at sea. Cabaniss had the fewest demerits of any member of his sophomore class and earned a spot on the academy's summer cruise on the USS \"Constellation\". Cabaniss's academic rankings remained generally the same in his following year at the academy. His scores in drawing, mathematics, and physics were above average, while his merits in French language and history were among the worst. He finished 33rd in the class of 66. He maintained his spot as the most disciplined in his class, earning fewer than half the demerits than the second-best. Cabaniss finished his final year at the Naval Academy ranking 25th out of 61 graduates. The course requirements changed that year; Cabaniss received poor marks in seamanship, tactics, naval tactics, astronomy, and French language, but very high marks in mathematics, electricity, and English composition courses. He maintained his good conduct, earning the second-fewest demerits of any cadet. This earned him an appointment as a Cadet Ensign, a temporary position as an academy officer. That year, the academy fielded its first competitive football team. Although football had seen some popularity at the school, there had not been an organized effort to establish it. Two different teams were assembled in 1879; only first-classmen (final-year students) were allowed to join the teams. Cabaniss joined the second team as a rusher, the equivalent of a modern-day offensive lineman. He played alongside future admiral Hugh Rodman and eventual Governor of Guam William John Maxwell. The academy's team played one game, a scoreless tie with the nearby Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy's rushers forced the Baltimore A.C. backwards into their own end zone for safeties on three separate occasions, and generally outplayed and overpowered their opponents the entire game. On June 10, 1880, Cabaniss graduated from the academy and was sent home to await his orders. He was assigned on August 17 of that year to the USS \"Swatara\" as a part of the Asiatic Squadron. For sixteen months, the ship was docked in Kobe, Japan, during which time Cabaniss earned himself a positive reputation with other sailors. Crew mates described him as always being happy, with an intimidating, six-foot-tall physique but a personality that did not match. His disciplined nature remained; he reportedly was one of the best-behaved sailors, who spent all of his time either carrying out his duties or practicing to be a better officer. Cabaniss was never admonished for shore misconduct, a considerable issue for most other new officers and sailors. He was reportedly a favorite of the superior officers stationed in Kobe, and was appointed to a spot on the admiral's staff as a reward for his conduct. Cabaniss was preparing for an examination for promotion early in February 1882. Cabaniss was killed in an accident on board the \"Swatara\" on January 19, 1882. An official report of the incident was released on March 25 of that year. According to the report, before-noon exercises on board the ship had just been completed when an order was made to prepare rifles for target practice. At around ten in the morning, Cabaniss was assisting in the instruction of the ship's second group of sailors when he broke off and entered the ship's engine room to instruct a sailor on his duties. An experienced sailor, Ensign James P. Parker, was explaining to new sailors how to properly load their guns. He showed them how to load and discharge the weapons using a practice round. He then reloaded his gun with live rounds, but apparently forgot this and fired one of them. The bullet ricocheted off the ship's deck, struck one of the guns, ricocheted off the deck again, and struck Cabaniss, killing him instantly. The ball first entered through his left arm, impacting it so strongly that it broke every bone in his elbow. It then entered his side, tearing his latissimus dorsi muscle; went into his chest, severing every major artery; ricocheted up to near his shoulder, exited his right side, and struck the man he was instructing in the shoulder. Cabaniss was reported to have never made a sound as he fell. The other sailor recovered. Cabaniss' body was ordered to be embalmed but was not; the damage to his body was so severe that the embalming fluid would leak out. His body was buried in Kobe on February 24 with military honors. The entire crew of the \"Swatara\" attended, as well as the entire crew of HMS \"Flying Fish\" and many noted Japanese citizens. Ensign Parker reportedly suffered from depression following the accident. Cabaniss' death received significant media coverage in the Eastern United States. \"The New York Times\" published an article on its second page, and among other papers that carried the story were the \"Wilmington Morning Star\" and the \"Petersburg Index-Appeal\". Charles Cabaniss Charles Cabaniss (October 14, 1859 – January 19, 1882) was"
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"Jonathan Oppenheim Jonathan Oppenheim is a professor of physics at University College London. He is an expert in quantum information theory and quantum gravity. His Ph.D. under Bill Unruh at the University of British Columbia was on Quantum time. In 2004 he was a postdoctoral researcher under Jacob Bekenstein and a Royal Society University Fellow in Cambridge before moving to University College London. Together with Michał Horodecki and Andreas Winter, he discovered quantum state-merging and used this primitive to show that quantum information could be negative . More recently he and collaborators have developed a resource theory for thermodynamics on the nano and quantum scale. Together with Lluis Masanes, he proved the Third law of thermodynamics, first conjectured by Walther Nernst in 1912. As a student Oppenheim was involved in the Edible Ballot Society which satirically advanced eating ballots to highlight the democracy gap in electoral politics. He was arrested at the 1997 APEC protests on University of British Columbia campus. He withdrew from the Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP following the refusal of the Prime Minister to testify. His group was responsible for smuggling a siege catapult into the medieval city of Quebec during the Summit of Americas, 2001. It was used to lob teddy bears. The Uncertainty Principle Determines the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics, Science 330:1072-1074 (2010) Partial Quantum Information, Nature 436:673-676 (2005) Implementing a Quantum Computation by Free Falling, Science 311:1106-1107 (2006) A general derivation and quantification of the third law of thermodynamics, Nature Communications 8, 14538 (2017) The second laws of quantum thermodynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), pp. 3275-3279 Horodecki, Michał, and Jonathan Oppenheim. \"Fundamental limitations for quantum and nanoscale thermodynamics.\" Nature Communications 4 (2013). Jonathan Oppenheim Jonathan Oppenheim is a professor of physics at University College London. He is"
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"Zhang Dingfan Zhang Dingfan, (Chinese: 张定璠; 1891 – 25 January 1945) alternate name Zhang Boxuan 张伯璇, was a Nationalist Chinese General who cut his teeth during the 1911 Revolution in Wuchang and successively rose to the rank of General throughout the various civil wars of the 1920s to the Japanese invasion of World War II. Zhang Dingfan was born in Nanchang city in Jiangxi Province (江西南昌) to a merchant family. At 17 in 1908, he enrolled in the Jiangxi Army Survey Academy. In 1911, Zhang left the Academy to join the Wuchang Uprising, catalyst for the Xinghai 1911 Revolution. He joined a \"Fearless troop\" or \"Dare to Die troop\" (敢死队). Following the success of the Revolution, he returned to study at the Wuchang Military Institute and graduated from the affiliated Baoding Officer Academy, to be commissioned as a company commander in the Jiangxi 4th Army. In 1918 he partook in a long campaign which successfully dislodged the highly renowned and ambitious warload General Sun Quanfang 孙传芳 and was appointed to the general staff of the 4th army. In 1919 he was appointed to the General Staff of the 1st Route Army in Guangdong Province. In 1922 he again saw action as part of the Northern Expedition and became Chief of the General Staff and Commander of the 7th Regiment. This army marched into Jiangxi and Fujian, defeating Li Houji 李厚基. Zhang next assumed command of the Guangxi 1st Division. In 1925, Zhang Dingfan headed the Whampoa Military Academy Administrative office. He then became the chief of the general staff for the Northern Expedition in 1926. He was appointed mayor of Nanchang as well as chief of the Provincial Police forces. In 1927 he was appointed to head the 13th Army in the 3rd Military District as well as Mayor of Shanghai. Zhang resigned in 1929 for reasons of health. He returned in 1937 as the Japanese Invasion accelerated and became the First Deputy Head of the Nationalist Military Affairs Commission. Zhang was promoted to Major General in 1939. He was en route to the U.S. for treatment of bladder cancer and died in Casablanca January 25, 1945. He was posthumously awarded the rank of full General. Zhang Dingfan belonged to the circle of General Bai Zongxi 白崇禧. While the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Empire, it did not unify China which was ruled by regional warlords. The central national government was in the south, home of Sun Yat-Sen. It did not have the military strength to defeat all of the warlords, especially those in the North. The regional forces were constantly shifting allegiances or fighting each other. Bai was from Central China which included Jiangxi, Zhang's home province. Bai eventually joined with Chiang Kai-shek who became head of the Nationalist Government. It was an uneasy alliance of convenience. Nevertheless, Bai's armies were critical in the success of Chiang's two Northern Expeditions forming the left and center of the advances. Zhang was a field general they both depended upon and was rewarded to be the Mayor of Shanghai while remaining in command of the 13th Army in the heart of China. After the success of his Northern Expeditions which gave him control of the governments of the northern provinces, Chiang Kai-shek proceeded to \"Cleanse the Nationalist Party\" 清党. Communist members infiltrated the Nationalist party over the years. They also maintained a military power base as well as local headquarters in all major cities. Chiang understood a ruthless campaign to root them out. Bai had friends amongst them. Zhang helped one of them escape from Shanghai and resigned shortly afterwards in 1929. There were many instances of commanders who helped their friends when the politics changed. Even the most powerful among them overlooked this during the internecine warfare. The attitude was different concerning the war with Japan. When that war began in ernest, Chiang Kai-shek recalled Zhang to the Military Affairs Commission and promoted him as well. Zhang Dingfan Zhang Dingfan, (Chinese: 张定璠; 1891 – 25 January 1945) alternate name Zhang Boxuan 张伯璇, was a Nationalist Chinese General who cut his teeth during the 1911 Revolution in Wuchang and successively rose to the rank of General throughout the various civil wars of"
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"2010 America East Conference Baseball Tournament The 2010 America East Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 26-28 at Varsity Field in Vestal, New York. The top four regular season finishers of the league's six teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament. In the championship game, third-seeded Stony Brook defeated fourth-seeded Albany, 4-2, to win its third tournament championship. As a result, Stony Brook received the America East's automatic bid to the 2010 NCAA Tournament. The top four finishers from the regular season were seeded one through four based on conference winning percentage only. They then played in a double-elimination format. In the first round, the one and four seeds were matched up in one game, while the two and three seeds were matched up in the other. The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team. Stony Brook catcher Pat Cantwell was named Most Outstanding Player. 2010 America East Conference Baseball Tournament The 2010 America East Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 26-28 at Varsity Field in Vestal, New York. The top four regular season finishers of the league's six teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament. In the championship game, third-seeded Stony Brook defeated fourth-seeded Albany, 4-2, to win"
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"CANDLE syndrome Chronic Atypical Neutrophilic Dermatosis with Lipodystrophy and Elevated Temperature (CANDLE) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that presents itself via various autoinflammatory responses throughout the body, multiple types of skin lesions, and recurrent long-term fever symptoms. The current known cause for the disorder is a mutation in the PSMB8 gene or mutations in other closely related genes. The syndrome was first named and classified in March 2010 after four patients were reviewed with similar symptoms. There have been approximately 30 cases ever reported in the scientific literature, as of 2015. The symptoms of CANDLE syndrome can manifest themselves in a variety of different ways and combinations related to skin disorders, internal inflammatory responses, and fever-based conditions. The types of outwardly visible conditions involve facies not matching other known disorders, contracture of the joints, and skin lesions appearing across any part of the body. The multiple inflammatory developments include nonspecific lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Other possible conditions are hypertriglyceridemia and lipodystrophy. Other novel mutations resulting in the syndrome have also involved the manifestation of other conditions, such as Sweet's syndrome and pericarditis. Another case in 2015 showcased previously undescribed dental symptoms, such as microdontia and osteopenia of the jaw, along with a general case of diabetes mellitus. The most common known cause of the syndrome are mutations in the Proteasome Subunit, Beta Type, 8 (PSMB8) gene that codes for proteasomes that in turn break down other proteins. This occurs specifically when a mutation causes the homozygous recessive form to emerge. The mutated gene results in proteins not being degraded and oxidative proteins building up in cellular tissues, eventually leading to apoptosis, especially in muscle and fat cells. A study conducted by Brehm et al. in November 2015 discovered additional mutations that can cause CANDLE syndrome, including PSMA3 (encodes α7), PSMB4 (encodes β7), PSMB9 (encodes β1i), and the proteasome maturation protein (POMP), with 8 mutations in total between them. An additional unknown mutation type in the original PSMB8 gene was also noted. Unlike other autoinflammatory disorders, patients with CANDLE do not respond to IL-1 inhibition treatment in order to stop the autoinflammatory response altogether. This suggests that the condition also involves IFN dysregulation. The category that CANDLE syndrome is a part of, along with related disorders, falls under the banner of proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS). The first one to be described was by Nakajo at Tohoku University in 1939, where he collected symptoms including skin lesions, clubbing of the fingers, and various thickening of heart walls. He termed the collective symptoms Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NKJO). Further symptoms were added onto the overall condition from work by Nishimura, with the overall symptoms being similar to CANDLE syndrome. A related syndrome was described by Garg et al. in 2010 and titled Joint contractures, Muscular Atrophy, Microcytic anemia, and Panniculitis-induced Lipodystrophy (JMP) syndrome. The primary differences between the syndromes is the lack of fever in JMP syndrome and the lack of seizures in NKJO syndrome, both of which are present in CANDLE syndrome. Though it has been proposed by Wang et al. that the different syndromes are actually just clinical phenotypic variations of the same syndrome based around different mutations of the PSMB8 gene. CANDLE syndrome Chronic Atypical Neutrophilic Dermatosis with Lipodystrophy and Elevated Temperature (CANDLE) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that presents itself via various autoinflammatory responses throughout the body, multiple types of skin lesions, and recurrent long-term fever symptoms. The current known cause for the disorder is a mutation in the PSMB8 gene or mutations in other closely related genes. The syndrome was first named and classified in March"
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"Viktor Grebennikov Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov (; 23 April 1927 in Simferopol – 2001 in Novosibirsk) was a self-proclaimed Russian scientist, naturalist, entomologist and paranormal researcher best known for his claim to have invented a levitation platform which operated by attaching dead insect body parts to the underside. Grebennikov wrote detailed accounts of his experiences flying over the Russian countryside using his levitation device. These flying experiences as well as his reported observations of other paranormal phenomena, usually involving insect nests or parts, appear in his self-published book \"My World\" (\"Moi Mir\". Novosibirsk, Russia: Sovetskaya Sibir, 1997). Viktor Grebennikov was born in Simferopol. His mother was a noblewoman, his father was a mechanic. In Krasnoobsk, Grebennikov worked as a junior researcher at the Research Institute of Soil Management and Chemicalization of Agriculture. In 1976, he founded the Museum of Agroecology and Environmental Protection. Although once popular with readers who dreamed of human unpowered flight, Grebennikov's flight and other paranormal claims were promptly rejected by skeptics and scientists outside of the paranormal community as his reports were devoid of conclusive proof or public demonstration. He claimed that his camera shutter was jammed during the flights due to a time-warping force-field generated by the secret \"geometric\" power of chitin. He was granted a Russian patent in 1993 on a device containing beehive cells (dry honeycomb) that is claimed to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs in a patient. The paranormal author Brian Snellgrove cites some of Grebennikov's \"My World\" claims in his books. Viktor Grebennikov Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov (; 23 April 1927 in Simferopol – 2001 in Novosibirsk) was a self-proclaimed Russian scientist, naturalist, entomologist and paranormal researcher best known for his claim to have invented a levitation platform which operated by attaching dead insect body parts to the underside. Grebennikov wrote detailed"
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"Come Out of the Pantry Come Out of the Pantry is a 1935 British musical film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Jack Buchanan, Fay Wray, James Carew and Fred Emney. It is based on a 1934 novel of the same name by Alice Duer Miller, and features musical numbers by Al Hoffman, Al Goodhart and Maurice Sigler. A British aristocrat, Lord Robert Brent, travels to New York City to sell some paintings. He deposits the money from the sale in a bank, but when the bank collapses, he finds himself stranded in America with no money and lots of bills. By chance, Robert meets the old family butler, Eccles, who is now working in New York for the wealthy Beach-Howard family. Eccles helps Roberts to take up employment as a footman in the Beach-Howard household. Robert becomes romantically involved with the young niece, Hilda Beach-Howard. She beings to suspect his true identity. Robert's elder brother arrives in New York to find out what has happened to his sibling. The bank that holds Robert's money reopens, and Robert proposes marriage to Hilda whilst serving dinner. She accepts his proposal. \"Come Out of the Pantry\" was the first British film to star Fay Wray, three years after her appearance in \"King Kong\" (1933). She reportedly commented that she felt a certain resentment from the British cast and crew against the presence of an american star. Wray went on to make three more films in Britain, including \"When Knights Were Bold\" (1936), also with Jack Buchanan. \"Come Out of the Pantry\" is one of many comedy films that feature aristocratic protagonists who pose as servants, and comparisons have been drawn with the films \"In the Soup\" (1936), \"Ball at Savoy\" (1936) and \"Mr Cinders\" (1934), a retelling of the classic fairy tale \"Cinderella\". The theme of the \"aristocrat in disguise\" as a member of the lower classes, and the scenario of romance between members of different social classes became popular tropes in fiction of the interwar period, and \"Come Out of the Pantry\" has also been compared to Jack Buchanan's other films in this genre such as \"A Man of Mayfair\" and \"Goodnight, Vienna\" (both 1932). Writing for \"The Spectator\" in 1935, Graham Greene was critical of the film's portrayal of British social class, and criticised the film as a typical example of the \"snobby\" and classist English film whose subtle social humour \"would be quite meaningless to any but an English audience\". \"TV Guide\" called it an \"entertaining musical.\" The film includes the following songs: A version of \"Everything Stops for Tea\" was later recorded by blues singer John Baldry on his 1972 album \"Everything Stops for Tea\", produced by Elton John and Rod Stewart. Come Out of the Pantry Come Out of the Pantry is a 1935 British musical film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Jack Buchanan, Fay Wray, James Carew and Fred Emney. It is based on a 1934 novel of the same name by Alice Duer Miller,"
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"Carles Coto Carles Coto Pagès (born 11 February 1988) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Greek club Volos N.F.C. as a right winger. Born in Figueres, Girona, Catalonia, Coto arrived in FC Barcelona's youth system in 2001 at the age of 13, from local UE Figueres. He then moved to R.E. Mouscron in Belgium, being released after one season. Coto returned to his country in the summer of 2008, playing with Sevilla Atlético in Segunda División and Benidorm CF in Segunda División B, suffering relegation with the former. In early July 2010, even though he still had one year of contract with the Valencian Community team, he changed clubs and countries again, signing for Anorthosis Famagusta FC in Cyprus, managed by his former Barcelona youth coach Guillermo Ángel Hoyos. On 28 June 2011, Coto joined FC Dinamo Tbilisi in Georgia, sharing teams with several compatriots. In February 2014 he signed for Uzbek League side Bunyodkor PFK, but left in July, quickly agreeing to a one-year deal with San Marino Calcio in the Lega Pro. On 29 August 2017, 29-year-old Coto returned to Spain with CF Rayo Majadahonda after brief stints with Cypriot clubs Ethnikos Achna FC, Doxa Katokopias FC and Ermis Aradippou FC. Dinamo Tbilisi Bunyodkor Spain U19 Carles Coto Carles Coto Pagès (born 11 February 1988) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Greek club Volos N.F.C. as a right winger. Born in Figueres, Girona, Catalonia, Coto arrived in FC Barcelona's youth system in 2001 at the age of 13, from local UE Figueres. He then moved to R.E. Mouscron in Belgium, being released after one season. Coto returned to his country in the summer of 2008, playing with Sevilla Atlético in Segunda División and Benidorm CF in Segunda División B, suffering relegation with the former. In early"
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"Adalberto Machado Adalberto Machado (born 3 June 1964), simply known as Adalberto, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a left back. A Flamengo youth graduate, Rio de Janeiro-born Adalberto was promoted to the first team in 1983, but spent his first year sidelined due to a leg break. He made his first team debut in a 0–0 draw against Guarani in the year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. An immediate backup of Júnior, Adalberto scored his first goal in March 1984, netting the opener in a 3–0 home win against Brasil de Pelotas. When Júnior was sold to Torino, he became the first-choice and appeared regularly until the end of the year. Adalberto started the 1985 campaign as an undisputed starter, scoring a brace in a 6–1 routing of rivals Botafogo. He subsequently struggled severely with injuries, which prompted to end his career at the age of just 24. Adalberto represented Brazil at under-20 and under-23 levels. He won the 1983 South American U-20 Championship and 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship, while also appearing in the 1983 Pan American Games. He is the father of Spanish international forward Rodrigo. Adalberto opened a football school in Vigo alongside 1994 FIFA World Cup winner Mazinho. Adalberto Machado Adalberto Machado (born 3 June 1964), simply known as Adalberto, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a left back. A Flamengo youth graduate, Rio de Janeiro-born Adalberto was promoted to the first team in 1983, but spent his first year sidelined due to a leg break. He made his first team debut in a 0–0 draw against Guarani in the year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. An immediate backup of Júnior, Adalberto scored his first goal in March 1984, netting the opener in a 3–0 home win against Brasil de Pelotas. When Júnior"
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"2012 European Cup (rugby league) The 2012 European Cup, known as the Alitalia European Cup for sponsorship purposes, is a rugby league football tournament. Four teams competed in the 2012 event, with teams to be decided in November 2011 following the Four Nations. These were announced as Ireland, Scotland, Italy and the England Knights. In mid-2012, Italy had to withdraw from the competition due to travel commitments and were omitted from the league to leave 3 teams:- England Knights, Ireland and Scotland. As they won both of their games the England Knights won the Alitalia European Cup and thus became European Champions. This would be England Knights 1st European Championship. However England have won 14 times. 2012 European Cup (rugby league) The 2012 European Cup, known as the Alitalia European Cup for sponsorship purposes, is a rugby league football tournament. Four teams competed in the 2012 event, with teams to be decided in November 2011 following the Four Nations. These were announced as Ireland, Scotland, Italy and the England Knights. In mid-2012, Italy had to withdraw from the competition due to travel commitments and were omitted from the league to leave 3 teams:- England Knights, Ireland and Scotland. As they"
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"Smilax pseudochina Smilax pseudochina is a perennial herb in the greenbriar family. It is commonly called bamboo vine or false chinaroot. Its range extends up the Atlantic Coast of the United States, from Long Island in New York State south to Georgia. \"Smilax pseudochina\" is a climbing herbaceous vine which grows up to 2 meters (7 feet) tall, the thornless stems only live one year but will regrow the next. The stems have numerous tendrils which twist around objects and help the plant climb. The leaves are glabrous and triangular to oval (ovate) shaped and may almost be hastate at the base and range from 5–12 cm long to 2–5 cm wide. The leaf edges are often straight or almost concave, this helps distinguish it from other \"Smilax spp.\" which typically have convex edges on the leaves. The stem is sometimes unbranched but may have a few branches. The flowers are dioecious and greenish with 6 tepals. The flowers open in June and the berries mature in September. The berries are round, blue or black with a waxy coat and borne on long umbels axially from the upper leaves; these umbels contain from 10-35 flowers or fruits. False chinaroot grows in dry to moist habitats, ranging from bogs, marshes, wet woods to dry woods, and dry to damp sandy thickets False chinaroot is listed as extirpated in Pennsylvania, endangered in New York, and threatened in Maryland. Smilax pseudochina Smilax pseudochina is a perennial herb in the greenbriar family. It is commonly called bamboo vine or false chinaroot. Its range extends up the Atlantic Coast of the United States, from Long Island in New York State south to Georgia. \"Smilax pseudochina\" is a climbing herbaceous vine which grows up to 2 meters (7 feet) tall, the thornless stems only live one"
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"River Cities LocoMotives The River Cities LocoMotives were a professional indoor football team based in Huntington, West Virginia in 2001. The team competed in the inaugural season of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL). The \"Locos\" played their home games in the Huntington Civic Arena (now known as the Big Sandy Superstore Arena). Official team colors were: Crimson, silver, black and gray. The LocoMotives, coached by Melvin Cunningham, finished the 2001 season with a record of 1-13, and declining fan support caused the team to cease operations after their first season. Professional indoor football would return to Huntington five years later when the Huntington Heroes began play in 2006. River Cities LocoMotives The River Cities LocoMotives were a professional indoor football team based in Huntington, West Virginia in 2001. The team competed in the inaugural season of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL). The \"Locos\" played their home games in the Huntington Civic Arena (now known as the Big Sandy Superstore Arena). Official team colors were: Crimson, silver, black and gray. The LocoMotives, coached by Melvin Cunningham, finished the 2001 season with a record of 1-13, and declining fan support caused the team to cease operations after their first season."
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"Jewish Theological Seminary library fire The Jewish Theological Seminary library fire was discovered on Monday, April 18, 1966, at 10:15 AM when smoke was seen pouring from one of the small upper windows of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America library tower at Broadway and 122nd Street in New York City. The tower, with only few small windows, was the perfect environment for a major conflagration. There were no floors separating one level from another, only steel library stacks surrounded by catwalks. The tower was like an oven and the fire spread quickly. Extinguishing it was extremely difficult, with only one entrance and stairwell from the bottom and limited window access. Fire Chief Alfred Eckert dispatched masked firefighters to the highest floor that could be safely reached. The firefighters spread canvas tarpaulins over as many shelves of books as they could, while hook and ladder trucks sprayed water through the highest openings in the tower, cascading down to the fire below. The fire was declared under control at about 7:00 PM, nine hours after it was discovered. Menahem Schmelzer, the librarian at the time, joined Gerson Cohen, the future chancellor of the JTS, and the fire chief, for the initial foray into the damp, charred stacks. The fire had been confined primarily to the upper stacks, which housed mostly second and third copies of books, although some important recent acquisitions had also been kept there. But the water had caused enormous damage and the growth of mold threatened to do more. After rejecting several methods for drying the water-soaked books, the suggestion was brought to Rabbi David Kogen, then-vice chancellor of the Seminary, to place paper towels between the pages of every book to absorb the moisture. Volunteers of all ages were recruited from around the neighborhood and Jewish day school students were brought in to help. The paper toweling was supplied by local retailers and manufacturers. Some 70,000 volumes were destroyed in the fire and many more were damaged. The library's rare books and manuscripts, which were stored elsewhere, were spared. The library's book collection was rebuilt with the help of donations from private and institutional libraries. The books were moved to a prefabricated building in the JTS courtyard that remained until a new library building was completed in 1984. The library now exceeds 380,000 volumes. With the assistance of the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation, 35,000 books that were saved from the fire and placed in high-density storage are being restored and catalogued. Jewish Theological Seminary library fire The Jewish Theological Seminary library fire was discovered on Monday, April 18, 1966, at 10:15 AM when smoke was seen pouring from one of the small upper windows of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America library tower at Broadway and 122nd Street in New York City. The tower, with only few small windows, was the perfect environment for a major conflagration. There were no floors separating one level from another, only steel library stacks surrounded by catwalks. The tower was like"
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"Protected areas of Nepal The protected areas of Nepal cover mainly forested land and are located at various altitudes in the Terai, in the foothills of the Himalayas and in the mountains, thus encompassing a multitude of landscapes and preserving a vast biodiversity in the Palearctic and Indomalayan ecozones. Nepal covers in the central part of the Himalayas. Altitudes range from in the south-eastern Terai to at Sagarmatha within a short horizontal span. This extreme altitudinal gradient has resulted in 11 bio-climatic zones ranging from lower tropical below to nival above in the High Himalayas, encompassing nine terrestrial ecoregions with 36 vegetation types. Botanists recorded 1,120 species of non-flowering plants and 5,160 species of flowering plants. Nepal ranks 10th in terms of richest flowering plant diversity in Asia. Zoologists recorded 181 mammal species, 844 bird species, 100 reptile species, 43 amphibian species, 185 freshwater fish species, and 635 butterfly species. In recognition of the magnitude of biodiversity the Government of Nepal has established a network of 20 protected areas since 1973, consisting of ten national parks, three wildlife reserves, six conservation areas and one hunting reserve. In 2017, the Shuklaphanta and Parsa Wildlife Reserves were upgraded to National Parks. Additionally, nine Ramsar sites were declared between 1988 and 2008. The following Ramsar sites were declared between 1988 and 2008: Protected areas of Nepal The protected areas of Nepal cover mainly forested land and are located at various altitudes in the Terai, in the foothills of the Himalayas and in the mountains, thus encompassing a multitude of landscapes and preserving a vast biodiversity in the Palearctic and Indomalayan ecozones. Nepal covers in the central part of the Himalayas. Altitudes range from in the south-eastern Terai to at Sagarmatha within a short horizontal span. This extreme altitudinal gradient has resulted in 11"
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"Chelan River The Chelan River is a tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. Just long, it is the shortest river in Washington. Lake Chelan Dam is located at the river's source: the outlet of Lake Chelan. Nearly the entire river's flow is diverted to the Lake Chelan Powerhouse, downstream near the river's mouth. Thus the Chelan River is almost always dry. Statistics on the streamflow are taken at the tailrace of the powerhouse, measuring the water that would flow through the river were it not diverted, although not including small tributaries, including Daybreak Canyon, that join the Chelan riverbed from the Lake Chelan Dam to the canal outlet. The Chelan River originates at the outlet of Lake Chelan, in the city of Chelan at the southern end of the lake. Lake Chelan Dam, also in the city of Chelan, blocks the river. The dry riverbed runs through a steep and rocky gorge, dropping before reaching the Columbia River near the community of Chelan Falls. Only the first short section of the river between Lake Chelan and Lake Chelan Dam is filled with water. The rest is called the \"bypassed reach\". The Lake Chelan Powerhouse is located adjacent to the river's former mouth. Diverted water is dropped through hydroelectric turbines and released into the Columbia River at Columbia river mile 503.3 (810 km). The tailrace is essentially an arm of the Columbia River with no gradient due to the impoundment of the Columbia by Rocky Reach Dam. Although Lake Chelan is a natural lake its water level and discharge via the Chelan River has been controlled by Lake Chelan Dam since construction was completed in 1927. Due to the dam, the river is nearly always dry, although sometimes water is spilled over the dam, temporarily recreating a small streamflow in the old Chelan River. The river's water is used not only for hydroelectric power but also irrigation and drinking water. In addition, during the summer the water level of Lake Chelan is maintained at a relatively high elevation for scenic and recreational purposes. Normally water flow in the dry bypassed reach occurs in spring and early summer, when snow melt raises Lake Chelan to levels requiring spill for flood control. The river's water is diverted through a long power tunnel, which ends with a drop through turbines at the powerhouse. Most of the Chelan River's \"bypassed reach\" is owned by Chelan County PUD No. 1, the utility which also owns and operates Lake Chelan Dam. In 2009 a different release pattern from the Lake Chelan Dam has allowed the riverbed to hold water again. Due to the steepness of the Chelan River canyon, anadromous fish were not able to migrate up the river to Lake Chelan even before the dam was built. The lake and the river's upper reach supports various non-anadromous fish species. Columbia River fish have been found in the powerhouse's tailrace. Chelan River The Chelan River is a tributary of the Columbia River,"
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"Gemini Records Gemini Records (initiated 1984 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian record label founded and run by Bjørn Petersen (b. 1939). The primary goal of Gemini Records was to release albums by saxophonist Bjarne Nerem. Gradually this aim broadened to release different standard jazz albums, while more experimental jazz was released on the label Taurus Records. The recordings normally took place at Rainbow Studios executed by Jan Erik Kongshaug. Record production was terminated in 2006, but the company continued producing some imports of jazz. In 2012 the compilation album \"Totti's Choice\" was released. Bjørn Petersen received the 2007 Ellaprisen at Oslo Jazzfestival for his work with the record label, as well as Kongens Fortjenstmedalje, the Norwegian King's Medal of Merit of gold in 2009. He lives in Asker, and was the recipient of the honorary award by Asker Jazzklubb in 2007. Gemini Records Gemini Records (initiated 1984 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian record label founded and run by Bjørn Petersen (b. 1939). The primary goal of Gemini Records was to release albums by saxophonist Bjarne Nerem. Gradually this aim broadened to release different standard jazz albums, while more experimental jazz was released on the label Taurus Records. The"
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"retrieved": [
"Pretty Girls Make Graves Pretty Girls Make Graves was a post-punk band, formed in Seattle in 2001, named after The Smiths' song of the same name (which itself was named after a quote from Jack Kerouac's \"The Dharma Bums\"). Andrea Zollo and Derek Fudesco had played together previously in The Hookers, as well as The Death Wish Kids and Area 51 along with Dann Gallucci, with whom Derek had formed Murder City Devils. Not long before the Murder City Devils disbanded, Derek and Andrea formed Pretty Girls Make Graves along with Jay, Nick and Nathan. They played the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2004. The band announced its split on 29 January 2007, with their final two shows taking place in Seattle that June. The band released their first EP on Dim Mak and Sound Virus Records before releasing their debut album \"Good Health\" on Lookout Records in April 2002. The band would later sign to Matador records where they released \"The New Romance\", and then later \"Elan Vital\". Guitarist Nathan Thelen left Pretty Girls Make Graves in March 2004 to form Moonrats and Leona Marrs (formerly of HintHint) joined as a multi-instrumentalist. On January 29, 2007 the band announced that Nick had left the band and their May 2007 tour would be their last. J. Clark formed Jaguar Love with former Blood Brothers members Johnny Whitney and Cody Votolato. Clark is the drummer in the band. Jaguar Love signed with Matador Records, former home of Pretty Girls Make Graves. On February 18, 2009 it was announced Jay was no longer playing in the line up of Jaguar Love, being replaced with a drum machine on that tour. Nick Dewitt continues working on his solo electronic project Dutch Dub. He also plays with Amy Blaschke in Night Canopy. Derek Fudesco formed The Cave Singers with Pete Quirk of Hint Hint and Marty Lund of Cobra High. Soon after leaving Pretty Girls Make Graves, Nathan Thelen started Moonrats in Seattle together with keyboard player Aska Matsumiya and drummer Jason Echeverria. They moved to Los Angeles and released an EP on their own. They put out a full-length and a 7\" on LA Record in 2008. Andrea Zollo plays drums with Triumph of Lethargy Skinned Alive to Death, and also sings in Deep Creep with Derek Fudesco. She currently works as a hairstylist in Seattle. Leona Marrs is an LAC in Los Angeles, CA. The band's song \"Something Bigger, Something Brighter\" from \"The New Romance\" was featured in the video game \"Rock Band 3\". Nathan Thelen has a new band, Drug Cabin, with Marcus Congleton ex of Ambulance Ltd and they released two albums in early 2015 on 401K Music Inc. Pretty Girls Make Graves Pretty Girls Make Graves was a post-punk band, formed in Seattle in 2001, named after The Smiths' song of the same name (which itself was named after a quote from Jack Kerouac's \"The Dharma Bums\"). Andrea Zollo and Derek Fudesco had played together previously in"
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"Dogtown (film) Dogtown is a 1997 American drama film by George Hickenlooper about life in the small town of Cuba, Missouri starring Mary Stuart Masterson, Jon Favreau, Rory Cochrane, Harold Russell, and Natasha Gregson Wagner. A failed actor returns to his small hometown, unaware that he has become a local celebrity. Taking advantage of his newfound fame, he attempts to impress an old unrequited crush who has fallen on hard times. The film was shot entirely in Torrance, California. Hickenlooper intentionally tried to make Ezra Good, Jon Favreau's character, compelling and worthy of the audience's interest despite his repellent racism. Shooting took 24 days. Russell's part was written for him, though he had to be persuaded to take the role. \"Dogtown\" premiered at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival in April 1997. Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" called it an \"occasionally amusing\" melodrama that pales in comparison to \"Last Picture Show\". Dogtown (film) Dogtown is a 1997 American drama film by George Hickenlooper about life in the small town of Cuba, Missouri starring Mary Stuart Masterson, Jon Favreau, Rory Cochrane, Harold Russell, and Natasha Gregson Wagner. A failed actor returns to his small hometown, unaware that he has become a local"
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"A. S. M. Abdur Rab A. S. M. Abdur Rab (born 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician. He is the founder secretary general of the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. In 1985, Rab and his followers left the party and formed a new party Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD, known as JSD (Rab). He served as the Jatiya Sangsad Member from Lakshmipur-4 and the Minister of Shipping and later the Minister of Fisheries and Livestock during 1996-2001 of the first Sheikh Hasina Cabinet. Rab was born in 1945. He was the leader of the 1969 mass uprising in East Pakistan. He was the first person to hoist the Flag of Bangladesh on 2 March 1971 as the vice president of Dhaka University Students' Union. After the independence of Bangladesh, Rab formed the left-wing Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party). He along with Serajul Alam Khan and Shajahan Siraj, took a stand against the government led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He led the rally on March 17 of 1974 towards the residence of the Home Minister at Ramna amid Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini led firing upon the crowd. Rab is a survivor of the 1974 Ramna massacre. President Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem released M. A. Jalil and Rab after taking power because of the involvement of Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal in the coup d'état in November 1975. Rab became the leader of the opposition in 1988 and also served as a minister of Sheikh Hasina's cabinet from 1996-2001 as the Minister of Shipping and later the Minister of Fisheries and Livestock. On 15 July 2017, Rab's house was surrounded by members of Bangladesh Police as he hosted a tea party for politicians. A. S. M. Abdur Rab A. S. M. Abdur Rab (born 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician. He is the founder secretary general of the Jatiya Samajtantrik"
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"Mobberley railway station Mobberley railway station serves the village of Mobberley in Cheshire, England. It is to the north of the village and is managed by Northern. The station is 18½ miles (30 km) south of Manchester Piccadilly on the Mid-Cheshire Line towards Chester. The station was opened on 12 May 1862 by the Cheshire Midland Railway which was absorbed by the Cheshire Lines Committee on 15 August 1867. The station is (like the majority of those on the line) unstaffed and has no ticket machine, so all tickets must be purchased in advance of travel or on the train. The main building is in private commercial use, but there are brick shelters on each platform, along with CIS displays, timetable poster boards and a bike rack on platform 2. A pay phone at the entrance can also be used to request train running information. Step-free access to both platforms is available via ramps from the level crossing at the Manchester end of the station. This retains its manned signal box. There is an hourly service westbound to Chester and eastbound to Manchester Piccadilly Monday to Saturday. On Sundays there is now a two-hourly service to Chester and to Southport via Manchester Piccadilly. Mobberley was, until 12 December 2010, a request stop only. The number of passengers using the station has nearly doubled in the past ten years, from 10,800 in 2005–06 to 20,700 in 2015-16. Mobberley railway station Mobberley railway station serves the village of Mobberley in Cheshire, England. It is to the north of the village and is managed by Northern. The station is 18½ miles (30 km) south of Manchester Piccadilly on the Mid-Cheshire Line towards Chester. The station was opened on 12 May 1862 by the Cheshire Midland Railway which was absorbed by the Cheshire Lines"
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"Wireless Hill Park Wireless Hill Park is a park in Ardross, Western Australia that is the location of the former Applecross Wireless Station, an early radio station in Western Australia. The station buildings have been preserved and now house the Wireless Hill Museum. The site is listed in the Register of the National Estate. and the State Register of Heritage Places. The park is also a significant urban bushland area. In 1909 the Commonwealth Government decided that wireless telegraphy stations should be established around the coastline of Australia, and in 1910 awarded the contract for the Perth station to Australasian Wireless Limited. Clearing of the site and construction began in 1911, with the Applecross Wireless Station completed and officially opened on 30 September 1912. The station was initially owned and operated by Australasian Wireless, on behalf of the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG), as a commercial service for shipping. In 1916, as a consequence of World War I, the Royal Australian Navy took control of the station (and all Australian coastal radio stations), retaining existing staff and giving them naval ranks as non-commissioned officers. The Navy retained control until 1920. The Navy took control of the station again from 1939 to 1945, during World War II, again retaining the existing staff. In 1947 the newly formed Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC) took control over all wireless stations from the PMG. Between 1967 and 1968 OTC moved all of its operations from Wireless Hill to its new station in Gnangara, and in 1968 the Wireless Hill station closed. The land was transferred to the City of Melville in 1969, and in 1971 was formally renamed as Wireless Hill Park. (The site was already commonly referred to as Wireless Hill by the local residents.) In 1970 the West Australian VHF Group (an amateur radio club) proposed establishing a telecommunications museum. In 1974 work began on converting the station, and in 1979 the Wireless Hill Telecommunications Museum was officially opened as a contribution to Western Australia's sesquicentennial celebrations. In 2015, after refurbishment, the museum was re-opened as the Wireless Hill Museum. Wireless Hill Park was classified by the National Trust of Australia in 1992, and listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places in 1997. At the top of the hill are three main buildings, originally known as: Initially, a antenna mast was erected, held in place by three guy-wires, each attached to a 200-ton concrete anchor block. In 1930 a light was added to the top of the mast, as was required of all structures exceeding , to warn aircraft at night of the mast's existence. The original mast was replaced in 1962 by a mast, the taller mast no longer being required by the newer technology. The mast was removed in 1967. Previously two of the anchor blocks were used as viewing platforms, however only the north anchor block is now used as a viewing platform. In 1947 three timber distribution towers were constructed to feed rhombic antennae; these were removed c1970. At the bottom of the hill, on Hickey Street near Canning Highway, four cottages were built as staff accommodation. The road between the cottages and the main station buildings was known as Radio Drive, and was possibly the first macadamised road in Perth. When the station opened in 1912 it used a quenched spark-gap transmitter manufactured by Telefunken, and a receiver with a locally built crystal detector (using galena from Northampton). In 1916 the transmitter was upgraded (by the Navy) to a Poulsen arc transmitter and vacuum tube receiver. Initially all radio transmissions used Morse code; the technology to transmit voice was developed in the 1920s, and even then Morse code was still the primary method for long distances up until the station closed in 1968. In 1927 a shortwave \"beam system\" was installed, which extended the transmission range sufficiently to allow direct communication between Australia and England. The original transmitter was powered by diesel-driver alternator. By 1934 the equipment was powered by externally supplied three-phase power, with the generator kept for emergency standby use. Numerous antennae were added to the site over the years, each for a specific purpose, particularly after OTC took control of the station. In 1960 two rhombic antennae were installed for use with NASA space missions, bringing the total number of antennae up to 22. The Wireless Hill station provided a variety of radio services during its operational lifetime. Initially the station was used for communications with shipping. This included transmission of weather forecasts, news bulletins and time signals, sending medical advice to ships with no doctors aboard, and monitoring for distress calls. In 1921 the station exchanged signals with SS \"Aeneas\" over a distance , the longest distance for any Australian station at the time. The Wireless Hill station provided the first direct radio communications across the Australian continent, and communicated with bases in the Antarctic, including Mawson Station in the 1950s and 1960s. The original call sign of the station was POP; by the 1920s it was known as VIP. During World War I, the station monitored German transmissions, including propaganda from Nauen Transmitter Station in Germany. Police radio (VK-1) was transmitted from Wireless Hill, operated remotely from police headquarters in Roe Street, Perth. Initially, in the late 1920s, two patrol cars in Perth were equipped with radios. Western Australia's first commercial radio station, 6PR, was broadcast from Wireless Hill between 1931 and 1950, relayed from a studio in Barrack Street. Western Australia's first television service (TVW7) was broadcast in 1959. In the 1960s the station provide communications to the US rescue aircraft that flew continuously over the Indian Ocean when NASA were conducting a Mercury mission. A shortwave antenna was installed in the 1970s, and is still in use by the WA VHF Group. After Cyclone Tracy hit Darwin in 1975, destroying or disabling much of its communications infrastructure, the WA VHF Group helped provided communications between Darwin and Perth. In the 1980s an antenna was added to the Stores building, which became the control centre for the State Emergency Service. Since 2002 Wireless Hill has been home to Capital Community Radio's studios and one of their transmitters. Wireless Hill Park comprises of bushland surrounding of grass parkland. The bushland is home to numerous wildflowers, native plants, birds and reptiles. It is listed as site 336 on \"Bush Forever\", a state government policy to protect regionally significant bushland. Much of the area was cleared when the Applecross Wireless Station was originally built or shortly afterwards during World War I for security reasons. Perennial veldtgrass was planted to prevent soil erosion, but the bush has regenerated itself from seeds from plants in surrounding areas. The park has several walk trails through it. Prior to European settlement Wireless Hill was part of the land occupied by the Beeliar people. It was known as \"Yagan Mia\" or Yagan's Lookout, after the Aboriginal leader who used the area as a home base and vantage point. The park includes a scarred tree, used by indigenous Australians to create utensils or shields, or to mark territory. Wireless Hill Park Wireless Hill Park is a park in Ardross, Western Australia that is the location of the former Applecross Wireless Station,"
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"Glasshouses Glasshouses is a small village in Nidderdale, North Yorkshire, England. It lies south-east of Pateley Bridge on the east side of Nidderdale and has a recently rebuilt river bridge across the River Nidd. Records about Glasshouses stretch as far back as 1386 and the name of the village is believed to have derived from the Old English \"Glas Hus\", which translates as the place where glass was made. Whilst there is no firm evidence of this, it was believed that glass for Fountains Abbey was made here. In the 16th century, lead was mined to the west and transported to the hamlet of Wilsill (east of Glasshouses) for smelting and onward transportation. The old twine mill, on the banks of the Nidd, was constructed between 1812 and 1814. The mill was used to produce flax, then hemp and latterly, rope. Local rumour has it that the mill supplied rope to the White Star Line and most notably, Glasshouse rope was used on the \"Titanic\". When the railway was opened in the valley, it was used to transport coal into the millworks to provide additional power other than that made by the waterwheel. In 1830, a milldam was built on the northern bank of the River Nidd and a millrace was added at the same time. The dam still exists and is capable of storing of water. The dam is not used to power a waterwheel anymore, but is used for recreational purposes; fishing, skating in winter and water sports in summer. The mill was built by the Metcalfe family, who sold the business in 1907 after financial trouble. The mill continued until 1972 when production ceased and it was occupied by numerous small businesses. In 2017, it was announced that the grade II listed building would be converted into housing. The Metcalfe family were also responsible for building the school in 1861. The building still stands and now operates as the village primary school. Glasshouses Community Primary School was rated as being 'Good' by Ofsted in January 2017. There is a public house, The Birch Tree Inn, on the main Harrogate to Pateley Bridge road just outside the village in the neighbouring hamlet of Wilsill. May day is celebrated every year with traditional May Pole dancing and the crowning of the 'May Queen' on the village green. Glasshouses lies just east of Pateley Bridge. Both Glasshouses and Pateley Bridge are linked by the B6265 road which travels down the valley to meet the A61 road at Ripley. There is a regular bus service on the road between Harrogate and Pateley Bridge. Whilst the Nidd Valley Railway went right through the village, no station was built in Glasshouses. The mill and gas works complex shared a siding, primarily for the inward transportation of coal. The long distance walk, the Six Dales Trail, runs through the village. Glasshouses Glasshouses is a small village in Nidderdale, North Yorkshire, England. It lies south-east of Pateley Bridge on the east side of Nidderdale and"
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"Des Foley Desmond \"Des\" Foley (12 September 1940 – 5 February 1995) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler of the 1950s and 1960s. He was also a politician and represented Fianna Fáil in Dáil Éireann. Des Foley was born into a farming family at Kinsealy, County Dublin in 1940. As a young man he showed particular skill at Gaelic games, winning four Dublin County Senior Hurling Championships with the St Vincents GAA club, having earlier captained the school team of St Joseph's C.B.S. Fairview which brought the All-Ireland Colleges football title to Dublin for the first time. Foley captained the Dublin minor football team which won the All-Ireland Final in 1958. In 1962 he became the only player in history to play in two provincial Railway Cup finals, in hurling and football, on the same day, winning medals in both codes for Leinster. He won further Railway Cup medals again in 1964 and 1965. Foley was a prominent member of the Dublin Hurling team from 1958 until 1969, playing on the losing side in the 1961 All-Ireland Final. In 1963 he captained the county football side which defeated Galway to win the All-Ireland title. He won three All-Star awards, two for football and one for hurling, but never a senior All-Ireland hurling medal. He was a mid-fielder of the highest ranking, particularly noted for his outstanding sportsmanship. His brother Lar Foley was a team colleague, both in hurling and football, through most of his campaigns in the 1950s and 60s and who was also an All Ireland medal winner for Gaelic Football in 1958 and 1963. Towards the end of his playing career, Foley became interested in politics and was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin County constituency at the 1965 general election, and in the Dublin County North constituency at the 1969 general election. He resigned from the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party on 4 November 1971, in advance of a confidence motion in Jim Gibbons, whose role in the Arms Crisis he disagreed with. He unsuccessfully contested the 1973 general election in Dublin County North as an independent candidate. Des Foley died in Dublin in 1995. Des Foley Desmond \"Des\" Foley (12 September 1940 – 5 February 1995) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler of the 1950s and 1960s. He was also a politician and represented Fianna Fáil in"
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"Sanjak of Zvornik The Sanjak of Zvornik (, ) was one of the sanjaks in the Ottoman Empire with Zvornik (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) as its administrative centre. It was divided into 4 different districts: Žepče, Maglaj, Tuzla and Kladanj. The sanjak was created between 1478 and 1483. Following its dissolution in 1878 after the Austro-Hungarian Empire defeated the Ottomans, Zvornik became part of the Zvornik Kotar. During the Ottoman period, Zvornik was the capital of the Sanjak of Zvornik (an administrative region) within the Bosnia Eyalet. This was primarily the case because of the city's crucial role in the economy and the strategic importance of the city's location. The Sanjak of Zvornik was one of six Ottoman sanjaks with most developed shipbuilding (besides sanjaks of Vidin, Nicopolis, Požega, Smederevo and Mohač). In the year 1806 the city of Zvornik was home to the famous Bosniak, kapetan Mehmed-beg Kulenović. Sanjak of Zvornik The Sanjak of Zvornik (, ) was one of the sanjaks in the Ottoman Empire with Zvornik (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) as its administrative centre. It was divided into 4 different districts: Žepče, Maglaj, Tuzla and Kladanj. The sanjak was created between 1478 and 1483. Following"
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"Jungfrau Railway The Jungfrau Railway (, JB) is a metre gauge ( gauge) rack railway which runs from Kleine Scheidegg to the highest railway station in Europe at Jungfraujoch (), between the Bernese Highlands and the Valais in Switzerland. The railway runs almost entirely within the Jungfrau Tunnel, built into the Eiger and Mönch mountains and containing two stations in the middle of the tunnel, where passengers can disembark to observe the neighbouring mountains through windows built into the mountainside. The initial open-air section culminates at Eigergletscher (2,320 m), which makes it the second highest open-air railway in Switzerland. The line is electrified at 3-phase 1,125 volts 50 Hertz, and is one of four lines in the world using three-phase electric power. The Jungfraubahn got its name from the highest of the three majestic peaks above it: Jungfrau (; ) At Kleine Scheidegg the JB connects with the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), which has two routes down the mountain, running respectively to the villages of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. From both villages, branches of the Berner Oberland-Bahn (BOB) connect to the Swiss Federal Railways at Interlaken. The line is owned by the \"Jungfraubahn AG\", a subsidiary of the \"Jungfraubahn Holding AG\", a holding company that also owns the Wengernalpbahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn. Through that holding company it is part of the \"Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe\" marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Berner Oberland-Bahn and Schynige Platte-Bahn. Source: In early 2008, Jungfraubahn Holding AG announced it is exploring the futuristic idea of an efficient fast form of access to the Jungfraujoch as an addition to the rack railway. A feasibility study has been commissioned. The additional access would be the world's longest tunnel-lift system. The study is to show if and how such a tunnel-lift system - for example as a fast lift or funicular - from the Lauterbrunnen Valley to the Jungfraujoch could be realised without disturbing the unique landscape of the UNESCO World Heritage site. The attractiveness of the cogwheel railway should thus be enhanced, as guests could use the fast lift for the uphill or downhill journey. Through a marked reduction in travelling time, the trip to the Jungfraujoch could also become a half-day excursion. These plans have later been abandoned and the company is currently (2017) planning to build an aerial cableway between Grindelwald Grund and Eigergletscher. Since most of the railway is inside a tunnel, it was designed to run with electricity from conception. The latest rolling stock consists of twin-unit motorcoaches carrying up to 230 people per train which operate at 12.5 km/h on the steepest parts of the ascent. The motors function at two speeds which allows the units to operate at double this speed on the less steep part of the ascent (above Eismeer station). The motors will operate in a regenerative mode which allows the trains to generate electricity during the descent, which is fed back into the power distribution system. Approximately 50% of the energy required for an ascent is recovered during the descent. It is this generation that regulates the descent speed. Motive power delivered since 1992 (numbers 211...224) no longer has directly fed three phase motors but is equipped similarly to a normal single phase locomotive. This rolling stock can travel at variable speed which allowed to cut journey time from 52 to 35 min with the timetable starting 11 December 2016. Pre-1992 rolling stock can no longer be used in regular traffic and most of the earlier trains have been scrapped. Snow clearing equipment is essential on the open section of line between Kleine Scheidegg railway station and Eigergletscher railway station. Originally snow ploughs were used but more recently snow blowing equipment has been brought into service. The railway also operates some dedicated freight vehicles to supply the visitor facilities at Jungfraujoch, including a tank to transport additional water. Jungfrau Railway The Jungfrau Railway (, JB) is a metre gauge ( gauge) rack railway which runs from Kleine Scheidegg to the highest railway station in Europe at Jungfraujoch (), between the Bernese Highlands and the Valais in Switzerland. The railway runs almost entirely within the Jungfrau Tunnel, built into the Eiger and Mönch mountains and"
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"Red Sea Flotilla The Red Sea Flotilla (\"Flottiglia del mar rosso\") was part of the \"Regia Marina Italia\" (Italian Royal Navy) based at Massawa in the colony of Italian Eritrea, part of Italian East Africa. In World War II, the Red Sea Flotilla was active against the British Royal Navy East Indies Station from the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940 until the fall of Massawa on 8 April 1941. The location of the squadron meant it was isolated from the main Italian bases in the Mediterranean by distance and British dispositions. The British capture of Massawa and other Italian ports in the region ended the Italian naval presence in the region in April 1941. The Red Sea Flotilla was not used aggressively by the Italians, the British viewed it as a potential threat to Allied convoys travelling East African waters between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. This was a vital route for British forces operating from Egypt. The Red Sea Flotilla was especially well situated to attack convoys headed from the Gulf of Aden through the Red Sea to the Suez Canal, after the Mediterranean was closed to Allied merchant ships, which had to take a much longer passage around the Cape of Good Hope. On 10 June 1940, the Red Sea Flotilla had seven destroyers in two squadrons, a squadron of five Motor Torpedo Boats (\"MAS, Motoscafo Armato Silurante\") and eight submarines in two squadrons. The main base was at Massawa, with other bases at Assab (also in Eritrea) and Kismayu, in southern Italian Somaliland. Several attempts were made to stage offensive actions against the British Royal Navy and Allied convoys from Massawa. Some of the earliest failed when submarine air conditioning systems, intended to reduce temperatures in the warm water of the Red Sea proved dangerous under wartime operating conditions. Leakage of chloromethane refrigerants caused central nervous system poisoning in the recirculating air during submerged operations and about twelve sailors died aboard . The submarines and ran aground while their crews were intoxicated and the latter could not be salvaged. The submarines \"Galileo Galilei\", \"Torricelli\" and \"Galvani\" struck early; \"Galileo Galilei\" sank the Norwegian freighter \"James Stove\" off Djibouti, before British counter-measures forced the submarines to depart the area. \"Torricelli\" was spotted on 23 June, while approaching Massawa and an intensive search was conducted by four warships aided by aircraft from Aden. After a fierce resistance on surface, during which the sloop was damaged by return fire, \"Torricelli\" was sunk. After the engagement, the destroyer was destroyed by an internal explosion. As a mark of respect for the gallantry of the \"Torricelli\" crew, the Italian captain was guest of honour at a dinner at the British naval base. \"Galileo Galilei\" had also been found on 18 June, captured and taken to Aden on the same day. \"Galvani\" sank at the same time that her sisters were fighting and was sunk on the following day. In October 1940, the destroyers based at Massawa conducted the Attack on convoy BN 7 a 32-ship convoy, with negligible results. The convoy escorts beat off the attack and \"Nullo\" was driven ashore and sunk by air attack the following day. On the British side, only the leading transport ship of the convoy sustained minor splinter damage and was crippled by Italian shore batteries, with three wounded among her crew and had to be towed to Aden by the cruiser . As Italian fuel stocks at Massawa dwindled, the offensive capability of the Red Sea Flotilla declined. The vessels of the flotilla became a \"fleet in being\", offering a threat without action and rarely left port. In late March 1941, the three large destroyers, \"Leone\", \"Pantera\" and \"Tigre\", made a night attack on Suez but \"Leone\" ran aground off Massawa and had to be scuttled by gunfire and the delay caused the operation to be cancelled. The two remaining ships joined three smaller destroyers – \"Battisti\", \"Manin\" and \"Sauro\" on a final raid on Port Sudan in early April. Engine problems kept \"Battisti\" in port, where she was subsequently scuttled to prevent her capture by the British. The Italian ships were spotted by aircraft while en route and came under attack from land and carrier based aircraft. \"Pantera\" and \"Tigre\" were scuttled on the Arabian coast and \"Manin\" and \"Sauro\" were sunk by Fairey Swordfish aircraft. On 6 April 1941, the light cruiser was torpedoed and crippled by the Italian torpedo boat \"MAS 213\" off Massawa. The armed merchant cruisers , and the colonial dispatch ship were ordered to escape and reach Japan. \"Ramb II\" and \"Eritrea\" reached Kobe but \"Ramb I\" was intercepted and sunk by \"Leander\". The four Italian submarines that had survived were ordered to join \"BETASOM\" the Italian submarine flotilla at Bordeaux and succeeded, despite concerted British attempts to intercept them. On 8 April 1941, Massawa fell to the British and the Red Sea Flotilla ceased to exist. Few vessels of the flotilla survived the East African Campaign. Seven destroyers were organised into two divisions: Red Sea Flotilla The Red Sea Flotilla (\"Flottiglia del mar rosso\") was part of the \"Regia Marina Italia\" (Italian Royal Navy) based at Massawa in the colony of Italian Eritrea, part of Italian East Africa. In World War II, the Red Sea Flotilla was active against the British Royal Navy East Indies Station from the Italian declaration of war on"
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"2001 Ansett Australia Cup The 2001 Ansett Australia Cup was contested by all sixteen clubs of the Australian Football League prior to the beginning of the AFLs 2001 season. It ran for five weeks in February and March 2001. The competition took a round-robin format to provide all teams with at least 3 practice games to prepare for the 2001 regular season, with all clubs divided into four groups of four, and the group winners qualifying for the knockout semi finals. Group A comprised the defending premiers , , and . Group B featured , , and . Group C featured , , and while finally Group D comprised , , and . In the group stages, the , , and finished top of their respective groups and qualified for the semi finals. won Group A with 3 wins out of 3, qualifying ahead of and . The win over that secured a place in the semi finals was marred however by a serious broken leg suffered by key ruckman Brendon Lade. In Group B, won their place in the semi finals after a 28-point win in the final group game against . Group C was won by after they defeated by 13 points in the deciding game of the group. Group D was secured by after a 100-point thumping of meant they qualified ahead of on percentage. In the knockout semi finals, and beat and respectively to qualify for the Grand Final. trailed at 3/4 time but kicked the first 5 goals of the final term to secure a 16-point victory in front of their own fans at Football Park. In the other semi final at Colonial Stadium, the kicked the final 4 goals of the game against to win by 15 points. The win by was significant as it broke a finals hoodoo in Melbourne, and set up the first grand final between two Non Victorian/Interstate teams in VFL/AFL history. 2001 Ansett Australia Cup The 2001 Ansett Australia Cup was contested by all sixteen clubs of the Australian Football League prior to the beginning of the AFLs 2001 season. It ran for five weeks in February and March 2001. The competition took a round-robin format to provide all teams with at least 3 practice games to prepare for the 2001 regular season, with all clubs divided into four groups of four, and the group winners qualifying for the"
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"Toby Suzuki Suzuki was a Hayabusa Scout. He went to Tokai University and then went to the United States in 1966 and studied Industrial Management for his MS at the University of California, Los Angeles, by profession was IBM Managing Director of Olympic projects at Nagano and Sydney, has lived in Sydney, Australia and lives in Yokohama. In October 2007, Suzuki was awarded the 314th \"Bronze Wolf\", the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, during the Asia Pacific Scout Conference held at the Yoyogi Olympic Youth Center in Tokyo. Jørgen G. Rasmussen, President of the Honor Committee, World Organization of Scout Movement announced the citation for the award of the Bronze Wolf to Suzuki. He is married to Reiko Suzuki, the International commissioner of the Scout Association of Japan and a member of the Asia-Pacific Scout Committee. Toby Suzuki Suzuki was a Hayabusa Scout. He went to Tokai University and then went to the United States in 1966 and studied Industrial Management for his MS at the University of California, Los Angeles, by profession was IBM Managing Director of Olympic projects at Nagano and"
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"Discworld Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett (1948–2015), set on the Discworld, a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle. The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien, Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare, as well as mythology, folklore and fairy tales, often using them for satirical parallels with cultural, political and scientific issues. Forty-one \"Discworld\" novels have been published. The original British editions of the first 26 novels, up to \"Thief of Time\" (2001), had cover art by Josh Kirby. The American editions, published by Harper Collins, used their own cover art. Since Kirby's death in 2001, the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby. Companion publications include eleven short stories (some only loosely related to the Discworld), four popular science books, and a number of supplementary books and reference guides. The series has been adapted for graphic novels, theatre, computer and board games, and television. Newly released \"Discworld\" books regularly topped \"The Sunday Times\" best-sellers list, making Pratchett the UK's best-selling author in the 1990s. \"Discworld\" novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal. In the BBC's Big Read, four \"Discworld\" novels were in the top 100, and a total of fourteen in the top 200. More than 80 million \"Discworld\" books have been sold in 37 languages. Very few of the \"Discworld\" novels have chapter divisions. Instead they feature interweaving storylines. Pratchett was quoted as saying that he \"just never got into the habit of chapters\", later adding that \"I have to shove them in the putative YA books because my editor screams until I do\". However, the first \"Discworld\" novel \"The Colour of Magic\" was divided into \"books\", as is \"Pyramids\". Additionally, \"Going Postal\" and \"Making Money\" both have chapters, a prologue, an epilogue, and brief teasers of what is to come in each chapter, in the style of A. A. Milne, Jules Verne, and Jerome K. Jerome. The \"Discworld\" novels contain common themes and motifs that run through the series. Fantasy clichés are parodied in many of the novels, as are various subgenres of fantasy, such as fairy tales (notably \"Witches Abroad\"), witch and vampire stories (\"Carpe Jugulum\") and so on. Analogies of real-world issues, such as religion (\"Small Gods\"), fundamentalism and inner city tension (\"Thud\"), business and politics (\"Making Money\"), racial prejudice and exploitation (\"Snuff\") are recurring themes, as are aspects of culture and entertainment, such as opera (\"Maskerade\"), rock music (\"Soul Music\"), cinema (\"Moving Pictures\"), and football (\"Unseen Academicals\"). Parodies of non-Discworld fiction also occur frequently, including Shakespeare, Beatrix Potter, and several movies. Major historical events, especially battles, are sometimes used as the basis for both trivial and key events in \"Discworld\" stories (\"Jingo\", \"Pyramids\"), as are trends in science, technology, pop culture and modern art (\"Moving Pictures\", \"Men at Arms\", \"Thud\"). There are also humanist themes in many of the Discworld novels, and a focus on critical thinking skills in the Witches and Tiffany Aching series. The \"Discworld\" novels and stories are, in principle, stand-alone works. However, a number of novels and stories form novel sequences with distinct story arcs: Rincewind was the first protagonist of \"Discworld\"; a wizard with no skill, no wizardly qualifications, and no interest in heroics. He is the archetypal coward but is constantly thrust into extremely dangerous adventures. In \"The Last Hero\", he flatly states that he does \"not\" wish to join an expedition to explore over the edge of the Disc—but, being fully geared for the expedition at the time, clarifies by saying that any amount of protesting on his part is futile, as something will eventually occur that will bring him into the expedition anyway. As such, he not only constantly succeeds in staying alive, but also saves Discworld on several occasions, and has an instrumental role in the emergence of life on Roundworld (Science of Discworld). Other characters in the Rincewind story arc include: Cohen the Barbarian, an aging hero of the old fantasy tradition, out of touch with the modern world and still fighting despite his advanced age; Twoflower, a naive tourist from the Agatean Empire (inspired by cultures of the Far East, particularly Japan and China); and The Luggage, a magical, semi-sentient and exceptionally vicious multi-legged travelling accessory, made from sapient pearwood. Rincewind appeared in eight Discworld novels as well as the four Science of Discworld supplementary books. Death appears in every novel except \"The Wee Free Men\" and \"Snuff\", although sometimes with only a few lines. As dictated by tradition, he is a seven-foot-tall skeleton in a black robe who sits astride a pale horse (called Binky). His dialogue is always depicted in , and without quotation marks, as several characters state that Death's voice seems to arrive in their heads without actually passing through their ears as sound. As the anthropomorphic personification of death, Death has the job of guiding souls onward from this world into the next. Over millennia in the role, he has developed a fascination with humanity, even going so far as to create a house for himself in his personal dimension. Characters that often appear with Death include his butler Albert; his granddaughter Susan Sto Helit; the Death of Rats, the part of Death in charge of gathering the souls of rodents; Quoth, a talking raven (a parody of Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Raven\", although it flat-out refuses to say \"Nevermore\"); and the Auditors of Reality, personifications of the orderly physical laws and the closest thing Death has to a nemesis. Death or Susan appear as the main characters in five Discworld novels. He also appears in the short stories \"Death and What Comes Next\", \"Theatre of Cruelty\" and \"Turntables of the Night\". Death also appears in the non-Discworld novel \"Good Omens\", written by Pratchett and Neil Gaiman. In Soul Music, when asked about things he enjoys he answers, \"Cats and curries\". Witches in Pratchett's universe are largely stripped of their modern occultist associations (though Pratchett does frequently use his stories to lampoon such conceptions of witchcraft), and act as herbalists, adjudicators and wise women. That is not to say that witches on the Disc cannot use magic; they simply prefer not to, finding simple but cunningly applied psychology (often referred to as \"headology\", or sometimes \"boffo\") far more effective. The principal witch in the series is Granny Weatherwax, who at first glance seems to be a taciturn, bitter old crone, from the small mountain country of Lancre. She largely despises people but takes on the role of their healer and protector because no one else can do the job as well as she can. Her closest friend is Nanny Ogg, a jolly, personable witch with the \"common touch\" who enjoys a smoke and a pint of beer, often leading to her singing bawdy folk songs including the notorious \"Hedgehog Song\". The two take on apprentice witches, initially Magrat Garlick, then Agnes Nitt, and then Tiffany Aching, who in turn go on to become accomplished witches in their own right, and, in Magrat's case, Queen of Lancre. Other characters in the Witches series include: King Verence II of Lancre, a onetime Fool; Jason Ogg, Nanny Ogg's eldest son and local blacksmith; Shawn Ogg, Nanny's youngest son who serves as his country's entire army and civil service; and Nanny's murderous cat Greebo. The witches have appeared in numerous Discworld books, but have featured as protagonists in seven. They have also appeared in the short story \"The Sea and Little Fishes\". Their stories frequently draw on ancient European folklore and fairy tales, as well as",
"folk songs including the notorious \"Hedgehog Song\". The two take on apprentice witches, initially Magrat Garlick, then Agnes Nitt, and then Tiffany Aching, who in turn go on to become accomplished witches in their own right, and, in Magrat's case, Queen of Lancre. Other characters in the Witches series include: King Verence II of Lancre, a onetime Fool; Jason Ogg, Nanny Ogg's eldest son and local blacksmith; Shawn Ogg, Nanny's youngest son who serves as his country's entire army and civil service; and Nanny's murderous cat Greebo. The witches have appeared in numerous Discworld books, but have featured as protagonists in seven. They have also appeared in the short story \"The Sea and Little Fishes\". Their stories frequently draw on ancient European folklore and fairy tales, as well as parody famous works of literature, particularly by Shakespeare. The stories featuring the Ankh-Morpork City Watch are urban fantasy, and frequently show the clashes that result when a traditional, magically run fantasy world such as the Disc comes into contact with modern technology and civilization. They revolve around the growth of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch from a hopeless gang of three to a fully equipped and efficient police force. The stories are largely police procedurals, featuring crimes that have heavy political or societal overtones. The main character is Sam Vimes, a haggard, cynical, working-class street copper who, when introduced in \"Guards! Guards!\", is the drunken/alcoholic Captain of the 2-person Night Watch: lazy, cowardly, and none-too-bright Sergeant Fred Colon, and Corporal Nobby Nobbs, a petty thief in his own right. Then Carrot Ironfoundersson, a 6-foot-6-inch-tall (1.98 m) dwarf-by-adoption, comes down from the mountains to join the Watch and do real policing. The Night Watch manages to save the city from a dragon, we learn that Carrot is possibly the rightful heir to the throne of Ankh-Morpork, and the Patrician decides to allow Vimes to create a real police force. Other main characters include Angua, a werewolf; Detritus, a troll; Reg Shoe, a zombie and Dead Rights campaigner; Cuddy, a Dwarf who appears in \"Men at Arms\"; Golem Constable Dorfl; Cheery Littlebottom, the Watch's forensics expert, who is one of the first dwarves to be openly female (and who tried to rename herself \"Cheri\", but without success); Sam's wife, Lady Sybil Vimes (née Ramkin); Constable Visit-the-infidel-with-explanatory-pamphlets; Inspector A E Pessimal, recruited by Vimes as his adjutant when sent as an auditor by Havelock Vetinari, the Patrician of Ankh-Morpork. The City Watch have starred in eight Discworld stories, and have cameoed in a number of others, including \"Making Money\", the children's book \"Where's My Cow?,\" and the short story \"Theatre of Cruelty\". Pratchett stated on numerous occasions that the presence of the City Watch makes Ankh-Morpork stories 'problematic', as stories set in the city that do not directly involve Vimes and the Watch often \"require\" a Watch presence to maintain the story—at which point, it becomes a Watch story by default. The Wizards of the Unseen University (UU) have represented a strong thread through many of the \"Discworld\" novels, although the only books that they star in exclusively are The Science of the Discworld series and the novels \"Unseen Academicals\" and \"The Last Continent\". In the early books, the faculty of UU changed frequently, as rising to the top usually involved assassination. However, with the ascension of the bombastic Mustrum Ridcully to the position of Archchancellor, the hierarchy has settled and characters have been given the chance to develop. The earlier books featuring the wizards also frequently dealt with the possible invasion of the Discworld by the creatures from the Dungeon Dimensions, Lovecraftian monsters that hunger for the magic and potential of the Discworld. The wizards of UU employ the traditional \"whizz-bang\" type of magic seen in \"Dungeons & Dragons\" games, but also investigate the rules and structure of magic in terms highly reminiscent of particle physics. Prominent members include Ponder Stibbons, a geeky young wizard; Hex, the Disc's first computer/semi-sentient thinking engine; the Librarian, who was turned into an orangutan by magical accident; the Dean; the Bursar; the Chair of Indefinite Studies; the Lecturer in Recent Runes; and the Senior Wrangler. In later novels, Rincewind also joins their group, while the Dean leaves to become the Archchancellor of Brazeneck College in the nearby city of Pseudopolis. The Wizards have featured prominently in nine \"Discworld\" books as well as starred in The Science of Discworld series and the short story \"A Collegiate Casting-Out of Devilish Devices\". Tiffany Aching is a young apprentice witch and protagonist of a series of Discworld books aimed at young adults. Her stories often parallel mythic heroes' quests, but also deal with Tiffany's difficulties as a young girl maturing into a responsible woman. She is aided in her task by the Nac Mac Feegle, a gang of blue-tattooed, 6-inch tall, hard-drinking, loud-mouthed pictsie creatures also called \"The Wee Free Men\" who serve as her guardians. Both Granny Weatherwax and Nanny Ogg have also appeared in her stories. She has appeared in five novels (\"The Wee Free Men\", \"A Hat Full of Sky\", \"Wintersmith\", \"I Shall Wear Midnight\", and \"The Shepherd's Crown\"). Major characters in this series include Miss Tick, who discovered Tiffany, Annagramma Hawkin, Petulia Gristle, and Nac Mac Feegle chieftain Rob Anybody. Moist von Lipwig is a professional criminal and con man to whom Havelock Vetinari gives a \"second chance\" after staging his execution, recognising the advantages his jack-of-all-trades abilities would have to the development of the city. After setting him in charge of the Ankh-Morpork Post Office in \"Going Postal\", to good result, Vetinari ordered him to clear up the city's corrupt financial sector in \"Making Money\". In a third book, \"Raising Steam\", published on 7 November 2013, Vetinari persuades Lipwig to oversee the development of a rail network for Dick Simnel's newly invented steam locomotive. Other characters in this series include Adora Belle Dearheart, Lipwig's acerbic, chain-smoking love interest; Gladys, a golem who develops a strange crush on Lipwig; Stanley Howler, an obsessive young man who was raised by peas and becomes the Disc's first stamp collector; and the very old Junior Postman Groat, who never got promoted to Senior Postman because there was never a Postmaster alive long enough to do so. Several other books can be grouped together as \"Other cultures of Discworld\" books. They may contain characters or locations from other arcs, typically not as protagonist or antagonist but as a supporting character or even a throwaway reference. These include \"Pyramids\" (Djelibeybi), \"Small Gods\" (Omnia), and \"Monstrous Regiment\" (Zlobenia and Borogravia). Short descriptions of many of the notable characters: There are also a number of short stories by Pratchett based in the Discworld, including published miscellanea such as the fictional game origins of \"Thud\". All are available in the anthology \"A Blink of the Screen\" (2012) as well as in the following locations: Seven of the short stories or short writings were also collected in a compilation of the majority of Pratchett's known short work named \"Once More* With Footnotes\" (2004). Additionally, another short story \"Turntables of the Night\" (1989) is set in England but features Death as a character; it is available online and in both anthologies. Although Terry Pratchett said, \"There are no maps. You can't map a sense of humour,\" there are six \"Mapps\": \"The Streets of Ankh-Morpork\" (1993), \"The Discworld Mapp\" (1995), \"A Tourist Guide to Lancre\" (1998), and \"Death's Domain\" (1999). The first two were drawn by Stephen Player, based on plans by Pratchett and Stephen Briggs, the third is a collaboration between Briggs and Kidby, and the last",
"the Screen\" (2012) as well as in the following locations: Seven of the short stories or short writings were also collected in a compilation of the majority of Pratchett's known short work named \"Once More* With Footnotes\" (2004). Additionally, another short story \"Turntables of the Night\" (1989) is set in England but features Death as a character; it is available online and in both anthologies. Although Terry Pratchett said, \"There are no maps. You can't map a sense of humour,\" there are six \"Mapps\": \"The Streets of Ankh-Morpork\" (1993), \"The Discworld Mapp\" (1995), \"A Tourist Guide to Lancre\" (1998), and \"Death's Domain\" (1999). The first two were drawn by Stephen Player, based on plans by Pratchett and Stephen Briggs, the third is a collaboration between Briggs and Kidby, and the last is by Paul Kidby. All also contain booklets written by Pratchett and Briggs. Terry later collaborated with the Discworld Emporium to produce two much larger works, each with the associated map with the book in a folder, \"The Compleat Ankh-Morpork City Guide\" (2012) and \"The Compleat Discworld Atlas\" (2015). Pratchett also collaborated with Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen on four books, using the Discworld to illuminate popular science topics. Each book alternates chapters of a \"Discworld\" story and notes on real science related to it. The books are: David Langford has compiled two \"Discworld\" quiz books: Most years see the release of a Discworld Diary and Discworld Calendar, both usually following a particular theme. The diaries feature background information about their themes. Some topics are later used in the series; the character of Miss Alice Band first appeared in the \"Assassins' Guild Yearbook\", for example. \"The Discworld Almanak – The Year of The Prawn\" has a similar format and general contents to the diaries. Other \"Discworld\" publications include: The books take place roughly in real time and the characters' ages change to reflect the passing of years. The meetings of various characters from different narrative threads (e.g., Ridcully and Granny Weatherwax in \"Lords and Ladies\", Rincewind and Carrot in \"The Last Hero\") indicate that all the main storylines take place around the same period (end of the Century of the Fruitbat, beginning of the Century of the Anchovy). The main exception is the stand-alone book \"Small Gods\", which appears to take place at some point earlier than most of the other stories, though even this contains cameo appearances by Death and the Librarian. Some main characters may make cameo appearances in other books where they are not the primary focus; for example, City Watch members Carrot Ironfoundersson and Angua appear briefly in \"Going Postal\", \"Making Money\", and \"Unseen Academicals\" (placing those books after \"Guards! Guards!\" and \"Men at Arms\"). A number of characters, such as members of staff of Unseen University and Lord Vetinari, appear prominently in many different storylines without having specific storylines of their own. After Terry Pratchett was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, he said that he would be happy for his daughter Rhianna to continue the series. Rhianna Pratchett said that she would only be involved in spin-offs, adaptations and tie-ins, and that there would be no more novels. Most of Pratchett's novels have been released as audio cassette and CD audiobooks. \"The Colour of Magic\", \"The Light Fantastic\", \"Mort\", and \"Guards! Guards!\", \"Small Gods\" have been adapted into graphic novels. Due in part to the complexity of the novels, \"Discworld\" has been difficult to adapt to film – Pratchett was fond of an anecdote of a producer attempting to pitch an adaptation of \"Mort\" in the early 1990s but was told to \"lose the Death angle\" by US backers. The adaptations include: Planned adaptations include: There have been several BBC radio adaptations of Discworld stories, including: Various other types of related merchandise have been produced by cottage industries with an interest in the books, including Stephen Briggs, Bernard Pearson, Bonsai Trading, Paul Kidby and Clarecraft. Pratchett co-authored with Phil Masters two role-playing game supplements for Discworld, utilising the GURPS system: Several \"Discworld\" locations have been twinned with real world towns and cities. Wincanton, in Somerset, UK, for example is twinned with Ankh-Morpork, and the town is the first to name streets after their fictional equivalents. Discworld Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett (1948–2015), set on"
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"Heliconius cydno Heliconius cydno, the cydno longwing, is a nymphalid butterfly that ranges from Mexico to northern South America. It is typically found in the forest understory and deposits its eggs on a variety of plants of the genus \"Passiflora\". It is a member of the \"Heliconiinae\" subfamily of Central and South America, and it is the only heliconiine that can be considered oligophagous. \"H. cydno\" is also characterized by hybridization and Müllerian mimicry. Wing coloration plays a key role in mate choice and has further implications in regards to sympatric speciation. Macrolide scent gland extracts and wing-clicking behavior further characterize this species. Listed alphabetically: \"H. cydno\" ranges from southern Mexico to western Ecuador in northern South America. \"H. cydno\" is considered to be non-migratory, or sedentary. \"H. cydno\" lives in closed-forest habitats, specifically in the forest understories. They live at elevations from sea level to 2000 meters. Their most common host plants are in the genus \"Passiflora\", and at night, adults roost in twigs or tendrils from two to ten meters above the forest floor. Males generally tend to fly higher than females, who are found lower in the forest understory. The diet of \"H. cydno\" larva is generalist. \"Passiflora\" are less common in the closed-forest habitats of \"H. cydno\", and thus the species uses a wide selection within the genus. They tend to prefer orange and red flowers. Other species of \"Heliconius\" restrict their diet to a single species of \"Passiflora\", while \"H. cydno\" is oligophagous (feeding on a restricted range of plants). There are records of five species of \"Passiflora\" being utilized by \"H. cydno\", all in the subgenera \"Granadilla\", \"Plectostemma\", or \"Distephana\". Both \"H. cydno\" and \"H. melpomene\" are known to utilize \"Psiguria warcsewiczii\" pollen. Experiments performed pertaining to \"H. cydno\" oviposition reveal that they utilize chemoreception, not visual cues, when choosing their egg-laying sites. \"H. cydno\" oviposition sites are generally the tendrils of their \"Passiflora\" host plants, and eggs are placed singly. While leaf shape experiments and egg mimics do not have significant effects on oviposition, chemical cues from methanol render sites less appealing to \"H. cydno\". Their lack of preference for leaf shape can be attributed to their varied usage of \"Passiflora\" hosts. \"H. cydno\" also does not participate in larval cannibalism, which plays a role in their indifference to egg mimics. The eggs of \"H. cydno\" are yellow, 1.1 mm in height and 0.9 mm wide. Early instar larvae of this species have a white body and black spines. Mature larvae are characterized by an orange head topped by two black horns 1.2 cm long. Their bodies are brownish pink, with black scoli (spines with multiple points) and black spots. The caterpillars of \"H. cydno\" are known to form small groups, demonstrating social behavior. Pupae of \"H. cydno\" are characterized by antennae, an abdomen with long spines, and a general dark brown color. They have two rectangular gold patches that decorate the thorax. Adults have forewings and hindwings which are black with either yellow or white bands/spots. Their hindwings have bars on their ventral surface, distinguishing themselves from mimics. Wing coloration is dependent on location. \"H. cydno\" engages in the predator defense mechanism of Müllerian mimicry with \"H. eleuchia\" (specifically in Ecuador) and \"H. sapho\" by adopting colors that warn a predator of their bad taste, deterring attacks. For instance, \"H. cydno alithea\", which has two potential colorings, mimics \"H. eleuchia\" in its yellow form, and mimics \"H. sapho\" in its white form. In contrast, \"H. cydno\" close relative, \"H. melpomene\", mimics \"H. erato\". It is a species well known and widely researched for its tendency to hybridize with the closely related \"H. melpomene,\" from which it diverged around 1.5 million years ago. They are sympatric for much of the geographic range of \"H. cydno\", from Central America to northern South America, and exhibit a low level of hybridization and gene flow in nature. Hybrids between the two species occur at a frequency of less than 0.1%. Their low levels of hybridization can, in part, be attributed to pre-mating isolation, as \"H. melpone\" is found in more open habitats, while \"H. cydno\" lives in a closed-forest environment. Studies suggest that changes in host use and mimicry in \"H. melpomene\" and \"H. cydno\" are genetically determined and may contribute to pre-mating isolation. In the past, this likely contributed to speciation. \"H. pachinus\" is also known to hybridize with \"H. melpomene\". The fact that both species hybridize with \"H. melpomene\" is considered significant because \"H. melpomene\" exhibits a distinct pheromonal chemistry and coloring. In fact, it has been suggested that wing preference patterns in mating may limit hybridization, a preference which is also known to limit hybridization between \"H. cydno\" and \"H. pachinus\", which is another closely related species. Thus, divergent coloring (and therefore, mimicry), contributes to sympatric speciation. While hybridization of species is present, there is evidence to suggest that hybrids are less successful in mating than their non-hybrid counterparts. Hybrids will mate with one another; however, their mating success is 50% of that of their parents, demonstrating disruptive sexual selection against these hybrids that helps to maintain the two species as separate, sympatric species. There are four key loci that affect wing color and pattern in \"H. cydno\". L determines whether a given individual has melanic scales over their forewing band. The Sb and Yb loci are tightly linked in \"H. cydno\", although the exact distance is not known. The Sb locus controls for the white submarginal band on the hindwing. The allele for the band is recessive. The Yb locus controls for a yellow band on the hindwing. The allele for this yellow band is also recessive. The K locus determines whether the medial band on the forewing, dorsally and ventrally, is yellow or white. An additional locus, G, determines the red line located on the forewing, at the base of the costal vein. It has been determined, based on crosses performed between \"H. cydno\" and \"H. melpomene\", as well as between \"H. cydno\" and \"H. pachinus\", that there are specific linkage groups associated with both male preference and female mating outcome (red verses black in \"cydno\"/\"melpomene\" crosses and white verses yellow in \"cydno\"/\"pachinus\" crosses). Strong linkage can be seen between mate preference and dominant wing color at the locus that controls forewing coloration. This contributes to co-evolution of mimicry and mate preference while maintaining the association of different species. Wing iridescence is another factor in \"H. cydno\" mating. \"Heliconius\" butterflies in general use thin-film iridescence and polarized light for mate recognition. \"H. cydno\" has blue iridescence which, at some angles, is 90% polarized. In experiments investigating polarized light as a signal in mating, it was found that when a female's wings were shown behind a depolarizing filter, she was approached at a significantly lower rate than when her wings were shown behind a non-depolarizing filter. It has been suggested that the high degree of iridescence displayed by \"H. cydno\" can be attributed to their forest understory habitat, which generally has less-direct sunlight. \"H. cydno\" females are known to mate multiply, thus engaging in polyandry. There are many possible benefits to females mating multiply that may conclude more robust progeny, more allocation of resources, or other benefits. Research done on \"H. cydno\" in Costa Rica suggests that the species has 12- and 14-membered macrolide scent gland extracts which have a C-18 skeleton. They are derived from linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids and have an S configuration. According to the study, other species' desire and ability to",
"at a significantly lower rate than when her wings were shown behind a non-depolarizing filter. It has been suggested that the high degree of iridescence displayed by \"H. cydno\" can be attributed to their forest understory habitat, which generally has less-direct sunlight. \"H. cydno\" females are known to mate multiply, thus engaging in polyandry. There are many possible benefits to females mating multiply that may conclude more robust progeny, more allocation of resources, or other benefits. Research done on \"H. cydno\" in Costa Rica suggests that the species has 12- and 14-membered macrolide scent gland extracts which have a C-18 skeleton. They are derived from linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids and have an S configuration. According to the study, other species' desire and ability to hybridize with \"H. cydno\" was not affected by their possession of macrolide scent gland extracts. In an experiment by Mirian Medina Hay-Roe and Richard W. Mankin, field-collected \"H. cydno\" females were found to produce wing clicks when interacting with members of the same species. Wing clicks are made in short sequences of three to ten clicks, at a speed of approximately ten clicks per second. They demonstrated this behavior during the day and at roosting time, when individuals came close to one another so as to almost touch one another's head or wings. This behavior was also observed during aggressive interactions with \"H. erato\" females. When an experimental group of \"H. cydno\" were moved to a greenhouse and allowed to reproduce, the first generation of adults born in the greenhouses did not demonstrate wing-clicking behavior. The frequency of wing clicking peaked at 1075 Hz, which is close to the 1200-Hz frequency peak of auditory sensitivity in \"H. erato\". This further suggests that communication both between and within species may be facilitated through this behavior. Heliconius cydno Heliconius cydno, the cydno longwing, is a nymphalid butterfly that ranges from Mexico to northern South America. It is typically found in the forest understory and deposits its eggs on a variety of plants of the genus \"Passiflora\". It is a member of the \"Heliconiinae\" subfamily of Central and South America, and it is the only heliconiine that can be considered oligophagous. \"H. cydno\" is also characterized by hybridization and"
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