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{ "retrieved": [ "Mary Shakespeare Mary Shakespeare, née Arden, (c. 1537–1608) was the mother of William Shakespeare. She was the daughter of Wilmcote gentleman farmer Robert Arden, a cadet of the Arden family prominent in Warwickshire since before the Norman Conquest. She was the youngest of eight daughters, and when her father died in 1556 she inherited land at Snitterfield and Wilmcote from her father as a dowry. The house was left to her stepmother Agnes Hill. Richard Shakespeare, the father of John Shakespeare, was a tenant farmer on land owned by her father in Snitterfield. As the daughter of Richard's landlord, she may have known John since childhood. Mary married John Shakespeare in 1557, when she was 20 years old. She bore eight children: Joan (1558), Margaret (1562–63), William (1564–1616), Gilbert (1566–1612), Joan (1569–1646), Anne (1571–79), Richard (1574–1613), and Edmund (1580–1607). Though Mary gave birth to many children, several of them died young. Their first daughter, Joan, born 1558 died; the name being used again for their third daughter. Their second daughter, Margaret, also died in infancy. Some members of the wider Arden family were of the Catholic faith. Mary was from a family of status and her ancestors – such as Thomas Arden, who fought in the thirteenth-century civil war for the Barons and Simon de Montfort; Robert Arden who fought in the War of Roses; John Arden who served on the court of King Henry VII – were well-connected in society. Mary Arden's House in Wilmcote has been maintained in good condition because it had been a working farmhouse over the centuries. It was bought by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1930 and refurnished in the Tudor period style. In 2000 it was discovered that the building preserved as Mary Arden's house had belonged to a friend and neighbour, Adam Palmer, and the house was accordingly renamed Palmer's Farm. The house that had belonged to the Arden family – which was near to Palmer's Farm – had been acquired by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1968 for preservation as part of a farmyard, without knowing its true provenance. The house and farm are open as an historic museum displaying 16th century life. Mary Shakespeare Mary Shakespeare, née Arden, (c. 1537–1608) was the mother of William Shakespeare. She was the daughter of Wilmcote gentleman farmer Robert Arden, a cadet of the Arden family prominent in Warwickshire since before the Norman Conquest." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Herbert (botanist) The Hon. William Herbert (12 January 1778 – 28 May 1847) was a British botanist, botanical illustrator, poet, and clergyman. He served as a member of parliament for Hampshire from 1806 to 1807, and for Cricklade from 1811 to 1812. His botanical writings are noted for his treatment of Amaryllidaceae. He was the third son and fifth child of Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, by Lady Elizabeth Alicia Maria, eldest daughter of Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont. He was born on 12 January 1778, and was educated at Eton College. On 16 July 1795 Herbert matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, but soon migrated to Exeter College, where he graduated B.A. on 6 June 1798. Subsequently, moving to Merton College, he proceeded M.A. 23 November 1802, B.C.L. 27 May 1808, D.C.L. 2 June 1808, and B.D. 25 June 1840. In a political career, he was elected M.P. for Hampshire in 1806, and for Cricklade in 1811, and also seems to have practised at the bar. But soon after retiring from parliament in 1812 he changed his plans. In 1814 he was ordained, and was nominated to the rectory of Spofforth in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He left Spofforth in 1840 on his promotion to Dean of Manchester. Herbert died suddenly at his house in Hereford Street, Park Lane, London, on Friday, 28 May 1847. In 1801 he brought out \"Ossiani Darthula\", a small volume of Greek and Latin poetry. In 1804 appeared part i. of his \"Select Icelandic Poetry, translated from the originals with notes\". Part ii. followed in 1806. These were early works on old Scandinavian literature in English. Lord Byron mentioned Herbert in his \"English Bards and Scotch Reviewers\" (1809). Other translations were from German, Danish, and Portuguese poems, with some miscellaneous English poems (1804). He contributed articles of a non-political character to the \"Edinburgh Review\". \"Helga\", a poem in seven cantos, came out in 1815, with a second edition in the following year; then \"Hedin, or the Spectre of the Tomb\", a tale in verse from Danish history. London, 1820; \"Pia della Pietra\", 1820; \"Iris\", a Latin ode, York, 1820; and the \"Wizard Wanderer of Jutland\" in 1820-1. The epic poem entitled \"Attila, or the Triumph of Christianity\", in twelve books, with a historical preface, was published in 1838; and a final volume of poems, \"The Christian\", in 1846. Early interested in natural history, and a good shot, he helped James Rennie to edit Gilbert White's \"The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne\" in 1833, and contributed notes to Edward Turner Bennett's edition of the work in 1837. He wrote much for the \"Botanical Register\" and \"Botanical Magazine\", particularly on the subject of bulbous plants. He cultivated a large number of these plants at Spofforth, and at Mitcham, Surrey; many of these were lost to cultivation. His standard volume on this group of plants, Amaryllidaceæ, was issued in 1837. His \"Crocorum Synopsis\" appeared in the miscellaneous portion of the \"Botanical Register\" for 1843-4-5. Contributions on hybridisation made by him to the \"Journal of the Horticultural Society\" were the outcome of observation and experiment. A \"History of the Species of Crocus\" was reprinted separately from that journal, edited by John Lindley in 1847, just after his death. The genus Herbertia of Sweet commemorated his name. His major works, including sermons, reviews, and scientific memoirs, besides his early poetical volumes, appeared in 2 volumes in 1842. He edited \"Musae Etonensis\" (1795) while still at school and, on quitting Eton, obtained a prize for a Latin poem on the subject \"Rhenus\", which was published. A translation appeared in \"Translations of Oxford Prize Poems\", 1831. The International Bulb Society awards The Herbert Medal to persons making meritorious achievement in advancing the knowledge of bulbous plants. Herbert married the Hon. Letitia Emily Dorothea, second daughter of Joshua Allen, 5th Viscount Allen, on 17 May 1806, and was father of Henry William Herbert and three other children. Charles Darwin wrote in \"On the Origin of Species\" (1859): Natural Selection, as we shall hereafter see, is a power incessantly ready for action, and is as immeasurably superior to man's feeble efforts, as the works of Nature are to those of Art. ...The elder De Candolle and Lyell have largely and philosophically shown that all organic beings are exposed to severe competition. In regard to plants, no one has treated this subject with more spirit and ability than W. Herbert, Dean of Manchester, evidently the result of his great horticultural knowledge. Andrew Dickson White wrote in \"A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom\" (1896): About 1820 Dean Herbert, eminent as an authority in horticulture, avowed his conviction that species are but fixed varieties. Science historian Conway Zirkle has written that Herbert had recognized the struggle for existence. According to Zirkle \"he approached very closely to the natural selection hypothesis when he suggested that winter hardiness might become established in a hybrid stock through the survival of chance variations.\" William Herbert (botanist) The Hon. William Herbert (12 January 1778 – 28 May 1847) was a British botanist, botanical illustrator, poet, and clergyman. He served as a member of parliament for Hampshire from 1806 to 1807, and for Cricklade from 1811 to 1812. His botanical writings are noted for his treatment of Amaryllidaceae. He was the third son and fifth child of Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Carnarvon," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. It relies on what may be thought of as more or less nearness to thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress, not an established edifice. This article will try to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it. Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods. This is because of the very small size of atoms, as compared with macroscopic systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium. A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail. Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the \"quasi-static process\". A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, on the other hand, attempting to describe continuous time-courses, need its state variables to have a very close connection with those of equilibrium thermodynamics. This profoundly restricts the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and places heavy demands on its conceptual framework. The suitable relationship that defines non-equilibrium thermodynamic state variables is as follows. On occasions when the system happens to be in states that are sufficiently close to thermodynamic equilibrium, non-equilibrium state variables are such that they can be measured locally with sufficient accuracy by the same techniques as are used to measure thermodynamic state variables, or by corresponding time and space derivatives, including fluxes of matter and energy. In general, non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems are spatially and temporally non-uniform, but their non-uniformity still has a sufficient degree of smoothness to support the existence of suitable time and space derivatives of non-equilibrium state variables. Because of the spatial non-uniformity, non-equilibrium state variables that correspond to extensive thermodynamic state variables have to be defined as spatial densities of the corresponding extensive equilibrium state variables. On occasions when the system is sufficiently close to thermodynamic equilibrium, intensive non-equilibrium state variables, for example temperature and pressure, correspond closely with equilibrium state variables. It is necessary that measuring probes be small enough, and rapidly enough responding, to capture relevant non-uniformity. Further, the non-equilibrium state variables are required to be mathematically functionally related to one another in ways that suitably resemble corresponding relations between equilibrium thermodynamic state variables. In reality, these requirements are very demanding, and it may be difficult or practically, or even theoretically, impossible to satisfy them. This is part of why non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress, not an established edifice. This article will try to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it. Some concepts of particular importance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics include time rate of dissipation of energy (Rayleigh 1873, Onsager 1931, also), time rate of entropy production (Onsager 1931), thermodynamic fields, dissipative structure, and non-linear dynamical structure. One problem of interest is the thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium steady states, in which entropy production and some flows are non-zero, but there is no time variation of physical variables. One initial approach to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is sometimes called 'classical irreversible thermodynamics'. There are other approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, for example extended irreversible thermodynamics, and generalized thermodynamics, but they are hardly touched on in the present article. According to Wildt (see also Essex), current versions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics ignore radiant heat; they can do so because they refer to laboratory quantities of matter under laboratory conditions with temperatures well below those of stars. At laboratory temperatures, in laboratory quantities of matter, thermal radiation is weak and can be practically nearly ignored. But, for example, atmospheric physics is concerned with large amounts of matter, occupying cubic kilometers, that, taken as a whole, are not within the range of laboratory quantities; then thermal radiation cannot be ignored. The terms 'classical irreversible thermodynamics' and 'local equilibrium thermodynamics' are sometimes used to refer to a version of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that demands certain simplifying assumptions, as follows. The assumptions have the effect of making each very small volume element of the system effectively homogeneous, or well-mixed, or without an effective spatial structure, and without kinetic energy of bulk flow or of diffusive flux. Even within the thought-frame of classical irreversible thermodynamics, care is needed in choosing the independent variables for systems. In some writings, it is assumed that the intensive variables of equilibrium thermodynamics are sufficient as the independent variables for the task (such variables are considered to have no 'memory', and do not show hysteresis); in particular, local flow intensive variables are not admitted as", "are sometimes used to refer to a version of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that demands certain simplifying assumptions, as follows. The assumptions have the effect of making each very small volume element of the system effectively homogeneous, or well-mixed, or without an effective spatial structure, and without kinetic energy of bulk flow or of diffusive flux. Even within the thought-frame of classical irreversible thermodynamics, care is needed in choosing the independent variables for systems. In some writings, it is assumed that the intensive variables of equilibrium thermodynamics are sufficient as the independent variables for the task (such variables are considered to have no 'memory', and do not show hysteresis); in particular, local flow intensive variables are not admitted as independent variables; local flows are considered as dependent on quasi-static local intensive variables. Also it is assumed that the local entropy density is the same function of the other local intensive variables as in equilibrium; this is called the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption (see also Keizer (1987)). Radiation is ignored because it is transfer of energy between regions, which can be remote from one another. In the classical irreversible thermodynamic approach, there is allowed very small spatial variation, from very small volume element to adjacent very small volume element, but it is assumed that the global entropy of the system can be found by simple spatial integration of the local entropy density; this means that spatial structure cannot contribute as it properly should to the global entropy assessment for the system. This approach assumes spatial and temporal continuity and even differentiability of locally defined intensive variables such as temperature and internal energy density. All of these are very stringent demands. Consequently, this approach can deal with only a very limited range of phenomena. This approach is nevertheless valuable because it can deal well with some macroscopically observable phenomena. In other writings, local flow variables are considered; these might be considered as classical by analogy with the time-invariant long-term time-averages of flows produced by endlessly repeated cyclic processes; examples with flows are in the thermoelectric phenomena known as the Seebeck and the Peltier effects, considered by Kelvin in the nineteenth century and by Lars Onsager in the twentieth. These effects occur at metal junctions, which were originally effectively treated as two-dimensional surfaces, with no spatial volume, and no spatial variation. A further extension of local equilibrium thermodynamics is to allow that materials may have \"memory\", so that their constitutive equations depend not only on present values but also on past values of local equilibrium variables. Thus time comes into the picture more deeply than for time-dependent local equilibrium thermodynamics with memoryless materials, but fluxes are not independent variables of state. Extended irreversible thermodynamics is a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that goes outside the restriction to the local equilibrium hypothesis. The space of state variables is enlarged by including the fluxes of mass, momentum and energy and eventually higher order fluxes. The formalism is well-suited for describing high-frequency processes and small-length scales materials. There are many examples of stationary non-equilibrium systems, some very simple, like a system confined between two thermostats at different temperatures or the ordinary Couette flow, a fluid enclosed between two flat walls moving in opposite directions and defining non-equilibrium conditions at the walls. Laser action is also a non-equilibrium process, but it depends on departure from local thermodynamic equilibrium and is thus beyond the scope of classical irreversible thermodynamics; here a strong temperature difference is maintained between two molecular degrees of freedom (with molecular laser, vibrational and rotational molecular motion), the requirement for two component 'temperatures' in the one small region of space, precluding local thermodynamic equilibrium, which demands that only one temperature be needed. Damping of acoustic perturbations or shock waves are non-stationary non-equilibrium processes. Driven complex fluids, turbulent systems and glasses are other examples of non-equilibrium systems. The mechanics of macroscopic systems depends on a number of extensive quantities. It should be stressed that all systems are permanently interacting with their surroundings, thereby causing unavoidable fluctuations of extensive quantities. Equilibrium conditions of thermodynamic systems are related to the maximum property of the entropy. If the only extensive quantity that is allowed to fluctuate is the internal energy, all the other ones being kept strictly constant, the temperature of the system is measurable and meaningful. The system's properties are then most conveniently described using the thermodynamic potential Helmholtz free energy (\"A\" = \"U\" - \"TS\"), a Legendre transformation of the energy. If, next to fluctuations of the energy, the macroscopic dimensions (volume) of the system are left fluctuating, we use the Gibbs free energy (\"G\" = \"U\" + \"PV\" - \"TS\"), where the system's properties are determined both by the temperature and by the pressure. Non-equilibrium systems are much more complex and they may undergo fluctuations of more extensive quantities. The boundary conditions impose on them particular intensive variables, like temperature gradients or distorted collective motions (shear motions, vortices, etc.), often called thermodynamic forces. If free energies are very useful in equilibrium thermodynamics, it must be stressed that there is no general law defining stationary non-equilibrium properties of the energy as is the second law of thermodynamics for the entropy in equilibrium thermodynamics. That is why in such cases a more generalized Legendre transformation should be considered. This is the extended Massieu potential. By definition, the entropy (\"S\") is a function of the collection of extensive quantities formula_1. Each extensive quantity has a conjugate intensive variable formula_2 (a restricted definition of intensive variable is used here by comparison to the definition given in this link) so that: We then define the extended Massieu function as follows: where formula_5 is Boltzmann's constant, whence The independent variables are the intensities. Intensities are global values, valid for the system as a whole. When boundaries impose to the system different local conditions, (e.g. temperature differences), there are intensive variables representing the average value and others representing gradients or higher moments. The latter are the thermodynamic forces driving fluxes of extensive properties through the system. It may be shown that the Legendre transformation changes the maximum condition of the entropy (valid at equilibrium) in a minimum condition of the extended Massieu function for stationary states, no matter whether at equilibrium or not. In thermodynamics one is often interested in a stationary state of a process, allowing that the stationary state include the occurrence of unpredictable and experimentally unreproducible fluctuations in the state of the system. The fluctuations are due to the system's internal sub-processes and to exchange of matter or energy with the system's surroundings that create the constraints that define the process. If the stationary state of the process is stable, then the unreproducible fluctuations involve local transient decreases of entropy. The reproducible response of the system is then to increase the entropy back to its maximum by irreversible processes: the fluctuation cannot be reproduced with a significant level of probability. Fluctuations about stable stationary states are extremely small except near critical points", "in a stationary state of a process, allowing that the stationary state include the occurrence of unpredictable and experimentally unreproducible fluctuations in the state of the system. The fluctuations are due to the system's internal sub-processes and to exchange of matter or energy with the system's surroundings that create the constraints that define the process. If the stationary state of the process is stable, then the unreproducible fluctuations involve local transient decreases of entropy. The reproducible response of the system is then to increase the entropy back to its maximum by irreversible processes: the fluctuation cannot be reproduced with a significant level of probability. Fluctuations about stable stationary states are extremely small except near critical points (Kondepudi and Prigogine 1998, page 323). The stable stationary state has a local maximum of entropy and is locally the most reproducible state of the system. There are theorems about the irreversible dissipation of fluctuations. Here 'local' means local with respect to the abstract space of thermodynamic coordinates of state of the system. If the stationary state is unstable, then any fluctuation will almost surely trigger the virtually explosive departure of the system from the unstable stationary state. This can be accompanied by increased export of entropy. The scope of present-day non-equilibrium thermodynamics does not cover all physical processes. A condition for the validity of many studies in non-equilibrium thermodynamics of matter is that they deal with what is known as \"local thermodynamic equilibrium\". \"Local thermodynamic equilibrium of matter\" (see also Keizer (1987) means that conceptually, for study and analysis, the system can be spatially and temporally divided into 'cells' or 'micro-phases' of small (infinitesimal) size, in which classical thermodynamical equilibrium conditions for matter are fulfilled to good approximation. These conditions are unfulfilled, for example, in very rarefied gases, in which molecular collisions are infrequent; and in the boundary layers of a star, where radiation is passing energy to space; and for interacting fermions at very low temperature, where dissipative processes become ineffective. When these 'cells' are defined, one admits that matter and energy may pass freely between contiguous 'cells', slowly enough to leave the 'cells' in their respective individual local thermodynamic equilibria with respect to intensive variables. One can think here of two 'relaxation times' separated by order of magnitude.<ref name=\"Zubarev 1971/1974\">Zubarev D. N.,(1974). \"Nonequilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics\", translated from the Russian by P.J. Shepherd, New York, Consultants Bureau. ; .</ref> The longer relaxation time is of the order of magnitude of times taken for the macroscopic dynamical structure of the system to change. The shorter is of the order of magnitude of times taken for a single 'cell' to reach local thermodynamic equilibrium. If these two relaxation times are not well separated, then the classical non-equilibrium thermodynamical concept of local thermodynamic equilibrium loses its meaning and other approaches have to be proposed, see for instance Extended irreversible thermodynamics. For example, in the atmosphere, the speed of sound is much greater than the wind speed; this favours the idea of local thermodynamic equilibrium of matter for atmospheric heat transfer studies at altitudes below about 60 km where sound propagates, but not above 100 km, where, because of the paucity of intermolecular collisions, sound does not propagate. Milne (1928), thinking about stars, gave a definition of 'local thermodynamic equilibrium' in terms of the thermal radiation of the matter in each small local 'cell'. He defined 'local thermodynamic equilibrium' in a 'cell' by requiring that it macroscopically absorb and spontaneously emit radiation as if it were in radiative equilibrium in a cavity at the temperature of the matter of the 'cell'. Then it strictly obeys Kirchhoff's law of equality of radiative emissivity and absorptivity, with a black body source function. The key to local thermodynamic equilibrium here is that the rate of collisions of ponderable matter particles such as molecules should far exceed the rates of creation and annihilation of photons. It is pointed out by W.T. Grandy Jr, that entropy, though it may be defined for a non-equilibrium system, is when strictly considered, only a macroscopic quantity that refers to the whole system, and is not a dynamical variable and in general does not act as a local potential that describes local physical forces. Under special circumstances, however, one can metaphorically think as if the thermal variables behaved like local physical forces. The approximation that constitutes classical irreversible thermodynamics is built on this metaphoric thinking. This point of view shares many points in common with the concept and the use of entropy in continuum thermomechanics, which evolved completely independently of statistical mechanics and maximum-entropy principles. To describe deviation of the thermodynamic system from equilibrium, in addition to constitutive variables formula_7 that are used to fix the equilibrium state, as was described above, a set of variables formula_8 that are called \"internal variables\" have been introduced. The equilibrium state is considered to be stable and the main property of the internal variables, as measures of non-equilibrium of the system, is their trending to disappear; the local law of disappearing can be written as relaxation equation for each internal variable where formula_9 is a relaxation time of a corresponding variables. It is convenient to consider the initial value formula_10 are equal to zero. The above equation is valid for small deviations from equilibrium; The dynamics of internal variables in general case is considered by Pokrovskii. Entropy of the system in non-equilibrium is a function of the total set of variables The essential contribution to the thermodynamics of the non-equilibrium systems was brought by Prigogine, when he and his collaborators investigated the systems of chemically reacting substances. The stationary states of such systems exists due to exchange both particles and energy with the environment. In section 8 of the third chapter of his book , Prigogine has specified three contributions to the variation of entropy of the considered system at the given volume and constant temperature formula_11 . The increment of entropy formula_12 can be calculated according to the formula The first term on the right hand side of the equation presents a stream of thermal energy into the system; the last term -- a stream of energy into the system coming with the stream of particles of substances formula_13 that can be positive or negative, formula_14 is chemical potential of substance formula_15. The middle term in (1) depicts energy dissipation (entropy production) due to the relaxation of internal variables formula_16. In the case of chemically reacting substances, which was investigated by Prigogine, the internal variables appear to be measures of incompleteness of chemical reactions, that is measures of how much the considered system with chemical reactions is out of equilibrium. The theory can be generalised, to consider any deviation from the equilibrium state as an internal variable, so that we consider the set of internal variables formula_16 in equation (1) to consist of the quantities defining not only degrees of completeness of all chemical reactions occurring in the system, but also the structure of the system, gradients of temperature, difference of concentrations of substances and so on. The fundamental relation of classical equilibrium thermodynamics expresses the change in entropy formula_19 of a system as a function of the intensive quantities temperature formula_20, pressure formula_21 and formula_22 chemical", "of incompleteness of chemical reactions, that is measures of how much the considered system with chemical reactions is out of equilibrium. The theory can be generalised, to consider any deviation from the equilibrium state as an internal variable, so that we consider the set of internal variables formula_16 in equation (1) to consist of the quantities defining not only degrees of completeness of all chemical reactions occurring in the system, but also the structure of the system, gradients of temperature, difference of concentrations of substances and so on. The fundamental relation of classical equilibrium thermodynamics expresses the change in entropy formula_19 of a system as a function of the intensive quantities temperature formula_20, pressure formula_21 and formula_22 chemical potential formula_23 and of the differentials of the extensive quantities energy formula_24, volume formula_25 and formula_22 particle number formula_27. Following Onsager (1931,I), let us extend our considerations to thermodynamically non-equilibrium systems. As a basis, we need locally defined versions of the extensive macroscopic quantities formula_24, formula_25 and formula_27 and of the intensive macroscopic quantities formula_20, formula_21 and formula_23. For classical non-equilibrium studies, we will consider some new locally defined intensive macroscopic variables. We can, under suitable conditions, derive these new variables by locally defining the gradients and flux densities of the basic locally defined macroscopic quantities. Such locally defined gradients of intensive macroscopic variables are called 'thermodynamic forces'. They 'drive' flux densities, perhaps misleadingly often called 'fluxes', which are dual to the forces. These quantities are defined in the article on Onsager reciprocal relations. Establishing the relation between such forces and flux densities is a problem in statistical mechanics. Flux densities (formula_34) may be coupled. The article on Onsager reciprocal relations considers the stable near-steady thermodynamically non-equilibrium regime, which has dynamics linear in the forces and flux densities. In stationary conditions, such forces and associated flux densities are by definition time invariant, as also are the system's locally defined entropy and rate of entropy production. Notably, according to Ilya Prigogine and others, when an open system is in conditions that allow it to reach a stable stationary thermodynamically non-equilibrium state, it organizes itself so as to minimize total entropy production defined locally. This is considered further below. One wants to take the analysis to the further stage of describing the behaviour of surface and volume integrals of non-stationary local quantities; these integrals are macroscopic fluxes and production rates. In general the dynamics of these integrals are not adequately described by linear equations, though in special cases they can be so described. Following Section III of Rayleigh (1873), Onsager (1931, I) showed that in the regime where both the flows (formula_34) are small and the thermodynamic forces (formula_36) vary slowly, the rate of creation of entropy formula_37 is linearly related to the flows: and the flows are related to the gradient of the forces, parametrized by a matrix of coefficients conventionally denoted formula_39: from which it follows that: The second law of thermodynamics requires that the matrix formula_39 be positive definite. Statistical mechanics considerations involving microscopic reversibility of dynamics imply that the matrix formula_39 is symmetric. This fact is called the \"Onsager reciprocal relations\". The generalization of the above equations for the rate of creation of entropy was given by Pokrovskii. Until recently, prospects for useful extremal principles in this area have seemed clouded. C. Nicolis (1999) concludes that one model of atmospheric dynamics has an attractor which is not a regime of maximum or minimum dissipation; she says this seems to rule out the existence of a global organizing principle, and comments that this is to some extent disappointing; she also points to the difficulty of finding a thermodynamically consistent form of entropy production. Another top expert offers an extensive discussion of the possibilities for principles of extrema of entropy production and of dissipation of energy: Chapter 12 of Grandy (2008) is very cautious, and finds difficulty in defining the 'rate of internal entropy production' in many cases, and finds that sometimes for the prediction of the course of a process, an extremum of the quantity called the rate of dissipation of energy may be more useful than that of the rate of entropy production; this quantity appeared in Onsager's 1931 origination of this subject. Other writers have also felt that prospects for general global extremal principles are clouded. Such writers include Glansdorff and Prigogine (1971), Lebon, Jou and Casas-Vásquez (2008), and Šilhavý (1997). A recent proposal may perhaps by-pass those clouded prospects. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as protein folding/unfolding and transport through membranes. Also, ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the informatic theory of entropy have been adapted to describe general economic systems. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship The CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling junior heavyweight championship owned by the Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) promotion. The championship was created and debuted on February 19, 1999 at CZW's Opening Night event. Only wrestlers under the junior heavyweight weight limit of may hold the championship. Being a professional wrestling championship, the title is won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. Overall, there have been 37 reigns shared among 26 wrestlers, with two vacancies. The inaugural champion was The Sensational One, who was recognized as champion at CZW's Opening Night event. Sabian and Trent Acid are tied for the record of most reigns, with three each. At days, Adam Cole's only reign is the longest in the title's history. Cole holds the record for most days as champion as well. The Sensational One's first reign, along with Sami Callihan and Sonjay Dutt's second reigns share the record for shortest reign at less than one day. The title was retired on September 8, 2012, when reigning champion AR Fox defeated CZW Wired TV Champion Dave Crist in a ladder match to unify the two titles, but the Junior Heavyweight Championship was revived on August 23, 2014. The first champion was crowned on February 19, 1999 at CZW's first show, Opening Night. The Sensational One was recognized as champion by CZW. He went on to defend the title that night against Quicksilver, who defeated him to become the new champion. As such, The Sensational One's first reign became the shortest reign in the title's history at less than one day, until September 9, 2006 when Sonjay Dutt defeated SeXXXy Eddy at CZW's Chri$ Ca$h Memorial Show – Down With The Sickness 2 event to become the new champion. Dutt then went on to lose the title to Jigsaw later that day at CZW's Expect the Unexpected show. The title has changed hands four times outside of the United States. During Trent Acid's first reign, he was defeated by Winger in Tokyo, Japan on July 1, 2000 to mark the first instance. The second was also in Tokyo, with Men's Teioh becoming the new champion on September 15, 2000. The third was in Sapporo, Japan on May 4, 2001, while the fourth was in Yokohama, Japan on August 19, 2001. Jun Kasai won the title in Sapporo, while Acid reclaimed the title in Yokohama. Following Acid's victory in Yokohama, the title was vacated for the first of two times. The vacancy was the result of a double pinfall in a match against Ruckus for the championship on September 29, 2001 at CZW's Enough is Enough event. Ruckus went on to win the vacant title in a Three Way match that also involved Acid and Winger on December 2, 2001. The second vacancy was the result of CZW stripping Chuck Taylor of the title on October 11, 2008. Ryan McBride became the new champion on December 13, 2008 at CZW's Cage Of Death 10: Ultraviolent Anniversary show by defeating Pinkie Sanchez, Carter Gray, Egotistico Fantastico, and Dan Paysan in a Ultraviolent Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to win the vacant championship. On May 8, 2010 at CZW's Fist Fight event, Adam Cole defeated then-CZW Junior Heavyweight Champion Sabian to become the new champion. Cole held the title for 553 days, the longest reign on record, before losing it to Sami Callihan on November 12, 2011 at CZW's Night Of Infamy 10: Ultimatum event. However, since August 23, 2014, Alexander James defended the title at CZW's events. CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship The CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling junior heavyweight championship owned by the Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) promotion. The championship was created and debuted on February 19, 1999 at CZW's Opening Night event. Only wrestlers under the junior heavyweight weight limit of may hold the championship. Being a professional wrestling championship, the title is won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. Overall, there have been 37 reigns shared among 26 wrestlers, with two vacancies. The inaugural champion was The Sensational One, who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Information content In information theory, information content, self-information, or surprisal of a random variable or signal is the amount of information gained when it is sampled. Formally, information content is a random variable defined for any event in probability theory regardless of whether a random variable is being measured or not. Information content is expressed in a unit of information, as explained below. The expected value of self-information is information theoretic entropy, the average amount of information an observer would expect to gain about a system when sampling the random variable. Given a random variable formula_1 with probability mass function formula_2, the self-information of measuring formula_1 as outcome formula_4 is defined as formula_5 Broadly given an event formula_6 with probability formula_7, information content is defined analogously: formula_8 In general, the base of the logarithmic chosen does not matter for most information-theoretic properties; however, different units of information are assigned based on popular choices of base. If the logarithmic base is 2, the unit is named the Shannon but \"bit\" is also used. If the base of the logarithm is the natural logarithm (logarithm to base Euler's number e ≈ 2.7182818284), the unit is called the nat, short for \"natural\". If the logarithm is to base 10, the units are called hartleys or decimal digits. The Shannon entropy of the random variable formula_9 above is defined as formula_10 by definition equal to the expected information content of measurement of formula_9. For a given probability space, measurement of rarer events will yield more information content than more common values. Thus, self-information is antitonic in probability for events under observation. The information content of two independent events is the sum of each event's information content. This property is known as additivity in mathematics, and sigma additivity in particular in measure and probability theory. Consider two independent random variables formula_12 with probability mass functions formula_13 and formula_14 respectively. The joint probability mass function is formula_15 because formula_16 and formula_17 are independent. The information content of the outcome formula_18 isformula_19See below for an example. This measure has also been called surprisal, as it represents the \"surprise\" of seeing the outcome (a highly improbable outcome is very surprising). This term (as a log-probability measure) was coined by Myron Tribus in his 1961 book \"Thermostatics and Thermodynamics\". When the event is a random realization (of a variable) the self-information of the variable is defined as the expected value of the self-information of the realization. Self-information is an example of a proper scoring rule. Consider the Bernoulli trial of tossing a fair coin formula_1. The probabilities of the events of the coin landing as heads formula_21 and tails formula_22 (see fair coin and obverse and reverse) are one half each, formula_23. Upon measuring the variable as heads, the associated information gain isformula_24so the information gain of a fair coin landing as heads is 1 shannon. Likewise, the information gain of measuring formula_22 tails isformula_26 Suppose we have a fair six-sided dice. The value of a dice roll is a discrete uniform random variable formula_27 with probability mass function formula_28The probability of rolling a 4 is formula_29, as for any other valid roll. The information content of rolling a 4 is thusformula_30of information. Suppose we have two independent, identically distributed random variables formula_31 each corresponding to an independent fair 6-sided dice roll. The joint distribution of formula_1 and formula_33 isformula_34 The information content of the random variate formula_35 is formula_36just as formula_37as explained in . If we receive information about the value of the dice without knowledge of which die had which value, we can formalize the approach with so-called counting variables formula_38 for formula_39, then formula_40 and the counts have the multinomial distribution formula_41 To verify this, the 6 outcomes formula_42 correspond to the event formula_43 and a total probability of . These are the only events that are faithfully preserved with identity of which dice rolled which outcome because the outcomes are the same. Without knowledge to distinguish the dice rolling the other numbers, the other formula_44 combinations correspond to one die rolling one number and the other die rolling a different number, each having probability . Indeed, formula_45, as required. Unsurprisingly, the information content of learning that both dice were rolled as the same particular number is more than the information content of learning that one dice was one number and the other was a different number. Take for examples the events formula_46 and formula_47for formula_48. For example, formula_49and formula_50. The information contents are formula_51formula_52Let formula_53 be the event that both dice rolled the same value and formula_54 be the event that the dice differed. Then formula_55 and formula_56. The information contents of the events are formula_57formula_58 The probability mass or density function (collectively probability measure) of the sum of two independent random variables is the convolution of each probability measure. In the case of independent fair 6-sided dice rolls, the random variable formula_59 has probability mass function formula_60, where formula_61 represents the discrete convolution. The outcome formula_62 has probability formula_63. Therefore, the information asserted isformula_64 Generalizing the example above, consider a general discrete uniform random variable (DURV) formula_65 For convenience, define formula_66. The p.m.f. is formula_67In general, the values of the DURV need not be integers, or for the purposes of information theory even uniformly spaced; they need only be equiprobable. The information gain of any observation formula_68isformula_69 If formula_70 above, formula_1 degenerates to a constant random variable with probability distribution deterministically given by formula_72 and probability measure the Dirac measure formula_73. The only value formula_1 can take is deterministically formula_75, so the information content of any measurement of formula_1 isformula_77In general, there is no information gained from measuring a known value. Generalizing all of the above cases, consider a categorical discrete random variable with support formula_78 and given by formula_79 For the purposes of information theory, the values formula_80 do not even have to be numbers at all; they can just be mutually exclusive events on a measure space of finite measure that has been normalized to a probability measure formula_81. Without loss of generality, we can assume the categorical distribution is supported on the set formula_82; the mathematical structure is isomorphic in terms of probability theory and therefore information theory as well. The information of the outcome formula_83 is given formula_84 From these examples, it is possible to calculate the information of any set of independent DRVs with known distributions by additivity. The entropy is the expected value of the information content of the discrete random variable, with expectation taken over the discrete values it takes. Sometimes, the entropy itself is called the \"self-information\" of the random variable, possibly because the entropy satisfies formula_85, where formula_86 is the mutual information of formula_1 with itself. By definition, information is transferred from an originating entity possessing the information to a receiving entity only when the receiver had not known the information a priori. If the receiving entity had previously known the content of a message with certainty before receiving the message, the amount of information of the message received is zero. For example,", "of any set of independent DRVs with known distributions by additivity. The entropy is the expected value of the information content of the discrete random variable, with expectation taken over the discrete values it takes. Sometimes, the entropy itself is called the \"self-information\" of the random variable, possibly because the entropy satisfies formula_85, where formula_86 is the mutual information of formula_1 with itself. By definition, information is transferred from an originating entity possessing the information to a receiving entity only when the receiver had not known the information a priori. If the receiving entity had previously known the content of a message with certainty before receiving the message, the amount of information of the message received is zero. For example, quoting a character (the Hippy Dippy Weatherman) of comedian George Carlin, \"“Weather forecast for tonight: dark. Continued dark overnight, with widely scattered light by morning.”\" Assuming one does not reside near the Earth's poles or polar circles, the amount of information conveyed in that forecast is zero because it is known, in advance of receiving the forecast, that darkness always comes with the night. When the content of a message is known a priori with certainty, with probability of 1, there is no actual information conveyed in the message. Only when the advance knowledge of the content of the message by the receiver is less than 100% certain does the message actually convey information. Accordingly, the amount of self-information contained in a message conveying content informing an occurrence of event, formula_88, depends only on the probability of that event. for some function formula_90 to be determined below. If formula_91, then formula_92. If formula_93, then formula_94. Further, by definition, the measure of self-information is nonnegative and additive. If a message informing of event formula_95 is the intersection of two independent events formula_96 and formula_97, then the information of event formula_95 occurring is that of the compound message of both independent events formula_96 and formula_97 occurring. The quantity of information of compound message formula_95 would be expected to equal the sum of the amounts of information of the individual component messages formula_96 and formula_97 respectively: Because of the independence of events formula_96 and formula_97, the probability of event formula_95 is However, applying function formula_90 results in The class of function formula_90 having the property such that is the logarithm function of any base. The only operational difference between logarithms of different bases is that of different scaling constants. Since the probabilities of events are always between 0 and 1 and the information associated with these events must be nonnegative, that requires that formula_114. Taking into account these properties, the self-information formula_115 associated with outcome formula_88 with probability formula_117 is defined as: The smaller the probability of event formula_88, the larger the quantity of self-information associated with the message that the event indeed occurred. If the above logarithm is base 2, the unit of formula_120 is bits. This is the most common practice. When using the natural logarithm of base formula_121, the unit will be the nat. For the base 10 logarithm, the unit of information is the hartley. As a quick illustration, the information content associated with an outcome of 4 heads (or any specific outcome) in 4 consecutive tosses of a coin would be 4 bits (probability 1/16), and the information content associated with getting a result other than the one specified would be ~0.09 bits (probability 15/16). See below for detailed examples. Information content In information theory, information content, self-information, or surprisal of a random variable or signal is the amount of information gained when it is sampled. Formally, information content is a random variable defined for any event in probability theory regardless of whether a random variable is being measured or not. Information content is expressed in a unit of information, as explained below. The expected value of self-information is information" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ray Columbus Raymond John Patrick Columbus (4 November 1942 – 29 November 2016) was a New Zealand Benny Award-winning singer and songwriter, television host, music manager and entertainer, with a career spanning six decades. As the lead singer of Ray Columbus & the Invaders, his best-known hit was \"She's A Mod\". Columbus attended Xavier College in Christchurch, studied tap, but was more interested in the rock 'n' roll of the era and formed his first band, The Dominoes, in 1959. Columbus got his big break playing with the Downbeats Band which later became Ray and the Drifters. He relocated to Auckland when he was offered a TV show titled \"Club Columbus\", whereupon he changed the band's name to Ray Columbus & the Invaders in 1964. The Invaders were known for their Fender guitars, dance moves and lavish clean-cut outfits. In 1964, the Invaders released their best-known song, \"She's a Mod\" The track was written by British musician Terry Beale for his group The Senators, but was not a hit for his group. \"She's A Mod\" became a number one hit in Australia—the first song from a New Zealand group to reach the top of the charts in another country. In 1965, the band released the single \"Till We Kissed\", which sold fifty thousand units; this was actually a retitled version of 'Where Have You Been All My Life?' released years earlier and even performed by The Beatles in their Hamburg days The Invaders' second album, \"Original Numbers\", was the first album in New Zealand to include an entirety of self-composed songs. After disbanding the Invaders, Columbus relocated to the United States for two years. Returning to New Zealand, he hosted numerous television pop shows including \"Ray Columbus presents New Faces\", \"C'mon\", \"Happen Inn\" and \"That's Country\" (which he co-created and helped sell to a US cable network). He was also a noted music manager, mentoring artists such as singer Suzanne Lynch. In the late 1990s he managed the rock band Zed. As a solo artist, Columbus toured with The Rolling Stones, Roy Orbison and The Newbeats, as well as playing Royal Variety Performances and being an opening act of the 1974 New Zealand Commonwealth Games. Columbus released a biography in 2011, which stated that he smoked for years and was a heavy drinker. He suffered a heart attack in 2004, and a stroke in 2007 that left him partially paralysed. In April 2014, he was reported to be terminally ill, from an immune deficiency condition caused from medication. Columbus died at his Snells Beach, North Auckland residence in November 2016 aged 74, after a \"four year battle with ill health\". He was survived by his wife and two children. In 1973, Columbus received the Benny Award from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand Inc, the highest honour available to a New Zealand variety entertainer. In the 1974 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to entertainment. In 1990, Columbus received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal for his promotion of New Zealand overseas. Ray Columbus Raymond John Patrick Columbus (4 November 1942 – 29 November 2016) was a New Zealand Benny Award-winning singer and songwriter, television host, music manager and entertainer, with a career spanning six decades. As the lead singer of Ray Columbus & the Invaders, his best-known hit was \"She's A Mod\". Columbus attended Xavier College in Christchurch, studied tap, but was more interested in the rock 'n' roll of the era and formed his first band, The Dominoes, in 1959. Columbus got his big break playing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zina Kocher Zina Kocher (born December 5, 1982 in Red Deer, Alberta) is a Canadian cross-country skier and former biathlete. She competed for Team Canada in biathlon at the 2006, 2010, 2014 Winter Olympics and in 12 editions of the Biathlon World Championships. Kocher started out competing as a cross-country skier, and was introduced to the sport of biathlon at the 1998 Alberta Winter Games. After graduating from high school in 2000, she moved to Canmore to train full-time. She subsequently was selected to compete for Canada at the 2001 Junior World Championships, before embarking on her first full-time Biathlon World Cup campaign in the 2003-04 season, during which she took five top 30 finishes. In the opening race of the 2006-07 season, a 15 km individual competition in Östersund, Sweden, Kocher finished third, becoming the first Canadian biathlete to make the podium in a top-level international event since Myriam Bédard ten years earlier. After a two year period where she struggled with illness, Kocher took a fourth place in a pursuit at the third meeting of the 2009-10 season in Pokljuka, Slovenia, shooting 20 out of 20 targets in an event for the first time, having already taken a tenth place in the sprint at the same meeting. At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, she was part of the Canadian team that finished eighth in the women's relay, the best ever Canadian finish in that event. Kocher retired from biathlon competition in March 2016, and by January 2017 she had enrolled as a student of massage therapy at Mount Royal University. She subsequently competed in the 2017 national cross-country ski championships in Canmore: having trained on a part-time basis, she won the 5 km competition and finished second in the 30 km event, in a field containing members of the Canadian national cross-country ski team. She subsequently decided to switch to part-time studies and return to competition as a cross-country skier with the aim of being selected for the 2018 Winter Olympics, partly in memory of Richard Boruta, her former biathlon coach, who had been killed in a climbing accident in August 2017. Kocher won the 51 km freestyle race at the Gatineau Loppet in February 2018. She was part of a group of five athletes (along with Canadian biathletes Megan Tandy, Sandra Keith, Rosanna Crawford, and Megan Imrie), who posed for the Bold Beautiful Biathlon calendar. Although Zina Kocher was one of the few fully funded athletes in the national biathlon program, she took the initiative to find opportunities for extra funding. Kocher felt the calendar would build a new image for young Canadian girls to look up to; the image of a healthy, athletic body. The nude photos were taken by Rachel Boekel and Adrian Marcoux in Canmore, Alberta. The concept was that each athlete will be featured on two pages of the calendar, and there will be four group photos. The calendar was called Bold Beautiful Biathlon, and sold for $25. The biathletes were inspired by a calendar that was done featuring Olympic cross-country skiers, Sara Renner and Beckie Scott in 2001. Renner and Scott, along with three other teammates, tastefully took their clothes off for a calendar to raise funds. Kocher married Alex Lawson in the summer of 2017. She is a trained doula. Zina Kocher Zina Kocher (born December 5, 1982 in Red Deer, Alberta) is a Canadian cross-country skier and former biathlete. She competed for Team Canada in biathlon at the 2006, 2010, 2014 Winter Olympics and in 12 editions of the Biathlon World Championships. Kocher started out competing as a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eddie Kirkland (Christian musician) William Edward \"Eddie\" Kirkland Jr. (born December 16, 1981) is an American Christian musician and pastor of The Parish Anglican Church, who primarily plays a contemporary Christian style of worship music. He has released one studio album, \"Kings & Queens\" in 2012, with North Point Music. William Edward Kirkland Jr., was born on December 16, 1981, in Tarrant, Texas, the son of a pastor, Dr. William Edward Kirkland Sr. and mother, Donna Anne Kirkland (\"née\", Breslend). He has two younger brothers, Christopher and Kyle. Kirkland was raised in Jacksonville, Florida before relocating to Atlanta, Georgia to become the worship pastor at North Point Community Church, where he was based for five years. He is currently the founder and pastor of The Parish Anglican Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His music recording career began in 2008, with the album \"Orthadoxy\". The extended play, \"Here + Now\" album, was released on October 14, 2011, with North Point Music. The subsequent release, a studio album, \"Kings & Queens\", was released on August 14, 2012, from North Point Music. Kirkland is married to Danielle, where they reside in Atlanta, Georgia, with their four children, Jude, Emmeline, Hollis, and Lucy. Eddie Kirkland" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Syobon Action The player controls a kitten-like character who must venture through side-scrolling platform levels similar to \"Super Mario Bros\". The game consists of four levels (six in the online version) riddled with traps designed to trick the player, and abuse their previous knowledge of Super Mario Bros. gameplay, including normal-looking ground tiles that fall away into pits, blocks that sprout spikes when touched, enemies that spawn nearly on top of the character, deadly background scenery, and a Mario-style flagpole that kills the character in two different ways. Despite the surprise factor of these traps, the levels do not change between plays, allowing the player to memorize their locations and eventually make progress. Some designers have commented on how the game requires the player to think logically through trial-and-error in order to complete the game. \"Syobon Action\" was developed by , who programmed the first stage of the game in three days for the cultural festival in his college, and finished the other three stages after the festival in two weeks. The concept and overall inspiration of the game mainly originated from a Japanese Flash game on 2channel called . Most of the game's music are MIDI renditions of music taken from other games, including \"Cheetahmen\" (overworld), \"Spelunker\" (underground), \"Ghosts 'n Goblins\" (castle), and \"Puyo Puyo\" (credits), but in the unofficial versions, all the levels are from \"Super Mario Bros. 3\". An open-source version of \"Syobon Action\" has been released under the name of \"Open Syobon Action\" on Sourceforge under GPLv2 in 2010. This version of the game has allowed developers to port it to various platforms, such as AmigaOS 4.1, Dreamcast, and Linux. This game has also been ported unofficially to the Nintendo Wii, available through the Homebrew Channel and Nintendo 3DS and adds five levels from an unofficial sequel labeled \"Syobon Action 2\". \"Syobon Action\" was generally received positively, though the reviews note the intense and often frustrating difficulty of the game. It was recognized as a game that \"systematically disrupts every convention of 2D platform gameplay\", and that success in the game often relies on both trial-and-error-like strategies and the player's ability to use counterintuitive strategies to avoid obstacles. \"Open Syobon Action\" was downloaded alone via Sourceforge.net over 130,000 times between 2010 and October 2018. Syobon Action The player controls a kitten-like character who must venture through side-scrolling platform levels similar to \"Super Mario Bros\". The game" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, established in 1984, is oldest engineering college in Port Blair, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It offers degree and diploma in engineering and maritime programmes. The institute also offers various non-formal courses in the campus as well as through its extension centre spread over different islands of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. All the courses which are being offered for more than four years have been accredited by NBA. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology was established in 1984 as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Govt. Polytechnic. In 1989, a second Govt. Polytechnic was established in the same campus. This college has been renamed as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology in 2010, when engineering degree courses were introduced. The institute was one of the first technical institute in the country to get ISO 9000 accreditation way back in 1999, which was subsequently upgraded to 9001:2008 standards. The institute also obtained ISO 14000 accreditation. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, established in 1984, is oldest engineering college in Port Blair, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "During their careers, masked luchadores will often be seen in public wearing their masks and keeping up the culture of Lucha Libre, while other masked wrestlers will interact with the public and press normally. However, they will still go to great lengths to conceal their true identities; in effect, the mask is synonymous with the luchador. El Santo continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask. \n In the early 1900s, professional wrestling was mostly a regional phenomenon in Mexico until Salvador Lutteroth founded the Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (Mexican Wrestling Enterprise) in 1933, giving the sport a national foothold for the first time. The promotion company flourished and quickly became the premier spot for wrestlers. As television surfaced as a viable entertainment medium during the 1950s, Lutteroth was then able to broadcast his wrestling across the nation, subsequently yielding a popularity explosion for the sport. Moreover, it was the emergence of television that allowed Lutteroth to promote lucha libre's first breakout superstar into a national pop-culture phenomenon. \n Although masks are a feature of lucha libre, it is a misconception that every Mexican wrestler uses one. There have been several maskless wrestlers who have been successful, particularly Tarzán López, Gory Guerrero, Perro Aguayo and Negro Casas. Formerly masked wrestlers who lost their masks, such as Satánico, Cien Caras, Cibernético and others, have had continued success despite losing their masks. \n Luchadores, like their foreign counterparts, seek to obtain a campeonato (championship) through winning key wrestling matches. Since many feuds and shows are built around luchas de apuestas (matches with wagers), title matches play a less prominent role in Mexico than in the U.S. Titles can be defended as few as one time per year. \n In 1942, lucha libre would be forever changed when a silver-masked wrestler, known simply as El Santo (The Saint), first stepped into the ring. He made his debut in Mexico City by winning an 8-man battle royal. The public became enamored by the mystique and secrecy of Santo's personality, and he quickly became the most popular luchador in Mexico. His wrestling career spanned nearly five decades, during which he became a folk hero and a symbol of justice for the common man through his appearances in comic books and movies, while the sport received an unparalleled degree of mainstream attention. \n Nike has designed a line of lucha libre-inspired athletic shoes. Coca-Cola developed a Blue Demon Full Throttle energy drink named after the luchador Blue Demon, Jr. who is also the spokesperson for the drink in Mexico. Coca-Cola also introduced \"Gladiator\" in Mexico, an energy drink that sponsored CMLL events and who featured CMLL wrestlers such as Místico and Último Guerrero. \n A rule unique to lucha libre applies during tag team matches, which is when the legal wrestler of a team touches the floor outside the ring, a teammate may enter the ring to take his place as the legal competitor. As the legal wrestler can step to the floor willingly, there is essentially no need for an actual tag to a teammate to bring him into a match. This often allows for much more frenetic action to take place in the ring than would otherwise be possible under standard tag rules. \n Luchadores are traditionally divided into two categories, rudos (lit. \"tough guys\", who are \"bad guys\", or \"heels\"), who bend or break the rules, and técnicos (the \"good guys\", or \"faces\", literally \"technicians\"), who play by the rules and their moves are much more complex and spectacular. Técnicos tend to have very formal combat styles, close to Greco-Roman wrestling and martial arts techniques, whereas rudos tend to be brawlers. Técnicos playing the \"good guy\" role, and rudos playing the \"bad guy\" role is very characteristic of Mexican lucha libre, which differs from U.S. professional wrestling, where many technical wrestlers play the role of heels (e.g., Kurt Angle), and many brawlers play as \"faces\" (e.g., Stone Cold Steve Austin & The Rock). Although rudos often resort to using underhanded tactics, they are still expected to live up to a luchador code of honor. For instance, a luchador who has lost a wager match would prefer to endure the humiliation of being unmasked or having his head shaved rather than live with the shame that would come from not honoring his bet. Rudos have also been known to make the transition into técnicos after a career defining moment, as was the case with Blue Demon, who decided to become a técnico after his wrestling partner, Black Shadow, was unmasked by the legendary Santo. Tag teams are sometimes composed of both rudos and técnicos in what are called parejas increibles (incredible pairings). Parejas increibles highlight the conflict between a luchador's desire to win and his contempt for his partner. \n In recent years, several luchadores have found success in the United States. Notable luchadores who achieved success in the U.S. are Eddie Guerrero, Chavo Guerrero, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Juventud Guerrera, La Parka, Super Crazy, Alberto Del Rio, Psicosis, Sin Cara and Kalisto. \n Lucha libre has crossed over into popular culture, especially in Mexico where it is the fourth most popular sport after football. Outside of Mexico Lucha Libre has also crossed over into popular culture, especially in movies and television. Depictions of luchadores are often used as symbols of Mexico and Mexican culture in non-Spanish speaking cultures. \n Since Lucha Libre has its roots more in Latin American professional wrestling than North American professional wrestling it retains some of the basics of the Latin American version such as more weight classes than professional wrestling in North America post World War II. Like \"old school\" European (especially British) wrestling, some Japanese wrestling and early 20th century American wrestling, Lucha Libre has a detailed weight class system patterned after boxing. Each weight class has an official upper limit, but examples of wrestlers who are technically too heavy to hold their title can be found. The following weight classes exist in Lucha Libre, as defined by the \"Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F.\" (the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission), the main regulatory body in Mexico:\n * Lucha Fantastica", "One characteristic practiced in Mexico, fans honor wrestlers by throwing money to the wrestling ring after witnessing a high quality match. With this act fans honor the Luchador in a symbolic way, thanking the Luchador for a spectacular match demonstrating they are pleased with their performance, showing the match is worth their money and worth more than what they paid for to witness such event. This act of honoring the Luchador is uncommon, months can pass without such practice, because fans are the toughest of critics booing the Luchador if they are not pleased with their performance. regardless if they are the \"Good\" or \"Bad\" guys. \n Although the term today refers exclusively to professional wrestling, it was originally used in the same style as the American and English term \"freestyle wrestling\", referring to an amateur wrestling style without the restrictions of Greco-Roman wrestling. \n With the importance placed on masks in lucha libre, losing the mask to an opponent is seen as the ultimate insult, and can at times seriously hurt the career of the unmasked wrestler. Putting one's mask on the line against a hated opponent is a tradition in lucha libre as a means to settle a heated feud between two or more wrestlers. In these battles, called luchas de apuestas (\"matches with wagers\"), the wrestlers \"wager\" either their mask or their hair. \n In Peru the term \"cachascán\" (from \"catch as can\") is used. Wrestlers are called cachascanistas. In Argentina, in addition to lucha libre, professional wrestling is also referred to as \"catch\" (as in many non English speaking countries in Europe) or catch as catch can. In Bolivian Lucha Libre, wrestling Cholitas–female wrestlers dressed up as indigenous Aymara–are popular, and have even inspired comic books. \n Lucha libre shows are broadcast weekly in the U.S. on the Galavisión and LA TV Spanish language cable networks. \n Disqualifications occur when an opponent uses an illegal hold, move (such as the piledriver, which is an illegal move in lucha libre and grounds for immediate disqualification, though some variations are legal in certain promotions), or weapon, hits his opponent in the groin (faul), uses outside interference, attacks the referee, or rips his opponent's mask completely off. Most matches are two out of three falls (de dos a tres caídas), which had been abandoned for title bouts in North America and Japan in the 1970s. \n Television shows have also been inspired by Lucha Libre, especially animated series such as ¡ Mucha Lucha! , Cartoon Network also produced an animated mini-series based on luchador El Santo. The WB television series Angel episode entitled \"The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco\" told the story of a family of luchadores called \"Los Hermanos Números\" who also fought evil. Angel must help the remaining brother, Numero Cinco, defeat the Aztec warrior-demon that killed his four brothers. In the British TV show Justin Lee Collins:The Wrestler, Colins competes as the rudo El Glorioso, or The Glorious One, against the exótico Cassandro in The Roundhouse, London, ultimately losing and being unmasked. The book and television series The Strain by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan, features a retired luchador character called Angel de la Plata (The Silver Angel), played by Joaquin Cosio. In the storyline, Angel de la Plata (probably based on El Santo) was a major masked wrestling star in Mexico, appearing both in the ring and in a series of movies in which his character battled all manner of foes including vampires. A knee injury ended his career but he is called upon to use his fighting skills against a real-life vampire invasion of New York. The Kids' WB animated program ¡ Mucha Lucha! (2002-2005) depicts a whole town full of masked wrestlers who not only wrestle in matches, but also have regular jobs (such as owning and managing the town donut shop). Youngsters attend \"The Foremost World Renowned International School Of Lucha\" to get trained in the sport. \n The rules of lucha libre are similar to American singles matches. Matches can be won by pinning the opponent to the mat for the count of three, making him submit, knocking him out of the ring for a predetermined count (generally twenty) or by disqualification. Using the ropes for leverage is illegal, and once a luchador is on the ropes, his opponent must release any holds and he will not be able to pin him. \n In 1994, AAA promoted the When Worlds Collide pay-per-view in conjunction with the U.S. promotion company World Championship Wrestling (WCW). When Worlds Collide introduced U.S. audiences to many of the top luchadores in Mexico at the time. \n Lucha Underground is a professional wrestling franchise produced by the United Artists Media Group. The weekly television series airs in English on the El Rey Network and in Spanish on UniMás, featuring wrestlers from the American independent circuit and AAA, one of the biggest wrestling promotions in Mexico. AAA also owns a percentage of Lucha Underground. The series, which is taped live in Boyle Heights, California, is now (Jul 2017) in its third season and has been renewed for a fourth season. \n * Lucha Britannia \n * Lucha Libre World \n\n\n * New Japan Pro Wrestling \n * Michinoku Pro Wrestling \n * Osaka Pro Wrestling \n * Toryumon/Dragon Gate \n * Universal Lucha Libre (defunct) \n\n\n Lucha libre (Spanish pronunciation:( ˈlut͡ʃa ˈliβɾe), meaning \"freestyle wrestling\" or literally translated as \"free fight\" ) is the term used in Mexico for professional wrestling. Since its introduction to the country in the early 20th century, it has developed into a unique form of the genre, characterized by colorful masks, rapid sequences of holds and maneuvers, as well as \"high-flying\" maneuvers, some of which have been adopted in the United States and elsewhere. The wearing of masks has developed special significance, and matches are sometimes contested in which the loser must permanently remove his mask, which is a wager with a high degree of weight attached. Tag team wrestling is especially prevalent in lucha libre, particularly matches with three-member teams, called trios. \n A staple gimmick present in lucha libre since the 1950s is exótico, a character in drag. It is argued that the gimmick has recently attained a more flamboyant outlook. \n * Society Action Wrestling (SAW) \n\n\n \"In a lucha de apuesta (betting match), wrestlers make a public bet on the outcome of the match. The most common forms are the mask-against-mask, hair-against-hair, or mask-against-hair matches. A wrestler who loses his or her mask has to remove the mask after the match. A wrestler who loses their hair is shaved immediately afterward.\" If the true identity of a person losing his mask is previously unknown, it is customary for that person to reveal his real name, hometown and years as a professional upon unmasking. \n * World Wrestling Council (WWC) \n * International Wrestling Association (IWA) (defunct) \n * World Wrestling League (WWL)", "\"In a lucha de apuesta (betting match), wrestlers make a public bet on the outcome of the match. The most common forms are the mask-against-mask, hair-against-hair, or mask-against-hair matches. A wrestler who loses his or her mask has to remove the mask after the match. A wrestler who loses their hair is shaved immediately afterward.\" If the true identity of a person losing his mask is previously unknown, it is customary for that person to reveal his real name, hometown and years as a professional upon unmasking. \n * World Wrestling Council (WWC) \n * International Wrestling Association (IWA) (defunct) \n * World Wrestling League (WWL) \n\n\n Luchadores are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the United States, who more often rely on power and hard strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that luchadores in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre. Luchadores execute characteristic high flying attacks by using the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Rings used in lucha libre generally lack the spring supports added to U.S. and Japanese rings; as a result, lucha libre does not emphasize the \"flat back\" bumping style of other professional wrestling styles. For this same reason, aerial maneuvers are almost always performed to opponents outside the ring, allowing the luchador to break his fall with an acrobatic tumble. \n In 2012, the Arizona Diamondbacks Major League Baseball team started doing promotions involving Lucha Libre. A luchador mask in Diamondback colors was a popular giveaway at one game. In 2013 a Diamondbacks Luchador was made an official mascot, joining D. Baxter Bobcat. The first 20,000 fans at the July 27 game against the San Diego Padres were to receive a luchador mask. \n Female wrestlers or luchadoras also compete in Mexican lucha libre. The CMLL World Women's Championship is the top title for CMLL's women's division, while the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship is a championship defended in an annual tournament by female wrestlers in AAA. AAA also recognizes a World Mixed Tag Team Championship, contested by tag teams composed of a luchador and luchadora respectively. In 2000, the all female promotion company Lucha Libre Femenil (LLF) was founded. \n * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) \n * Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) \n * International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) \n * Universal Wrestling Association (defunct) \n * World Wrestling Association (Promociones Mora)", "Name (English) \| Name (Spanish) \| Weight Limit \| Titles in division \n---\|---\|---\|--- \nFlyweight \| Mosca \| 52 kg (115 lb) \| None \nBantamweight \| Gallo \| 57 kg (126 lb) \| None \nFeatherweight \| Pluma \| 63 kg (139 lb) \| Mexican National, UWA \nLightweight \| Ligero \| 70 kg (150 lb) \| Mexican National, UWA, WWA, IWRG \nSuper Lightweight \| Super Ligero \| 73 kg (161 lb) \| CMLL \nWelterweight \| Welter \| 77 kg (170 lb) \| Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG \nSuper Welterweight \| Super welter \| 82 kg (181 lb) \| IWRG \nMiddleweight \| Medio \| 87 kg (192 lb) \| Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG \nSuper Middleweight/Junior Light Heavyweight \| Super medio/Semicompleto Junior \| 92 kg (203 lb) \| UWA, WWA \nLight Heavyweight \| Semi completo \| 97 kg (214 lb) \| Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA \nJunior Heavyweight/Cruiserweight \| Completo junior/Crucero \| 105 kg (231 lb) \| UWA, AAA \nHeavyweight \| Completo \| 105 kg (231 lb) (Minimum) \| Mexican National, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG, AAA \n Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches. The teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the United States. These three man teams participate in what are called trios matches, for tag team championship belts. Of these three members, one member is designated the captain. A successful fall in a trios match can be achieved by either pinning the captain of the opposing team or by pinning both of the other members. A referee can also stop the match because of \"excessive punishment\". He can then award the match to the aggressors. Falls often occur simultaneously, which adds to the extremely stylized nature of the action. In addition, a wrestler can opt to roll out of the ring in lieu of tagging a partner or simply be knocked out of the ring, at which point one of his partners may enter. As a result, the tag team formula and pacing which has developed in U.S. tag matches is different from lucha libre because the race to tag is not a priority. There are also two-man tag matches (parejas), as well as \"four on four\" matches (atomicos). \n Lucha libre has several different weight classes, many catered to smaller agile fighters, who often make their debuts in their mid-teens. This system enables dynamic high-flying luchadores such as Rey Mysterio, Jr., Juventud Guerrera, Super Crazy and Místico, to develop years of experience by their mid-twenties. A number of prominent Japanese wrestlers also started their careers training in Mexican lucha libre before becoming stars in Japan. These include Gran Hamada, Satoru Sayama, Jushin Thunder Liger, and Último Dragón. \n More recently, the masks luchadores wear have become iconic symbols of Mexican culture. Contemporary artists like Francisco Delgado and Xavier Garza incorporate wrestler masks in their paintings. \n Lucha Libre has a division called the \"Mini-Estrella\" or \"Minis\" division, which unlike North American midget professional wrestling is not just for dwarfs but also for luchadores that are short. The maximum allowable height to participate in the Mini division was originally 5 feet, but in recent years wrestlers such as Pequeño Olímpico have worked the Minis division despite being 1.69 m (5 ft 6 ⁄ in) tall. The Minis division was first popularized in the 1970s with wrestlers like Pequeño Luke and Arturito (a wrestler with an R2-D2 gimmick) becoming noticed for their high flying abilities. In the late 1980s/early 1990s CMLL created the first actual \"Minis\" division, the brainchild of then-CMLL booker Antonio Peña. CMLL created the CMLL World Mini-Estrella Championship in 1992, making it the oldest Minis championship still in existence today. Minis are often patterned after \"regular-sized\" wrestlers and are sometimes called \"mascotas\" (\"mascots\") if they team with the regular-sized version. \n The motion picture Nacho Libre, starring Jack Black as a priest-turned-luchador was inspired by the story of Father Sergio Gutiérrez Benítez, a real-life Catholic priest who wrestled as Fray Tormenta to make money for his church. The documentary feature' ' Lucha Mexico' ' (2016) captured the lives of some of Mexico's well known wrestlers. Starring, Shocker, Blue Demon Jr., El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Último Guerrero. Directed by Alex Hammond and Ian Markiewicz. Rob Zombie's animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto stars a Mexican luchador named El Superbeasto. \n * Máscara contra máscara (\"mask versus mask\"):two masked luchadores bet their masks, the loser is unmasked by the winner. \n * Máscara contra cabellera (\"mask versus hair\"):a masked wrestler and an unmasked one compete, sometimes after the unmasked one has lost his mask to the masked one in a prior bout. If the masked luchador wins, the unmasked one shaves his head as a sign of humiliation. If the unmasked luchador is the winner, he keeps his hair and the loser is unmasked. An example of this variation occured at Over the Limit 2010, the match was Rey Mysterio versus CM Punk, Mysterio won the match, and Punk got his head shaved. \n * Cabellera contra cabellera (\"hair versus hair\"):the loser of the match has his head shaved bald. This can occur both between unmasked wrestlers and between masked wrestlers who have to remove their mask enough to be shaved after the match. An example of this occurred in the WWF, where Roddy Piper defeated Adrian Adonis at WrestleMania III. \n * Máscara o cabellera contra campeonato (\"mask or hair versus title\"):if the title challenger loses, they are unmasked or shaved. But if the champion loses, the challenger is crowned the new champion. An example of this occurred in the WWE, where Rey Mysterio, a masked luchador, beat the Intercontinental Champion Chris Jericho at The Bash. A different result happened on Raw in 2003, where Kane failed to defeat Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship, and unmasked per the stipulation. \n * Máscara o cabellera contra retiro (\"mask or hair versus career\"):if the masked or haired luchador loses, his opponent wins the mask or hair. But if he wins, his opponent must retire. \n * Carrera contra carrera (\"career versus career\"):Loser must retire. An example of this occurred in the WWF, where The Ultimate Warrior defeated \"Macho Man\" Randy Savage at WrestleMania VII. \n * A new variation happened at WrestleMania XXVI, when Shawn Michaels challenged The Undertaker for a \"Streak versus Career\" match, that if Michaels wins, he beats Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania, but if Undertaker wins, the career of Michaels is over, in the end, Undertaker won the match and Shawn was forced to retire.", "The two biggest lucha libre promotions in Mexico are Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which was founded in 1933, and Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA). \n Masks (máscaras) have been used dating back to the beginnings of lucha libre in the early part of the 20th century, and have a historical significance to Mexico in general, dating to the days of the Aztecs. Early masks were very simple with basic colors to distinguish the wrestler. In modern lucha libre, masks are colorfully designed to evoke the images of animals, gods, ancient heroes and other archetypes, whose identity the luchador takes on during a performance. Virtually all wrestlers in Mexico will start their careers wearing masks, but over the span of their careers, a large number of them will be unmasked. Sometimes, a wrestler slated for retirement will be unmasked in his final bout or at the beginning of a final tour, signifying loss of identity as that character. Sometimes, losing the mask signifies the end of a gimmick with the wrestler moving on to a new gimmick and mask. The mask is considered sacred to a degree, so much so that fully removing an opponent's mask during a match is grounds for disqualification. \n Lucha libre has become a loanword in English, as evidenced by works such as Los Luchadores, ¡ Mucha Lucha! , Lucha Mexico and Nacho Libre. Lucha libre also appears in other pop culture such as mainstream advertising:in Canada, Telus' Koodo Mobile Post Paid cell service uses a cartoon lucha libre wrestler as its spokesperson/mascot. \n Lucha libre wrestlers are known as luchadores (singular luchador, meaning \"wrestler\"). They usually come from extended wrestling families who form their own stables. One such line integrated to the United States professional wrestling scene is Los Guerreros. \n The history of Mexican wrestling dates back to 1863, during the French Intervention in Mexico, Enrique Ugartechea, the first Mexican wrestler, developed and invented the Mexican lucha libre from the Greco-Roman wrestling. \n The first lucha de apuestas was presented on July 14, 1940 at Arena México. The defending champion Murciélago (Velázquez) was so much lighter than his challenger (Octavio Gaona), he requested a further condition before he would sign the contract:Octavio Gaona would have to put his hair on the line. Octavio Gaona won the match and Murciélago unmasked, giving birth to a tradition in lucha libre. \n The Luchador after receiving such act of honor will pick up the money and save it as a symbolic trophy, putting it in a vase or a box, label with the date and treasuring it. \"The fans tossed money at us and the fans threw money when the match was over, because they were satisfied, because we gave it our all\" said Atlantis \n Some lucha libre wrestlers had careers in various mixed martial arts promotions, promoting loucha libre and wearing signature masks and attire. One of the most famous is Dos Caras Jr. \n * Chikara \n * Incredibly Strange Wrestling \n * Invasion Mundial de Lucha Libre \n * Lucha Libre USA \n * Lucha VaVOOM \n * Lucha Underground \n\n\n Other legendary luchadores who helped popularize the sport include Gory Guerrero, who is credited with developing moves and holds which are now commonplace in professional wrestling; Blue Demon, a contemporary of Santo and possibly his greatest rival; and Mil Máscaras (Man of A Thousand Masks) who is credited with introducing the high flying moves of lucha libre to audiences around the world. He achieved international fame as one of the first high-flyers, something he was not considered in Mexico, where he fell under the mat-power category." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Red-browed amazon The red-browed amazon (\"Amazona rhodocorytha\") is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil. It has been considered a subspecies of the blue-cheeked amazon, but today all major authorities consider them separate species. It is threatened both by habitat loss and by being captured for the trade in wild parrots. The red-browed amazon has a bright red crown fading to purplish-brown at the back. The cheeks and throat are blue and the wing and body plumage is green with dark markings on the back of the neck. Black and red patches can be seen on the wings when they are spread and the tail feathers have red markings and are tipped with yellow. The beak and legs are grey and the iris of the eye is orange-brown. The red-browed amazon is endemic to tropical forests in eastern Brazil. It used to be widespread across the region but is now restricted to some of the larger remaining forest blocks. The largest of these is in the state of Espírito Santo and the bird is also present in three forest areas in south east Bahia and five in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Another location is in the north of the state of São Paulo and a further one in São Miguel dos Campos in the east of the state of Alagoas. The rest of this state seems to be suitable habitat but it has not been observed to be present there recently. The red-browed amazon feeds in small groups on fruit, berries, seeds and buds which it finds in the rainforest canopy. Breeding takes place between September and November. A pair of red-browed amazons maintain a territory and the nest is usually made in a cavity in a tree, the same site being used year after year. In captivity, a clutch of four eggs are usually laid, incubation takes 24 days and the young are fledged 34 days after hatching. The red-browed amazon used to be abundant in its rainforest habitat but its numbers appear to have decreased significantly. About 2,300 individuals were counted in Espírito Santo during a survey undertaken between 2004 and 2006 and it remains common at a few sites in the state such as on the island of Ilha Grande, at Sooretama and nearby Linhares. The major threat faced by this parrot is habitat degradation with less than ten percent of the original forest cover remaining in Espírito Santo. Most of the land has been cleared of timber and converted to pasture and plantations. Another threat is the illegal collection of young birds for the international pet trade. This bird is present in several wildlife reserves but is not effectively protected against poaching even there. For all these reasons, the IUCN, in its Red List of Endangered Species, has assessed the Red-browed amazon as \"Endangered\". Red-browed amazon The red-browed amazon (\"Amazona rhodocorytha\") is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (; 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793), born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on Women's rights and abolitionist reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early women's rights advocate who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen\" (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists. Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. She believed that she was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Her mother afforded her a bourgeois education. In 1765 aged 16 she was married against her will to Louis Aubry, a caterer. Gouges said in a semi-autobiographical novel (\"\"), \"I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man.\" Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son to live with her sister. She never married again, calling the institution of marriage \"the tomb of trust and love\". In Paris she started a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, but refused his marriage proposal. She remained close to Rozières throughout the French Revolution. With the support of Rozières she established a theatre company. Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical ' of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. She usually was invited to the ' of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. She also was associated with Masonic Lodges, among them the \"Loge des Neuf Sœurs\" that was created by her friend Michel de Cubières. In 1788 she published \"Réflexions sur les hommes négres\", which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies. For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that “Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects.” She came to the public's attention with the play \"l'Esclavage des Noirs\", which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785. Her stance against the slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked \"Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent\". Gouges was defiant, she wrote \"I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies.\" The slave trade lobby had mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie-Française to stage \"l'Esclavage des Noirs\". But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances. A passionate advocate of human rights, Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when \"\" (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also called the \"Social Club,\" an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Here Gouges expressed, for the first time, her famous statement: In 1791, in response to the \"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\", she wrote the ' (\"\"). This was followed by her ' (\",\" named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the \"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\". Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published \"l'Esclavage des Noirs\" with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with \"barbaric and atrocious torture\" in turn justified the behaviour of the tyrants. In Paris Gouges was accused of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play. When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris. Gouges opposed the execution of Louis XVI of France (which took place on 21 January 1793), partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she favored constitutional monarchy. This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, \"She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand.\" Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked Gouges. In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. In her letter she argued that he had been duped–that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed. Gouges was associated with the Gironde party, who like her favoured a constitutional monarchy. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard fraction and in open letters criticised their violence and summary assassinations. As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. On 2 June 1793, the Jacobins arrested prominent Girondins, imprisoned them, and sent them to the guillotine in October. Finally, her poster \" (\"\") of 1793, led to her arrest. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled \"\" (\"\"). In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), Marie-Antoinette is planning defence strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including Gouges herself. The first act ends with Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to", "monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including Gouges herself. The first act ends with Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: ' (\"\"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, ' (\"\"), in which she condemned the Terror. Her son Pierre Aubry was suspended from his office as vice-general and head of battalion after her arrest. Gouges had acquired the position for him by paying 1,500 livres. On the 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: \"I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold.\" On 3 November 1793 the Jacobins sentenced her to death and executed her for seditious behaviour and for attempting to reinstate the monarchy. Olympe was executed only a month after Condorcet had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events: \"Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head.\" Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them: \"the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law\". This posthumous characterisation of Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as Gouges had no role in founding the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. In her political writings Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Claire Lacombe and Pauline Léon were not executed. Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution. 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' Marianne. That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland and Marie-Antoinette. The new \"Républicaine\" was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. While politically active women were executed the Convention banned all women's political associations. 1793 marked the start of the Reign of Terror in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité had taken a life of their own. Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world. One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness. The anti-imperial Irish Rebellion of 1798 was whipped up by Anglo-Irish women such as Maria Edgeworth, but the quest of Catholics for political rights was brutally suppressed by the British military. American women began to refer to themselves as \"citess\" or \"citizeness\" and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. The same year Gouges was executed the pamphlet \"On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows\" was published anonymously, proclaiming that \"two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship.\" Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay. At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen\" was employed to paraphrase the Declaration of Independence into the \"Declaration of Sentiments\", which demanded women’s' right to vote. After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter, denying his endorsement for her political legacy. He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured. Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid 1980s. On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. The square was inaugurated by the mayor of the 3rd arrondissement, Pierre Aidenbaum, along with then first deputy mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo. The actress Véronique Genest read an excerpt from the \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman\". 2007 French presidential contender Ségolène Royal expressed the wish that Gouges' remains be moved to the Panthéon. However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial. Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. Gouges signed her public letters with \"citoyenne\", the feminised version of citizen. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, an author was the subject of the king. But in revolutionary France there were only \"citoyen\". It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of \"citoyenne\" to replace \"Madame\" and \"Mademoiselle\". Gouges penned more than 30 plays, often with a socially critical theme.", "those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial. Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. Gouges signed her public letters with \"citoyenne\", the feminised version of citizen. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, an author was the subject of the king. But in revolutionary France there were only \"citoyen\". It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of \"citoyenne\" to replace \"Madame\" and \"Mademoiselle\". Gouges penned more than 30 plays, often with a socially critical theme. Among others she wrote plays on the slave trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government work schemes for the unemployed. As a playwright she charged into the contemporary political controversies and she was often in the vanguard. Her 1788 pamphlet \"Reflections on blacks\" and the play \"l'Esclavage des Noirs\" on the slave trade made her, alongside Marquis de Condorcet, one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. In the final act of \"l'Esclavage des Noirs\" Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: “Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty”. She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonist explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. Gouges also openly attacked the notion that human rights were a reality in revolutionary France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France “The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do.” While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment. In November 1788 she published her first political brochure, a manifesto entitled \"Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund\". In early 1789 she published \"Patriotic remarks\" setting out her proposals for social security, care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for unemployed, and the introduction of a jury system. She also called upon women to \"shake off the yoke of shameful slavery\". The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. Such as \"Cry of the wise man, by a woman\" in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General\". Gouges wrote her famous \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen\" shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived constitutional monarchy and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25, were \"independent\" and had paid the poll tax. These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore active citizenship was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for public office. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no political rights. In transferring sovereignty to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but Gouges argued that it did not go far enough. Gouges was not the only feminists who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. But like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis de Condorcet, her arguments fell on deaf ears. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of the case for equality. In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke \"as a woman\". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen, with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. In her letters she articulated the values of the Enlightenment, and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as civic virtue, universal rights, natural rights and political rights. In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (\"la vertu mâle et répub-licaine\"). Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice. Gouges signed her pamphlets with \"citoyenne\". It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter \"To the Republic of Geneva\", where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the \"dear fellow citizens\" or his \"brothers\", and the \"aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne\", that is the women citizens. In the public letter \"Remarques Patriotique\" from December 1788 Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that \"This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good\". As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the Estates General and in reference to the estates of the realm, that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is clergy, nobility and the people. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers Jacques Necker and Charles Alexandre de Calonne. Gouges opposes absolutism, but believed France should retain a constitutional monarchy. In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, Gouges declared: \"I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.\" Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her \"Letter to Louis XVI\" in", "I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.\" Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her \"Letter to Louis XVI\" in 1792. In the same year Gouges penned \"Letter to Citizen Robespierre\", which Robespierre refused to answer. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed \"Let us plunge into the Seine! Thou hast need of a bath... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens.\" Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (; 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793), born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on Women's rights and abolitionist reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jeanne E. Griffith Jeanne Elaine Griffith (1950- August 3 2001) was the director of the Division of Science Resource Studies at the National Science Foundation.. She was known throughout her career as a supporter and mentor of junior staff in the Federal Statistical System of the United States. Griffith received a B.A. in sociology from the College of William and Mary, a Master’s degree in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania and a Master’s in applied statistics from George Washington University. Griffith started her career at the U.S. Census Bureau, Fairfax County's Office of Research and Statistics, the Health, Education and Welfare Department and the Office of Management and Budget. She worked 25 years in the Federal Statistical System of the United States. Throughout her career, one of Griffith’s highest priorities was to mentor and encourage younger staff at all levels to grow and seize career opportunities when they came along. Griffith served in many positions in the federal government, including the director of the Division of Science Resources Studies at the National Science Foundation and acting commissioner and associate commissioner for data development and longitudinal studies at the National Center for Education Statistics. In June 2001, she received the Roger Herriot Award for Innovation in Federal Statistics. Griffith’s primary contribution was improving the collection and dissemination of education statistics. Her efforts touched on the fields of education statistics, social demography, aging and retirement, labor force, and income and poverty She died of breast cancer in August 2001. The Jeanne E. Griffith Mentoring Award was established in her honor in 2002. The award is managed by the Government Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association. Previous recipients of the Jean E. Griffith Mentoring Award are:<br> 2003 - Richard D. Allen (National Agricultural Statistics Service)<br> 2004 - Beth A Kilss (Internal Revenue Service)<br> 2005 - Renee Miller (Energy Information Administration)<br> 2006 - Martin O'Connell (U.S. Census Bureau)<br> 2007 - Stephanie Shipp (National Institute for Standards and Technology)<br> 2008 - Rosemary Marcuss (Bureau of Economic Analysis)<br> 2009 - Kevin Cecco (Internal Revenue Service) and Lillian Lin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)<br> 2010 - Deborah H. Griffin (U.S. Census Bureau)<br> 2011 - Jenise L. Swall (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)<br> 2012 - William P. Mockovak (Bureau of Labor Statistics)<br> 2013 - Brian Harris-Kojetin (Office of Management and Budget)<br> 2014 - J. Gregory Robinson (U.S. Census Bureau) and Kenneth C. Schoendorf (National Center for Health Statistics)<br> 2015 - Aldo \"Skip\" Vecchia (U.S. Geological Survey)<br> 2016 - Diane L Willimack (U.S. Census Bureau)<br> 2017 - Cynthia Ogden (National Center for Health Statistics)<br> Jeanne E. Griffith Jeanne Elaine Griffith (1950- August 3 2001) was the director of the Division of Science Resource Studies at the National Science Foundation.. She was known throughout her career as a supporter and mentor of junior staff in the Federal Statistical System of the United States. Griffith received a B.A. in sociology from the College of William and Mary, a Master’s degree in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania and a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Old Cairo Old Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: مصر القديمه , Masr el-Qadīma), also known as \"Historic Cairo,\" or \"Islamic Cairo,\" is a part of Cairo, Egypt which pre-dates the Fatimid city of Cairo, founded in 969 A.D. Old Cairo contains the remnants of those cities which were capitals before al-Qahira, such as Fustat, al-Askar and al-Qatta'i. These are the location of the Mosque of Amr and the Mosque of ibn Tulun, though little else remains today. This area also encompasses Coptic Cairo and its many old churches and ruins of Roman fortifications. Modern tourists visit locations such as the Coptic Museum, the Babylon Fortress, the Hanging Church and other Coptic churches, the Ben Ezra Synagogue and the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As. Fort Babylon is a Roman fortress around which many of the Egyptian Christians' oldest churches were built. Count Gabriel Habib Sakakini Pasha (1841–1923), who had become a household name in his time, built a palace and a church in the El-Sakakini area in 1897 and established the Roman Catholic Cemetery in Old Cairo. During the latter half of the 15th century, two final major transformations took place in Cairo: the port of Bulaq, and a district called Azbakeya in the northwest section of the city. The perimeters of the city had been unchanged for the past 300 years according to the map done by the French expedition in 1798 AD. With the Barsbay’s conquest of Cyprus in 1428, Bulaq became the major port of Cairo. By the end of the 15th century, Bulaq was even able to take over the role as the major commercial port from Old Cairo. The effort to conserve Egypt's monuments has existed since the 19th century. In 1881, Khedive Tawfiq founded the \"Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe.\" In 1979, UNESCO designated Old Cairo as a World Heritage Site, calling it \"one of the world's oldest Islamic cities, with its famous mosques, madrasas, hammams and fountains\" and \"the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century.\" Old Cairo Old Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: مصر القديمه , Masr el-Qadīma), also known as \"Historic Cairo,\" or \"Islamic Cairo,\" is a part of Cairo, Egypt which pre-dates the Fatimid city of Cairo, founded in 969 A.D. Old Cairo contains the remnants of those cities which were capitals before al-Qahira, such as Fustat, al-Askar and al-Qatta'i. These are the location of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Resident registration A resident register is a government database which contains information on the current residence of persons. In countries where registration of residence is compulsory, the current place of residence must be reported to the registration office or the police within a few days after establishing a new residence. In some countries, residence information may be obtained indirectly from voter registers or registers of driver licenses. Besides a formal resident registers or population registers, residence information needs to be disclosed in many situations, such as voter registration, passport application, and updated in relation to drivers licences, motor vehicle registration, and many other purposes. The permanent place of residence is a common criterion for taxation including the assessment of a person's income tax. South Africa introduced the \"Population Registration Act\" in 1950, which created a national population register, and required the classification of residents based on race, and the issuing of identity cards. This system formed an important part in the pass laws, one of the dominant features of South Africa's apartheid system, after the \"Native Laws Amendment Act\" and the \"Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act\" of 1952 regularized their use. The apartheid system effectively ended in 1986. Canada does not have compulsory registration of residence, though residence information needs to be disclosed in many situations, such as voter registration, passport application, provincial health care card, and updated in relation to drivers licences, motor vehicle registration, and many other purposes. Neither the federal government of the United States nor any U.S. state has formal resident registration systems. Refusing or neglecting to answer questions for the United States Census, such as current address, is punishable by fines of $100, for a property or business agent to fail to provide correct names for the census is punishable by fines of $500, and for a business agent to provide false answers for the census is punishable by fines of $10,000. Registrants in the Selective Service System (conscription in the United States) must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to any of the information he provided on his registration card, like a change of address. In California, anyone with a driver's license must notify DMV of a change of address within 10 days or face a typical fine of $214, and anyone who has applied for or received a vehicle registration must notify DMV of a change of address within 10 days or face a typical fine of $178. Voter registration has a residency requirement and is used for jury assignments and other government tasks. A person's current address is often registered for state-issued identification cards and driver licenses. In some jurisdictions a \"non-driver's license\" or \"non-driver photo identification card\" is issued as a document containing residence details. Each state has their own requirements for keeping documents up-to-date and may require persons moving into the state to obtain a driver's license from that state within a given period of time (generally 10–90 days). Aliens in the United States staying for more than thirty days are generally required to register with the Federal government pursuant to the Smith Act and carry proof of registration at all times; for permanent residents, the proof of registration comes in the form of a Permanent Residence Card (\"Green card\") while, for other aliens, this can be in the form of either an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) or the I-94 card together with a valid passport. Within the Europe Union a regulation for the European-wide census was agreed that allows for a \"register-based census\" that may use the continuously updated information from the national resident registers with a statistical correction drawn from a sample census performed at another magnitude of the census poll. The first register census was performed in 1981 in Denmark, joined later by other Nordic countries. Germany, Austria and Switzerland intend to use a register-based census model for the EU Census scheduled for 2011. Given the financial benefit it is expected that more countries will switch to a register census model. The residence reporting requirement () requires a change of address to be registered and deregistered within 3 days. The current place of residence is reported by means of a registration form () sent to the local administrative authority ( or in cities). On 1 March 2002 the regional resident registers were centrally stored on the newly established (ZMR). Some larger cities continue to run their own local resident registers ( or LMR), which are synchronized with the central database. A residence document from the database is called , and includes information about third persons unless those have filed to restrict public access (). As of 2006 the ZMR was extended to include additional personal details from the civil registers; It is envisaged to include records from even more government databases. Permanent access to the ZMR is granted to some profession that require regular residence checks like lawyers, banks, professional associations and collection agencies. In Belgium, a change of address must be declared to the municipality within eight days of its occurrence. The municipality verifies the change of address by sending a police or municipal officer to the new address. If the change of residence is confirmed it is registered in the municipal and national registers and the resident or residents concerned must present themselves to the municipal administration to have their national identity card and any motor vehicle registration papers updated. The change of address is forwarded by the municipality to social security agencies. The compulsory resident register was handled separately by the regional offices even before Yugoslavia was split into sovereign states. The compulsory resident register is run by the \"folkeregister\" which hands out a CPR-Number (Central Person Register number). Foreigners need to register when intending to stay longer than six months. The compulsory resident register is run by the Population Register Centre, a government agency that also hands out the Personal Identity Code, which consists of eleven characters: six digits for the birth date, one character for the birth century, three additional digits and a checksum character. Many companies and societies have registered for direct access to the resident register. Upon relocation, one only needs to declare the new address to the resident register and these companies will update their address registers accordingly. Although this makes it easier to handle the administrative tasks of taking a new home it has also been criticized for its lack of personal data privacy. France utilizes a national identity card ( or CNIS), an official non-compulsory identity document. The address information on the card is merely derived from other documents like electricity bills. There is no requirement to notify change of address, which leads to the situation that the current address is often verified by showing bills relating to the current home. There are plans to introduce a new identity card ( or INES) that was to be implemented starting in 2007, but they are still in the legislative process. The scheme bears many similarities to the British ID card. The resident registration is a task of the community which do often create a separate resident registration offices to run the resident register ( or ). The resident register is a public register in Germany — within the limits of resident privacy () laws and regulations. Since 2007 the registration office will electronically de-register at the registration office of the old residency. The concept of the registered primary residence () has special legal ramifications, primarily involving tax. Although Germany (similarly to", "verified by showing bills relating to the current home. There are plans to introduce a new identity card ( or INES) that was to be implemented starting in 2007, but they are still in the legislative process. The scheme bears many similarities to the British ID card. The resident registration is a task of the community which do often create a separate resident registration offices to run the resident register ( or ). The resident register is a public register in Germany — within the limits of resident privacy () laws and regulations. Since 2007 the registration office will electronically de-register at the registration office of the old residency. The concept of the registered primary residence () has special legal ramifications, primarily involving tax. Although Germany (similarly to Austria and Switzerland) has a strict registration system for centuries, there had been a strong opposition towards a single identification number. All registration numbers were local to the Registration Office — even split within a single community to the office for civil register, tax office, etc. In 2008 a new system was introduced with a national tax payer number. It is still debated how much more information will be attached to the national identification number when the federal resident register is activated. Contrary to popular belief, there is no central administration of resident registration in Germany. The exception is the registration of resident aliens (see Central Register of Foreign Nationals (Germany)). Registration is organized by 5283 local offices throughout Germany. Until 2009, the legal requirements pertaining to resident registration were governed by state legislation, which differed in terms of the period allowed to register a change of address (immediately in RP; within 1 week in BW, BY, HH, HE, MV, NI, NW, SL, ST, TH; and within two weeks in BE, BB, HB, SH, and SN). Each state was able to produce its own laws and regulations governing access to personal information in the register and the fees for providing a residency document ( for oneself or for a third person. The \"Federalism Reform\", which became effective on 1 September 2006, has moved the legislation for resident registration to the federal level. The Federal Ministry of the Interior was preparing a federal law to replace the state laws on resident registration which scheduled to get effective by 2010. The new law would assign that a Federal Resident Register (\"Bundesmelderegister\") shall be created to be run in parallel with the local resident registers. The nationwide register shall assemble a number of personal identifying information drawing from multiple sources including resident registers, civil registers and taxation offices. During a scandal with list brokers obtaining large amounts of addresses from catalog selling company databases in 2008, the coalition split up over the question — Brigitte Zypries (SPD) opposed the plans of the ministry of interior led by Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU). She proposed that the current local registration offices should be networked instead. In the new government of CDU and FDP the plans are blocked, as such a central database is in clear opposition to the FDP's aim to increase data privacy. EU citizens who plan to reside in Greece for a period of more than 90 days are required to register themselves at the Department of Foreigners ( located at the police stations, in the area of residency (), where a Certificate of Registration () in beige color is issued. According to the Greek law, EU citizens who do not register are subject to a fine. However, it is very rare that this certificate is ever requested. Some Greek authorities are not even aware of the European Union directive and do not know that this certificate exists. In many cases, the tax identification number (AFM) () is used as proof of residency. EU citizens living in Greece for more than 5 years can apply for Permanent Residence Certificate (). The compulsory resident register is run by \"Központi Adatfeldolgozó, Nyilvántartó és Választási Hivatal, Igazgatási és Felügyeleti Föösztály\" in Budapest. Hungarian citizens will declare their residency to the local administration while foreigners will register in the immigration office. Iceland has a central register of residents. Registration is compulsory. In Italy the registration of residence is compulsory and the records are kept on a decentralized system. Unlike other countries a reported place of residence is physically checked by government officials as well as the de-registration of a previous residence. Hence, the official confirmation may take up to four months. Residents moving to a new place of residence abroad are recorded as expatriates on the database \"Anagrafe degli Italiani Residenti all'Estero (A.I.R.E.)\" (Registry of Italians Resident Abroad). When they return to Italy, they are de-registered from A.I.R.E and their new residence is registered by the local administrative authority. A.I.R.E. enrolment is obligatory for citizens who take up residence in a foreign country for more than 12 months and for citizens residing abroad either as a result of being born there or having obtained Italian citizenship for any reason whatsoever. Enrolment in the A.I.R.E. is done by means of a declaration (special form available) made to the locally competent consular office within 90 days of transfer abroad. A change of address or move must be declared to the local authorities of the new place of residence within eight days (including arrivals by EU/EEA citizens). Non-EU citizens, however, must declare their arrival to the local authorities within three days, regardless of their intended duration of stay. A permanent or indefinite departure from Luxembourgish territory must also be declared to the local authorities no later than the day before the departure. The compulsory resident register was run by the \"Bureau Vestigingsregister\" in The Hague until 1994. Since 1994 the Municipal Basic Administration of Personal Information (Gemeentelijke Basisadministratie Persoonsgegevens or GBA) is used. This is a central database fed into by all Dutch municipalities. All residents of the Netherlands (citizens and non-citizens alike) are required to register with their municipality. The Norwegian register of residents is \"Det sentrale folkeregisteret (DSF)\", otherwise commonly called \"Folkeregisteret\". The English translation is the \"National Population Register\". This register is compulsory for all inhabitants of Norway, but foreigners only need to register when they intend to stay longer than 3 months. The Norwegian Tax Administration is responsible for ensuring that the register is complete and up-to-date. The Register contains the following person information: birth date, name, paternity and parental responsibility, residence address, marital status, possible death date, citizenship and several other information elements. It tracks both the current value of these elements and historical versions. It is also used as basis for the tax register, the electoral register and is used for population statistics. Information from the Register is used by most other government agencies, such as the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). There is no resident register in Portugal. Romania utilizes the national identity card ( or CI) system, based on an official compulsory identity document for the registration of all residents. The service is locally administered under the co-ordination of the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management (from the Ministers of Administration and Interior). There is a requirement to notify any change of address. Residence registration is compulsory in Russian Federation. There are separate registers for Russian citizens and foreign citizens or stateless persons, both administered by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs which is a department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Anyone may request address", "such as the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). There is no resident register in Portugal. Romania utilizes the national identity card ( or CI) system, based on an official compulsory identity document for the registration of all residents. The service is locally administered under the co-ordination of the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management (from the Ministers of Administration and Interior). There is a requirement to notify any change of address. Residence registration is compulsory in Russian Federation. There are separate registers for Russian citizens and foreign citizens or stateless persons, both administered by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs which is a department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Anyone may request address information for a specific person from these registers, but a consent for the address disclosure from the latter is obligatory and will be checked by the register operator. In many cases government offices will refuse to provide services to people who are not registered in districts where these offices are located, although the law does not allow to do so to people who are not registered at all. Russian citizens must register their permanent residence within 7 days, temporary residence must be registered after staying in the same place for more than 90 days. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who have residence permits are obliged to register their permanent residence within 7 days. Temporary residence of foreign citizens and stateless persons is registered on an application from their host (including an employer, hotel administration, etc.). Such an application should be filed within 7 days. Applications are delivered to Main Directorate for Migration Affairs offices by communal services companies, by applicants themselves, by post or by means of electronic government. Russian citizens who fail to register in time can be fined 2000-2500 rubles ($70–$80). Russian hosts who fail to register their foreign guests in time can be fined 2000-500000 rubles ($70–$17000). Foreign citizens who fail to register in time can be fined 2000-5000 rubles ($70–$170). The compulsory resident register was handled separately by the regional offices even before the Yugoslavia was split into sovereign states. The mandatory Swedish population register () is administered by the Swedish Tax Agency (), which also administers the Swedish personal identity number (), the national identification number. Almost all companies have registered for direct access to the resident register like telephone companies, electricity companies and so on. This leads to the situation that upon relocation one does only need to declare the new address to the resident register and all bills will be rerouted automatically to the new location. Although this makes it easier to handle the administrative tasks of taking a new home it has also been criticized for its lack of personal data privacy. The compulsory resident registration is called \"Einwohnerkontrolle\" (residents' control) in Liechtenstein and the German-speaking parts of Switzerland. The residents' registers are subject to the local authority named \"Einwohneramt\" (residency office), \"Einwohnerkontrolle\" (residents registry office) or \"Personenmeldeamt\" (persons' registration office). Foreign residents are subject to the federal residents' register run by the immigration office. Each relocation must be declared to the residents' register including notice of departure when moving abroad. In the United Kingdom there is no resident registration as such. The head of a household is required to register eligible voters in the household, although mandatory individual registration pursuant to the Political Parties and Elections Act 2009 is planned; registration is mandatory pursuant to section 23 of the Representation of the People (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 (No. 341). Completion of the Census is mandatory pursuant to section 8 of the Census Act 1920. The Identity Cards Act 2006 provided for the introduction of British ID cards which were to be linked to a system of resident registration which would also contain any information deemed necessary by the government; however, following the 2010 General Election this scheme was abolished by the Identity Documents Act 2010. Australia does not have compulsory registration of residence, though residence information needs to be disclosed in many situations, such as voter registration, passport application, state health care card, and updated in relation to drivers licences, motor vehicle registration, and many other purposes. In China the Hukou system is used for resident registration and civil registration. This system was inherited from imperial times and there is an interest to reform the legislation about it. In Japan the \"koseki\" system is used to record Japanese families and the \"juminhyo\" system is used to record individual residents. Foreigners need to register within 90 days under the premises of the laws for alien registration in Japan that creates a separate database for alien residents. The Residents Basic Registry Network or \"Juki Net“ was introduced in 2003. This is introduced to increase government efficiency with 264 government tasks to be attached to the new system. In the new system a person identification number is handed out consisting of eleven digits that can be used as a replacement for other identification documents. In Pakistan the NADRA system is used to record Pakistani families and the District Council system is used to record individual residents. Foreigners need to register within 90 days under the premises of the laws for alien registration in Pakistan that creates a separate database for alien residents. The resident registration number in South Korea consist of 13 digits that is also shown on the ID cards. Foreigners will receive a replacement number on their alien registration cards. The usage of the registration number is abundant including one third of the national internet websites require sign-up with the registration number and another third being unable to accept the alien registration card number. Resident registration A resident register is a government database which contains information on the current residence of persons. In countries where registration of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Basil Baker Basil Baker (1871-1941) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Arkansas from 1934 to 1941. Basil Baker was born on January 29, 1871 in Columbia County, Arkansas. His parents were farmer Joshua D. Baker and Bethia T. Jameson and they ran a store. Baker attended country schools and J.H Davis's Select Male School in his home county before graduating and moving on to college. In 1895 he graduated from Ouachita Baptist College (currently Ouachita Baptist University) in Arkadelphia. Upon his move to Craighead County, he became a teacher soon after, and also taught himself law. Baker came into each week ready to learn. In 1895, the bar admitted Baker and he was the city attorney in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 1903-1904. In 1918 he served as the City Water and Light (CWL)'s attorney. While at CWL, the company withstood takeover attempts by Arkansas Power and Light (AP&L) which sought to take their home base. He then ran for state senate but failed due to the local Ku Klux Klan's opposition against the CWL. Baker ran against incumbent William F. Kirby in the Arkansas Supreme Court race in 1934. Kirby died on July 26, 1934 before the race began. Baker then filled out the rest of Kirby's term.(in September 15, 1934) Baker went on to run in an uncontested race in November 1934. In 1934, Baker made his first ever opinion in the \"Fort Smith Gas Company v. Wiseman\" (1934) case. Baker's ruling reversed an earlier one which nullified the Corporation Commission's fee support fact finding Tribunal. In \"Cherry v. Leonard\" (1934) he upheld legislation which comprised the bondholders' debts of the state’s highways. Later that year, in \"Fries v. Phillips\" (1934) Baker called against trying cases 'de novo'. A year later, Baker presided over \"Prather v. State\" (1935) Baker used legal realism in an appeal case involving defendants convicted of possessing certain tools a felony as legal realism was a hallmark of the 1930s. Baker showed some judicial humor in cases like \"Pope v. Oliver\" (1938) where he called for trolls to be removed from state bridges so the federal highway's $5 million price tag could be given to the state. In 1939, Baker presided over \"Missouri Pac. Trans. Co vs George\" which was an accident case. In that case, Baker cited a previously deceased justice in his statement and cited an older case (\"Hynson v. Terry 1 Ark\" 1838) which were typical for his opinions at the time. Baker was married to Mary Elizabeth Kinsworthy whom he married on October 14, 1897. The couple were married for 19 years before Mary died and Baker then remarried Audly Matthewson States on Christmas in 1918. Baker spent time on his Ashley County farm as an adult. Baker was diagnosed with heart disease in October 1940. In July 1941, he returned for a ceremony while in a wheel chair. After he got pneumonia, he died on September 20, 1941. He wasn't yet formally retired when he died. He is buried in Jonesboro, Arkansas at Oaklawn Cemetry. Basil Baker Basil Baker (1871-1941) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Arkansas from 1934 to 1941. Basil Baker was born on January 29, 1871 in Columbia County, Arkansas. His parents were farmer Joshua D. Baker and Bethia T. Jameson and they ran a store. Baker attended country schools and J.H Davis's Select Male School in his home county before graduating and moving on to college. In 1895 he graduated from Ouachita Baptist College (currently Ouachita Baptist University) in Arkadelphia. Upon his move to Craighead County, he became a teacher soon after, and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Augsburg Township, Marshall County, Minnesota Augsburg Township is a township in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 98 at the 2000 census. Augsburg Township was organized in 1884, and named after Augsburg, in Germany. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 98 people, 30 households, and 24 families residing in the township. The population density was 2.7 people per square mile (1.0/km²). There were 39 housing units at an average density of 1.1/sq mi (0.4/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 92.86% White, 3.06% Native American, 1.02% Asian, and 3.06% from two or more races. There were 30 households out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.27 and the average family size was 3.83. In the township the population was spread out with 37.8% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 145.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $20,938 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $11,206. There were 26.5% of families and 17.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 5.4% of under eighteens and 60.9% of those over 64. Augsburg Township, Marshall County, Minnesota Augsburg Township is a township in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 98 at the 2000 census. Augsburg Township was organized in 1884, and named after Augsburg, in Germany. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 98 people, 30 households, and 24 families residing in the township. The population density" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sam Kolias Sam Kolias is the chairman and CEO of Boardwalk REIT (). He and his brother Van Kolias, Senior VP of Quality Control of Boardwalk, are at #81 of the top 100 richest people in Canada as compiled by \"Canadian Business\" magazine for 2006. They originally bought a large chunk of apartment real estate in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Through their public company, Boardwalk Rental Communities, they have entered B.C., Ontario, and Quebec. They got their start in 1984, using a $50,000 loan from their father. Today, Boardwalk has over $4 billion in assets. The brothers share a 23% stake on a fully diluted basis. Sam Kolias Sam Kolias is the chairman and CEO of Boardwalk REIT (). He and his brother Van Kolias, Senior VP of Quality Control of Boardwalk, are at #81 of the top 100 richest people in Canada as compiled by \"Canadian Business\" magazine for 2006. They originally bought a large chunk of apartment real estate in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Through their public company, Boardwalk Rental Communities, they have entered B.C., Ontario, and Quebec. They got their start in 1984, using a $50,000 loan from their father. Today, Boardwalk has over $4 billion in assets. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "A different horse that died in Oklahoma in February 1979 was widely thought to be Bamboo Harvester, but this horse was one that posed for the still pictures of \"Mr. Ed\" used by the production company for the show's press kits. After Bamboo Harvester's death in 1970, this horse was unofficially known as Mister Ed, which led to him being reported as such (including sardonic comments on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update) following his own death. \n A second palomino horse, which had posed for still pictures used in press kits for the show, survived until 1979. After Bamboo Harvester's death in 1970, the second horse was unofficially known as Mister Ed. \n Bamboo Harvester Bamboo Harvester as Mister Ed \n--- \nBreed \| American Saddlebred/part-Arabian \nDiscipline \| Movie horse \nSex \| Gelding \nFoaled \| 1949 \n\| 1970 (aged 20–21) \nCountry \| USA \nColor \| Palomino \n In 1968, two years after the cancellation of Mister Ed, at the age of 19, Bamboo began to suffer from a variety of age related ailments, including kidney problems and arthritis. He was euthanized in 1970. \n By 1968, Bamboo Harvester was suffering from a variety of health problems. In 1970 he was euthanized with no publicity, and buried at Snodgrass Farm in Oklahoma. However, a different version was given by Alan Young. Young wrote that he had frequently visited his former co-star in retirement. He states that Mr. Ed died from an inadvertent tranquilizer administered while he was \"in retirement\" in a stable in Burbank, California, where he lived with his trainer Lester Hilton. Young says Hilton was out of town visiting relatives and a temporary care giver might have seen Ed rolling on the ground, struggling to get up. Young said Ed was a heavy horse and he was not always strong enough to get back on his feet without struggling. The theory is that the caregiver thought the horse was in distress and administered a tranquilizer and for unknown reasons the horse died within hours. The remains were cremated and scattered by Hilton in the Los Angeles area at a spot known only to him. \n Young said when the Oklahoma horse death story came out in 1979, he knew it was not the real Mr. Ed, but did not have the heart to \"shatter their illusions\" that the horse being memorialized was not the real Mr. Ed. He believes it was a horse used for early publicity photos. \n Bamboo Harvester (1949–1970) was the name of the Palomino horse that portrayed Mister Ed on the 1961–1966 comedy series of the same name. Foaled in 1949, the gelding was trained by Will Rogers' protégé, Les Hilton. He was born in the Los Angeles area but sources disagree as to whether his birthplace was in El Monte or at Harvester Farms in Chatsworth, California. \n Pedigree of Bamboo Harvester \"Mister Ed\" Sire The Harvester Saddlebred (Born 1938) \| Revel's Cream of Wheat (Born 1932) \| Rey El Moreno (Born 1924) \| Solano (Born 1916) \n---\|---\|---\|--- \nLois Hardy (Born 1917) \nHighland Squirrel King's Lady (Born 1921) \| Highland Squirrel King (Born 1899) \nQueen (Born 1900) \nRed Dawn \| Exclamation Rex Squirrel (Born 1922) \| Forrest Rex (Born 1909) \nEmily Easton (Born 1917) \nUnknown Mare \| Unknown \nUnknown \nDam Zetna Hara Part-Arab (Born 1945) \| Antez (Arabian) (Born 1921) \| Harara (Born 1912) \| Deyr (Born 1904) \nHaffia (Born January 1906) \nMoliah (Born 1911) \| Hamrah (Born 1904) \nWadduda (Born 1899) \nKoricha (breed unknown) (Born 1935) \| Unknown \| Unknown \nUnknown \nUnknown \| Unknown \nUnknown \n The real Bamboo Harvester was laid to rest in 1970, on the farm at Snodgrass Farm in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with no marker. It wasn't until summer 1990, ' Mr. Ed' fans of Oklahoma dedicated a standing granite gravestone to honor the grounds of his grave, though the epitaph uses his stage name and image as' Mr. Ed' , and does not mention his death date of 1970." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fantastic Boney M. Fantastic Boney M. is a compilation album of recordings by Boney M. released by Hansa Records in Germany in December 1984. This collection, subtitled \"Die Grossen Erfolge\", which was issued shortly after \"Kalimba de Luna - 16 Happy Songs\" focuses on the early career of the band and their best-known hits such as \"Daddy Cool\", \"Ma Baker\" and \"Rivers Of Babylon\" but also includes their latest single releases at the time, cover version \"Kalimba de Luna\", \"Somewhere In The World\" from album \"Ten Thousand Lightyears\", 1983's non-album single \"Jambo - Hakuna Matata (No Problems)\", as well as 1981's \"We Kill The World (Don't Kill The World)\" and \"Felicidad (Margherita)\". Most of the versions used on this release are edits taken from 1980's \"The Magic Of Boney M. - 20 Golden Hits\". Side A: Fantastic Boney M. Fantastic Boney M. is a compilation album of recordings by Boney M. released by Hansa Records in Germany in December 1984. This collection, subtitled \"Die Grossen Erfolge\", which was issued shortly after \"Kalimba de Luna - 16 Happy Songs\" focuses on the early career of the band and their best-known hits such as \"Daddy Cool\", \"Ma Baker\" and \"Rivers Of Babylon\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Everly Brothers The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo, known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing. Isaac Donald \"Don\" Everly (born February 1, 1937) and Phillip \"Phil\" Everly (January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014) were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001. Don was born in Brownie, Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, on February 1, 1937, and Phil in Chicago, Illinois, on January 19, 1939. Their parents were Isaac Milford \"Ike\" Everly, Jr. (1908–1975), a guitar player, and Margaret Embry Everly. Actor James Best (born Jules Guy), also from Muhlenberg County, was the son of Ike's sister. Margaret was 15 when she married Ike, who was 26. Ike worked in coal mines from age 14, but his father encouraged him to pursue his love of music and Ike and Margaret began singing together. The Everly brothers spent most of their childhood in Shenandoah, Iowa. They attended Longfellow Elementary School in Waterloo, Iowa, for a year, but then moved to Shenandoah in 1944, where they remained through early high school. Ike Everly had a show on KMA and KFNF in Shenandoah in the mid-1940s, first with his wife and then with their sons. The brothers sang on the radio as \"Little Donnie and Baby Boy Phil.\" The family sang as the Everly Family. Ike, with guitarists Merle Travis, Mose Rager, and Kennedy Jones, was honored in 1992 by the construction of the Four Legends Fountain in Drakesboro, Kentucky. The family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1953, where the brothers attended West High School. In 1955, the family moved to Madison, Tennessee, while the brothers moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Don had graduated from high school in 1955, and Phil attended Peabody Demonstration School in Nashville, from which he graduated in 1957. Both could now focus on recording. While in Knoxville, the brothers caught the attention of family friend Chet Atkins, manager of RCA Victor's studio in Nashville. The brothers became a duo and moved to Nashville. Despite affiliation with RCA, Atkins arranged for the Everly Brothers to record for Columbia Records in early 1956. Their \"Keep a-Lovin' Me,\" which Don wrote and composed, flopped, and they were dropped from the Columbia label. Atkins introduced the Everly Brothers to Wesley Rose, of Acuff-Rose music publishers. Rose told them he would secure them a recording deal if they signed to Acuff-Rose as songwriters. They signed in late 1956, and in 1957 Rose introduced them to Archie Bleyer, who was looking for artists for his Cadence Records. The Everlys signed and made a recording in February 1957. \"Bye Bye Love\" had been rejected by 30 other acts. Their record reached No. 2 on the pop charts, behind Elvis Presley's \"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear,\" and No. 1 on the country and No. 5 on the R&B charts. The song, by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, became the Everly Brothers's first million-seller. Working with the Bryants, they had hits in the United States and the United Kingdom, the biggest being \"Wake Up Little Susie,\" \"All I Have to Do Is Dream,\" \"Bird Dog,\" and \"Problems.\" The Everlys, though they were largely interpretive artists, also succeeded as songwriters, especially with Don's \"(Till) I Kissed You,\" which hit No. 4 on the US pop charts. The brothers toured with Buddy Holly in 1957 and 1958. According to Holly's biographer Philip Norman, they were responsible for persuading Holly and the Crickets to change their outfits from Levi's and T-shirts to the Everlys' Ivy League suits. Don said Holly wrote and composed \"Wishing\" for them. \"We were all from the South,\" Phil observed of their commonalities. \"We'd started in country music.\" Although some sources say Phil Everly was one of Holly's pallbearers in February 1959, Phil said in 1986 that he attended the funeral and sat with Holly's family, but was not a pallbearer. Don did not attend, saying, \"I couldn't go to the funeral. I couldn't go anywhere. I just took to my bed.\" After three years on Cadence, the Everlys signed with Warner Bros. Records in 1960, where they recorded for 10 years. Their first Warner Bros. hit, 1960's \"Cathy's Clown,\" which they wrote and composed themselves, sold eight million copies and became the duo's biggest-selling record. \"Cathy's Clown\" was number WB1, the first selection Warner Bros. Records ever released in the United Kingdom. Other successful Warner Bros. singles followed in the United States, such as \"So Sad (To Watch Good Love Go Bad)\" (1960, pop No. 7), \"Walk Right Back\" (1961, pop No. 7), \"Crying in the Rain\" (1962, pop No. 6), and \"That's Old Fashioned\" (1962, pop No. 9, their last top 10 hit). From 1960 to 1962, Cadence Records released Everly Brothers singles from the vaults, including \"When Will I Be Loved\" (pop No. 8), written and composed by Phil, and \"Like Strangers.\" In the UK, they had top 10 hits until 1965, including \"Lucille\"/\"So Sad\" (1960, No. 4), \"Walk Right Back\"/\"Ebony Eyes\" (1961, No. 1), \"Temptation\" (1961, No. 1), \"Cryin' in the Rain\" (1962, No. 6) and \"The Price of Love\" (1965, No. 2). They had 18 singles into the UK top 40 with Warner Bros. in the 1960s. By 1962, the Everlys had earned $35 million from record sales. In 1961, the brothers fell out with Wesley Rose during the recording of \"Temptation.\" Rose was reportedly upset that the Everlys were recording a song which he had not published and, hence, for which he would not receive any publishing royalties, and he made strenuous efforts to block the single's release. The Everlys held firm to their position, and as a result, in the early 1960s, they were shut off from Acuff-Rose songwriters. These included Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, who had written and composed most of their hits, as well as Don and Phil Everly themselves, who were still contracted to Acuff-Rose as songwriters and had written several of their own hits. Nevertheless, from 1961 through early 1964, the Everlys recorded songs by other writers to avoid paying royalties to Acuff-Rose. They used the pseudonym \"Jimmy Howard\" as writer or arranger on two selections they wrote and recorded during this time. This ruse, however, was ultimately unsuccessful, as Acuff-Rose gained legal possession of the copyrights once the name substitution was discovered. About this time, the brothers also set up their own record label, Calliope Records, for solo projects. Using the pseudonym \"Adrian Kimberly,\" Don recorded a big-band instrumental version of Edward Elgar's first \"Pomp and Circumstance\" march, which Neal Hefti arranged and which charted in the United States top 40 in mid-1961. Further instrumental singles credited to Kimberly followed, but none of those charted. Phil formed the Keestone Family Singers, which featured Glen Campbell and Carole King. Their lone single, \"Melodrama,\" failed to chart, and by the end of 1962, Calliope Records had gone out of business. The Everly Brothers' last US top 10 hit was 1962's \"That's Old Fashioned (That's The Way Love Should Be),\" a song recorded but unreleased by The Chordettes and given to the brothers by their old mentor, Archie Bleyer. Succeeding years saw the Everly Brothers sell fewer records in the United States. Their enlistments in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in October 1961 took them out of the spotlight. One of their few performances during their Marine service was on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", on February 18, 1962, when they performed \"Jezebel\" and \"Crying in the Rain\" while outfitted in their Marine Corps uniforms. Following their discharges from active duty, the Everlys resumed their career, but with little success in the United States. Of their 27 singles on Warner Bros. from 1963 through 1970, only three made the Hot 100, and none peaked higher than No. 31. Album sales were also down. The Everlys' first two albums for Warners (in 1960 and 1961) peaked at No. 9 US, but after that, of a dozen more LPs for Warner Bros., only one made the top 200: 1965's \"Beat &", "in the United States. Their enlistments in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in October 1961 took them out of the spotlight. One of their few performances during their Marine service was on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", on February 18, 1962, when they performed \"Jezebel\" and \"Crying in the Rain\" while outfitted in their Marine Corps uniforms. Following their discharges from active duty, the Everlys resumed their career, but with little success in the United States. Of their 27 singles on Warner Bros. from 1963 through 1970, only three made the Hot 100, and none peaked higher than No. 31. Album sales were also down. The Everlys' first two albums for Warners (in 1960 and 1961) peaked at No. 9 US, but after that, of a dozen more LPs for Warner Bros., only one made the top 200: 1965's \"Beat & Soul,\" which peaked at No. 141. The brothers' dispute with Acuff-Rose lasted until 1964, when they resumed writing and composing as well as working with the Bryant spouses. By then, however, both of the Everlys were addicted to amphetamines. Don's condition was worse: he was taking Ritalin, which led to deeper trouble. Don's addiction lasted three years, until he was hospitalized for a nervous breakdown and to treat his addiction. The mainstream media did not report that either brother was addicted. When Don collapsed in England in mid-October 1962, reporters were told he had food poisoning; when the tabloids suggested he had taken an overdose of pills, his wife and his brother insisted he was suffering physical and nervous exhaustion. Don's poor health ended their British tour; he returned to the United States, leaving Phil to carry on with Joey Page, their bass player, taking Don's place. Though their US stardom had begun to wane two years before the British Invasion in 1964, their appeal was still strong in Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. The Everlys remained successful in the UK and Canada for most of the 1960s, reaching the top 40 in the United Kingdom through 1968 and the top 10 in Canada as late as 1967. The 1966 album \"Two Yanks in England\" was recorded in England with The Hollies, who also wrote and composed many of the album's songs. The Everlys' final US top 40 hit, \"Bowling Green,\" was released in 1967. By the end of the 1960s, the brothers had returned to country rock, and their 1968 album, \"Roots\", was hailed by some critics as \"one of the finest early country-rock albums.\" However, by the end of the 1960s, the Everly Brothers had ceased to be hitmakers in either North America or the United Kingdom, and in 1970, following an unsuccessful live album (\"The Everly Brothers Show\"), their contract with Warner Bros. lapsed after ten years. They were the summer replacement hosts for Johnny Cash's television show in 1970; their variety program, \"Johnny Cash Presents the Everly Brothers\", was on ABC-TV and featured Linda Ronstadt and Stevie Wonder. In 1970, Don released his first solo album, which was not a success. The brothers resumed performing in 1971 and issued two RCA Victor Records albums in 1972 and 1973. Lindsey Buckingham joined them in 1972 and toured with them. The Everlys announced their final performance would be on July 14, 1973, at Knott's Berry Farm, in California, but tensions between the two surfaced, and Don told a reporter he was tired of being an Everly Brother. During the show, Phil smashed his guitar and walked off while Don finished the show, ending their collaboration. The two would not rejoin forces musically for more than ten more years. Phil and Don pursued solo careers from 1973 to 1983. Don found some success on the US country charts in the mid- to late-1970s, in Nashville with his band, Dead Cowboys, and playing with Albert Lee. Don also performed solo at an annual country music festival in London in mid-1976. His appearance was well received, and he was given \"thunderous applause,\" even though critics noted that the performance was uneven. Phil sang backup for Roy Wood's 1975 album \"Mustard\" and two songs for Warren Zevon's 1976 self-titled album. Don recorded \"Everytime You Leave\" with Emmylou Harris on her 1979 album \"Blue Kentucky Girl.\" Phil recorded more frequently, but with no chart success until the 1980s. Everly wrote \"Don't Say You Don't Love Me No More\" for the 1978 Clint Eastwood comedy film \"Every Which Way But Loose\", in which Eastwood performed it as a duet with co-star Sondra Locke. Phil also wrote \"One Too Many Women In Your Life\" for the 1980 sequel, \"Any Which Way You Can\", and played in the band which backed Locke. In 1983, Phil had UK success as a soloist with the album \"Phil Everly\", recorded mainly in London. Musicians on the LP included Dire Straits guitarist Mark Knopfler, Rockpile drummer Terry Williams, and keyboard player Pete Wingfield. The track \"She Means Nothing to Me,\" written and composed by John David Williams and featuring Cliff Richard as co-lead vocalist, was a UK Top 10 hit, and \"Louise,\" written and composed by Ian Gomm, reached the Top 50 in 1983. The brothers' reunion concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London on September 23, 1983, which ended their ten-year-long solo careers, was initiated by Phil and Don alongside Terry Slater, with Wingfield as musical director. This concert was recorded for a live LP and video broadcast on cable television in mid-January 1984. The brothers returned to the studio as a duo for the first time in over a decade, recording the album \"EB '84\", produced by Dave Edmunds. The lead single, \"On the Wings of a Nightingale,\" written and composed by Paul McCartney, was a success (Top 10 adult contemporary) and returned them to the US Hot 100 (for their last appearance) and the UK charts. Their final charting single was 1986's \"Born Yesterday\", from the album of the same name. They collaborated with other performers, mostly singing either backup vocals or duets, including additional vocals on the title track of Paul Simon's 1986 album \"Graceland\". In 1990, Phil recorded a duet with Dutch singer . \"On Top of the World\" was written and composed by Phil, who appeared in the music video they recorded in Los Angeles. The selection appeared on Shuman's album \"Set the Clock on Rock.\" A 1981 live BBC recording of \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\", which featured Cliff Richard and Phil sharing vocals, was a UK Top 20 hit in 1994. Phil provided backing vocals on \"You Got Gold\" from John Prine's 1991 album \"The Missing Years.\" Prine and the Everlys had family connections to Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, and Prine was a frequent performer at the Everly Brothers' Homecoming concerts in Central City, Kentucky, over the years. In 1998, the brothers recorded \"Cold\" for Andrew Lloyd Webber's and Jim Steinman's musical \"Whistle Down the Wind\", and the recording was used in stage versions as source music. This would be the final original recording the Everly Brothers would ever make as a duo. In 1999, Don and Edan Everly performed \"The Everly Brothers for Kentucky Flood Relief.\" The brothers joined Simon & Garfunkel in their \"Old Friends\" reunion tour of 2003 and 2004. As a tribute to the Everly Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel opened their own show and had the Everlys come out in the middle. The live album \"\" contains Simon & Garfunkel discussing the Everlys' influence on their career and features all four on \"Bye Bye Love\"; the subsequent DVD features two extra solo performances by the Everlys. This was not the first time Paul Simon had performed with his heroes; in 1986, the Everlys had sung background vocals on the title track of Simon's album \"Graceland.\" Simon & Garfunkel's \"The Concert In Central Park\" featured their interpretion of the Everlys' \"Wake Up, Little Susie.\" A compilation album consisting of tracks recorded between 1972 and 1985, \"Country Classics\", was released in 2004. Phil Everly sang \"Sweet Little Corrina\" with country singer Vince Gill on his 2006 album \"These Days.\" Everly had previously supplied harmony vocals on J. D. Souther's \"White Rhythm and Blues\" on", "album \"\" contains Simon & Garfunkel discussing the Everlys' influence on their career and features all four on \"Bye Bye Love\"; the subsequent DVD features two extra solo performances by the Everlys. This was not the first time Paul Simon had performed with his heroes; in 1986, the Everlys had sung background vocals on the title track of Simon's album \"Graceland.\" Simon & Garfunkel's \"The Concert In Central Park\" featured their interpretion of the Everlys' \"Wake Up, Little Susie.\" A compilation album consisting of tracks recorded between 1972 and 1985, \"Country Classics\", was released in 2004. Phil Everly sang \"Sweet Little Corrina\" with country singer Vince Gill on his 2006 album \"These Days.\" Everly had previously supplied harmony vocals on J. D. Souther's \"White Rhythm and Blues\" on his (Souther's) 1979 album \"You're Only Lonely.\" Phil Everly died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, on January 3, 2014, 16 days before his 75th birthday, of lung disease. Phil's widow Patti blamed her husband's death on his smoking habit, which caused him to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and recounted Phil spending his final years having to carry oxygen tanks with him wherever he went and taking 20 different types of medications per day. She stated that although Phil had stopped smoking in 2001, his lungs had already sustained permanent damage. Phil's last public appearance was in 2011, at Buddy Holly's induction to Hollywood Boulevard's Star Walk of Fame, and he was then struggling to catch his breath as he addressed the crowd. Patti established the Phil Everly Memorial COPD Foundation in 2014. Don Everly claimed in a 2014 interview with \"The Los Angeles Times\" that he had given up smoking in the late 1960s and that Phil had stopped too but started again during their breakup and had continued until 2001. Don said that weak lungs ran in the family, as their father, Ike, had died of black lung disease. He admitted that he had lived \"a very difficult life\" with his brother and that he and Phil had become estranged once again in later years, something which was mainly attributed to \"their vastly different views on politics and life,\" with the music being the one thing they shared closely, saying, \"it's almost like we could read each other's minds when we sang.\" However, Don also stated he had not gotten over Phil's death, saying, \"I always thought about him every day, even when we were not speaking to each other. It still just shocks me that he's gone.\" Don added that he always firmly believed he would die before his brother, because he was older than Phil. In a 2016 interview Don said he was still coping with the loss of Phil and that he had kept some of his brother's ashes in his home. He added that he would pick up the ashes every morning and say \"good morning,\" while admitting that it was a peculiar ritual. Don Everly attended the Annual Music Masters as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame paid homage to the Everly Brothers on October 25, 2014. Don took the State Theater stage and performed the Everlys' classic hit \"Bye Bye Love.\" Don Everly publicly endorsed Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election in January of that year, citing her foreign policy experience from her tenure as Secretary of State as well as her support of education. It marked the first time Don Everly had ever publicly supported a political candidate. Don stated that after his brother Phil's death, he felt free to express his political views more openly, noting that they held opposing political views which made it impossible for them to ever lend any active support to political candidates. Don and Phil, both guitarists, used vocal harmony mostly based on diatonic thirds. On most recordings, Don sang the baritone part and Phil the tenor harmony. One notable exception is \"Since You Broke My Heart\" (1958). Although Don was mainly low, and Phil was mainly high, their voices overlap in a very intricate and almost subtle fashion. Another notable example is \"I'll See Your Light\" (1977). It is one of the few songs in which Phil consistently has the low harmony while Don is consistently high. Don usually sang most of the solo lines (for example, the verses of \"Bye Bye Love\"); among the few exceptions is the 1965 single \"It's All Over,\" on which Phil sang the song's solo lines. In the late 1950s, the Everly Brothers were the rock and roll youth movement's addition to close harmony vocal groups, many of which were family bands. They influenced rock groups of the 1960s. The Beatles, The Beach Boys, and Simon & Garfunkel developed their early styles by performing Everly songs. The Bee Gees, The Hollies, The Marmalade, and other rock and roll groups that feature harmony singing were also influenced by the Everlys. The music of the Everly Brothers influenced the Beatles, who referred to themselves as \"the English Everly Brothers\" when Paul McCartney and John Lennon went hitchhiking south to win a talent competition. They based the vocal arrangement of \"Please Please Me\" on \"Cathy's Clown.\" Keith Richards called Don Everly \"one of the finest rhythm players.\" Paul Simon, who worked with the pair on \"Graceland,\" said on the day after Phil's death, \"Phil and Don were the most beautiful sounding duo I ever heard. Both voices pristine and soulful. The Everlys were there at the crossroads of country and R&B. They witnessed and were part of the birth of rock and roll.\" The Everly Brothers had 35 Billboard Top 100 singles, 26 in the top 40. They hold the record for the most Top 100 singles by any duo and trail Hall & Oates for the most Top 40 singles by a duo. In the UK, they had 30 chart singles, 29 in the Top 40, 13 Top 10, and 4 at No. 1 between 1957 and 1984. They had 12 Top 40 albums between 1960 and 2009. The Everly Brothers were among the first 10 artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. They were introduced by Neil Young, who observed that every musical group he had ever belonged to had tried, and failed, to copy the Everly Brothers' harmonies. On July 5, 1986, the Everlys returned to Shenandoah, Iowa, for a concert, parade, street dedication, class reunion, and other activities. Concert fees were donated to the Everly Family Scholarship Fund, which gives scholarships to middle school and high school students in Shenandoah. The brothers were inducted into the Iowa Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame in 2003. In 1997, the brothers were awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. They were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004. Their contribution to music has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. On October 2, 1986, The Everly Brothers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work in the music industry, located at 7000 Hollywood Blvd. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the Everly Brothers No. 33 on its list of the \"100 greatest artists of all time\". They are also No. 43 on the list of UK Best selling singles artists of all time. The Everlys, as noted above, wrote and composed \"Till I Kissed You\" (Don), \"Cathy's Clown\" (Don and Phil), and \"When Will I Be Loved\" (Phil). \"Cathy's Clown\" and \"When Will I Be Loved\" became hits for Reba McEntire and Linda Ronstadt, respectively. \"Cathy's Clown\" was also covered by the Tarney/Spencer Band and released as a single in 1979. Band member Alan Tarney (a former member of the Shadows) went on to be a producer for Cliff Richard and a-ha, the Norwegian band who, in turn, covered \"Crying in the Rain\" in 1990 for its fourth album, \"East of the Sun, West of the Moon.\" On Labor Day weekend 1988, Central City, Kentucky, began the Everly Brothers Homecoming event to raise money for a scholarship fund for Muhlenberg County students. Don and Phil toured the United Kingdom in 2005, and Phil appeared in 2007 on recordings with Vince Gill and Bill Medley. Also in 2007, Alison Krauss and former Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant released", "Clown\" and \"When Will I Be Loved\" became hits for Reba McEntire and Linda Ronstadt, respectively. \"Cathy's Clown\" was also covered by the Tarney/Spencer Band and released as a single in 1979. Band member Alan Tarney (a former member of the Shadows) went on to be a producer for Cliff Richard and a-ha, the Norwegian band who, in turn, covered \"Crying in the Rain\" in 1990 for its fourth album, \"East of the Sun, West of the Moon.\" On Labor Day weekend 1988, Central City, Kentucky, began the Everly Brothers Homecoming event to raise money for a scholarship fund for Muhlenberg County students. Don and Phil toured the United Kingdom in 2005, and Phil appeared in 2007 on recordings with Vince Gill and Bill Medley. Also in 2007, Alison Krauss and former Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant released \"Raising Sand\", which included a cover of the Everlys' 1964 hit \"Gone, Gone, Gone,\" produced by T-Bone Burnett. Four Everly Brothers tribute records were released in 2013: Billie Joe Armstrong's and Norah Jones's \"Foreverly\", the Chapin Sisters's \"A Date with the Everly Brothers\", Bonnie Prince Billy's and Dawn McCarthy's \"What the Brothers Sang\", and the Wieners's \"Bird Dogs\". The album \"Marvin, Welch & Farrar\" (1971), by the British-Australian band of the same name, contains a track named after Don's place of birth, \"Brownie Kentucky\".. The 1976 single \"Let 'Em In\" by Paul McCartney and Wings namechecks \"Phil and Don\" Everly. Jeff Lynne recorded a version of \"So Sad\" for his 2012 album release \"Long Wave\". The Everly Brothers The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo, known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing. Isaac Donald \"Don\" Everly (born February 1, 1937) and Phillip \"Phil\" Everly (January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014) were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001. Don was born in Brownie, Muhlenberg County, Kentucky," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vuorineuvos Vuorineuvos (\"mining counselor\"; literally \"mountain counselor\") () is a Finnish honorary title granted by the President of Finland to leading figures in industry and commerce. The title is honorary and has no responsibilities and no privileges. All Finnish titles are non-hereditary. The only title of equal rank is \"valtioneuvos\". The vuorineuvos title originated in late 18th Century Sweden when mining played a major role in the economy, including in Swedish-held Finland. During that era five Finns were awarded the title. From 1809 to 1917 in the semi-autonomous, Russian-ruled Grand Duchy of Finland a further 19 titles were awarded. The first recipient of the vuorineuvos title in the modern free state of Finland was Baron Fridolf Hisinger, on 17 July 1918. Awarding of the title has evolved to include not only giants of the mining industry but distinguished leaders in other industries and commerce. By 2010, the title had been granted to 295 people. Honorees are usually chief executive officers or chairmen of the board of major corporations. As of 2007, the title had been held by only one woman, Irja Ketonen, the principal owner and CEO of Turun Sanomat corporation. The persons proposing that the honorary vuorineuvos title be conferred on someone are required to pay to the Finnish government a stamp duty. (48,400 euros in 2007). The kauppaneuvos title dating back to the same era, by comparison, is taxed at the rate of 33,300 euros. Antti Ahlström, the founder of Ahlstrom; Jorma Ollila, the former CEO of Nokia; and Pekka Herlin of KONE have refused the title out of personal preference. According to the translation service of the Finnish prime minister's office, there is no official or established English translation for the vuorineuvos title. If it cannot be left out, the prime minister's office advises it best be used untranslated as \"the Finnish honorary title of vuorineuvos\". In cases in which translators are not able to convince their customers that it is best left out or at least untranslated, the prime minister's office further directs, customers can usually be persuaded to accept the paraphrase \"the highly respected industrialist X\". Otherwise, a possible translation that does not ridicule the title holder would be \"senior industrialist X\", but this still conveys a very incorrect picture of Finnish society. \"X, senior industrialist\" would be a bit better. Vuorineuvos Vuorineuvos (\"mining counselor\"; literally \"mountain counselor\") () is a Finnish honorary title granted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ifeoma Aggrey-Fynn Ifeoma Iphie Aggrey-Fynn (died 2 June 2015), known to most simply as Iphie, was a Ghanaian-Nigerian media personality, writer and public speaker. Aggrey-Fynn was born to a Ghanaian father and a Nigerian mother. She was raised and educated in Nigeria. She attended Abia State University, from which she graduated with a degree in Linguistics and Communication. Aggrey-Fynn's career in broadcasting began as a TV presenter in 2003. After joining Silverbird Communications in 2009, she was transferred to work at Rhythm 95.7 FM and Silverbird Television in Awka. There, she hosted radio and TV shows including \"Rhythm & Soul\", \"Gospel Vibes\" and \"E-Merge\" before moving to Rhythm 93.7 FM Port Harcourt. She was also a three-time host of the Miss Niger Delta beauty pageant. Aggrey-Fynn had gone to visit her parents at Aba in Abia State. She was on her way back to Port Harcourt when the bus she was travelling in was attacked by armed bandits. As the driver was fleeing, the gunmen opened fire on the vehicle. Aggrey-Fynn was hit by bullets and died of the wounds. Another story maintains that her boyfriend was driving her home on 2 June 2015. She was in Aba to see her parents and siblings. Upon their arrival, the couple were approached by gunmen, who shot at them as the boyfriend tried to speed off. The shooting happened around 7:00 p.m. near Aggrey-Fynn's residence. Her partner was captured by the kidnappers while she lay in a pool of blood. Neighbours who recognized her transported her to a local hospital, where she was declared dead on arrival. Ifeoma Aggrey-Fynn Ifeoma Iphie Aggrey-Fynn (died 2 June 2015), known to most simply as Iphie, was a Ghanaian-Nigerian media personality, writer and public speaker. Aggrey-Fynn was born to a Ghanaian father and a Nigerian mother." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Red Herring Artists Red Herring is an artist's collective based in Brighton, England. Founded in 1985 as a non-profit making company, the group was set up to provide affordable Studio space for artists with the common stated aim of increasing public awareness of the visual arts, both locally, nationally and further afield. In keeping with its aims the group has always sought to achieve a balance of varied practises across the arts and crafts, and a balance of gender. As part of its stated aims, Red Herring Studios has provided affordable studio space for professional artists throughout its existence. This has been achieved by renting low cost redundant industrial premises due for redevelopment and dividing the space provided into working areas. In order to encourage cross discipline discussion and collaboration the separate artists spaces have always been kept open and interconnected. The studio group subsequently became an Industrial and provident society with charitable status. The studio group is funded entirely by its members, in the form of rent. Throughout the first decade the studio group ran a gallery space within its premises, this was discontinued when several members set up Fabrica, an artist run contemporary art gallery and commissioner of new work, housed in the former Holy Trinity Church in Brighton City centre. In 2017 Red Herring were faced with eviction from their Westerman Complex home in Hove, when plans were made to demolish it and build houses on the site. Each of its premises has housed an average of 24 artists, over the years several hundred artists have been members. Paul Greenhalgh head of research at the Victoria and Albert Museum considered Red Herring to be \"an organisation of significant historical importance.\" The term \"Red Herring Artists\" refers both to individual members and the Artists group as a whole. As a group Red Herring Artists have been involved in countless collaborations and group projects, many of which are public art projects and festival events. Many individual Red Herring Artists have achieved critical acclaim and together have worked throughout the world. Red Herring Artists Red Herring is an artist's collective based in Brighton, England. Founded in 1985 as a non-profit making company, the group was set up to provide affordable Studio space for artists with the common stated aim of increasing public awareness of the visual arts, both locally, nationally and further afield. In keeping with its aims the group" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation. Side effects depend on the specific drug, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds, heart attack and kidney disease. The term \"nonsteroidal\" distinguishes these drugs from steroids, which while having a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action, have a broad range of other effects. First used in 1960, the term served to distance these medications from steroids. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and/or COX-2). In cells, these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of key biological mediators, namely prostaglandins which are involved in inflammation, and thromboxanes which are involved in blood clotting. There are two types of NSAID available: non-selective and COX-2 selective. Most NSAIDs are non-selective, and inhibit the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. These NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, also thin the blood (especially aspirin) and increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers/bleeds. COX-2 selective inhibitors have less gastrointestinal side effects, but promote thrombosis and substantially increase the risk of heart attack. As a result, COX-2 selective inhibitors are generally contraindicated due to the high risk of undiagnosed vascular disease. These differential effects are due to the different roles and tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme. By inhibiting physiological COX activity, all NSAIDs increase the risk of kidney disease and, through a related mechanism, heart attack. The most prominent NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen, all available over the counter in most countries. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only little anti-inflammatory activity. It treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body. NSAIDs are usually used for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain and inflammation are present. NSAIDs are generally used for the symptomatic relief of the following conditions: Aspirin, the only NSAID able to irreversibly inhibit COX-1, is also indicated for antithrombosis through inhibition of platelet aggregation. This is useful for the management of arterial thrombosis and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events like heart attacks. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting the action of thromboxane A. In a more specific application, the reduction in prostaglandins is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in neonates if it has not done so physiologically after 24 hours. NSAIDs are useful in the management of post-operative dental pain following invasive dental procedures such as dental extraction. When not contra-indicated they are favoured over the use of paracetamol alone due to the anti-inflammatory effect they provide. When used in combination with paracetamol the analgesic effect has been proven to be improved. There is weak evidence suggesting that taking pre-operative analgesia can reduce the length of post operative pain associated with placing orthodontic spacers under local anaesthetic. Combination of NSAIDs with pregabalin as preemptive analgesia has shown promising results for decreasing post operative pain intensity. The effectiveness of NSAID's for treating non-cancer chronic pain and cancer-related pain in children and adolescents is not clear. There have not been sufficient numbers of high-quality randomized controlled trials conducted. NSAIDs may be used with caution by people with the following conditions: NSAIDs should usually be avoided by people with the following conditions: The widespread use of NSAIDs has meant that the adverse effects of these drugs have become increasingly common. Use of NSAIDs increases risk of a range of gastrointestinal (GI) problems, kidney disease and adverse cardiovascular events. As commonly used for post-operative pain, there is evidence of increased risk of kidney complications. Their use following gastrointestinal surgery remains controversial, given mixed evidence of increased risk of leakage from any bowel anastomosis created. An estimated 10–20% of NSAID patients experience dyspepsia. In the 1990s high doses of prescription NSAIDs were associated with serious upper gastrointestinal adverse events, including bleeding. Over the past decade, deaths associated with gastric bleeding have declined. NSAIDs, like all drugs, may interact with other medications. For example, concurrent use of NSAIDs and quinolones may increase the risk of quinolones' adverse central nervous system effects, including seizure. There is an argument over the benefits and risks of NSAIDs for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each drug has a benefit-risk profile and balancing the risk of no treatment with the competing potential risks of various therapies is the clinician's responsibility. If a COX-2 inhibitor is taken, a traditional NSAID (prescription or over-the-counter) should not be taken at the same time. In addition, people on daily aspirin therapy (e.g., for reducing cardiovascular risk) must be careful if they also use other NSAIDs, as these may inhibit the cardioprotective effects of aspirin. Rofecoxib (Vioxx) was shown to produce significantly fewer gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared with naproxen. This study, the VIGOR trial, raised the issue of the cardiovascular safety of the coxibs. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of myocardial infarctions was observed in patients on rofecoxib. Further data, from the APPROVe trial, showed a statistically significant relative risk of cardiovascular events of 1.97 versus placebo—which caused a worldwide withdrawal of rofecoxib in October 2004. Use of methotrexate together with NSAIDS in rheumatoid arthritis is safe, if adequate monitoring is done. NSAIDs, aside from aspirin, increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. This occurs at least within a week of use. They are not recommended in those who have had a previous heart attack as they increase the risk of death or recurrent MI. Evidence indicates that naproxen may be the least harmful out of these. NSAIDs aside from (low-dose) aspirin are associated with a doubled risk of heart failure in people without a history of cardiac disease. In people with such a history, use of NSAIDs (aside from low-dose aspirin) was associated with a more than 10-fold increase in heart failure. If this link is proven causal, researchers estimate that NSAIDs would be responsible for up to 20 percent of hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. In people with heart failure, NSAIDs increase mortality risk (hazard ratio) by approximately 1.2–1.3 for naproxen and ibuprofen, 1.7 for rofecoxib and celecoxib, and 2.1 for diclofenac. On 9 July 2015, the FDA toughened warnings of increased heart attack and stroke risk associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Aspirin is an NSAID but is not affected by the new warnings. A 2005 Finnish study linked long term (over 3 months) use of NSAIDs with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction. This study was correlational only, and depended solely on self-reports (questionnaires). A 2011 publication in \"The Journal of Urology\" received widespread publicity. According to this study, men who used NSAIDs regularly were at significantly increased risk of erectile dysfunction. A link between NSAID use and erectile dysfunction still existed after controlling for several conditions. However, the study was observational and not controlled, with low original participation rate, potential participation bias, and other uncontrolled factors. The authors warned against drawing any conclusion regarding cause. The main adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with NSAID use relate to direct and", "linked long term (over 3 months) use of NSAIDs with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction. This study was correlational only, and depended solely on self-reports (questionnaires). A 2011 publication in \"The Journal of Urology\" received widespread publicity. According to this study, men who used NSAIDs regularly were at significantly increased risk of erectile dysfunction. A link between NSAID use and erectile dysfunction still existed after controlling for several conditions. However, the study was observational and not controlled, with low original participation rate, potential participation bias, and other uncontrolled factors. The authors warned against drawing any conclusion regarding cause. The main adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with NSAID use relate to direct and indirect irritation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. NSAIDs cause a dual assault on the GI tract: the acidic molecules directly irritate the gastric mucosa, and inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 reduces the levels of protective prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the GI tract causes increased gastric acid secretion, diminished bicarbonate secretion, diminished mucus secretion and diminished trophic effects on the epithelial mucosa. Common gastrointestinal side effects include: Clinical NSAID ulcers are related to the systemic effects of NSAID administration. Such damage occurs irrespective of the route of administration of the NSAID (e.g., oral, rectal, or parenteral) and can occur even in people who have achlorhydria. Ulceration risk increases with therapy duration, and with higher doses. To minimize GI side effects, it is prudent to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time—a practice that studies show is often not followed. Over 50% of patients who take NSAIDs have sustained some mucosal damage to their small intestine. The risk and rate of gastric adverse effects is different depending on the type of NSAID medication a person is taking. Indomethacin, ketoprofen and piroxicam use appear to lead to the highest rate of gastric adverse effects, while ibuprofen (lower doses) and diclofenac appear to have lower rates. Certain NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have been marketed in enteric-coated formulations that manufacturers claim reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal ADRs. Similarly, some believe that rectal formulations may reduce gastrointestinal ADRs. However, consistent with the systemic mechanism of such ADRs, and in clinical practice, these formulations have not demonstrated a reduced risk of GI ulceration. Numerous \"gastro-protective\" drugs have been developed with the goal of preventing gastrointestinal toxicity in people who need to take NSAIDS on a regular basis. Gastric adverse effects may be reduced by taking medications that suppress acid production such as proton pump inhibitors (e.g.: omeprazole and esomeprazole), or by treatment with a drug that mimics prostaglandin in order to restore the lining of the GI tract (e.g.: a prostaglandin analog misoprostol). Diarrhea is a common side effect of misoprostol, however, higher doses of misoprostol have been shown to reduce the risk of a person having a complication related to a gastic ulcer while taking NSAIDS. While these techniques may be effective, they are expensive for maintenance therapy. Hydrogen sulfide NSAID hybrids prevent the gastric ulceration/bleeding associated with taking the NSAIDs alone. Hydrogen sulphide is known to have a protective effect on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system. NSAIDs should be used with caution in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) due to their tendency to cause gastric bleeding and form ulceration in the gastric lining. NSAIDs are also associated with a fairly high incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) on the kidney and over time can lead to chronic kidney disease. The mechanism of these kidney ADRs is due to changes in kidney blood flow. Prostaglandins normally dilate the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli. This helps maintain normal glomerular perfusion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an indicator of kidney function. This is particularly important in kidney failure where the kidney is trying to maintain renal perfusion pressure by elevated angiotensin II levels. At these elevated levels, angiotensin II also constricts the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus in addition to the efferent arteriole it normally constricts. Since NSAIDs block this prostaglandin-mediated effect of afferent arteriole dilation, particularly in kidney failure, NSAIDs cause unopposed constriction of the afferent arteriole and decreased RPF (renal perfusion flow) and GFR. Common ADRs associated with altered kidney function include: These agents may also cause kidney impairment, especially in combination with other nephrotoxic agents. Kidney failure is especially a risk if the patient is also concomitantly taking an ACE inhibitor (which removes angiotensin II's vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole) and a diuretic (which drops plasma volume, and thereby RPF)—the so-called \"triple whammy\" effect. In rarer instances NSAIDs may also cause more severe kidney conditions: NSAIDs in combination with excessive use of phenacetin or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may lead to analgesic nephropathy. Photosensitivity is a commonly overlooked adverse effect of many of the NSAIDs. The 2-arylpropionic acids are the most likely to produce photosensitivity reactions, but other NSAIDs have also been implicated including piroxicam, diclofenac and benzydamine. Benoxaprofen, since withdrawn due to its liver toxicity, was the most photoactive NSAID observed. The mechanism of photosensitivity, responsible for the high photoactivity of the 2-arylpropionic acids, is the ready decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid moiety. The specific absorbance characteristics of the different chromophoric 2-aryl substituents, affects the decarboxylation mechanism. NSAIDs are not recommended during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester. While NSAIDs as a class are not direct teratogens, they may cause premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and kidney ADRs in the fetus. Additionally, they are linked with premature birth and miscarriage. Aspirin, however, is used together with heparin in pregnant women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Additionally, indomethacin is used in pregnancy to treat polyhydramnios by reducing fetal urine production via inhibiting fetal kidney blood flow. In contrast, paracetamol (acetaminophen) is regarded as being safe and well-tolerated during pregnancy, but Leffers et al. released a study in 2010 indicating that there may be associated male infertility in the unborn. Doses should be taken as prescribed, due to risk of liver toxicity with overdoses. In France, the country's health agency contraindicates the use of NSAIDs, including aspirin, after the sixth month of pregnancy. A variety of allergic or allergic-like NSAID hypersensitivity reactions follow the ingestion of NSAIDs. These hypersensitivity reactions differ from the other adverse reactions listed here which are toxicity reactions, i.e. unwanted reactions that result from the pharmacological action of a drug, are dose-related, and can occur in any treated individual; hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug. Some NSAID hypersensitivity reactions are truly allergic in origin: 1) repetitive IgE-mediated urticarial skin eruptions, angioedema, and anaphylaxis following immediately to hours after ingesting one structural type of NSAID but not after ingesting structurally unrelated NSAIDs; and 2) Comparatively mild to moderately severe T cell-mediated delayed onset (usually more than 24 hour), skin reactions such as maculopapular rash, fixed drug eruptions, photosensitivity reactions, delayed urticaria, and contact dermatitis; or 3) far more severe and potentially life-threatening t-cell-mediated", "i.e. unwanted reactions that result from the pharmacological action of a drug, are dose-related, and can occur in any treated individual; hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug. Some NSAID hypersensitivity reactions are truly allergic in origin: 1) repetitive IgE-mediated urticarial skin eruptions, angioedema, and anaphylaxis following immediately to hours after ingesting one structural type of NSAID but not after ingesting structurally unrelated NSAIDs; and 2) Comparatively mild to moderately severe T cell-mediated delayed onset (usually more than 24 hour), skin reactions such as maculopapular rash, fixed drug eruptions, photosensitivity reactions, delayed urticaria, and contact dermatitis; or 3) far more severe and potentially life-threatening t-cell-mediated delayed systemic reactions such as the DRESS syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, the Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Other NSAID hypersensitivity reactions are allergy-like symptoms but do not involve true allergic mechanisms; rather, they appear due to the ability of NSAIDs to alter the metabolism of arachidonic acid in favor of forming metabolites that promote allergic symptoms. Afflicted individuals may be abnormally sensitive to these provocative metabolites or overproduce them and typically are susceptible to a wide range of structurally dissimilar NSAIDs, particularly those that inhibit COX1. Symptoms, which develop immediately to hours after ingesting any of various NSAIDs that inhibit COX-1, are: 1) exacerbations of asthmatic and rhinitis (see aspirin-induced asthma) symptoms in individuals with a history of asthma or rhinitis and 2) exacerbation or first-time development of wheals or angioedema in individuals with or without a history of chronic urticarial lesions or angioedema. The use of NSAIDS for analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery remains controversial, given mixed evidence of an increased risk of leakage from any bowel anastomosis created. This risk may vary according to the class of NSAID prescribed. Common adverse drug reactions (ADR), other than listed above, include: raised liver enzymes, headache, dizziness. Uncommon ADRs include an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, confusion, spasm of the airways, and rash. Ibuprofen may also rarely cause irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. NSAIDs are also implicated in some cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Most NSAIDs penetrate poorly into the central nervous system (CNS). However, the COX enzymes are expressed constitutively in some areas of the CNS, meaning that even limited penetration may cause adverse effects such as somnolence and dizziness. In very rare cases, ibuprofen can cause aseptic meningitis. As with other drugs, allergies to NSAIDs might exist. While many allergies are specific to one NSAID, up to 1 in 5 people may have unpredictable cross-reactive allergic responses to other NSAIDs as well. NSAIDs reduce kidney blood flow and thereby decrease the efficacy of diuretics, and inhibit the elimination of lithium and methotrexate. NSAIDs cause decreased ability to form a blood clot, which can increase the risk of bleeding when combined with other drugs that also decrease blood clotting, such as warfarin. NSAIDs may aggravate hypertension (high blood pressure) and thereby antagonize the effect of antihypertensives, such as ACE inhibitors. NSAIDs may interfere and reduce efficiency of SSRI antidepressants. Various widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance endocannabinoid signaling by blocking the anandamide-degrading membrane enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Most NSAIDs act as nonselective inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), inhibiting both the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzymes. This inhibition is competitively reversible (albeit at varying degrees of reversibility), as opposed to the mechanism of aspirin, which is irreversible inhibition. COX catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid (itself derived from the cellular phospholipid bilayer by phospholipase A). Prostaglandins act (among other things) as messenger molecules in the process of inflammation. This mechanism of action was elucidated by John Vane (1927–2004), who received a Nobel Prize for his work (see Mechanism of action of aspirin). COX-1 is a constitutively expressed enzyme with a \"house-keeping\" role in regulating many normal physiological processes. One of these is in the stomach lining, where prostaglandins serve a protective role, preventing the stomach mucosa from being eroded by its own acid. COX-2 is an enzyme facultatively expressed in inflammation, and it is inhibition of COX-2 that produces the desirable effects of NSAIDs. When nonselective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) lower stomach prostaglandin levels, ulcers of the stomach or duodenum internal bleeding can result. NSAIDs have been studied in various assays to understand how they affect each of these enzymes. While the assays reveal differences, unfortunately, different assays provide differing ratios. The discovery of COX-2 led to research to the development of selective COX-2 inhibiting drugs that do not cause gastric problems characteristic of older NSAIDs. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is not considered an NSAID because it has little anti-inflammatory activity. It treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body. However, many aspects of the mechanism of action of NSAIDs remain unexplained, and for this reason, further COX pathways are hypothesized. The COX-3 pathway was believed to fill some of this gap but recent findings make it appear unlikely that it plays any significant role in humans and alternative explanation models are proposed. NSAIDs interact with the endocannabinoid system and its endocannabinoids, as COX2 have been shown to utilize endocannabinoids as substrates, and may have a key role in both the therapeutic and adverse effects of NSAIDs, as well as in NSAIDs-induced placebo responses. NSAIDs are also used in the acute pain caused by gout because they inhibit urate crystal phagocytosis besides inhibition of prostaglandin synthase. NSAIDS have antipyretic activity and can be used to treat fever. Fever is caused by elevated levels of prostaglandin E2, which alters the firing rate of neurons within the hypothalamus that control thermoregulation. Antipyretics work by inhibiting the enzyme COX, which causes the general inhibition of prostanoid biosynthesis (PGE2) within the hypothalamus. PGE2 signals to the hypothalamus to increase the body's thermal set point. Ibuprofen has been shown more effective as an antipyretic than paracetamol (acetaminophen). Arachidonic acid is the precursor substrate for cyclooxygenase leading to the production of prostaglandins F, D & E. NSAIDs can be classified based on their chemical structure or mechanism of action. Older NSAIDs were known long before their mechanism of action was elucidated and were for this reason classified by chemical structure or origin. Newer substances are more often classified by mechanism of action. The following NSAIDs are derived from fenamic acid. which is a derivative of anthranilic acid, which in turn is a nitrogen isostere of salicylic acid, which is the active metabolite of aspirin. Most NSAIDs are chiral molecules (diclofenac is a notable exception). However, the majority are prepared in a racemic mixture. Typically, only a single enantiomer is pharmacologically active. For some drugs (typically profens), an isomerase enzyme \"in vivo\" converts the inactive enantiomer into the active form, although its activity varies widely in individuals. This phenomenon is likely responsible for the poor correlation between NSAID efficacy and plasma concentration observed in older studies, when specific analysis of the active enantiomer", "are more often classified by mechanism of action. The following NSAIDs are derived from fenamic acid. which is a derivative of anthranilic acid, which in turn is a nitrogen isostere of salicylic acid, which is the active metabolite of aspirin. Most NSAIDs are chiral molecules (diclofenac is a notable exception). However, the majority are prepared in a racemic mixture. Typically, only a single enantiomer is pharmacologically active. For some drugs (typically profens), an isomerase enzyme \"in vivo\" converts the inactive enantiomer into the active form, although its activity varies widely in individuals. This phenomenon is likely responsible for the poor correlation between NSAID efficacy and plasma concentration observed in older studies, when specific analysis of the active enantiomer was not performed. Ibuprofen and ketoprofen are now available in single, active enantiomer preparations (dexibuprofen and dexketoprofen), which purport to offer quicker onset and an improved side-effect profile. Naproxen has always been marketed as the single active enantiomer. NSAIDs within a group tend to have similar characteristics and tolerability. There is little difference in clinical efficacy among the NSAIDs when used at equivalent doses. Rather, differences among compounds usually relate to dosing regimens (related to the compound's elimination half-life), route of administration, and tolerability profile. Regarding adverse effects, selective COX-2 inhibitors have lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, and there is no significant increase in risk of myocardial infarction. With the exception of naproxen, nonselective NSAIDs increase the risk of having a heart attack. Some data also supports that the partially selective nabumetone is less likely to cause gastrointestinal events. A consumer report noted that ibuprofen, naproxen, and salsalate are less expensive than other NSAIDs, and essentially as effective and safe when used appropriately to treat osteoarthritis and pain. Most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are weak acids, with a pKa of 3–5. They are absorbed well from the stomach and intestinal mucosa. They are highly protein-bound in plasma (typically >95%), usually to albumin, so that their volume of distribution typically approximates to plasma volume. Most NSAIDs are metabolized in the liver by oxidation and conjugation to inactive metabolites that typically are excreted in the urine, though some drugs are partially excreted in bile. Metabolism may be abnormal in certain disease states, and accumulation may occur even with normal dosage. Ibuprofen and diclofenac have short half-lives (2–3 hours). Some NSAIDs (typically oxicams) have very long half-lives (e.g. 20–60 hours). From the era of Greek medicine to the mid-19th century, the discovery of medicinal agents was classed as an empirical art; folklore and mythological guidance were combined in deploying the vegetable and mineral products that made up the expansive pharmacopeia of the time. Myrtle leaves were in use by 1500 BCE. Hippocrates (460–377 BCE) first reported using willow bark and in 30 BCE Celsus described the signs of inflammation and also used willow bark to mitigate them. On 25 April 1763, Edward Stone wrote to the Royal Society describing his observations on the use of willow bark-based medicines in febrile patients. The active ingredient of willow bark, a glycoside called salicin, was first isolated by Johann Andreas Buchner in 1827. By 1829, French chemist Henri Leroux had improved the extraction process to obtain about 30g of purified salicin from 1.5 kg of bark. By hydrolysis, salicin releases glucose and salicylic alcohol which can be converted into salicylic acid, both in vivo and through chemical methods. The acid is more effective than salicin and, in addition to its fever-reducing properties, is anti-inflammatory and analgesic. In 1869, Hermann Kolbe synthesised salicylate, although it was too acidic for the gastric mucosa. The reaction used to synthesise aromatic acid from a phenol in the presence of CO2 is known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. By 1897 the German chemist Felix Hoffmann and the Bayer company prompted a new age of pharmacology by converting salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid—named aspirin by Heinrich Dreser. Other NSAIDs were developed from the 1950s forward. In 2001, NSAIDs accounted for 70,000,000 prescriptions and 30 billion over-the-counter doses sold annually in the United States. While studies have been conducted to see if various NSAIDs can improve behavior in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and observational studies in humans have shown promise, there is no good evidence from randomized clinical trials that NSAIDs can treat or prevent Alzheimer's in humans; clinical trials of NSAIDs for treatment of Alzheimer's have found more harm than benefit. NSAIDs coordinate with metal ions affecting cellular function. Research supports the use of NSAIDs for the control of pain associated with veterinary procedures such as dehorning and castration of calves. The best effect is obtained by combining a short-term local anesthetic such as lidocaine with an NSAID acting as a longer term analgesic. However, as different species have varying reactions to different medications in the NSAID family, little of the existing research data can be extrapolated to animal species other than those specifically studied, and the relevant government agency in one area sometimes prohibits uses approved in other jurisdictions. For example, ketoprofen's effects have been studied in horses more than in ruminants but, due to controversy over its use in racehorses, veterinarians who treat livestock in the United States more commonly prescribe flunixin meglumine, which, while labeled for use in such animals, is not indicated for post-operative pain. In the United States, meloxicam is approved for use only in canines, whereas (due to concerns about liver damage) it carries warnings against its use in cats except for one-time use during surgery. In spite of these warnings, meloxicam is frequently prescribed \"off-label\" for non-canine animals including cats and livestock species. In other countries, for example The European Union (EU), there is a label claim for use in cats. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lepiderema pulchella Lepiderema pulchella known as the Fine-leaved Tuckeroo is a rainforest tree found in eastern Australia. The specific epithet \"pulchella\" is from the Latin, referring to the beautiful fine leaves. A rare species with a ROTAP rating of 2RC- It grows in seaside rainforests and drier rainforests from the Brunswick River, New South Wales in the south to Nambour in south eastern Queensland. A small tree, up to 15 metres tall and a stem diameter of 40 cm. The trunk is grey and smooth sometimes with horizontal raised rings. The tree's base is usually flanged. Yellow to orange flowers form from September to October. The fruit is a smooth orange capsule, maturing around December. Lepiderema pulchella Lepiderema pulchella known as the Fine-leaved Tuckeroo is a rainforest tree found in eastern Australia. The specific epithet \"pulchella\" is from the Latin, referring to the beautiful fine leaves. A rare species with a ROTAP rating of 2RC- It grows in seaside rainforests and drier rainforests from the Brunswick River, New South Wales in the south to Nambour in south eastern Queensland. A small tree, up to 15 metres tall and a stem diameter of 40 cm. The trunk is grey and smooth" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Allan G. Bromley Allan George Bromley (1 February 1947 – 16 August 2002) was an Australian historian of computing who became a world authority on many aspects of early computing and was one of the most avid collectors of mechanical calculators. The work on understanding Charles Babbage's calculating engines is Allan Bromley's greatest legacy. The October–December 2000 issue of the \"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing\" was dedicated to him for the quality of his research on this subject. His studies of the Antikythera mechanism, in collaboration with Michael T. Wright, led to the first working model of this ancient analogue computer. Allan Bromley was an associate professor at the University of Sydney. His main academic interest was the history of computers. He died of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Allan George Bromley was born on 1 February 1947 and named after his uncle Allan, who was killed in New Guinea during World War II, and his father George, who died on 8 August 1962. He grew up on a 30-acre property at Freeman's Reach, on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales, Australia, in an historic home, \"Sunny Corner\". He completed his schooling at Richmond High School and at 17 his academic ability earned him a scholarship and a place to study science at the University of Sydney in 1964. He was awarded the Nuclear Research Foundation Medal, University of Sydney, Summer Science School, 1963. Allan graduated with first class honours in physics in 1967, stayed on for a research degree in astrophysics, and was awarded his PhD in 1971. His doctoral work on maser emission from interstellar gas clouds required extensive computation with high-order polynomials, and awakened his interest in computing. He was an inspired teacher. His philosophy was in many ways more suited to the contemplative style of the Oxbridge tradition, at odds with the market-driven ethos of his day and today. Bromley had an amateur interest in the history of mechanical inventions, and was aware of the ancestral figure of Charles Babbage. No one had ever made a very detailed study of Babbage's papers and, in a surprising career move, Bromley decided to turn historian and took a year's sabbatical leave in 1979 to work on the Babbage Papers at the Science Museum in London. What he found was overwhelming: notebooks containing over 6,000 pages of Babbage's impenetrable scribblings, 300 machine drawings, and several hundred notations. These were to occupy Bromley for the next several years. His first marriage, to Jann Makepeace, was during this time. Bromley worked with and convinced the Science Museum in London that Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 2, designed between 1847 and 1849, could be built and subsequently it was in 1989–91. After Babbage's engines, Bromley moved on to other historical computing artefacts. He made a path-breaking study of the Antikythera Mechanism, originally made famous by the Yale historian Derek de Solla Price in the late 1950s. Price had speculated that the mechanism, dating from 50 BC, was an astronomical calculating device. Bromley's background in astrophysics paid dividends, and after several trips to Athens where he obtained radiographs of the inner mechanisms, and with the help of a clockmaker Frank Percival, back in Sydney, they produced a working reconstruction. In November 2000, Bromley was given a Distinguished Service Award and made an Honorary Associate of the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. In 1998, after a long spell of illness, he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. He met Anne Mitchell at this time and on 15 April 2000 they married under the Jacaranda Tree in the Main Quadrangle at the University of Sydney. He died on 16 August 2002. Dr. Allan Bromley started collecting mechanical calculators in 1979. A year later he already had sixty pieces. Eventually he was responsible for a collection of old computers which used to be displayed in the rear foyer of the building containing the University of Sydney Computer Science Department. At home, he had a large personal collection of mechanical calculators, slide rules, etc. He was a generous donor of artefacts to museums in Australia, especially the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, and the Australian Computer Museum Society Inc. His collection included some rare pieces. The pride of place was taken by four mechanical anti-aircraft gun predictors developed and built by the British government after World War I. These machines, weighing about half a tonne, marked the height of mechanical computation; they were first used in the Spanish Civil War and extensively during World War II. They performed in real-time and were capable of predicting the firing angle to explode a shell within 10 meters of a plane at anything up to 10,000 meters. Part of Allan Bromley's scholarship was his study, at the Science Museum library in London, of the original drawings for the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine designed by Charles Babbage more than a century earlier. These studies and the most detailed analysis and interpretation led to the reconstruction of two Difference Engines No. 2 under the direction of Doron Swade: Bromley built a partial reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism, one of the oldest (surviving) geared mechanisms known. Working with Frank Percival, a Sydney clockmaker, he improved on an earlier reconstruction by Derek J. de Solla Price. Having tested Price's theory using Meccano parts, Bromley found that the mechanism was unworkable. Working with Percival, he improved the device by altering the function of the handle so that one complete rotation would correspond to a single day, which he considered to be the most obvious astronomical unit. Bromley worked with the same set of parts as Price, but suspected that a gap in the mechanism was originally home to several extra gears. Another breakthrough by Bromley concerned a train of gearing which appeared to have 15 and 63 teeth, for which Price had been unable to discover a purpose. Price considered these numbers to be too difficult to work with, and assumed that they should be corrected to 16 and 64, theorising that it could have operated a four-year cycle on the device. Bromley worked with the original count of 15 and 63 teeth, discovering that the train's cycle was four and a half years; four of such cycles equalled 18 years, a duration equal to the cycle of eclipses. With this gearing, the mechanism worked correctly, with the pointer moving into a new square for each new moon, as the handle is turned, meaning that each square on a dial represented one month. Over 223 months, or 18 years, the complete cycle is shown. Allan G. Bromley Allan George Bromley (1 February 1947 – 16 August 2002) was an Australian" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Water's Lovely The Water's Lovely is a 2006 novel by British writer Ruth Rendell. It is not part of her Inspector Wexford series. Ismay Sealand believes that her younger sister, Heather, murdered their stepfather Guy when they were teenagers. Ismay and her mother, Beatrix, returned from shopping for a new school uniform to find Guy drowned in his bath and only Heather home. Although both Ismay and her mother believe Heather drowned Guy – who was weak from a virus – there was no evidence and so at the inquest the death was ruled accidental. Ismay thinks Heather murdered Guy because he made sexual advances to her, Ismay, and Heather wished to protect her. In fact Ismay encouraged Guy's interest and hoped he would come to her bedroom and have sex with her. Now in their twenties, Ismay and Heather live in the same house, which has been divided into two flats. They live together downstairs, and their mother, who became mentally ill after Guy's death, lives with her sister Pamela in the upstairs. Ismay remains haunted by what happened all those years ago. Ismay is desperately in love with Andrew Campbell-Sedge, who looks very like her dead stepfather, and who does not get on with Heather. Meanwhile, Edmund Litton's mother, Irene, tries to set him up with Marion Melville, a thin darting woman with bright red hair who has befriended a number of elderly people in the area. Horrified by this idea Edmund sets up an alternative date with a woman who works in the catering department of the hospice where he works, Heather Sealand. Their date is more successful than expected and the two begin to fall in love. This causes a rift with Edmund's mother, who enjoyed being the only woman in his life, especially when Edmund goes to stay overnight at Heather's flat. As the relationship between Heather and Edmund becomes more serious, Ismay worries whether or not she should tell him what she believes about Heather's past and, eventually, records a tape telling him what she thinks happened when Guy drowned. She hides it in a box which formally contained the cassette 'Rainy Season Ragas' and puts it out of sight. Edmund and Heather's relationship causes another rift; this time between Ismay and Andrew. Edmund sees Andrew on an outing with another woman but chooses to keep this information to himself as he doesn't want to hurt Ismay or Heather. Andrew cannot stand Heather and Edmund being in \"our flat\". Andrew has a row with Edmund during which Edmund confronts Andrew with his knowledge of Andrew's infidelity and Andrew behaves very aggressively in response. Edmund leaves the flat, never to return and soon Heather joins him, living at his mother's house. Unhappy that Ismay didn't ask them to leave first, Andrew splits up with Ismay. Edmund proposes to Heather and they become engaged and begin seeking a flat of their own. Marion takes advantage of Irene's dislike of Heather and spends a lot of time with her, hoping to be included in her will. Marion has morphine sulphate in her bathroom cabinet, that she obtained from a previous elderly friend who died, and left her sufficient money to buy a flat and hopes to use it on one of her other elderly \"friends\". Irene invites Marion for Christmas, and Marion meets Avice, an elderly lady who frets about leaving her rabbits at home alone. Marion is soon rabbit-sitting, cleaning and cooking for Avice regularly. Fowler, Marion's homeless brother, sometimes visits her flat for a meal, drink or a bed for the night. On one visit he finds the morphine in her bathroom cupboard and substitutes it for cough mixture so she won't notice. Edmund and Heather are married, and after a scene with Irene at the wedding, move out to a rented flat whilst they wait to complete the sale on a flat of their own. Ismay decides to destroy the recording she made for Edmund regarding Guy's death and puts it into her handbag to throw it away somewhere in London. Ismay is distraught at losing the love of her life, wandering around the places she and Andrew went at all hours of the night and drinking heavily. She even confronts Andrew and his new flame, socialite Eva Simber and then has her bag stolen on the tube; the bag containing the tape she made for Edmund. Heather, hoping that Andrew would return to Ismay without the presence of Eva, begins to contact the young woman regularly, asking her to leave Andrew. Eva refuses to do so, although she speaks to Heather on the phone quite often all the same. After Avice leaves Marion some money in her will, Marion tries to poison her with her morphine, but discovers Fowler's robbery when Avice says her food tastes like cough mixture. She instead turns her attentions to Irene's neighbour, Barry Fenix, a flirtatious retired 'civil servant' who loves all things relating to India. Eva Simber goes for her daily run and is murdered. Ismay discovers Heather had been in contact with her and thinks that Heather has killed Eva in order that Andrew would return to her. Ismay sits with Beatrix quite a lot whilst Pamela goes out with Ivan, a man she has met on 'romance walks'. Although he will not spend any money to take her out and she does not much like his character, Pamela fancies him enough to become his lover. Marion tells Fowler that she is to become engaged and he leaves her an engagement present of a Marc Jacobs handbag he found in a West End bin and its contents, which include a tape, 'Rainy Season Ragas'. Pamela decides to end things with her lover, but when she does he becomes violent and beats her up, rapes her and kicks her down the stairs of his flat. She is taken to hospital and Edmund and Heather move in with Beatrix to care for her. Ismay comes home from work to discover Andrew inside her flat, he has returned to her. She hides the fact that Edmund and Heather are currently living upstairs with her mother and the two are reconciled. Marion listens to the tape to see if it is suitable to play to Barry on a romantic evening and discovers what Ismay has said on it. She decides to blackmail Ismay, who is desperate to keep the tape's contents a secret from Andrew, who has decided to move in with her. Marion extorts several hundred pounds from Ismay and becomes engaged to Barry. When Marion boasts that she shall shortly be 'Mrs Barry Fenix', Ismay remembers the name in connection to Guy's death – Barry was the officer who led the investigation all those years ago. She tells Marion to stop the blackmail or she will tell Barry what she has been up to. Marion gives up her blackmail and she and Barry are married shortly after. Fowler blackmails Marion into giving him her flat. Following a teenager's arrest for the murder of Eva Simber, Ismay confronts Heather and asks her whether she killed Eva and Guy. Heather is shocked that Ismay could think she killed Eva but admits to killing Guy, not to protect Ismay but because he was sexually abusing her, Heather. Heather tells Ismay that Guy was no longer interested in pursuing her because she was 'obviously interested' in him and that Guy wanted someone who didn't want him, so he turned his attentions to Heather. Guy got into the bath that day and asked Heather to join him in the bubbles, saying \"the water's lovely\". Heather also tells Edmund of the murder she committed as a thirteen-year-old and he is deeply saddened by the information. The two head off for a belated honeymoon. Pamela is reconciled with a Michael, a former fiancé who left her after Guy's death, and the two plan to move in together and have Beatrix living with them. Ismay and Andrew get engaged and start looking for a shared home, too. On Boxing Day an earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggers a tsunami in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. Fearing for Heather and Edmund, who are honeymooning in Sumatra in Indonesia, Ismay asks Andrew to ring a friend who is a diplomat. There is a news report that four British citizens have been killed in a tsunami, but no names can be released until the next of kin have", "\"the water's lovely\". Heather also tells Edmund of the murder she committed as a thirteen-year-old and he is deeply saddened by the information. The two head off for a belated honeymoon. Pamela is reconciled with a Michael, a former fiancé who left her after Guy's death, and the two plan to move in together and have Beatrix living with them. Ismay and Andrew get engaged and start looking for a shared home, too. On Boxing Day an earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggers a tsunami in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. Fearing for Heather and Edmund, who are honeymooning in Sumatra in Indonesia, Ismay asks Andrew to ring a friend who is a diplomat. There is a news report that four British citizens have been killed in a tsunami, but no names can be released until the next of kin have been informed. The next of kin are Heather's mother and Edmund's mother. The Water's Lovely The Water's Lovely is a 2006 novel by British writer Ruth Rendell. It is not part of her Inspector Wexford series. Ismay Sealand believes that her younger sister, Heather, murdered their stepfather Guy when they were teenagers. Ismay and her mother, Beatrix, returned from shopping for a new school uniform to find Guy drowned in his bath and only Heather home. Although both Ismay and her mother believe Heather drowned Guy – who was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 Denmark was represented by Birthe Wilke, with the song '\"Uh, jeg ville ønske jeg var dig\", at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 11 March in Cannes, France. \"Uh, jeg ville ønske jeg var dig\" was chosen as the Danish entry at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix on 12 February. Wilke had previously come third for Denmark in the 1957 contest in a duet with Gustav Winckler, who was one of her competitors in the 1959 DMGP. The DMGP was held at Radiohuset in Frederiksberg, hosted by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen. Two male and two female singers took part, each performing one solo song and one duet. The winning song was chosen by a 4-member jury, and only the top three songs were announced. On the night of the final Birthe Wilke performed second in the running order, following France and preceding Italy. Like most of the other songs in the contest it was somewhat old-fashioned in style with no hint of contemporary chart music, but Birthe Wilke gave an energetic and engaging performance. At the close of voting \"Uh, Jeg Ville Ønske Jeg Var Dig\" had received 12 points, placing Denmark 5th of the 11 entries. The Danish jury awarded its highest mark of 4 to France. Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 Denmark was represented by Birthe Wilke, with the song '\"Uh, jeg ville ønske jeg var dig\", at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 11 March in Cannes, France. \"Uh, jeg ville ønske jeg var dig\" was chosen as the Danish entry at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix on 12 February. Wilke had previously come third for Denmark in the 1957 contest in a duet with Gustav Winckler, who was one of her competitors in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bishop's Move Bishop & Sons' Depositories Limited, more commonly known as Bishop's Move, was founded by J.J. Bishop in 1854 as a general cartage and removals business in Pimlico, London, and has grown into an international removals, storage, and shipping company. Horses were used to transport the company's wagons up until the 1930s, when motor vehicles were introduced to the fleet. During both World Wars, Bishop's Move provided vital removal services for government departments, as well as the relocation of precious museum pieces. The name Bishop's Move was officially registered on 10 November 1955 and the company has been trading as this ever since. Bishop's Move has 27 UK branches, alongside two European branches in Spain and Gibraltar. In January 2013, Bishop's Move relocated the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, from Durham to Lambeth Palace. After 160 years, Bishop's Move is still a family-run business, with members of the sixth generation of Bishops working throughout the company. Bishop's Move Bishop & Sons' Depositories Limited, more commonly known as Bishop's Move, was founded by J.J. Bishop in 1854 as a general cartage and removals business in Pimlico, London, and has grown into an international removals, storage, and shipping company. Horses" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chatanika River The Chatanika River is a tributary of the Tolovana River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The Chatanika River is a clear or lightly tannic stained rapid-runoff stream that has its headwaters in the mountains of the northeastern portion of the Alaska Range and flows westward through valleys between summits and uplands for about four-fifths of its length before it enters Minto Flats. Once in the flats—a marshy area in which multiple streams, rivers, and lakes are located— the Chatanika joins the Tolovana, which flows into the Tanana River and on to the Yukon River. The Chatanika is thus a portion of the Yukon River drainage basin. During the first portion of the 20th century, the Chatanika was dominated by the gold-mining industry, which used its flow to operate gold dredges. The most visible example of this was the construction of the Davidson Ditch, a dam-and-pipeline system used to divert water to gold-mining operations closer to Fairbanks. The Ditch was abandoned in the 1950s, and during the 1967 Tanana Valley flood, the dam was damaged and became inoperable. In January 2002, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service removed the dam in conjunction with other groups, restoring the Chatanika's original flow. Today, the upper Chatanika is a moderately popular rafting and fishing destination, and vacation cabins have been built at spots along its banks. Chatanika, Alaska, located near the river, shares its name with the river. The river contains Arctic grayling, Arctic lamprey, burbot, chum salmon, humpback whitefish, king salmon, least cisco, longnose suckers, northern pike, sheefish, and slimy sculpins. Boaters can float the Chatanika River in many kinds of non-motorized watercraft. The Elliott Highway, which crosses the river below the village of Chatanika, and the Steese Highway, which parallels the river further upstream, offer multiple places to begin and end boating trips. Several public campgrounds and waysides along these highways afford access to the river. The entire river is rated Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty. Dangers include logjams and overhanging trees and stumps. The Upper Chatanika River State Recreation Site is at mile 39 of the Steese Highway. It is a relatively small park at . There is a campground, boat launch and access road to a gravel bar on the river for various recreational activities. The gravel bar is susceptible to flooding during rainy periods. The Lower Chatanika River State Recreation Area is a park at mile 11 of the Elliott Highway. It has two small campgrounds, picnic areas, river access, and a stocked fishing pond. The two parks are situated such that one can put in a canoe or other small boat at the upper and paddle to the lower in a day. The Davidson Ditch Historic Site is the remains of the Davidson Ditch operation, preserved by the Bureau of Land Management. Chatanika River The Chatanika River is a tributary of the Tolovana River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici! (Romanian series 1) The first series of \"Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici!\" was broadcast on Pro TV from 16 February 2015 to 8 March 2015. The show has been hosted by Cabral Ibacka and and it was filmed at the Kruger National Park in South Africa. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. Then 3 more came: Alina Plugaru and Gabi Jugaru on Day 3 and Vladimir Drăghia on Day 7. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates. Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the \"Celebrity Chest\" challenge to win luxuries for camp. Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp. However, to win the luxury item in the chest, the campmates must correctly answer a question. If they fail to answer correctly, the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won. For the show, celebrities live in jungle conditions in Kruger National Park, South Africa, with few creature comforts. Official ratings are taken from ARMA (Asociaţia Română pentru Măsurarea Audienţelor), the organisation that compiles audience measurement and television ratings in Romania. Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici! (Romanian series 1) The first series of \"Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici!\" was broadcast on Pro TV from 16 February 2015 to 8 March 2015. The show has been hosted by Cabral Ibacka and and it was filmed at the Kruger National Park in South Africa. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. Then 3 more came: Alina Plugaru and Gabi Jugaru on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "A Thief in the Night (film) A Thief in the Night is a 1972 evangelical Christian film written by Russell S. Doughten, Jr., directed and produced by Donald W. Thompson, and starring Patty Dunning as Patty Meyers, the main character and protagonist, along with Thom Rachford, Colleen Niday and Mike Niday in supporting roles. It is the first installment in the \"Thief in the Night\" series about the Rapture, Tribulation, and Second Coming of Christ. The film is set during the near future, focusing on Patty, a young woman who was not raptured and who struggles to decide what to do in the face of the Tribulation. \"In media res\", a young woman named Patty Myers awakens one morning to a radio broadcast announcing the disappearance of millions around the world showing that the rapture has occurred. She finds that her family has disappeared and that she has been left behind. The United Nations sets up an emergency government system called the United Nations Imperium of Total Emergency (UNITE) and declare that those who do not receive the Mark identifying them with UNITE will be arrested. Several flashbacks occur to times in Patty's life before the rapture has happened. The flashbacks also show her two friends and their different approaches to Christianity, one who considers Christ her savior and the other, Diane, who does not take it seriously. Patty considers herself a Christian because she occasionally reads her Bible and goes to church regularly, where the pastor is really an unbeliever. She refuses to believe the warnings of her friends and family that she will go through the tribulation if she does not accept Jesus. One morning, she awakens to find that her family and millions of others have suddenly disappeared. Patty seems a strange breed of person who both refuses to trust Christ as her Savior and also refuses to take the Mark. Patty desperately tries to avoid the law and the Mark but is captured by UNITE. Patty escapes but, after a chase, is cornered by UNITE on a bridge and falls from the bridge to her death. Patty then awakens, and the entire film's plot is revealed to have been a dream. She is tremendously relieved; however, her relief is short-lived when the radio announces that millions of people have in fact disappeared. Horrified, Patty frantically searches for her family only to find them missing too. Traumatized and distraught, Patty realizes that the rapture has indeed occurred, and she's been left behind. In the ensuing plot the questions are whether or not she will be caught, as she was in her dream, and whether or not she will she take the mark to escape execution. The film's title is taken from 1 Thessalonians , in which Paul warns his readers that \"the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night\". And in so doing the film takes the point of view that Day of the Lord means the rapture, though this is much denied by those who hold the pre-tribulation rapture viewpoint espoused by these films. According to Dean Anderson of \"Christianity Today\", \"the film brings to life the dispensational view of Matthew ,\" part of the Olivet discourse in which Jesus describes people being taken suddenly out of the world while others watch and remain behind. However, Matthew 24 makes no such assertion. A more relevant passage is 1 Thessalonians , which describes Christians being \"caught up\" (Greek: \"harpagēsometha\" = Latin \"rapiemur\" = \"we shall be raptured\" = \"we shall be caught up,\" leading to the term \"rapture\") to meet Christ in the sky. The film's premillennial dispensationalist interpretation of the Bible's end times prophecies is popular among U.S. evangelicals, but is a minority view among professed Christians globally. In the film, everyone must receive the Mark of the Beast, consisting of three rows of the digits \"0110\" written on their forehead or hand, or they will not be allowed to use money in any way, even to buy food or water. The number \"0110\" in binary is six, hence having it repeated three times suggests the biblical number attributed to the end times. The use of the number 666 as a mandatory marking of service to the Antichrist is a common interpretation of Revelation . This film includes singer/musician Larry Norman's composition \"I Wish We'd All Been Ready\", one of the earliest Christian rock hits and one of Norman's best-known releases. There are no critic reviews displayed on aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes; \"A Thief in the Night\" has an audience rating of 58% with an average rating of 3.1/5 out of 130 user reviews. \"A Thief in the Night\" is thought to have been seen by an estimated 300 million people worldwide. It was a pioneer in the genre of Christian film, bringing rock music and elements of horror film to a genre then-dominated by family-friendly evangelicalism. A quarter century later, the authors of the broadly successful \"Left Behind\" series of books and films have acknowledged their debt to \"Thief\". Indeed, even the title \"Left Behind\" echoes the refrain of Norman's theme song for \"A Thief in the Night\", \"I Wish We'd All Been Ready,\" in which he sings, \"There's no time to change your mind, the Son has come and you've been left behind.\" A Thief in the Night (film) A Thief in the Night is a 1972 evangelical Christian" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Marckx v Belgium Marckx v. Belgium (application No. 6833/74) was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 1979. Ms. Paula Marckx, being unmarried, gave birth to a daughter in 1973. Under Belgian law, no legal bond between an unmarried mother and her child resulted from the mere fact of birth. To create the bond, the mother had either to recognise maternity in specific proceedings or to adopt the child. In both cases, the child's inheritance rights remained less than those a child born in marriage received automatically. The Court held that there had been breaches of: and no breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, taken alone. The Court awarded no compensation to the applicants. Judges Balladore Pallieri, Pedersen, Ganshof van der Meersch, Evrigenis, Pinheiro Farinha and García de Enterría filed a joint dissent concerning refusal of compensation. Judges O’Donoghue, Thór Vilhjálmsson, Fitzmaurice, Bindschedler-Robert, Matscher and Pinheiro Farinha filed separate dissents concerning various points of the judgment. In 1987, Belgium has amended its Civil Code, and in 1988, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe decided that Belgium has exercised its functions under Article 54 of the Convention in this case. Goldbacher M. D. \"A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights\". 2007. . pp. 15-25 Marckx v Belgium Marckx v. Belgium (application No. 6833/74) was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 1979. Ms. Paula Marckx, being unmarried, gave birth to a daughter in 1973. Under Belgian law, no legal bond between an unmarried mother and her child resulted from the mere fact of birth. To create the bond, the mother had either to recognise maternity in specific proceedings or to adopt the child. In both cases, the child's inheritance rights remained less than those a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Adélaïde of France (1732–1800) Marie Adélaïde de France, (23 March 1732 in Versailles – 27 February 1800 in Trieste), was a French princess, the fourth daughter and sixth child of King Louis XV of France and his consort, Marie Leszczyńska. As the legitimate daughter of the king, she was a \"fille de France\". She was referred to as \"Madame Quatrième\" (\"Madame the Fourth\"), until the death of her older sister Marie Louise in 1733, as \"Madame Troisième\", (\"Madame the Third\"); as \"Madame Adélaïde\" from 1737 to 1755; as \"Madame\" from 1755 to 1759; and then as \"Madame Adélaïde\" again from 1759 until her death. Adélaïde possessed the Duchy of Louvois with her sister \"Madame Sophie\" from 1777 until 1792, which had been created for them by their nephew Louis XVI, in their own right. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Marie Adelaide, Dauphine of France. Madame Adélaïde was raised at the Palace of Versailles with her older sisters, Madame Louise Elisabeth, Madame Henriette and Madame Marie Louise, along with her brother Louis, Dauphin of France. Her younger sisters were raised at the Abbaye de Fontevraud from 1738 onward, because the cost of raising them in Versailles with all the status they were entitled to was deemed too expensive by Cardinal Fleury, Louis XV's chief minister. Adélaïde was originally expected to join her younger sisters to Fontevraud, but she was allowed to stay with her brother and her three elder siblings in Versailles after a personal plea to her father. She was put in the care of Marie Isabelle de Rohan, Duchesse de Tallard. According to Madame Campan, \"Madame Adelaide, in particular, had a most insatiable desire to learn; she was taught to play upon all instruments, from the horn (will it be believed!) to the Jew’s-harp\"; she studied Italian under Goldoni, and music under Beaumarchais. One of the reasons as to why the expense of her younger sisters at Versailles were regarded as too high, was that the royal children were allowed to participate in court life at a very young age, and attend as well as arrange their own festivities already as children. Adelaide and her sister Henriette, who never went to Fontevrault, accompanied their father to the Opera in Paris at least since 1744, and hunted with him five days a week from the beginning of 1746. Adélaïde was never married. In the late 1740s, when she had reached the age when princesses were normally married, there were no potential Catholic consorts of desired status available, and she preferred to remain unmarried rather to marry someone below the status of a monarch or an heir to a throne. Marriage suggested to her were liaisons with the Prince of Conti and Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, neither whom had the status of being a monarch or an heir to a throne. In her teens, Adelaide fell in love with a member of the Lifeguard after having observed him perform his duties; she sent him her snuffbox with the message \"You will treasure this, soon you shall be informed from whose hand it comes\". The guardsman informed his captain Duc d'Ayen, who in turn informed the king, who recognized the handwriting as his daughter, and granted the guard an annual pension of four thousand under the express condition that he should \"at once remove to some place far from the Court and remain there for a very long time\". In 1761, long after she passed the age when 18th-century princesses normally wed, she was reportedly suggested to marry the newly widowed Charles III of Spain, but after she had seen his portrait, she refused, a rejection which was said to be the reason to why Charles III never remarried. When her younger sisters arrived back from Fontevrault in 1748-50, she became the head of the group of the four unmarried, younger sisters; the others were Madame Victoire, Madame Sophie and Madame Louise. The King referred to them by nicknames: he called Madame Adelaide ‘Logue’ [Tatters], Madame Victoire ‘Coche’ [Piggy], Madame Sophie, ‘Graille’ [Mite], and Madame Louise, ‘Chiffie’ [Rubbish]. Adélaïde was described as an intelligent beauty; to her appearance an ephemeral, \"striking and disturbing beauty of the Bourbon type characterized by elegance\", with \"large dark eyes at once passionate and soft\", and to her personality as extremely haughty, with a dominant and ambitious character with a strong will, who came to dominate her younger siblings: \"Madame Adelaide had more mind than Madame Victoire; but she was altogether deficient in that kindness which alone creates affection for the great, abrupt manners, a harsh voice, and a short way of speaking, rendering her more than imposing. She carried the idea of the prerogative of rank to a high pitch.\" A childhood anecdote mention how she, the age of eleven, expressed her desire to defeat the English by the method described in Judith And Holofernes in the Bible. She was the only one of the unmarried sisters with political ambition, and she attempted unsuccessfully to gain political influence through her father the king, her brother the Dauphin, and eventually through her nephew, the next Dauphin. Madame Adélaïde, as well as her siblings, attempted without success to prevent their father's liaison with Madame de Pompadour, which began in 1745. In the early 1750s, when the health of Madame de Pompadour was deteriorating, Adélaïde, who was a good rider, became the favorite and close companion of her father for a time, during which she often accompanied him during his riding and amused him with conversation. Their new close relationship, and Adelaide's status as the most beautiful among her sisters, caused rumors that they had an incestuous relationship. A rumor also claimed that Adélaïde was the true mother of Louis de Narbonne (born 1755) by her father. There is nothing to indicate that these rumors were true, though Louis de Narbonne was appointed the chevalier d'honneur of Adelaide, and was reportedly her spoiled favorite, as well as the son of her favorite lady-in-waiting Françoise de Chalus. Several of her father's mistresses, such as Marguerite-Catherine Haynault, Irène du Buisson de Longpré and Catherine Éléonore Bénard, where members of Adélaïde's household. Between the death of Madame de Pompadour in 1764 and before the rise of Madame Dubarry in 1768, Louis XV did have a certain confidence in Madame Adelaide, and was supported by her \"firm and rapid resolutions.\" It was thought that through her, the king was advised by the Archbishop of Paris, Christophe de Beaumont, and the Dévots. During these years, the King did not take another official royal mistress, and after the death of the Queen in 1768, circles at court imagined that as soon as the King recovered from his at that point depressive mood, the choice would be between either providing him with a new Queen, or a new official royal mistress. Madame Adélaïde, who detested the idea of a new royal mistress, encouraged the solution of her father marrying again to prevent it. She reportedly preferred a Queen who was young, beautiful and lacked ambition, as she could distract her father from state affairs, leaving them to Madame Adélaïde; she supported the Dowager Princess de Lamballe as a suitable candidate for that purpose, and was supported in this plan by the powerful Noailles family. However, the Princesse de Lamballe was not willing to encourage the match herself, her former father-in-law, the Duke of Penthievré, was not willing to consent, and the marriage plan never materialized. The King was then suggested to marry Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria. The archduchess was a famed beauty, but when she suffered from smallpox which badly scarred her face, marriage negotiations were discontinued. Instead, Louis XV introduced his last official maîtresse-en-titre, Madame du Barry, to court in 1769, whom Madame Adélaïde came to despise. In the last years of their father's reign, Adélaïde and her sisters were described as bitter old hags, who spent their days gossiping and knitting in their", "that purpose, and was supported in this plan by the powerful Noailles family. However, the Princesse de Lamballe was not willing to encourage the match herself, her former father-in-law, the Duke of Penthievré, was not willing to consent, and the marriage plan never materialized. The King was then suggested to marry Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria. The archduchess was a famed beauty, but when she suffered from smallpox which badly scarred her face, marriage negotiations were discontinued. Instead, Louis XV introduced his last official maîtresse-en-titre, Madame du Barry, to court in 1769, whom Madame Adélaïde came to despise. In the last years of their father's reign, Adélaïde and her sisters were described as bitter old hags, who spent their days gossiping and knitting in their rooms. Reportedly, they seldom dressed properly, merely putting on panniers covered by a coat when leaving their rooms. Madame Campan described the sisters and their life in the years around 1770: \"Louis XV saw very little of his family. He came every morning by a private staircase into the apartment of Madame Adelaide. He often brought and drank there coffee that he had made himself. Madame Adelaide pulled a bell which apprised Madame Victoire of the King’s visit; Madame Victoire, on rising to go to her sister’s apartment, rang for Madame Sophie, who in her turn rang for Madame Louise. The apartments of Mesdames were of very large dimensions. Madame Louise occupied the farthest room. This latter lady was deformed and very short; the poor Princess used to run with all her might to join the daily meeting, but, having a number of rooms to cross, she frequently in spite of her haste, had only just time to embrace her father before he set out for the chase. Every evening, at six, Mesdames interrupted my reading to them to accompany the princes to Louis XV.; this visit was called the King’s ‘debotter’,—[Debotter, meaning the time of unbooting.]—and was marked by a kind of etiquette. Mesdames put on an enormous hoop, which set out a petticoat ornamented with gold or embroidery; they fastened a long train round their waists, and concealed the undress of the rest of their clothing by a long cloak of black taffety which enveloped them up to the chin. The chevaliers d’honneur, the ladies in waiting, the pages, the equerries, and the ushers bearing large flambeaux, accompanied them to the King. In a moment the whole palace, generally so still, was in motion; the King kissed each Princess on the forehead, and the visit was so short that the reading which it interrupted was frequently resumed at the end of a quarter of an hour; Mesdames returned to their apartments, and untied the strings of their petticoats and trains; they resumed their tapestry, and I my book.\" The \"Mesdames\" had a good relationship with the children of their brother, and it was said that they \"proved that piety is not incompatible with intellectual charm.\" In 1770, the fourteen-year-old Marie-Antoinette became Dauphine by marriage to Madame Adélaïde's nephew the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI of France. This marriage had been declared by Choiseul, advisory of the Dévot party and therefore of the \"Mesdames\", and Adélaïde declared that if she had any say, she would not have sent for an Austrian. Because of the close relationship between the Dauphin and his aunts, Marie Antoinette also initially came close to the Mesdames her first years in France as the senior royal women at court. The \"Mesdames\" used to alternate with the Countess of Provence in accompanying Marie Antoinette on official assignments. Madame Adélaïde tried to win the Dauphine's support against Mme du Barry and repeatedly enticed the Dauphine to snub Madame du Barry. Being the first lady of the court, Madame du Barry could not speak to the Dauphine without being spoken to by her first and, encouraged by Madame Adélaïde, Marie Antoinette refused to do so. In 1772, this state of affairs created a serious rift in the relationship between the King and Marie Antoinette, and Empress Maria Theresa and her ambassador, concerned by the political consequences if this rift were to lead to a conflict between France and Austria, forced the Dauphine to agree to speak to Madame du Barry. The first time Marie Antoinette attempted to do so, however, she was interrupted by Madame Adélaïde, requiring a second attempt before the Dauphine managed to speak to Madame du Barry, avoiding a rift in the Franco-Austrian alliance and thus thwarting the plot of Madame Adélaïde. This discontinued the friendship between Marie Antoinette and Madame Adélaïde, who would bear subsequent malice toward Marie Antoinette and was reportedly the first person to call her \"the Austrian.\" From April 1774, Madame Adélaïde and her sisters attended to their father Louis XV on his deathbed until his death from smallpox on 10 May. Despite the fact that the sisters never had the disease and the male members of the royal family, as well as the Dauphine, were kept away because of the high risk of catching the illness, the \"Mesdames\" were allowed to attend to him until his death, being female and therefore of no political importance because of the Salic Law even if they died. After the death of Louis XV, he was succeeded by his grandson Louis Auguste as Louis XVI, who referred to his aunts as \"Mesdames Tantes\". Madame Adélaïde came to play a political role after the succession of her nephew. The sisters had in fact been infected by their father and fell ill with smallpox (which they recovered from), and were kept in quarantine on a little house near the Palace of Choisy, to which the court evacuated after the death of the king until their recovery. Despite this, however, Madame Adelaide had the time to intervene in the establishment of the new government: Louis XVI had been advised by his father to ask the advice of Adelaide should he become King, and after his succession, he sent her a letter and asked her advice on whom he should entrust his kingdom., and she replied with a list of names of minister candidates to him suggested by his father. After her brother the dauphin's death in 1765, followed in 1767 by that of his spouse, Marie-Josèphe, Madame Adélaïde took custody of the late dauphine's papers, with instructions concerning suitable ministers for their son, Louis Auguste, should he become king, and these papers were duly sent to Louis XVI, and opened on 12 May 1774. Three names were suggested for the position of Prime Minister; that of Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon, and Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville. Madame Adelaide thus played an important role in the forming of the new government, and the recovery of her and her sisters from smallpox in late May was regretted by the friends of the ex-ministers, Madame du Deffand commenting: \"The avenging angel has shielded his sword. We shall again see the three spinsters at the new court, where they will continue their small minded plots.\" At the beginning of his reign, the confidence Louis XVI felt for Madame Adelaide sometime extended to state affairs, and he thought her intelligent enough to make her his political adviser and allowed her to make appointments to the Treasury and to draw on its funds. She was supported by her followers, the duke of Orléans, the duke de Richelieu, the duke d Aigmllon, the Duchess de Noailles and Madame de Marsan; however, her political activity was opposed to such a degree within the court that the king soon saw himself obliged to exclude her from state affairs. Their nephew the king allowed the sisters to keep their apartments in the Palace of Versailles, and they kept attending court at special occasions - such as for example at the visit of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who reportedly charmed Adelaide. In 1777, Madame Adélaïde was created Duchess of Louvois in her own right by her nephew the King. However, they distanced themselves from court and", "her his political adviser and allowed her to make appointments to the Treasury and to draw on its funds. She was supported by her followers, the duke of Orléans, the duke de Richelieu, the duke d Aigmllon, the Duchess de Noailles and Madame de Marsan; however, her political activity was opposed to such a degree within the court that the king soon saw himself obliged to exclude her from state affairs. Their nephew the king allowed the sisters to keep their apartments in the Palace of Versailles, and they kept attending court at special occasions - such as for example at the visit of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who reportedly charmed Adelaide. In 1777, Madame Adélaïde was created Duchess of Louvois in her own right by her nephew the King. However, they distanced themselves from court and often preferred to reside in their own Château de Bellevue in Meudon; they also traveled annually to Vichy, always with a retinue of at least three hundred people, and made the waters there fashionable. The \"Mesdames\" continued to be the confidants of Louis XVI, and they also maintained a good relationship with their niece, Princess Élisabeth of France, and often visited her in her retreat at . When Victoire de Rohan resigned as Governess of the Children of France, the king, who maintained a good relationship with his aunts, wished to give Madame Adélaïde the responsibility for the upbringing of his children, as she shared his views on religion, but this was rebuked by the queen, who stated that she could not bear to give the position to someone who had made her first years in France so difficult. The \"Mesdames\" did not get along well with queen Marie-Antoinette. When the queen introduced the new custom of informal evening family suppers, as well as other habits which undermined the formal court etiquette, it resulted in an exodus of the old court nobility in opposition to the queen's reforms, which gathered in the salon of the \"Mesdames\". They entertained extensively at Bellevue as well as Versailles; their salon was reportedly regularly frequented by minister Maurepas, whom Adelaide had elevated to power, by the prince of Condé and the prince of Conti, both members of the Anti-Austrian party, as well as Beaumarchais, who read aloud his satires of Austria and its power figures. In May 1787 she was visited by Henry Swinburne, who described her and their meeting: \"To Bellevue with Mrs S., were Madame Adelaide received us, and was extremely civil. We dined there. The Princess is thin and wizened; she walks about the gardens in a dress made like a riding-habit, and a man's round hat.\" Madame Adélaïde, reportedly, did not regard the Assembly of the States General as a prelude to a revolution, only as a grand state occasion. Madame Adélaïde and her sister were present at Versailles during the Parisian women's march to Versailles on 6 October 1789, and belonged to those gathered in the king's apartment the night on the attack on Marie Antoinette's bedroom. They participated in the wagon train leaving the Palace of Versailles for Paris; however, their carriage separated from the rest of the procession on the way before they reached Paris, and they never took up residence at the Tuileries with the royal family, but preferred to retire to the Château de Bellevue at Meudon. Revolutionary laws against the Catholic Church caused them to apply for passports from their nephew the king to travel on pilgrimage to the Basilica of Saint Peter in Rome, and Louis XVI signed their passports and notified the Cardinal de Bernis, the French Ambassador to Rome, of their arrival. On 3 February 1791, when they were about to leave, anonymous intimation of their intention was sent to the Jacobin Club, which caused a deputation of protest to the National Assembly. On 19 February, a crowd of women assembled at Palais Royal and agreed to march out to Château de Bellevue and stop the Mesdames from departing. The Mesdames was warned and left the chateau in the carriage of a visitor before having the time to bring their baggage wagons, which were, however, protected and sent after them by general Louis-Alexandre Berthier. They left for Italy in a procession of wagons on 20 February 1791 with a large entourage. Their departure was given attention in the press. The \"Chroniqle de Paris\" wrote: \"Two Princesses, sedentary by condition, age, and taste, are suddenly possessed by a mania for travelling and running about the world. That is singular, but possible. They are going, so people say, to kiss the Pope's slipper. That is droll, but edifying. [...] The Ladies, and especially Madame Adelaide, want to exercise the rights of man. That is natural. [...] \"The fair travellers are followed by a train of eighty persons. That is fine. But they carry away twelve millions. That is very ugly. [...]\", while the \"Sahhats Jacobites\" wrote: \" The Ladies are going to Italy to try the power of their tears and their charms upon the princes of that country. Already the Grand Master of Malta has caused Madame Adelaide to be informed that he will give her his heart and hand as soon as she has quitted France, and that she may count upon the assistance of three galleys and forty-eight cavaliers, young and old. Our Holy Father undertakes to marry Victoire and promises her his army of three hundred men to bring about a counter-revolution.\" They were temporarily stopped by a riot against their departure in Moret, and on 21 February, they were detained for several days at a tavern in Arnay-le-Duc, were the municipality wished to affirm their permission to leave from the National Assembly before allowing them to continue. In Paris, the affair caused riots, and protesters invaded the gardens of the Tuileries and demanded the king order his aunts to return. The matter was debated in the National Assembly, were M. de Narbonne acted as their spokesperson. Mirabeau convinced the National Assembly that \"The welfare of the people cannot depend on the journey the Ladies undertake to Rome; while they are promenading near the places where the Capitol once stood, nothing prevents the edifice of our liberty from rising to its utmost height. [...] Europe will doubtless be much astonished, when it learns that the National Assembly of France spent four entire hours in deliberating on the departure of two ladies who would rather hear Mass in Rome - than in Paris.\" The public at Arnay-le-Duc were however not pleased with the decision of the Assembly, and because of a riot to prevent their departure, they were not able to leave until 3 March. They were exposed to public demonstrations in several occasions between Lyon and the border before they finally left France on the bridge of Beauvoisin, where they were hooted from the French shore, while salvos of artillery from the Italian shore welcomed them to Savoy, where they were welcomed by a royal guard of escort and the chief palace officials of the King of Sardinia, who installed them in the Chateau de Chambery. They continued to visit their niece Clotilde at the royal court of Turin, but stayed only a fortnight: \"not even the touching and gracious welcome offered to them by the royal family, the affection shown to them by the Comte d'Artois and the Prince and Princess of Piedmont, their nephew and niece, could make them forget the anguish and perils they had left behind them, and which encircled their family and country with gloom. Mme Victoire wept continuously, Mme Adelaide did not cry, but she had almost lost the use of speech.\" They arrived in Rome on 16 April 1791, where the pope gave them an official welcome with ringing of bells, and where they stayed for about five years. In Rome, the sisters were given the protection of the Pope and housed in the palace of Cardinal de Bernis. In the Friday receptions of Cardinal de Bernis, Cornelia Knight described them: \"Madame Adélaïde still retained traces of that beauty which had distinguished her in her youth, and there was great vivacity in her", "to them by the Comte d'Artois and the Prince and Princess of Piedmont, their nephew and niece, could make them forget the anguish and perils they had left behind them, and which encircled their family and country with gloom. Mme Victoire wept continuously, Mme Adelaide did not cry, but she had almost lost the use of speech.\" They arrived in Rome on 16 April 1791, where the pope gave them an official welcome with ringing of bells, and where they stayed for about five years. In Rome, the sisters were given the protection of the Pope and housed in the palace of Cardinal de Bernis. In the Friday receptions of Cardinal de Bernis, Cornelia Knight described them: \"Madame Adélaïde still retained traces of that beauty which had distinguished her in her youth, and there was great vivacity in her manner, and in the expression of her countenance. Madame Victoire had also an agreeable face, much good sense, and great sweetness of temper. Their dress, and that of their suite, were old-fashioned, but unostentatious. The jewels they brought with them had been sold, one by one, to afford assistance to the poor emigrées who applied to the princesses in their distress. They were highly respected by the Romans; not only by the higher orders, but by the common people, who had a horror of the French revolution, and no great partiality for that nation in general.\" When news came that Louis XVI and his family had left Paris on the Flight to Varennes in June, a misunderstanding first caused the impression that the escape had succeeded; at this news, \"the whole of Rome shouted with joy; the crowd massed itself under the windows of the Princesses crying out: Long live the King!\", and the Mesdames arranged a grand banquet for the nobility of Rome in celebration, which had to be interrupted when it was clarified that the escape had in fact failed. Upon the invasion of Italy by Revolutionary France in 1796, Adélaïde and Victoire left Rome for Naples, where Marie Antoinette's sister, Maria Carolina, was queen, and settled at the Neapolitan royal court in the Palace of Caserta. Queen Maria Carolina found their presence in Naples difficult: \"I have the awful torment of harboring the two old Princesses of France with eighty persons in their retinue and every conceivable impertinence... The same ceremonies are observed in the interior of their apartments here as were formerly at Versailles.\" When Naples was invaded by France in 1799, they left in a Russian frigate for Corfu, and finally settled in Trieste, where Victoire died of breast cancer. Adélaïde died one year later. Their bodies were returned to France by Louis XVIII at the time of the Bourbon Restoration and buried at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Adélaïde of France (1732–1800) Marie Adélaïde de France, (23 March 1732 in Versailles – 27 February 1800 in Trieste)," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dean Williams (basketball) Dean Williams (born 17 February 1977 in England) was a British professional basketball player. He used to play for Reading Rockets and he is now teaching math in Jumeirah College in Dubai. The 6 ft 3 in tall Guard was educated at Marjon's and has played internationally for the England national team. Williams started his professional basketball career for the London Towers, having previously played for amateur club Brixton Topcats. He left the Towers in 2000 to join National Basketball League team the Plymouth Raiders, where he spent three successful season before moving back into the top-flight with team mate Roderick Wellington, both of whom joined British Basketball League team the Thames Valley Tigers in 2004, the same year that the Raiders also made the jump to the BBL. After one season with the Tigers, the club folded and through the efforts of local fans a new club was set up to replace them, the Guildford Heat, of which Dean was a part of the first roster of the new club. In 2009, Williams moved to newly created Essex Pirates to become part of their first roster, just like at Guildford 4 years earlier. He played for Guildford Heat until the end of the 2011/12 season. He joined Reading Rockets at the start of the 2012/13 season. During the 2012/2013 season, Dean suffered a knee injury, a partially torn ACL. He had surgery, which was successful. Following the surgery, Dean decided to focus on his career as a Maths teacher. He is currently a full-time mathematics teacher at Jumeirah College in Dubai, UAE. Dean Williams (basketball) Dean Williams (born 17 February 1977 in England) was a British professional basketball player. He used to play for Reading Rockets and he is now teaching math in Jumeirah College in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Culex annulirostris Culex annulirostris, commonly known as the common banded mosquito, is an insect native to Australia, Fiji, Micronesia, the Philippines and Indonesia. It is regarded as a serious pest species throughout its range. Frederick Askew Skuse described the species in 1889 from specimens collected in the Blue Mountains and Berowra. The species name is derived from the Latin words \"annulus\" \"ring\" and \"rostrum\" \"bill\". The female is a moderate-sized brown to dark brown mosquito, with a single pale prominent broad band on the middle third of its proboscis, and similar bands on its legs. It closely resembles the female of the related \"Cx. sitiens\". The latter species has a narrower band on its proboscis. Breeding takes place anywhere there is standing water, from swamps and ponds to all kinds of man-made puddles—irrigation channels, bamboo stumps, cacao shells, the bottoms of canoes. The water can be clean or polluted, in sun or shade, and fresh or brackish. \"Culex annulirostris\" mosquitoes are active between spring and late autumn. During this time they appear most commonly at dusk, though can also be active during the day and indoors. They can travel 5–10 km from their place of birth and feed on mammals and birds. Only the female feeds on blood as it needs to consume protein to help in reproducing. The male drinks nectar. It is an important vector for a number of arboviruses, including Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Kunjin virus and Japanese encephalitis, as well as dog heartworm and the roundworm \"Wuchereria bancrofti\" in New Guinea. There is evidence it carries myxomatosis. Culex annulirostris Culex annulirostris, commonly known as the common banded mosquito, is an insect native to Australia, Fiji, Micronesia, the Philippines and Indonesia. It is regarded as a serious pest species throughout its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter Wessel Wind Kildal Peter Wessel Wind Kildal (24 November 1814 – 22 March 1882) was a Norwegian merchant and industrialist. Kildal was born at Borgund in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He was the son of Ole Severin Kildal and Karen Friis Wind. He was the brother of politician, Peter Daniel Baade Wind Kildal. As a young man, Kildal went to Christiania (now Oslo) to apprentice with Christian Benneche who ran a general store. He opened his first merchantile store in Christiania in 1842. He gradually expanded other businesses into P. W. W. Kildal & Co. At Høyenhall in Østensjø, he owned the country's largest fruit plantation, at Hol in Ringsaker he owned a farm, a dairy and a potato flour factory. In 1863 he took over the Lilleborg Fabriker factory which remained family operated until 1897. He was married to Christine Marie Gotaas (1817-1900) and was the father of Birger Kildal. His daughter Elen Lovise married Lauritz Birkeland, a son of bishop Peter Hersleb Graah Birkeland. Peter Wessel Wind Kildal Peter Wessel Wind Kildal (24 November 1814 – 22 March 1882) was a Norwegian merchant and industrialist. Kildal was born at Borgund in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chris Van Hollen Christopher Van Hollen Jr. (born January 10, 1959) is a American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Maryland since January 3, 2017. From 2003 to 2017, he held the position of U.S. Representative for . He is a member of the Democratic Party. In 2006, Van Hollen became the chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC). In this post, he was responsible for leading efforts to defend vulnerable Democrats and get more Democrats elected to Congress in 2008, which he did. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi created a new leadership post, Assistant to the Speaker, in 2006 so that Van Hollen could be present at all leadership meetings. He was elected Ranking Member on the Budget Committee on November 17, 2010. Pelosi appointed Van Hollen to the 12-member bipartisan Committee on Deficit Reduction with a mandate for finding major budget reductions by late 2011. On October 17, 2013 Pelosi appointed Van Hollen to serve on the bicameral conference committee. Van Hollen ran for the United States Senate in 2016 to replace retiring Senator Barbara Mikulski and won the general election 60 to 36 percent. Van Hollen serves as Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) for the 2018 elections cycle. Van Hollen was born in Karachi, Pakistan, the eldest of three children of American parents, Edith Eliza (née Farnsworth) and Christopher Van Hollen. His father was a Foreign Service officer who served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (1969–1972) and U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives (1972–1976); and his mother worked in the Central Intelligence Agency and the State Department, where she served as chief of the intelligence bureau for South Asia. He spent parts of his early life in Pakistan, Turkey, India, and Sri Lanka. He returned to the United States for his junior year of high school, and attended Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, where his grandfather once taught. He is an alumnus of the Kodaikanal International School in southern India. In 1982, Van Hollen graduated from Swarthmore College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy. He continued his studies at Harvard University, where he earned a Master of Public Policy degree, concentrating in national security studies, from the John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1985. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1990. Van Hollen worked as a legislative assistant for defense and foreign policy to U.S. Senator Charles Mathias, a Republican from Maryland, from 1985 to 1987. He was also a staff member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1987–1989), and a legislative advisor for federal affairs to Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer (1989–1991). He was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1990, and joined the law firm of Arent Fox. Van Hollen served in the Maryland General Assembly from 1991 to 2003, first in the House of Delegates (1991–95) and then in the State Senate (1995–2003). In the Senate, he served on the Budget and Taxation Committee and the Health and Human Services Subcommittee. He led successful efforts to raise the tobacco tax, prohibit oil drilling in the Chesapeake Bay, mandate trigger locks for guns, and increase funding for education and healthcare. In 2002, \"The Washington Post\" called Van Hollen \"one of the most accomplished members of the General Assembly.\" Maryland's 8th district hugs the northern border of Washington, D.C., and is one of the wealthiest and most educated congressional districts in the nation. The federal government is the single largest employer in the district, and many private companies are funded by the government. In 2003, he was named Outstanding New Member of the Year by the Committee for Education Funding, the nation's largest and oldest non-partisan education coalition. The first bill Van Hollen introduces every session is the Keep Our Promise to America's Children and Teachers (Keep Our PACT) Act, which would fully fund No Child Left Behind and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. He introduced an amendment, which passed, that repealed a 9.5 percent loophole in student loans that had allowed lenders to pocket billions of taxpayer dollars. Now, that money is available for additional student loans. Because many federal employees live in his district, Van Hollen has worked on a number of issues relating to them. He supported pay parity in pay raises for civilian employees and introduced an amendment, which passed, to block attempts to outsource federal jobs. Van Hollen has secured federal funding for a number of local-interest projects, including transportation initiatives, local homeland security efforts, education programs and community development projects. He and Adam Schiff (D-CA) often discuss issues of National Security on the floor of the House in tandem, with particular commentary on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In May 2006, Van Hollen formed a congressional caucus on the Netherlands with Dutch-born Republican U.S. Representative Pete Hoekstra from Michigan. The goal of the caucus is to promote the U.S. relationship with the Netherlands and remember the Dutch role in establishing the State of New York and the United States. In July 2006, Van Hollen urged the Bush administration to support a ceasefire supported by a peacekeeping force that would end the 2006 Lebanon War. He was criticized by elements of the Jewish and pro-Israel community, a large part of his constituency, for criticizing U.S. and Israeli policy in the Lebanon conflict. In follow-up comments, Van Hollen indicated that his original comments were meant as a critique of Bush administration policy but did not retract his position, and other members of the local Jewish and pro-Israel community defended him. In 2006, Van Hollen opted out of the race to succeed the retiring Senator Paul Sarbanes, saying he would rather spend time with his family and help elect more Democrats to Congress. In keeping with that, Van Hollen was appointed to Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. In 2009, Van Hollen introduced a bill which establishes a green bank to catalyze the financing of clean energy and energy efficiency projects. He reintroduced the same bill again in 2014. In March 2010, when Charles Rangel was forced to resign as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means over ethics charges, Van Hollen played a key role in having Sander Levin succeed to the Chairmanship over Pete Stark. Stark was the second-most experienced member of the committee while Levin was third, and party tradition would have made Stark chairman due to seniority. However, Van Hollen and other younger members saw Stark's past intemperate comments as a liability to the Democrats in an election year. On April 29, 2010, Van Hollen introduced the campaign finance DISCLOSE Act. He reintroduced the bill for the 113th Congress on February 9, 2012. In April 2011, Van Hollen sued the Federal Election Commission, charging it with regulatory capture and the creation of a loophole that allowed unlimited and undisclosed financing in the 2010 election reason. According to Van Hollen, had it not been for the loophole, \"much of the more than $135 million in secret contributions that funded expenditures would have been disclosed.\" Shortly after the 2016 elections, Van Hollen was selected as the Chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) for the 2018 cycle. Caucus membership Prior to Van Hollen's election, incumbent Connie Morella had won eight elections in the district, despite the fact that she was a Republican in a district that had swung heavily Democratic. Morella's success was largely attributed to her political independence and relatively liberal voting record, including support for abortion rights, gay rights, gun control and increased environmental protections. After Morella's reelection in 2000, Democratic Maryland Senate President", "Hollen, had it not been for the loophole, \"much of the more than $135 million in secret contributions that funded expenditures would have been disclosed.\" Shortly after the 2016 elections, Van Hollen was selected as the Chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) for the 2018 cycle. Caucus membership Prior to Van Hollen's election, incumbent Connie Morella had won eight elections in the district, despite the fact that she was a Republican in a district that had swung heavily Democratic. Morella's success was largely attributed to her political independence and relatively liberal voting record, including support for abortion rights, gay rights, gun control and increased environmental protections. After Morella's reelection in 2000, Democratic Maryland Senate President Thomas V. Miller, Jr. made no secret that he wanted to draw the 8th out from under Morella. Indeed, one redistricting plan after the 2000 U.S. Census went so far as to divide the 8th in two, giving one district to Van Hollen and forcing Morella to run against popular State Delegate Mark Kennedy Shriver in November. The final plan was far less ambitious, but made the district even more Democratic than its predecessor. It absorbed nine heavily Democratic precincts from neighboring Prince George's County, an area that Morella had never represented. It also restored a heavily Democratic spur in eastern Montgomery County that had been cut out in the last round of redistricting. In 2002, Van Hollen entered a competitive Democratic primary against Shriver and former Clinton Administration aide Ira Shapiro. Though Shriver had the most money, Van Hollen launched a very successful grassroots effort that mobilized Democratic voters. After receiving the endorsement of \"The Washington Post\", \"The Baltimore Sun\", and other local papers, Van Hollen defeated Shriver 43.5 percent to 40.6 percent. During the campaign, Van Hollen emphasized that even when Morella voted with the district, her partisan affiliation kept Tom DeLay and the rest of her party's more conservative leadership in power. Van Hollen also touted his leadership in the State Senate on issues such as education funding, HMO reform, trigger locks for handguns, and protecting the Chesapeake Bay from oil drilling. Ultimately, after a tight race, Van Hollen defeated Morella 51.7 percent to 48.2 percent. Van Hollen crushed Morella in the Prince George's County portion of the district, while narrowly winning Montgomery County. However, Morella won most of the precincts she'd previously represented. Proving just how Democratic this district was, Van Hollen was reelected four times from this district by over 70 percent of the vote. However, it had long been taken for granted that the Republicans would face extremely long odds of retaking the seat if Morella retired or was defeated in an election. After the 2010 census, Van Hollen's district was made slightly less Democratic. He lost a heavily Democratic spur of Montgomery County to the neighboring 6th district, and lost his share of Prince George's County to the 4th district. In their place, the 8th absorbed heavily Republican Carroll County and a strongly Republican spur of Frederick County. Nonetheless, since his share of Montgomery County has more than double the population of his shares of Carroll and Frederick counties combined, Van Hollen easily won a sixth term over Republican Ken Timmerman with 63 percent of the vote. While Van Hollen lost in Carroll and Frederick, he swamped Timmerman in Montgomery by 113,500 votes. Van Hollen also supports animal rights groups such as The Humane Society, the Society for Animal Protective Legislation (SAPL), Big Cat Rescue (BCR), and Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund, all of whom gave him a 100% approval rating. Van Hollen also received endorsement from the Humane Society Legislative Fund (HSLF) in 2010. Although he supports animal rights groups, Van Hollen received an approval rating of 0% from the Sportsmen's and Animal Owners' Voting Alliance (SAOVA). In his 2016 Senate platform, Van Hollen supported an increase in the minimum wage, paid sick leave, an expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, equal pay for women, an increase in the child care tax credit, and a financial transactions tax. Van Hollen has been endorsed by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, a group which campaigns for more government regulation of guns. Van Hollen received a 0% from the Gun Owners of America (GOA) in 2006. In September 2008, Van Hollen voted against repealing portions of the Washington, D.C. Firearm Ban. In 2015, Van Hollen introduced legislation for increased handgun licensing, specifically the requirement for permit-to-purchase licenses. This proposal was based on a similar law that exists in Maryland. On proposing the law, Van Hollen stated that \"States require licenses to drive a car or even to fish in local rivers, so requiring a license to buy a deadly handgun is a common-sense step that could save countless lives.\" In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Van Hollen co-sponsored a bill to ban bump stocks. Van Hollen supports Obamacare and has defended it many times. In October 2018, Van Hollen and Susan Collins cosponsored a bipartisan bill that if passed would block \"any persons from foreign adversaries from owning or having control over vendors administering U.S. elections.\" Protect Our Elections Act would make companies involved in administering elections reveal foreign owners, and inform local, state and federal authorities if said ownership changes. Companies failing to comply would face fines of $100,000. Van Hollen received a 0% rating for the Citizens Against Government Waste (CAGW), and the National Taxpayers Union (NTU), in 2010. Both these organizations advocate for lower taxes for everyone including the wealthy. In 2006, Van Hollen received a 100% rating from Citizens for Tax Justice (CTJ), a group that calls for higher taxes on the wealthy. Van Hollen opposes eliminating the federal estate tax. ! Year ! Office ! Election ! Subject ! Party ! Votes ! ! Opponent ! Party ! Votes ! ! Opponent ! Party ! Votes ! ! Opponent ! Party ! Votes Van Hollen and his wife Katherine have three children: Anna, Nicholas, and Alexander. Van Hollen is of Dutch descent. Chris Van Hollen Christopher Van Hollen Jr. (born January 10, 1959) is a American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Maryland since January 3, 2017. From 2003 to 2017, he held the position of U.S. Representative for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren (English: I'll let you know on an auspicious day) is an 2018 Indian Tamil black comedy drama film, written and directed by P. Arumuga Kumar. Vijay Sethupathi and Gautham Karthik appear in the lead roles, while Gayathrie Shankar, Niharika Konidela and Ramesh Thilak play other pivotal roles. Production began in February 2017. In January 2017, Arumuga Kumar announced that his first directorial venture would be an adventure comedy film starring two lead actors and Gautham Karthik was revealed to be portraying the role of a college-goer. Arumugakumar initially wanted to cast either R. Parthiepan or Robo Shankar in a leading role, but their unavailability meant that his friend Vijay Sethupathi was cast as a tribal leader named Yaman. Telugu actress Niharika Konidela also joined the cast making her debut in Tamil. Vijay Sethupathi revealed that he was a friend of the director's, and inquired with Gautham Karthik if he was comfortable with a bigger actor joining the star cast, before confirming the project. Gayathrie also joined the team in mid-2017 to portray a tribal girl. The film was extensively shot in Andhra Pradesh and forests in the state. During the promotional campaign for the film, the makers purchased the Ramnad Rhinos team for a celebrity cricket event held at Bukit Jalil Stadium in Malaysia during January 2018. The film's audio launch was also held at the event, with the star cast barring Niharika, in attendance. Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for 6 crore. Amazon has acquired the digital rights of Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. The film's music was composed by Justin Prabhakaran, and the soundtrack was released on 6 January 2018 through Think Music India. Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren (English: I'll let you know on an auspicious day) is an 2018 Indian Tamil black comedy drama film, written and directed by P. Arumuga Kumar. Vijay Sethupathi and Gautham Karthik appear in the lead roles, while Gayathrie Shankar, Niharika Konidela and Ramesh Thilak play other pivotal roles. Production began in February 2017. In January 2017, Arumuga Kumar announced that his first directorial venture would be an adventure comedy film starring two lead actors and Gautham Karthik was revealed to be portraying the role of a college-goer. Arumugakumar initially wanted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "SSC Farul Constanța Suporter Spirit Club Farul Constanța (), commonly known as Farul Constanța, or simply as Farul or SSC Farul, is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Constanța, Constanța County. Established in 1949, it currently plays in the Liga II. \"Farul\" is a Romanian word which translates as \"the Lighthouse\". The team has spent 42 seasons in the top league, its highest position being the fourth place which it achieved on three occasions, and it has also played one Romanian Cup final in 2005 which they lost to Dinamo București. Farul has produced several talented players, the most notable of them being Gheorghe Hagi, the joint top goalscorer of the Romania national team. In the summer of 2016, the team was declared bankrupt and excluded from the Liga III, after it had earlier withdrew from Liga II. In an attempt to save Farul, supporters refounded the club and enrolled it in the fourth division. The history of the club from Constanța started in 1949, when the two football teams of the city, Dezrobirea Constanța and PCA Constanța, merged forming a new club that would be called as \"Locomotiva PCA\". The new club was registered for the Divizia B promotion play-off, along with four other regional champions: Metalul 1 Mai Ploiești, Dinamo Oltenița, Progresul CPCS București and Bucegi Câmpulung Pitești. \"Constănțenii\" finished first in the group and were promoted to the second league. In 1953 Locomotiva PCA Constanța was renamed simply as \"Locomotiva Constanța\". One year later, at the end of the 1954 season, Locomotiva Constanța obtained its first promotion to the Divizia A. The team was ranked 1st in the third series of the Divizia B, with three points more than the 2nd place, Dinamo Bacău. After the last game, an away 1-0 win against Dinamo Bârlad, the players were welcomed at Constanța's old train station by a large crowd that had come to celebrate the promotion. The players that obtained the performance with Locomotiva were as follows: Nebela, Doicescu, Zlotea, Mark, Tatomir, Jarnea (Bedivan, Manta), Vultur, Neli Ispas, Gogu Cojocaru, Sever, Cristof, Bobi Georgescu, Gigi Datcu, Linzoiu, Keszkei; coached by Ion Troancă. In the spring of 1955 Locomotiva began their first season in the first league. The team was strengthened with players from Politehnica Timișoara, CFR București and Flamura Roșie Arad, and had a new coach in the person of Eugen Mladin. The first match of \"the Sailors\" was played in Bucharest against the future champion, Dinamo București. Gogu Cojocaru opened the score and became the first scorer of the team in the first league, but the match was lost 4-1. At the end of the season Locomotiva finished 12th out of 13 and was relegated to Divizia B. During the same season the Farul Stadium (named at that time as 1 Mai Stadium) was inaugurated. The debut match was a 4th round league game between Locomotiva and the defending champions, Flamura Roșie Arad. The game was played on the 23rd of March 1955, and it was won 1-0 by the hosts after a goal scored with a shot from 40 meters by Manole. Locomotiva finished the 1956 Divizia B season on the 6th place, then on the 3rd position at the end of 1957. The return to an autumn-spring format at the beginning of 1957–58 season and the renaming of the team to Farul Constanța had brought good luck to the \"Sailors\", who won the second league and returned to the first scene of Romanian football. After a tough first season in which the club finished just above the relegation positions, Farul made their best season until that point and finished 4th at the end of the 1959–60 edition. The squad used was composed of: Horia Ghibănescu, Nicolae Botescu, Grigore Ciuncan, Lucrețiu Florescu, Gheorghe Corneanu, Gheorghe Toma, Petre Comăniță, Mircea Bibere, Eugen Pană, Gheorghe Datcu, Vasile Stancu, Constantin Moroianu, Ion Ciosescu, Paul Niculescu, Dumitru Sever, Iacob Olaru, Ștefan Nunu - players; Iosif Lengheriu – head coach; Foti Foti – President. The 1960s began with \"the Sharks\" on the first football scene of the country. Due to the failure of newcomers Brînzei, Stancu and Vasilescu to integrate in the squad, at the end of the 1960–61 season Farul finished 13th and was relegated alongside CSMS Iași and Corvinul Hunedoara. Motivated by a new presence in the first league, \"Constanțenii\" did not stay long in the Divizia B and at the end of the 1961–62 season, promoted back to the first league, after finishing first. Also in that season, Farul achieved its first national football title, by winning the U-19 championship. In the following year \"the Sailors\" had a very good season and managed to end the first part of the season as the leaders of the Divizia A.The second part was not as good as the first and they lost some positions, ranking fifth at the end of the championship. Also in the 1962–63 season, the offensive trio Bükössy-Ciosescu-Dinulescu has been remarked by managing to score 48 goals. Farul Constanța won the second consecutive title in the U-19 league, the students of Gheorghe Smărăndescu defeating Dinamo București with the score of 2-1, in the final. The next three seasons started well for Farul, but were finished on mediocre positions. In the 1963–64 season, the club from the shore of the Black Sea finished 8th after occupying the 3rd place at the end of the first half, the season in which appeared in the squad the all-time goalscorer of Farul, Marin Tufan (62 goals). In the following year \"the Sailors\" trembled and finished at only one point above the first relegated team, Minerul Baia Mare, then, in the 1965–66 edition, Farul occupied only the 9th place, out of 14. A notable performance gained by the team from Constanța was the qualification for the 1964–66 Balkans Cup, which was their first participation in a European competition. On 28 April 1965, was registered the first European match of \"the Sailors\", Farul meeting Spartak Plovdiv, in a game played away and ended undecided, score 1-1. The second match played in Constanța two weeks later was won 1-0 by Farul, this being the first European success in the history of the club. In the next game, \"the white and blues\" played in Skopje, against Vardar, which they defetead 4-0, in the second match being recorded a new victory, this time only with the score of 1-0. Then came the match against the Greek side, Olympiacos, the victories being divided, at Piraeus, won the Greeks with 1-0 and at Constanța, Farul, by forfait, thus obtaining the first place in Group A. The final of the competition was a Romanian one, Farul met Rapid București, but the team from Constanța lost on aggregate, after a 3-3 in Bucharest and a 0-2 lose in Constanța. Another notable performance of that season was the good run from the Romanian Cup, where \"the Sharks\" were eliminated in the semifinals by UTA Arad (2-3). In the 1966–67 season, Farul made again a good impression in the Divizia A and finished 4th. The squad that made that performance was formed of: Vasile Utu, Constantin Tâlvescu, Constantin Manciu, Marin Georgescu, Constantin Koszka, Martin Graef, Suliman Etem, Cicerone Manolache, Constantin Pleșa, Dumitru Antonescu, Ilie Ologu, Marin Tufan, Constantin Iancu, Tiberiu Kallo, Ion Zamfir, Dumitru Caraman, Iosif Bükössy, Constantin Mareș, Vasile Dumbravă; Vintilă Mărdărescu – head coach; Foti Foti – President. At the end of that season, as a reward for the form shown, Farul went into the first international tournament, played in Lebanon, Kuwait and Syria, where \"the Sailors\" played 6 games. Farul competed in the 1966–67 Balkans Cup and were drawn in group against AEK Athens (3rd place in the Alpha Ethniki), Lokomotiv Sofia (8th place in the Bulgarian First League) and Vardar (10th place in the Yugoslav First League). The Sailors\" started with two consecutive wins in Constanța, 4-1 against Lokomotiv Sofia and 2-0 against Vardar Skopje. However, they could not replicate their good home form in the away matches, and they lost all three: 0-4 against", "Tiberiu Kallo, Ion Zamfir, Dumitru Caraman, Iosif Bükössy, Constantin Mareș, Vasile Dumbravă; Vintilă Mărdărescu – head coach; Foti Foti – President. At the end of that season, as a reward for the form shown, Farul went into the first international tournament, played in Lebanon, Kuwait and Syria, where \"the Sailors\" played 6 games. Farul competed in the 1966–67 Balkans Cup and were drawn in group against AEK Athens (3rd place in the Alpha Ethniki), Lokomotiv Sofia (8th place in the Bulgarian First League) and Vardar (10th place in the Yugoslav First League). The Sailors\" started with two consecutive wins in Constanța, 4-1 against Lokomotiv Sofia and 2-0 against Vardar Skopje. However, they could not replicate their good home form in the away matches, and they lost all three: 0-4 against Vardar, 0-3 against AEK Athens and 1-5 versus Lokomotiv Sofia. In the last match of the group they made a 1-1 draw against AEK and finished the group in the 3rd place. The Sharks finished the 1967–68 season on the 7th position, and competed once again the Balkans Cup. Their opponents were Beroe Stara Zagora (10th place in the Bulgarian First League), Vllaznia Shkodër (6th place in the Albanian Superliga) and Gençlerbirliği (6th place in the Süper Lig). The results obtained were as follows: 3-1 and 2-1 against Gençlerbirliği, two defeats with the same score of 1-2 at Shkodër and Stara Zagora, followed by a 2-1 win against Vllaznia in Constanța and a 1-2 defeat against Beroe. Farul ended the group on the 3rd place and didn't qualify for the next stage. In the next two seasons Farul consolidated its reputation as a hard team to beat They finished 9th and reached the semifinals of the 1968–69 Cupa României at the end of the 1968–69 season. This was followed by obtaining a 6th place in the league and reaching the quarter-finals of the Cupa României in the 1969–70 season. Early 1970's transformed Farul in a regular team from the middle of the Divizia A standings: 1970–71 – 11th, 1971–72 – 11th and 1972–73 – 8th, but the club had a refresh in the summer of 1973 when was renamed as \"FC Constanța\". The restart had a positive effect and the team finished 4th at the end of the next season, qualifying for the 1975 Balkans Cup. The format of the competition had changed, and the group was formed by only three teams, in Constanța's group being assigned Eskişehirspor (4th place in the Süper Lig) and Lokomotiv Sofia (5th place in the Bulgarian First League). One victory (2-1 against Lokomotiv Sofia), one draw (2-2 against Eskişehirspor) and two defeats (1-2 and 0-1 against Eskişehirspor and Lokomotiv), both in away matches. Between 1974 and 1988 FC Constanța had fluctuating results, oscillating between the first and the second leagues, being far from the results obtained in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s. After two rankings in the middle of the standings, 10th place, at the end of the 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons, FC Constanța was at only one step from relegation, finishing the 1976–77 season just above the relegation zone, at the same number of points with the first relegated team, Rapid București. FC Constanța did not take this warning seriously, relegating at the end of the next season after finishing 16th, out of 18. Back in Divizia B after 16 years of absence, Constanța finished only 4th in the first season, then 2nd at the end of the 1979–80, but far away from the leader, Brașov. \"The Sailors\" promoted back to the first league in 1981, but made another pale season and finished only 14th, two points over the relegation line, being relegated finally at the end of the 1982–83 season. Followed four consecutive Divizia B seasons with mediocre results: 1983–84 – 5th, 1984–85 – 4th, 1985–86 – 4th and 1986–87 – 4th. The club promoted back in the Divizia A at the end of the 1987–88 season after winning its series, being also renamed as Farul Constanța in the summer of 1988. During this time, despite the weaker results, the team from the shore of the Black Sea gave some big names to the Romanian football, such as: Gheorghe Hagi, Constantin Gache, Ștefan Petcu or Ion Moldovan, among others. The late 1980s and early 1990s found Farul in the Divizia A, but with results which did not impress too much: 1988–89 – 9th, 1989–90 – 10th, 1990–91 – 10th, 1991–92 – 13th, 1992–93 – 9th and 1993–94 – 6th. Things started to change during the 1994–95 season, which was an important one for the team from the shore of the Black Sea. Even if the ranking was lower than in the previous season, 11th, Farul was enrolled in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup, making its debut in the competition. The five teams group in which the team from Constanța was assigned was formed of: Cannes (9th place in the Ligue 1), Dnepr Mogilev (5th place in the Belarusian Premier League), Bečej (4th place in the First League of Serbia and Montenegro) and Pogoń Szczecin (8th place in the Ekstraklasa). Farul won surprisingly the group, after 3 victories, 1 draw and no defeat. The draw brought in front of Farul an important club, Heerenveen, 9th place in the Eredivisie in the previous season. The match was played in the Netherlands on 29 July 1995 at the Abe Lenstra Stadion. The stadium was not full, with only 5,000 spectators present, out of a total capacity of 20,000 seats. The match was clearly dominated by the Dutch side, for which played also a young man named Jon Dahl Tomasson, who would become a well-known player over a few years. Florin Marin, the coach of Farul, sent on the field the following 11: Cristian Munteanu – Stelian Carabaş, Daniel Ghișan, Marian Dinu (C), Mihai Matei, Ștefan Nanu – Gheorghe Barbu, Dănuț Moisescu, Gheorghe Ciurea – Mugurel Cornățeanu, Laurențiu Zadea. The course of the game was in a single direction, to the Farul's goal. In the 19 minute Erik Regtop opened the score and 16 minutes later same Regtop increased it. After the break, Jon Dahl Tomasson (48') and Romeo Wounden (71') set the final score, 4-0. \"The Sailors\" continued their good form also next season, especially in the Romanian Cup, where were eliminated in the quarter-finals. After the UEFA Intertoto adventure, Farul returned to its middle-table results from before the 1995 and finished on the following positions: 1995–96 – 8th, 1996–97 – 10th, 1997–98 – 12th and 1998–99 – 12th. The most notable performance of these seasons being the 1000 match played by Farul in the top flight of the Romanian football, performance achieved during the 1998–99 campaign. The financial problems and lack of interest of the local authorities of the time put their mark on the team in the 1999–2000 season, when at the end of the 34 rounds, \"the Sharks\" relegated to Divizia B. Before the last round, \"the Sailors\" were on the 13th position, which was saving them, but in the 34th round they lost 1-2 against FC Onești and finished 15th, relegating after 12 years spent on the first stage of the Romanian football. Motivated by the return to the first stage, \"Constănțenii\" dominated alongside Sportul Studențesc the 1st series of the Divizia B and finished the 2000–01 season on the second place with 74 points. The second place assured them a promotion/relegation play-off against FCM Bacău, 14th place in the Divizia A. The two clubs equally shared victories, (2-1 and 1-2), Farul promoted finally, after the penalty shoot-outs. The return in the top flight was also marked by the beginning of the owners era at Constanța. During the Socialist Republic of Romania all the football clubs were owned by public institutions, after the Romanian Revolution the ownership continued in a dual aspect, clubs owned by public institutions and clubs owned by businessmen. 1990's and early 2000's are known as the start of the owners era in the Romanian football, when most clubs have become private, and generally run by a single businessman. The businessman from Constanța who bought Farul was Gheorghe Bosânceanu, owner of the Constanța Shipyard. Despite being in a better", "against FCM Bacău, 14th place in the Divizia A. The two clubs equally shared victories, (2-1 and 1-2), Farul promoted finally, after the penalty shoot-outs. The return in the top flight was also marked by the beginning of the owners era at Constanța. During the Socialist Republic of Romania all the football clubs were owned by public institutions, after the Romanian Revolution the ownership continued in a dual aspect, clubs owned by public institutions and clubs owned by businessmen. 1990's and early 2000's are known as the start of the owners era in the Romanian football, when most clubs have become private, and generally run by a single businessman. The businessman from Constanța who bought Farul was Gheorghe Bosânceanu, owner of the Constanța Shipyard. Despite being in a better financial situation, \"the Sailors\" finished on the 14 place in the 2001–02 season and had to play in the promotion/relegation playoff. Farul met FC Baia Mare and defeated them 1–0 in Constanța. A 0–0 draw at Baia Mare meant that the white and blues remained in the Divizia A. There were several seasons of growing for the club from the shore of the Black Sea. In the 2002–03 season they ended on the 10th place, then in the 2003–04 season on the 9th and in the 2004–05 season on the 5th place (the best ranking after the Revolution), being called in that year \"the champion of the province\", the first four places were occupied by: Steaua București, Dinamo București, Rapid București and Național București. In the same season, \"the Sharks\" obtained one of the greatest performances in their history, by playing the Cupa României final. The 67th final of the Cupa României was played on the Cotroceni Stadium, between Farul Constanța and Dinamo București, in front of 15,000 people (of which about 6,000 came from Constanța), the referee was from France, Laurent Duhamel. Petre Grigoraș started the match with the following team: George Curcă (C) - Răzvan Farmache, Ion Barbu, Cristian Șchiopu, Cosmin Pașcovici (75' - Mihai Baicu) - Florin Lungu, Adrian Senin, Dinu Todoran (85' - Laurențiu Florea) Mihai Guriță, Vasilică Cristocea (10' - Iulian Apostol) - Liviu Mihai. Dinamo won 1-0, goal scored by Ștefan Grigorie in the 6th minute. After a very good run in the 2004–05 edition of the championship and the cup, Farul continued its good form also in the next season, when was reaching the semi-finals of the Romanian Cup, being eliminated by Național București, 2-4 on aggregate. In the Divizia A \"the Sailors\" finished 7th and the club enrolled in the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup, where they eliminated Pobeda, 4-2 on aggregate and Lokomotiv Plovdiv, 3-2 on aggregate. In the final stage of the competition, Farul met Auxerre (6th place in the Ligue 1). The French team took part in the competition due to the non-participation of the Italian side, Palermo (because of the 2006 Italian football scandal). The \"double\" with Auxerre offered the team at the seaside the chance to set a premiere in the history of the club, the first participation in the UEFA Cup. Farul lost 2-4 on aggregate and missed the chance of participating in the UEFA Cup. In that season, despite the investments of more than 2 million€ promised by the owner Gheorghe Bosânceanu, after the match against Auxerre, Farul remained the whole season in the bottom of the rankings, ending the 2006–07 season on the 14th place. The 2007–08 season is considered to be one of the most spectacular post-Revolution seasons of the Liga I, but it found Farul in a not-so-good form. \"Constănțenii\" were even the last one of the league for three rounds. \"The sailors\" managed to save themselves from relegation and finished on the 13th place. The next season would represent the beginning of the decline for the club from the shore of the Black Sea. After almost 10 years spent in the top flight, Farul was relegated again in the second league, after failing to finish above the red line of the standings. The last match of Farul in the first division also represented a negative record of that season, \"the Sharks\" losing against Otopeni with the score of 0-6. The relegation has brought also the withdrawal of Gheorghe Bosânceanu, the owner of the club in the last eight years, who sold it to Giani Nedelcu, former investor at Rocar București and Știința Bacău, clubs which went bankrupt in the period when Nedelcu ruled them. The supporters have not been too optimistic ever since and their fears would be fulfilled in the next years, when Farul has struggled in vain, without getting any promotion. In the 2009–10 season, Farul doesn't find the resources needed for a quick promotion on the first stage and finished on the 8th place. The beginning of the next season was full of emotions, the club receiving the Liga II license very late because of the financial problems which were now bigger. These problems put their mark on the play of the team as well, \"the Sailors\" ending the season only 13th. In the 2011–12season, \"the Sharks\" made a progress and finished 8th, but far away from the promotion places. The smell of the Liga III was beginning to feel with the 2012–13 season. From the first series have relegated five teams in that season. FCM Bacău, Astra II Giurgiu and Callatis Mangalia withdrew from the championship, while Dinamo II București and Chindia Târgoviște relegated. Due to these championship withdrawals, Farul finished first over the red line, just one point above Chindia. In the 2013–14 season, Liga II change its format to the play-off / play-out system, and \"the Sailors\" finished the regular season on the 11th place, in the play-out zone. In the play-out phase they ended up on the last place but again are saved from relegation to the third division due to the exclusion of Dunărea Galați. In the 2014–15 season, Farul played again in the play-out, where it finished on the 4th place and saved from relegation. Things seemed to change in the 2015–16 season when Farul finished the regular season on the 4th place and entered the play-off group. \"The Sharks\" have managed to obtain 29 points and finished on the 5th place, giving to the supporters the chance to hope for a better next season. However, the growing financial problems eventually suffocated the club and before the start of the 2016–17 season, Farul withdrew from the second league. The situation has remained uncertain for a while, Giani Nedelcu hoping, however, that he will even be able to get the license for the third league. The FRF Licensing Commission, however, announced they would not allow this because of an imminent bankruptcy that would hit the club from Constanța. On 22 September 2016 Farul Constanța was declared bankrupt, after 67 years in which represented the city of Constanța in the Liga I, Liga II, Cupa României, UEFA Intertoto Cup and Balkans Cup. When the it became clear that bankruptcy was unavoidable, a group of Farul supporters, organized in the \"Farul Supporters Association\", moved quickly and in just a few weeks managed to build and register a new entity with the sole purpose to continue the tradition of Farul Constanța. Thus, on 8 August 2016 they founded Suporter Spirit Club Farul Constanța, club which assured the football continuity of Farul, avoiding seasons of extinction or pause. The new club retained the white and blue colors and adopted Farul's old logo which portrays the lighthouse of Constanța, the Black Sea and a seagull in flight. The team was enrolled in the Constanța County series of Liga IV in time for the 2016–17 season. Farul won their series of Liga IV. They recorded 32 victories in 34 games, and scored 135 goals while conceding 14. \"The Sailors\" then won the promotion play-off 8-2 on aggregate against Tulcea County champions Pescărușul Sarichioi and were promoted to the Liga III. In the summer of 2017 Petre Grigoraș was named as the new coach and important players have been transferred. Farul promoted at the end of the 2017–18 season, but after a tough fight against Progresul", "the football continuity of Farul, avoiding seasons of extinction or pause. The new club retained the white and blue colors and adopted Farul's old logo which portrays the lighthouse of Constanța, the Black Sea and a seagull in flight. The team was enrolled in the Constanța County series of Liga IV in time for the 2016–17 season. Farul won their series of Liga IV. They recorded 32 victories in 34 games, and scored 135 goals while conceding 14. \"The Sailors\" then won the promotion play-off 8-2 on aggregate against Tulcea County champions Pescărușul Sarichioi and were promoted to the Liga III. In the summer of 2017 Petre Grigoraș was named as the new coach and important players have been transferred. Farul promoted at the end of the 2017–18 season, but after a tough fight against Progresul Spartac București, team with which they had the same number of points until the last rounds of the season. In the summer of 2018, ex Romanian international footballer, Ciprian Marica bought Farul Constanța's brand for €49.150 (around 228.892 RON). The move sparked a short-lived conflict between Marica and Farul's supporters, despite the former claiming to have tried to have a dialogue with SSC Farul's leadership, ultimately leading Marica to form a new team, \"FC Farul Constanța\", and enroll it in Liga IV. Ultimately, Marica and the supporters reached a consensus, with the ex-footballer announcing that he's going to take over SSC Farul; in addition, the Liga IV team would become the club's reserve team and the brand will be transferred to the Liga II side by winter. In his first press conference as Farul's owner, Marica announced his future plans for the club, including promotion back in Liga I by 2020, followed by slowly building a team to aim for a place in the European competitions and league title. The club plays its home matches on Stadionul Farul from Constanța. Originally known as \"Stadionul 1 Mai\", the stadium was opened in 1955 and had the shape of the letter \"U\", but subsequently it was expanded with another stand, finally reaching the capacity of 15,520 seats. After the bankruptcy of the club in 2016, the new entity has encountered administrative problems that have prevented the team from playing on the stadium for more than a year and a half. SSC Farul played from 2016 until 14 April 2018 on Stadionul Sparta, from Techirghiol, with a capacity of 1,000 people. Stadionul Farul reached an advanced condition of degradation due to lack of activity, and had to be cleaned and restored as functional by Farul supporters through several volunteer campaigns. In 1970, Stadionul Farul became the first stadium in Romania to have floodlights installed. Farul has many supporters in the Dobruja region, and especially in Constanța. Farul supporters are organised in the Farul Supporters Association, and this organisation brought the club back to life in 2016 after the bankruptcy of the old entity. The first ultras group, entitled \"Ultras Farul '92\", appeared in 1992. They were followed in 1996 by \"Legiunea Marină\", and over time by several other groups, such as: \"Aria Ultra'\", \"Baricada\", \"Fervent\" or \"Alcoholics\". The traditional rivals of \"the Sailors\" are Rapid București and Dinamo București. Farul also have some local rivalries against teams from nearby cities, such as Viitorul Constanța, CS Năvodari, Săgeata Năvodari or Delta Tulcea. However, these are of low intensity. The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 100 caps for SSC Farul Constanța. SSC Farul Constanța Suporter Spirit Club Farul Constanța (), commonly known as Farul Constanța, or simply as Farul or SSC Farul, is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Constanța, Constanța County. Established in 1949, it currently plays in the Liga II." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh Haja Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh, GCOR (born April 16, 1949 ) is a Sierra Leonean lawyer who was the Chief Justice of Sierra Leone from 2008 to 2015. She was born on April 16, 1949 and grew up in the Sierra Leonean capital Freetown to Muslim parents from the Fula ethnic group, originally from Koinadugu District in the north of Sierra Leone. Like her parents, Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh is also a Muslim. She is the older sister of Sierra Leonean diplomat Sulaiman Tejan-Jalloh. Jalloh's mother was the President of the Sierra Leone National Fullah Women’s Association for twenty six years; and her father served in the Freetown City Council. She attended the Harford Secondary School for Girls in Moyamba, Moyamba District and the St. Edward's Secondary School in Freetown. After her secondary education, she attended Sierra Leone's Fourah Bay College and Njala University and got a Bachelor of Laws degree. In 1974, she got a scholarship to study at the prestigious Columbia University in New York, where she did her Master of Laws. She later continued her legal education at the University of London. In 1975, she was appointed as a State Counsel in the Sierra Leone Ministry of Justice. She was later promoted to senior State Counsel and Principal State Council. In 1996 she was appointed as a High Court Judge, where she served until 2004, when she was appointed as a Court of Appeals Judge. She remained in that position until she was appointed as the Supreme Court's Chief Justice in 2008. She was sworn in as Sierra Leone's Chief Justice on January 25, 2008, succeeding retired Chief Justice Ade Renner Thomas. She was the first woman to hold the Chief Justice position in Sierra Leone's history . She proceeded on leave to retirement on 6 February 2015 , with Valesius Thomas as acting Chief Justice, until finally being replaced by Abdulai Hamid Charm on 25 January 2016. Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh Haja Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh, GCOR (born April 16, 1949 ) is a Sierra Leonean lawyer who was the Chief Justice of Sierra Leone from 2008 to 2015. She was born on April 16, 1949 and grew up in the Sierra Leonean capital Freetown to Muslim parents from the Fula ethnic group, originally from Koinadugu District in the north of Sierra Leone. Like her parents, Umu Hawa Tejan-Jalloh is also a Muslim. She is the older" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "* Director–Alan Ayckbourn \n * Design–Roger Glossop \n * Lighting–Mick Hughes \n * Costume–Christine Wall \n * Music–John Pattinson \n\n\n There are a few notable differences to Haunting Julia. In Haunting Julia, a father is haunted by his dead daughter, whilst in Snake in the Grass the two daughters are haunted by their father, and for very different reasons. The supernatural scenes are far less prevalent; in Haunting Julia, the play climaxes in an appearance of the ghost of Julia, but in Snake in the Grass, there is much less clarity as to which \"ghosts\" are real ghosts, which are metaphorical ghosts in the sisters' minds, and which events are not ghosts at all but staged hoaxes. However, the play is, if anything, a considerably darker play than Haunting Julia. \n The original production at the Stephen Joseph Theatre had its first performance on 30 May 2002, and an opening night on 5 June 2002 1994, featuring the following cast:\n Since then, the play has gone on to become one of the most frequently performed Ayckbourn plays, with six professional productions between 2005 and 2007. The play has also been particularly popular with amateur groups. \n The 2008 revival also enjoyed positive reviews. \n A further factor was Ayckbourn's move towards more contemporary issues–in particular GamePlan, on the theme of teenage prostitution. This was the first play in the 2001 trilogy Damsels in Distress. The following year he wrote Snake in the Grass and it went one step further, with one of the characters a victim of sexual abuse as a child, although this is never explicitly stated in the play, only implied. The older sister is a victim of domestic violence. \n The reviews for Snake in the Grass were generally positive, particularly about the acting. and Ayckbourn's writing for women The most praise was given to Susie Blake as Miriam. The Financial Times review said:\"Along with her perfect timing, phrasing, and connection to her stage colleagues, she has bubbliness, impishness, and a certain perpetual inner childlike innocence. But she is way past childhood now ... the younger daughter who had to remain at home to tend a monstrous father. In this role, Blake shows us what she can be when her bubbliness is popped, when her impishness turns dangerous; and when her childlike innocence has withered in the bud.\". Alfred Hickling, for The Guardian drew comparisons to Haunting Julia but commended the play for its focus on ghosts in the mind, and said the play \"... surprisingly ends up having more in common with Hamlet than Gaslight.\" John Sherborne for Plays International praised the collaboration between Designer Roger Glossop and Lighting Designer Mick Hughes. \n In scene two, Annabel, has decided that they can afford to give Alice £5,000 and no more, seemingly indifferent to the alternative that the Police will exhume the body, find the traces of medicine and send Miriam to jail. Miriam, however, insists on trying to sweeten Alice up by offering her some wine in a summer house built over an old well. Annabel has a seizure at the sight of it–after her marriage to her violent husband collapsed, and her business with it, she drank herself to a heart attack. As they wait, they remember their times in the garden:Annabel in the tennis court, pelted with balls by her father, and Miriam's brief relationship with a man called \"Lewis\", ended by her disapproving father. \n As soon as Miriam leaves, the lights go out. Annabel stumbles over to the tennis court, and hears her father whispering \"Annabel ... Annabel ...\" before being pelted with tennis balls. Then, a soaking and bedraggled Alice emerges from the well. This is finally enough to give Annabel a fatal heart attack. Miriam comes back, checks Annabel's pulse, and she and Alice (or \"Lewis\", as Miriam now calls her) celebrate the success of their plan to reclaim the inheritance. The father voice was just a tape recorder, the tennis balls came from a machine, the well was filled in years ago, and the two show every sign that they are in fact a lesbian couple. When Alice shows how keen she is to sell the family home, Miriam sends Alice to switch on the lights. \n There is also a small voice-only part of a man's voice (unclear whether it is the voice of the Chesters' father or just someone imitating it) towards the end of the play, whispering the names of the two daughters. Like Julia in Haunting Julia, the father in this play can be considered a very strong off-stage character. \n * Annabel Chester, fifty, was a successful married business woman, now divorced and her business collapsed; \n * Miriam Chester, forty-four, Annabel's younger sister, eternally house-bound to her late father's house; \n * Alice Moody, nurse for Annabel and Miriam's father shortly before his death (aged forty in the published script, but the character in the 2008 revival was younger).", "Ayckbourn's first \"ghost\" theme play, Haunting Julia, had a cast of three men, all haunted, in different ways, by the suicide of the daughter of one of the men. Subsequently, Ayckbourn had expressed a wish to write a female counterpart of this play. This was further encouraged by the continuing success of Stephen Mallatratt's adaptation of The Woman in Black (itself a heavy source of inspiration for Haunting Julia). The success of this play, along with Yasmina Reza's' Art' also suggest that small-cast plays were becoming popular in commercial theatre. \n Snake in the Grass is a 2002 play by British playwright Alan Ayckbourn. The play is about a middle-aged older sister who returns to the family home where her younger sister still lives, shortly after their abusive father's death. It was written as a female companion piece to the 1994 ghost play Haunting Julia, and in 2008 these two plays, together with new play Life and Beth were folded into a trilogy named Things That Go Bump. \n The play had its American Premiere in 2005 at The Black River Playhouse, Chester, New Jersey, directed by Michael T. Mooney. The cast included Cody Dalton, Julianne DiPietro-Renshaw and Beth Amiano Gleason. \n In 2008, it was revived by the Stephen Joseph Company, along with its originating play Haunting Julia as part of a trilogy named Things That Go Bump, with a new third play, Life and Beth, that combined the casts of the two plays. Susie Blake reprised her role as Miriam. The other two roles were played by Liza Goddard as Annabel and Ruth Gibson as Susie. \n This play was written specifically for the round, unlike Haunting Julia that was written for the proscenium but sometimes staged in the round for various practical reasons. The original 2002 production shared its set with a revival on Ayckbourn's 1978 play Joking Apart, also set in a garden, so there are some similarities between the sets of the two plays. (The 2008 revival, in contrast, did not share a set with either of the other two Things That Go Bump plays, with the other two plays set in very different indoor locations.) \n Snake in the Grass \n--- \nWritten by \| Alan Ayckbourn \nCharacters \| Annabel Chester Miriam Chester Alice Moody \nDate premiered \| 5 June 2002 \nPlace premiered \| Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough \nOriginal language \| English \nSeries \| Things That Go Bump \nSubject \| Ghosts, child abuse, domestic violence \nGenre \| Black Comedy \nSetting \| The garden of Chesters' house \nOfficial site \nAyckbourn chronology \n\| RolePlay (Damsels in Distress) \| The Jollies 2002 \n---\|---\n The play was performed in the round, in repertory with a revival of Ayckbourn's 1972 play Joking Apart. Both plays toured to three other theatres in the round in September and October of that year. The following year, in January and February, Snake in the Grass toured alone to four further end-stage theatres. \n The entire play takes place in the garden of the Chesters' family home, now neglected and run-down. Included in the scene is the edge of an overgrown tennis court and a summer house built over a disused well, both of which play important roles during play. \n The reviews did, however, stop short of proclaiming it one of Ayckbourn's best plays. In spite of the praise for Susie Blake, the Financial Times review felt the twists were familiar when they came, and the characters' inflexions becoming tedious. Dominic Cavendish for the Daily Telegraph, although broadly positive of the play itself, criticise Ayckbourn for allowing the Stephen Joseph Theatre's programme to be dominated by his work. \n * Annabel–Fiona Mollison \n * Miriam–Susie Blake \n * Alice–Rachel Atkins", "Alice arrives and takes the wine, and sees through Annabel's offer almost immediately. With Annabel refusing to offer any more, Miriam, in apparent desperation, suggests Lewis could find the money. Alice scorns this too, and, before leaving to go to the Police, stops to tell Miriam has one hell of a sister ... but before she can finish, she collapses. Miriam says she drugged the wine (her own glass having come from a different bottle in the kitchen), and a horrified Annabel watches her push Alice's body through the trapdoor and down the well. Next, she goes through Alice's handbag looking for the letter. It is not there, but her address and keys are, so she persuades Annabel to come with her to get the letter. Before Annabel leaves, she takes one last look at the tennis court, a tennis ball flies out of nowhere, and she screams. \n There are three female characters in the play, they are:\n Unlike Haunting Julia, written to run as a single scene with no interval, there are three scenes in this play. The first act has two scenes, both set in the late afternoon on consecutive days. The second act has a longer scene, running into the night of the second day. This was modelled on the idea of \"a thriller that starts in sunlight in a garden, and slowly the darkness comes in as the sun sets.\" \n In the second act, with all lighting but the storm lanterns failed, they return. Annabel notices the letter is forged, meaning they killed Alice for nothing. Annabel thinks she hears some scratching from the well. Miriam look down and says Alice must be dead, but Annabel's anxiety increases further. Miriam starts telling of the spooky things that used to happen, saying \"Who's coming up the stairs?\" and \"Who's going to kiss you goodnight\" and starts on a \"ghost story\". Twelve years old, she sneaked out of the house to go to a party with, in her father's words, \"unsavoury youths\", partied away in a silver dress and got propositioned by three boys she didn't fancy. When she returned, her father was waiting in the garden for his disobedient daughter, he would have to \"punish\" Miriam said she chose to be punished in the garden over indoor, but the punishment was worse ... before she finishes with \"Wasn't that a good ghost story!\" \n Left alone with her sister (whom they plan to \"find\" dead in the morning), Miriam says \"Goodbye sister\". Then there is a flash of light from the house (Miriam's training in plumbing and electrics put to use), and she says \"Whoops\" and \"Goodbye Lewis\". Then, wearing the silver dress from the party, she is about to celebrate, when the lights come on by themselves, her father chair starts rocking and her father's voice whispers \"Miriam ... Miriam ...\" The play ends as Miriam screams. \n Annabel Chester, a stressed businesswoman, enters the garden for the first time after running away aged twelve. She is met by Alice Moody, the nurse to Annabel's late father. After some short-lived pleasantries and some curt references to Annabel's ex-marriage, Alice states she was dismissed by her sister, Miriam, not for inefficiency as Annabel believes, but because she was trying to stop Miriam finishing her father off. These claims are backed up by a letter from their father expressing his fears, and, knowing the will was changed in Annabel's favour, Alice demands £100,000 in compensation. Ignoring Annabel's threats to go to the Police for blackmail, she promises to return tomorrow. \n Miriam forces Annabel to confront her own fear of entering the tennis court, and when Annabel tries to return indoors, she finds a soaking scarf that belonged to Alice. Miriam then forces a now hugely stressed Annabel to tell her own \"ghost story\" of her marriage, insisting she needs to know now. So Annabel talks of how they met at a sales conference; how they saw films together, her liking romantic comedies, him liking violent blockbusters; how they started sleeping together and got married to formalise the arrangement; how one day he snapped over something trivial and hit her; how sweet he was when he apologised afterwards; how distant he grew the rest of the time; how she ended up provoking him to get his attention this way. Miriam asks if she enjoyed being hit, adding that she doesn't know any more if she enjoyed what happened to her. She muses the people you hurt most are the people you love, and before returning indoors, says to Annabel:\"I love you\". \n For a moment, the tennis court shakes strangely–the first of several times in the play. Miriam appears, dressed in ill-fitting dowdy clothes. She concedes to Annabel that she removed \"Just one or two lights\" and gave her father \"just a little push\" and increased the dose of medicine \"just three or four times\"–and when she reveals she was treated as a slave her whole life after Annabel left, the motive is clear:no life or friends of her own allowed, and just the odd chance to do courses in, somewhat obscurely, electrics and plumbing." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "86-88 Windmill Street, Millers Point 86-88 Windmill Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 86-88 Windmill Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. One of two Victorian Georgian style terrace houses constructed . Georgian style Victorian two storey townhouse with four bedrooms, ground floor verandah, attic and basement. Shutters to all windows, cast iron panels to verandah balustrading. Storeys: 2 Construction: Painted rendered masonry, slate roof. Painted timber joinery. Iron lace balustrade. Style: Victorian Georgian. Nos 86-88 Windmill Street are two of a terrace of three Georgian terrace houses modelled on the masonry terrace houses of British cities and closely following the planning, size, faade design and construction of the standard urban housing in Britain. The three houses in the terrace (Nos. 84, 86 and 88) appear to be part of a larger terrace including the two houses at either end (Nos. 82 and 90). However, the documentary evidence and closer inspection on site demonstrates that the three townhouses at Nos. 84-88 were constructed first as a stand-alone terrace and that Nos. 82 and 90 were constructed after. Nos. 82 and 90 are both freestanding houses sharing no walls with the original houses at Nos. 84-86. The unified design of the five houses probably indicates a high degree of cooperation between the three owners of the five houses and the general level of skill of builders and tradesmen. External: Good As at 23 November 2000, this is one of a pair of Georgian style Victorian townhouses, having high streetscape value. It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830's and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape. The pair of houses at Nos 86-88 Windmill Street, part of a larger group built by the Musgrave family, is of State significance as a rare surviving example of a modest group containing a shop and residences dating from the late 1850s, and are an integral part of the Millers Point and Dawes Point Village Precinct Conservation Area. This pair of houses forms part of a group of buildings constructed in stages by the Musgrave family from until 1861, containing their business premises (No. 84), family residences and additional residences that could be let. The Musgrave family's move to the lower North Shore indicates not only their increasing wealth, but also the tendency in the 1870s and 1880s of the middle classes to move to the suburbs, retaining their town properties simply as an investment. This pair of houses forms an integral part of the small commercial area at the eastern end of Windmill Street that developed to serve the local area, as well as sailors and ferry goers. As individual buildings, they are highly significant as rare surviving examples of the modest Colonial Georgian houses, demonstrating the effect of the Sydney and London Building Acts which sought to control the spread of fire by controlling the materials and design of town houses in tight urban environments. The buildings show the transition from English Georgian to Colonial Georgian styles, employing decorative metal work imported from England in forms modified to suit the Australian climate. The surviving original architectural elements of the three buildings built by the Musgraves are an important record of modest Colonial Georgian architecture, including the cedar joinery, fanlights and cast iron. The surviving cast iron work is a typical early nineteenth century pattern, which can still be found in London and elsewhere in Millers Point. The configuration of the passage to the rear lane, with its staircase, is unusual and no other similar examples have been identified; most passages occur at street level (as can be seen in Kent Street). This pair of houses forms an integral part of the Colonial Georgian townscape of Millers Point, one of the most intact surviving colonial townscapes in Australia. The housing in the block between Argyle Place and Windmill Street is of a higher density than most of the other surviving early townscapes. This group, at the eastern end of Windmill Street, including the early public houses and the shop at No. 67 Windmill Street, is very important as an example of a Colonial Georgian townscape. The individual buildings are important as they retain original details. This pair of houses exemplifies the adaptive re-use of the Colonial Georgian housing stock inherited by the Department of Housing from the MSB in the 1980s, with modern rear wings attached to the back of houses that were originally planned without internal bathrooms. The pair of houses is an excellent indication of the standard of buildings retained by the Sydney Harbour Trust following the resumption of the area in the early twentieth century. 86-88 Windmill Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Evidence of the small commercial area that developed at the eastern end of Windmill Street, containing shops and public houses which catered to the local residents, sailors and ferrygoers. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. Associated with the commercial activities of the Musgrave family, containing their business premises, residences and houses intended to be rented. The family were associated with the area for over half a century. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Although three separate buildings, the group at Nos 82-90 Windmill Street appears as one building, indicating that the form and details were in common usage in the 1850s. The high standard of construction resulted in the retention of the larger houses following the Darling Harbour Resumption. The demolition of the smaller houses at the rear provides an indication of the cut off point between retention and demolition. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The long-term residents have a strong attachment to the place and its townscape, as demonstrated by their involvement with the Green Bans. One of the first areas to be recognised (and included in a planning scheme) as being significant for its townscape. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. There is considerable research potential relating to the development of the building group and the development of the commercial area at the eastern end of Windmill Street as a whole, as well as the commercial activities of the Musgrave family. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. A building form once common throughout Sydney by 1850, this group of late Georgian style terrace houses are among the very few to survive; the main concentration of the type are within the area resumed in 1900. These houses have been in public ownership for over a century, and have undergone few alterations externally (with the exception of the rear wings). The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. This scale and character of", "and the development of the commercial area at the eastern end of Windmill Street as a whole, as well as the commercial activities of the Musgrave family. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. A building form once common throughout Sydney by 1850, this group of late Georgian style terrace houses are among the very few to survive; the main concentration of the type are within the area resumed in 1900. These houses have been in public ownership for over a century, and have undergone few alterations externally (with the exception of the rear wings). The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. This scale and character of building once characterised the inner ring of suburbs (Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills Chippendale, Pyrmont and Ultimo), however a large proportion of the 1850s building stock has been demolished. A representative example of the urban renewal projects undertaken by the Department of Housing in the mid 1980s, with rear wings added to the rear of houses. 86-88 Windmill Street, Millers Point 86-88 Windmill Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 86-88 Windmill Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Six Nations Polytechnic Six Nations Polytechnic (SNP) is a Haudenosaunee-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. The Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, and Tuscarora. The Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation reserve acreage at present covers some 46,000 acres (190 km2) near the city of Brantford, Ontario. Aboriginal institutes partner with colleges and universities to offer students degree programs, apprenticeships, certificate programs and diploma programs. SNP was founded to provide greater access to post-secondary education for Aboriginal peoples. SNP delivers post-secondary programs approved by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. Since 1993, Six Nations Polytechnic has offered college and university programs through agreements with public colleges and universities. On June 26, 2009 – the Indigenous Knowledge Centre and Ogweho:weh Diploma Programs [Gayogohó:non-Cayuga and Kayenkeha -Mohawk] were publicly launched with the signing of the Six Nations and McMaster University Collaborative Agreement. These university credit diploma programs will eventually become full degree programs for Haudenosaunee languages. Six Nations Polytechnic offers programs and courses of study in partnership with all levels of government; commissions; industries; commerce and other education and training institutions. The Government of Canada sponsors an Aboriginal Bursaries Search Tool that lists over 680 scholarships, bursaries, and other incentives offered by governments, universities, and industry to support Aboriginal post-secondary participation. SNP scholarships for Aboriginal, First Nations and Métis students include: The Six Nations Achievement Centre was founded in 1993 as a community-based agency providing adults with tutoring in Literacy and Basic Skills, in a culturally sensitive manner to increase their academic skills for entry into higher level of education and/or to obtain employment. The funding is provided by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Literacy and Basic Skills Branch. The Six Nations Achievement Centre is a member of the Brant Literacy Service Planning (LSP) and the Ontario Native Literacy Coalition. The programs offered include: Main campus is a building located on 2160 Fourth Line in Ohsweken, Ontario. Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre located at 16 Sunrise Court is a complex consisting of three two-storey buildings that mimic longhouses. Six Nations Polytechnic Six Nations Polytechnic (SNP) is a Haudenosaunee-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. The Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, and Tuscarora." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kingsdown, Swale Kingsdown is a small hamlet surrounded by the villages of Frinsted, Milstead, Doddington and Lynsted in Kent, England. The hamlet is within the civil parish of Lynsted with Kingsdown. The hamlet was described by John Marius Wilson in his 1872 Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales as a settlement of no more than 18 houses incorporating a population of 96. The Barony of Kingsdown was a hereditary peerage conferred on Thomas Pemberton Leigh around 1858. Lord Kingsdown never married, and his title therefore became extinct on his death in 1867. Lord Kingsdown's seat was at Torry Hill (see below) which stayed in the family, later to be known as the Leigh-Pembertons. The manor extended to the environs of the hamlet of Kingsdown and was recorded as such by Wilson in 1872. The title was resurrected this time as a life peerage for Robin Leigh-Pemberton (from a related family line) becoming Baron Kingsdown in 1993. Torry Hill, approximately 3 km due southwest of Kingsdown hamlet, is the family estate of the Leigh-Pemberton (formerly Pemberton Leigh) line. The hamlet is focused around a 19th-century redundant Anglican church dedicated to St Catherine. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The maintenance of Kingsdown Church was funded by Lord Kingsdown. According to a booklet from the Redundant Churches Fund, the population of the surrounding parish numbered just 96 in 1865 meaning a benefactor was essential. Thomas Pemberton Leigh supported the building of a new church on the site of a mediaeval church (records from the rectory date back to 1313) that stood where today's nave stands. The church is believed to be the only remaining completed Anglican example of the work of Edward Welby Pugin, a noted ecclesiastical architect in Britain. The stained glass windows and possibly other internal fittings were installed by notable ecclesiastical manufacturers Hardman & Co.. Edward Taylor-Jones, who had played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club, was rector at the church from 1922 until his death at the rectory in 1956. The church is normally locked but a key can be obtained by arrangement. The church and a number of outlying buildings are now stranded on the south side of the M2 motorway and can be reached via a footbridge from the village of Kingsdown. Kingsdown, Swale Kingsdown is a small" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pterocelastrus echinatus Pterocelastrus echinatus ('pterocelastrus' = winged holly, 'echinatus' = spiny) is a small Southern African tree occurring in South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, and Malawi. This species is found in montane and submontane evergreen forests, forest margins, rocky hillsides, and kloofs, growing between 600 and 2400 m above sea level. Also known as white cherrywood or \"witkersiehout\", this species is found as a shrub or small tree. It has pale grey bark, with bright orange underbark on young shoots which are angular with spirally arranged, entire, glabrous leaves, elliptic to lanceolate, somewhat leathery and glossy, dark green above, and paler below, margins often revolute. Petioles may be up to 8 mm long, often with a wine-red colour extending into the midrib. Fragrant flowers are small, white to cream, and in axillary clusters. The fruit a three-celled woody dehiscent capsule 6–8 mm long, yellow to orange to red when mature, each valve with one to three bluntly pointed to winglike protuberances and each seed almost entirely enveloped by an aril. The venerable Kew taxonomist N. E. Brown first published his description of \"P. echinatus\" in 1906 in the 'Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew' 1906: 16. (Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew) The wood and roots produce resin which was used by Bantu tribes for attaching spear heads to the shafts. The attractive wood is pink to red in colour, resembling European cherry wood (\"Prunus avium\"), and is dense and moderately durable. In the past, it was used in wagon-building for pivot-plates (\"schamels\") and spokes. It is suitable for turnery and cabinet-making. The tree is host to a number of moth species from the family Geometridae - \"Aphilopota patulata\", \"A. subalbata\", \"Drepanogynis costipicta\", and \"D. olearis\". Pterocelastrus echinatus Pterocelastrus echinatus ('pterocelastrus' = winged holly, 'echinatus' = spiny) is a small Southern African tree" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Grace Weber Grace Weber (born June 28, 1988) is an American singer-songwriter from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. She is currently based in Brooklyn, New York. She has performed on the television shows \"Showtime at the Apollo\" and \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". Grace Weber was born on June 28, 1988 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Third of four children to Ralph Weber, a lawyer, and Patricia Mueller, a teacher, she grew up in a large and musical family. Her grandfather required each of his 10 children to learn an instrument, so she was exposed to music from a young age from that family heritage. At 12, she joined the Central City Youth Gospel Choir in Milwaukee and began singing gospel in earnest at churches and revivals around the city, as the choir gave her \"instant validation that [her] voice could move people.\" In 2004, at age 16, she performed on the nationally televised \"Showtime at the Apollo\" in Harlem, NY. She sang the gospel hymn \"His Eye is on the Sparrow\". In the same year she was asked to perform at soccer icon Mia Hamm and baseball player Nomar Garciaparra's wedding in Santa Barbara, California. In 2006, she was nominated for and became a Presidential Scholar for the Arts, through her receipt of the Silver Award in Popular Voice from the National Young Arts Foundation in the same year. As a part of the Presidential Scholars, Weber performed at the Kennedy Center shortly after. Also in 2006, Weber attended New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study and created a major in Music Performance and Music Marketing with a minor in Studio Art. Weber graduated from NYU in May 2010. In 2009, in her senior year at NYU, Grace submitted a video of herself singing Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\" to Oprah Winfrey Show as part of its Karaoke Challenge. As one of the 8 semi finalists chosen from all entries, Grace performed live on the Oprah Show. Hosts included Billy Ray Cyrus, Gladys Knight and Ashford and Simpson. In 2010, Grace was a Spotlight Artist to Watch in \"Billboard\". Before the release of her first album, \"Hope & Heart\", Grace was asked to perform at the official commemoration of the 10th anniversary of 9/11 in Paris, where she performed her original song, \"Leave the Light On\". Her first album, \"Hope & Heart\", was released on September 13, 2011 and produced by Michael Mangini. Notable singles from the album include \"Leave the Light on\" which was licensed to the Red Cross in October 2011, and \"Baby Come Down\" which was an in-store Starbucks play in January 2012. Throughout 2012, Weber received more press for her debut album, including being an NBC \"First Look\" in February 2012 and Huffington Post’s A-sides with Jon Chattman performing \"Hitchhiker\". In 2013, Weber began production on her sophomore album, which to finance Weber ran a Pledge Music campaign; this campaign reached and exceeded the fundraising goal. The producers on this album were Malcolm Burn & Geoff Stanfield who helped direct her to a ‘grittier’ sound. Notable singles from the album include the first release, \"Perfect Stranger\", the follow up release, \"Oil & Gold\" and the pop ballad \"Till I Hurt You\", which was the third single off the album and premiered on Conan O’Brian’s Team Coco. Collectively, the songs and the album received coverage from notable outlets including USA Today, Lucky, Soundcheck, NPR Music, Access Hollywood, Good Day New York, Blackbook, Relix, \"Entertainment Weekly\", Audio Tree, and Kick Kick Snare. In 2014, Weber was featured as one of Buzzfeed's \"11 Independent Musicians Who Are Making a Name for Themselves\", described as \"old soul with new boogie shoes.\" Weber also showcased at SXSW 2014 and was featured as one of \"Maxim\"s \"Hot 10\". In 2015, Weber was named one of New Music Seminars' \"Artist's on the Verge\" along with artists like Wild Adriatic, Twin Peaks and Perfect Pussy. This development was covered by \"Billboard\". Weber was given the prestigious honor of performing for the National Music Publishers Association's annual event in Washington, D.C. opening for Lady Antebellum. In terms of her singing, Weber has noted influences including \"strong women\": Eva Cassidy, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and India Arie, where her songwriting is inspired by poets including Joni Mitchell, Thom York and Patty Griffin. Studio albums Grace Weber Grace Weber (born June 28, 1988) is an American singer-songwriter from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. She is currently based in Brooklyn, New York. She has performed on the television shows \"Showtime at the Apollo\" and \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". Grace Weber was born on June 28, 1988 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Third of four children to Ralph Weber, a lawyer, and Patricia Mueller, a teacher, she grew up in a large and musical family. Her grandfather required each of his 10 children to learn an instrument, so she" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alcohol (CSS song) \"Alcohol\" is a single by Brazilian band CSS from their first album \"Cansei de Ser Sexy\". ¹ A cover song of Grizzly Bear. CSS version, together with Atlas Sound version, was included on Grizzly Bear's Friend EP. Directed by Jared Eberhardt, shows CSS band as bunnies getting drunk and playing the song. The music video was chosen from a video contest requested by the band themselves on QOOB, the commissioning was open between and . There were 66 participants in the contest; two of them were winners: \"Alcohol\" \"My Drinking Bunnies\" by Jared Eberhardt and \"Alcohol\" by SugoDesign.TV. Alcohol (CSS song) \"Alcohol\" is a single by Brazilian band CSS from their first album \"Cansei de Ser Sexy\". ¹ A cover song of Grizzly Bear. CSS version, together with Atlas Sound version, was included on Grizzly Bear's Friend EP. Directed by Jared Eberhardt, shows CSS band as bunnies getting drunk and playing the song. The music video was chosen from a video contest requested by the band themselves on QOOB, the commissioning was open between and . There were 66 participants in the contest; two of them were winners: \"Alcohol\" \"My Drinking Bunnies\" by Jared Eberhardt and \"Alcohol\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Urban reforestation Urban reforestation is the practice of planting trees, typically on a large scale, in urban environments. It sometimes includes also urban horticulture and urban farming. Reasons for practicing urban reforestation include urban beautification, increasing shade, modifying the urban climate, improving air quality, and restoration of urban forests after a natural disaster. Large scale urban reforestation programs include New York City's Million Tree Initiative, and TreePeople in Los Angeles, which planted 1 million trees in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics and continued planting thereafter. Grassroots efforts include Friends of the Urban Forest in San Francisco which advocates the planting of street trees and the \"Urban Reforestation\" organization in Australia, which focuses on sustainable living in urban places. Urban reforestation efforts compete for money and urban land that could be used for other purposes. For example, effort placed in planting new trees can take away from maintenance of already established trees. Urban reforestation Urban reforestation is the practice of planting trees, typically on a large scale, in urban environments. It sometimes includes also urban horticulture and urban farming. Reasons for practicing urban reforestation include urban beautification, increasing shade, modifying the urban climate, improving air quality, and restoration of urban" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mission Stardust Mission Stardust () is a 1967 science fiction film based on the early novels of the popular German \"Perry Rhodan\" series by K.H. Scheer and Walter Ernsting. A four-man mission to the Moon, the rocket \"Stardust\", is led by Major Perry Rhodan. The mission is intended to find a source of radioactive material more powerful then uranium. On the Moon, they find a stranded ship of the Arkonides, were Commander Thora is trying to save scientist Crest, along with a crew of robots. The earthmen find that Crest is suffering from leukemia, and there is a cure on Earth. Perry and others will take an Arkonide shuttlecraft to retrieve a doctor who has the cure. However, one of the earth crewman is supplying information to a crime lord who is after the radioactive material, and sees this as a chance for even greater power. He replaces the doctor and his nurses with his own people, and after they are taken to the Arkonide ship, are able to kidnap Thora in a bid to gain the Arkonide technology. Instead, Crest outfits Rhodan and Bull with Arkonide technology and they rescue Thora as well as the real doctor, who is able to help Crest. They soon leave the moon in the Stardust, with the promise of bring back materials the Arkonides need to repair their spaceship. \"Mission Stardust\" opened in Rome in August 1967 under the title \"4... 3... 2... 1... morte\" with a running time of 95 minutes. In a contemporary review, \"Variety\" noted the dubbing in the film, stating that it was \"only fair\" and that the special effects were \"crude, the color uneven, but the very audaciousness of the admixture keeps the attention.\" The review also praised the rock music film score by Anton G. Abril. From retrospective reviews, Gary Westfahl in his book \"The Spacesuit Film: A History, 1918-1969\" noted that the film contained \"shoddy special effects\" and recalled \"Saturday afternoon serials more than science fiction films of the 1960s\". Westfahl referred to the film as \"one of the era's most reviled genre films.\" Mission Stardust Mission Stardust () is a 1967 science fiction film based on the early novels of the popular German \"Perry Rhodan\" series by K.H. Scheer and Walter Ernsting. A four-man mission to the Moon, the rocket \"Stardust\", is led by Major Perry Rhodan. The mission is intended to find a source" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season The 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 52nd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 47th in the National League. The Pirates finished second in the league standings with a record of 87–67. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1933 Major League Baseball All-Star Game Tony Piet Pie Traynor Arky Vaughan Paul Waner 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season The 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 52nd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 47th in the National League. The Pirates finished second" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tennessee Department of Correction The Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) is a Cabinet-level agency within the Tennessee state government responsible for the oversight of more than 20,000 convicted offenders in Tennessee's fourteen prisons, three of which are privately managed by the Corrections Corporation of America. The department is headed by the Tennessee Commissioner of Correction, who is currently Tony Parker. TDOC facilities' medical and mental health services are provided by Corizon. Juvenile offenders not sentenced as adults are supervised by the independent Tennessee Department of Children's Services, while inmates granted parole or sentenced to probation are overseen by the Department of Correction (TDOC)/Department of Parole. The agency is fully accredited by the American Correctional Association. The department has its headquarters on the sixth floor of the Rachel Jackson Building in Nashville. In 1923, the Administrative Reorganization Act created the Department of Institutions, charged with the management of the Tennessee prison system. In 1933 the General Assembly passed legislation that created an Industrial Division within the Department of Institutions. In 1937, the name was changed to the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare, which had responsibility for a Confederate Soldier's Home, a School for the Blind, a School for the Deaf, a Tennessee Industrial School at the state penitentiary, the Blind Commission, the Clover Bottom Developmental Center, three regional psychiatric hospitals, and the Gailor Center. In 1939, the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare was divided into a Department of Institutions and a separate Department of Public Welfare. In 1953, the responsibility over mental health facilities was separated into the Department of Mental Health, and in 1955, the Department of Institutions arrived at its present name, the Department of Correction. In 1961, the state legislature established the Division of Adult Probation and Parole within the Department. In 1963, an Act created a Division of Youth Services and provided for an Assistant Commissioner. In 1970, a Division of Rehabilitative Services was created by the General Assembly. In that same year, an act passed that relieved the Commissioner of the Department of Correction of the position of Chairman of the Board of Pardons and Paroles, with the position now being elected by Board members. The Department of Corrections Central Office was moved to the Andrew Jackson State Office Building. In 1972 an act reformulated the Board of Pardons and Paroles, with the board now consisting of three full-time professional members appointed by the Governor, including the Chairman. In 1973 the Department of Corrections Central Office was moved to the First American Center. In 1974 the Tennessee Corrections Institute was create to train employees of the Department. In 1978 the Board of Paroles expanded its membership to five. In 1979 the Department of Correction Central Office was again moved to the State Office Building, an act made the Board of Pardons and Paroles separate from the Department of Correction, the Board of Paroles became an autonomous unit, and the Department of Correction Supervision and Rehabilitation Fund was established. In 1982 disbursement of funds for the fund was transferred from the Tennessee Department of Revenue to the Department of Correction. In the mid-1980s, the Department fell under federal oversight after a federal lawsuit was filed by inmates, who had complained of overcrowding and unfit conditions. In 1985, in a special session, the General Assembly funded over $320 million to improve the prison system as part of a Comprehensive Correction Improvement Act. In November 1994, Tennessee's prison systems were released from federal oversight. In 1989, Tennessee Department of Correction's facilities were organized into three regions, East, Middle, and West, with administrators appointed for each region. The Department of Youth Services was created, with all juvenile responsibilities and functions transferred from the Department of Correction. In March 1992 the operation of the South Central Correctional Center was contracted to the Corrections Corporation of America, with the facility being a test case of privatization of prison operations. In 1994 the Department's final two institutions passed American Correctional Association accreditation audits, making the Department the first adult correctional system in the country to have all its programs nationally accredited. In 1995, the Department was reorganized, and the regional concept was abolished. In 1997 legislation created the Sex Offender Treatment Board and Provider Network. DNA testing of all sex offenders required by legislation was begun. Legislation established the Tennessee Internet Crime Information Center, which provides online registries of sex offenders, missing children, and out-of-state parole and probation supervision. The departmental management system was restructured, and a programming planning section was created. Educational programming in institutions was also restructured. During the 100th Tennessee General Assembly, legislation was introduced to expand privatization of prison operations, but was deferred until the following session, when it was withdrawn from consideration. The General Assembly also passed a bill that allowed members of a victim's immediate family to watch an execution through a closed television circuit in an area separate from other witnesses. In 1998 the General Assembly established lethal injection as the method of execution for anyone that commits an offense on or after January 1, 1999. Legislation passed that transferred duties and responsibilities relating to probation services and community grant programs from the Department of Correction to the Board of Paroles, which had its name changed to the Board of Probation and Paroles. In 1999, the Department opened the first Security Threat Group in the Southeastern Tennessee State Regional Correctional Facility( Renamed Bledsoe County Correctional Complex ). In 2000, the Governor signed legislation making lethal injection, rather than electrocution, the standard method of execution for any person sentenced to death. Inmates sentenced to death for offenses committed prior to January 1, 1999 will be executed by lethal injection, or electrocution if the inmate requests it. Also becoming law in the year 2000 was a law that added a list of authorized witnesses for an execution. Additions may include one member of the defense counsel of the condemned as well as the Attorney General and the Reporter, or his or her designee. A Tennessee Volunteer Resource Board was created by the state legislature, which expanded the functions of the prior volunteer advisory board to include parolees as well as inmates and probationers. In 2001 a Director of Pre-Release Transition was appointed by the Commissioner of Correction to coordinate statewide pre-release programming, and a statewide contact to provide health care for the state's inmate population was added. On October 31, 2002, Tennessee's Felony Offender Information Lookup was launched, allowing the public to search for an inmate's location, inmate number, and early release date. In 2002 the state also launched the \"Tennessee Bridges\" program, with the Department of Correction and the Board of Probation and Parole receiving a 1 million dollar federal grant. Bledsoe County Correctional Complex serves as reception and classification center for male offenders. The Tennessee Prison for Women serves as the state reception and classification center for new female prisoners. As of 2016, Tennessee houses state inmates in four private prisons, all run by Corrections Corporation of America. According to the state's Private Prison Contracting Act of 1986, which authorizes only one private prison for state inmates, Tennessee contracts directly with CCA for inmates", "was launched, allowing the public to search for an inmate's location, inmate number, and early release date. In 2002 the state also launched the \"Tennessee Bridges\" program, with the Department of Correction and the Board of Probation and Parole receiving a 1 million dollar federal grant. Bledsoe County Correctional Complex serves as reception and classification center for male offenders. The Tennessee Prison for Women serves as the state reception and classification center for new female prisoners. As of 2016, Tennessee houses state inmates in four private prisons, all run by Corrections Corporation of America. According to the state's Private Prison Contracting Act of 1986, which authorizes only one private prison for state inmates, Tennessee contracts directly with CCA for inmates held at South Central Correctional Facility. For the other three facilities the state circumvents the statute by contracting with the local county. In turn the county signs an agreement with CCA. Most male death row prisoners are housed in the Riverbend Maximum Security Institution. Some condemned male prisoners are housed in the Morgan County Correctional Complex for security reasons. All female death row inmates are housed at the Tennessee Prison for Women. Men are housed in dedicated death row units, while women are not housed in special death row units because few women go on death row. Executions occur at Riverbend Maximum Security. From 1916 to 1960 executions occurred at the Tennessee State Penitentiary. Since the establishment of the Tennessee Department of Correction, 20 correctional employees have died in the line of duty. Tennessee Department of Correction The Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) is a Cabinet-level agency within the Tennessee state government responsible for the oversight of more than 20,000 convicted offenders in Tennessee's fourteen prisons, three of which are privately managed by the Corrections Corporation of America. The department is headed by the Tennessee Commissioner of Correction, who is currently Tony Parker. TDOC facilities' medical and mental health services are provided by Corizon. Juvenile offenders not sentenced as adults" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Local committee (Czechoslovakia) Local committees (, abbreviated MNV, literally \"local national committee\") were the representatives of the central committee (, literally \"national committee\"), which administered municipalities in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945 though 1990. In 1945, the local committees were awarded jurisdiction over municipalities in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, replacing existing municipal councils. In addition to their existing agendas, they also dealt with post-war issues, such as: Interim Implemention guidelines for state administration were published in September 10, 1947. Starting in February, 1948, the apparatus of state government gradually came under the control of the Communist Party. An updated constitution was ratified on May 9, 1948. All levels of government intervened into the economy and social life. A new law on regional government (no. 280/1948) was adopted on December 21, 1948, which enacted a complete reorganization of the state administration. A new regulation (no. 14/1950) was issued on February 28, 1950 which specified the creation of local chapters of the national committee. In those districts of Prague amalgamated into the capital region between 1968 and 1974, local committees continued to function, but were in fact subordinate to the Prague regional committee, while the original districts were governed directly by the regional committee. In 1990, after the Velvet Revolution, the local committees were transformed into municipal governments with local councils, except in Prague, where local government was divided at the district level. Local committee (Czechoslovakia) Local committees (, abbreviated MNV, literally \"local national committee\") were the representatives of the central committee (, literally \"national committee\"), which administered municipalities in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945 though 1990. In 1945, the local committees were awarded jurisdiction over municipalities in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, replacing existing municipal councils. In addition to their existing agendas, they also dealt with post-war issues, such as: Interim Implemention" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ashanti Yam Festival The Ashanti Yam Festival is an annual celebration of the Ashanti people of Ashanti. It marks the first harvest of yams during the autumn season, after the monsoon season. The yam is the staple food crop in Ashanti and most of Africa. The festival, a national holiday, is observed for five days starting with a Tuesday, as dictated by the local chief priest. It marks the first harvest of yams during the autumnal season, subsequent to the monsoon season. This festival has both religious and economic significance. Religiously, the festival is used to thank the god and the ancestors for the new harvest and to traditionally outdoor the new yam. The first offering of the crop is made to the ancestral gods by the chief priest of the Ashanti; the religious rite includes taking the yams on the second day of the festival in a procession to the ancestral ground. Music and dance are part of the festivities on all the five days. The festival is also popular because the King supervises the performance of the ablution ceremony by cleaning all the ancestral royal Stools (chairs). Another tradition during this festival is the melting of royal gold ornaments, ancient in design, and with due approval of the Government, to fashion them into new designs. During this festival the King does not permit human sacrifice, nor is the death drum allowed to be beaten as it is an auspicious occasion of purification. Before the start of the festival celebrations, the king inspects the Dampan structure which is erected temporarily to hold the public function. On the first day of the festival, the way to the burial ground of the Chiefs of Asantis is swept clean. On the second day, the yam is carried by the priests in a colourful procession for offering to the ancestors buried in the burial chambers. Only after this offering is completed are people allowed to consume the new crop of yam. The third day is observed as a mourning day for the ancestors and also to keep a fast. On the fourth day, the chief hosts a dinner at his house for all people. On the night of the fourth day, people remain indoors to avoid witnessing the cleansing of the chiefs' thrones, symbols of the dead people's spirits, in the Draa River at Kumasi. On the fifth day, a grand parade of the chief and his family, and courtiers, all dressed in regal finery, proceeds though the streets to pay respects to the senior local chief at his residence. In the parade, some people are carried in colourful decorated palanquins shaded by umbrellas. Ashanti Yam Festival The Ashanti Yam Festival is an annual celebration of the Ashanti people of Ashanti. It marks the first harvest of yams during the autumn season, after the monsoon season. The yam is the staple food crop in Ashanti and most of Africa. The festival, a national holiday, is observed for five days starting with a Tuesday," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "South Prairie Const. Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO South Prairie Construction Co. v. Local No 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, 425 U.S. 800 (1976), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States. The union, Local No 627 of the International Union of Operating Engineers claimed that the South Prairie Construction Co and Peter Kiewit Sons' Co were both a single employer, and that they were committing an unfair labor practice under the National Labor Relations Act 1935 §8(a)(5) by refusing to apply a collective agreement to them. The union was already the representative of the bargaining unit. The Administrative law judge held that the firms were one employer. The National Labor Relations Board held that South Prairie Co and Kiewit Co were separate employers. The Court of Appeals, DC Circuit, decided the firms were a single employer, reversing the NLRB decision under Radio and Television Broadcast Technicians Local Union 1264 v. Broadcast Service [1965] USSC 51, 380 U.S. 255 (1965). The Supreme Court found that the DC Circuit had legitimately identified two corporations as a single employer given that they had a \"very substantial qualitative degree of centralized control of labor\", but that further determination of the relevant bargaining unit should have been remitted to the NLRB. South Prairie Const. Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO South Prairie Construction Co. v. Local No 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, 425 U.S. 800 (1976), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States. The union, Local No 627 of the International Union of Operating Engineers claimed that the South Prairie Construction Co and Peter Kiewit Sons' Co were both a single employer," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quilaco Quilaco is a Chilean town and commune located in the Bío Bío Province, Bío Bío Region. The commune spans an area of . \"Quilaco\" has two accepted meanings: \"Three waters\" or \"Quila in the water\". The town has its roots in the Mapuche and Spanish races, as produced with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries in the 18th century. The town was founded 13 December 1760 when friar Juan Matud created the mission named \"Purest Conception of Quilaco\" (\"“Purísima Concepción de Quilaco\"\"). Around the mission, the town was formed, whose settlement and the surrounding localities were completed much later. Agricultural workers were sought out for infrastructure developments such as the South Bío Bío Canal, Agricultural Settlement Fund projects, and Agricultural Reform projects, and for the progressive parceling of some old estates. This diverse doubling is reflected today in the local roots, more than a local identity, it manifests itself in its extant communal traditions, notwithstanding those areas that observe certain customs of south-central and southern Chile. According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Quilaco spans an area of and has 4,021 inhabitants (2,110 men and 1,911 women). Of these, 1,612 (40.1%) lived in urban areas and 2,409 (59.9%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population fell by 8.2% (358 persons). As a commune, Quilaco is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Fredy Barrueto Viveros (PRI). Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Quilaco is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Juan Lobos (UDI) and José Pérez (PRSD) as part of the 47th electoral district, (together with Los Ángeles, Tucapel, Antuco, Quilleco, Santa Bárbara, Mulchén, Negrete, Nacimiento, San Rosendo, Laja and Alto Bío Bío). The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz -Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast). Quilaco Quilaco is a Chilean town and commune located in the Bío Bío Province, Bío Bío Region. The commune spans an area of . \"Quilaco\" has two accepted meanings: \"Three waters\" or \"Quila in the water\". The town has its roots in the Mapuche and Spanish races, as produced with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries in the 18th century. The town was founded 13 December 1760 when friar Juan Matud created the mission named" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alexis Ajinça Alexis Ajinça (; born May 6, 1988) is a French professional basketball player who last played for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After attending France's INSEP, Ajinça played for Pau-Orthez and Hyères-Toulon between 2006 and 2008. Ajinça was selected with the 20th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft by the Charlotte Bobcats. During his rookie season, he spent time with the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA Development League. During his second season with Charlotte, he spent time with the Maine Red Claws. On July 13, 2010, Ajinça was traded, along with Tyson Chandler, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Erick Dampier, Eduardo Nájera, Matt Carroll and cash considerations. On January 24, 2011, Ajinça was traded, along with a future second-round draft pick and cash considerations, to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for the draft rights to Georgios Printezis. On November 2, 2011, Ajinça joined Paris-Levallois for a one-week tryout. He left the team on November 8 and joined Hyères-Toulon two days later. He appeared in just two games with Hyères-Toulon before parting ways with the team. After failing to make a return to the NBA following the conclusion of the NBA lockout, Ajinça returned to France and signed with SIG Strasbourg on December 29, 2011. On August 13, 2012, he re-signed with Strasbourg for the 2012–13 season. On August 6, 2013, he re-signed with Strasbourg for the 2013–14 season. On December 18, 2013, he left Strasbourg to return to the NBA. On December 20, 2013, Ajinça signed with the New Orleans Pelicans. On July 9, 2015, he re-signed with the Pelicans. On April 8, 2016, he recorded career highs with 28 points and 15 rebounds in a 110–102 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 7, 2017, after missing all of the 2017–18 season up to that point, Ajinça was ruled out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery on his right patellar tendon, an injury that typically takes four to six months to recover. On October 15, 2018, Ajinça was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Wesley Johnson. He was waived by the Clippers immediately upon being acquired. In September 2013, Ajinça represented the French national team at EuroBasket 2013 in Slovenia. He averaged 9.1 points and 7.0 rebounds per game. Ajinça and his wife Courtney have two sons, Carter and Caysen. Alexis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ali Akbar Saremi Ali Akbar Saremi (1943 – 2017) was an architect from Iran. Saremi earned a Masters in Architecture from the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, in 1968. He got his doctorate in architecture under the supervision of Louis Kahn from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1976. Saremi is a well-known figure in contemporary architecture, for construction projects involving limited urban spaces. In an interview with Taghi Radmard (Bahram Hooshyar Yousefi) he stated: \"We designed the building in this way that solve the issue of neighborhood (in case of a school for girls). Moreover, school became a happy space and a happy space needs happy and bright materials. Some colors, trees, light shadows have to hide, space for children to hide... Spaces do not have to be defined, only.\" He also spoke about Persian architecture. Saremi was Chairman of Tajeer Consulting Engineers beginning in 1968. He was a lecturer at Farabi University (now known as the Isfahan University of Art) from 1976 to 1980. He was a lecturer at Islamic Azad University from 1994 to 1997. Saremi's major projects include the Pasteur Institute Amphitheater in 1988, the Iranian Embassy in Albania in 2000, commercial buildings and offices of crystal towers of Tabriz in 2001, the commercial and cultural city of Mashhad in 2004 and the exhibition and office complex of Kish in 2005. Ali Akbar Saremi Ali Akbar Saremi (1943 – 2017) was an architect from Iran. Saremi earned a Masters in Architecture from the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, in 1968. He got his doctorate in architecture under the supervision of Louis Kahn from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1976. Saremi is a well-known figure in contemporary architecture, for construction projects involving limited urban spaces. In an interview with Taghi Radmard (Bahram Hooshyar Yousefi)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Radiation Exposure Monitoring Radiation Exposure Monitoring (REM) is a framework developed by Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), for utilizing existing technical standards, such as DICOM, to provide information about the dose delivered to patients in radiology procedures, in an interoperable format. Ready access to dose information aids medical staff, including radiographers, radiologists and medical physicists, in the radiation protection goal of reducing doses to a level \"as low as reasonably practicable\". A challenge in automating the reporting of radiation exposure estimations has traditionally been a function of whether the record of dose provided by a manufacturer is persistent (i.e. stored electronically) or transient (i.e. displayed on a read-out). Many current radiology devices provide only transient records, either in the form of human-readable dose screens that require manual intervention (i.e. pencil and paper) to permanently capture the patient exposure, or else in the equally perishable data generated by a modality-performed procedure step (MPPS) created to help manage the scheduling system. MPPS is insufficient, having a limited ability to encode complex data, and no options for long-term storage or queries. Newer scanners are able to create DICOM radiation dose structured reports (RDSRs) alongside the images themselves. REM addresses perishable dose data by creating a persistent record that can be sent to a central repository, and then queried and analyzed by health information systems for either a specific patient's history or for analysis of radiation exposure levels among patient groups, platforms, or clinical operations. RDSRs, and the use of the IHE REM framework are part of the IEC 61910 standard. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) is an initiative by healthcare professionals and industry to improve the way computer systems in healthcare share information. IHE \"Integration Profiles\" are designed make systems easier to implement and integrate, and help care providers use information more effectively. IHE Integration Profiles describe clinical information management use cases and specify how to use existing standards (HL7, DICOM, etc.) to address them. Systems that implement integration profiles solve interoperability problems. For equipment vendors, Integration Profiles are implementation guides. For healthcare providers, Integration Profiles are shorthand for integration requirements in purchasing documents. Integration Statements tell customers the IHE Profiles supported by a specific release of a specific product. The REM Profile enables imaging modalities to export radiation exposure estimation details in a standard format. Radiation reporting systems can either query for these \"dose objects\" periodically from an archive, or receive them directly from the modalities. The radiation reporting system is expected to perform relevant dose QA analysis and produce related reports. The analysis methods and report format are not considered topics for standardization and are not covered in the profile. The profile also describes how radiation reporting systems can submit dose estimation reports to centralized registries such as might be run by professional societies or national accreditation groups. In the United States, the American College of Radiology DIR is one such registry. By profiling automated methods, the profile allows dose information to be collected and evaluated without imposing a significant administrative burden on staff otherwise occupied with caring for patients. In addition to supporting profile quality assurance (QA) of the technical process at the local facility, (e.g. determining if the dose was appropriate for the procedure performed), the profile also supports population analysis performed by national registries. Compliant software products are capable of de-identifying and submitting dose reports to a national dose register securely, making it relatively simple for groups such as ACR to collect and process dose data from across the country once they have recruited participating sites. Most fluoroscopic x-ray equipment can provide an estimate of the cumulative dose that would have resulted to a point on the skin if the x-ray beam was stationary during the complete procedure. Such an estimate is derived from the fluoroscopic technique factors and the total exposure time, including any image recording, or from built-in dosimetry systems. However, these systems, known as dose area product meters (DAP meters), do not directly provide skin dose information without further knowledge of the sizes of the x-ray beam during the entire procedure. The relationship between cumulative skin dose and peak skin dose is highly variable, as has been demonstrated in a number of publications. According to IHE, \"It is important to understand the technical and practical limitations of dose monitoring and the reasons why the monitored values may not accurately provide the radiation dose administered to the patient\": Despite such limitations, interest in monitoring radiation dose estimates is clearly expressed in such documents as the European directive Euratom 97/43 and the American College of Radiology Dose Whitepaper. Radiation Exposure Monitoring Radiation Exposure Monitoring (REM) is a framework developed by Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), for utilizing existing technical standards, such as DICOM, to provide information about the dose delivered to patients in radiology procedures, in an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Benjamin Wisner Bacon Benjamin Wisner Bacon (1860-1932) was an American theologian. He was born at Litchfield, Conn., and graduated at Yale College (College, 1881; Divinity School, 1884). After serving in pastorates at Old Lyme. Conn. (1884-1889), and at Oswego, N. Y. (1889–96), he was made an instructor in New Testament Greek at Yale Divinity School and became in 1897 professor of New Testament criticism and exegesis. The degrees D.D., Litt.D., and LL.D. were conferred upon him. Besides contributions to the \"Hibbert Journal\" and to the \"American Journal of Theology\" (of both of which he was chosen as an editor), his writings include: Benjamin Wisner Bacon Benjamin Wisner Bacon (1860-1932) was an American theologian. He was born at Litchfield, Conn., and graduated at Yale College (College, 1881; Divinity School, 1884). After serving in pastorates at Old Lyme. Conn. (1884-1889), and at Oswego, N. Y. (1889–96), he was made an instructor in New Testament Greek at Yale Divinity School and became in 1897 professor of New Testament criticism and exegesis. The degrees D.D., Litt.D., and LL.D. were conferred upon him. Besides contributions to the \"Hibbert Journal\" and to the \"American Journal of Theology\" (of both of which he was chosen as an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cross My Broken Heart (The Jets song) \"Cross My Broken Heart\" is the title of the first single released from \"Magic\", the second studio album released by the band the Jets. The song reached number 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in August 1987. It also appears on the soundtrack to the Eddie Murphy film, \"Beverly Hills Cop II\". The music video features the group performing the song inside a soundstage, against a backdrop of a movie theater entrance. It does not contain any scenes from the film \"Beverly Hills Cop II\"; however, it shows stills of the group posing in front of the film's marquee. Eugene Wolfgramm is in the video, despite having left the group to form Boys Club. Cross My Broken Heart (The Jets song) \"Cross My Broken Heart\" is the title of the first single released from \"Magic\", the second studio album released by the band the Jets. The song reached number 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in August 1987. It also appears on the soundtrack to the Eddie Murphy film, \"Beverly Hills Cop II\". The music video features the group performing the song inside a soundstage, against a backdrop of a movie theater entrance." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Burbong railway station Burbong is a former railway station which was located on the Bombala railway line, that leaves the main Sydney-Melbourne line at Joppa Junction. It served the Burbong and the surrounding area, which is part of the locality of Carwoola to the east of Queanbeyan in the Monaro Region of New South Wales, Australia. The station opened as \"Molonglo\" on 8 September 1887, being just west of the crossing of the Molonglo River. It was renamed \"Burbong\" on 1 January 1890. The station was closed on 20 January 1975. The station building is on the northern side of the railway line, close to the Australian Capital Territory. It is in New South Wales, because the Territory-State border runs along the northern edge of the railway land at this point, not along the railway as is sometimes assumed. The boundary was drawn to ensure that all of the Bombala railway remained part of New South Wales. On 21 March 1979, a woman was killed and her son injured in an accident at the level crossing with the former course of the Kings Highway at Burbong. The name \"Burbong\" is from the Australian aboriginal name, in the local language, for Goulburn. The station building still exists, having been redeveloped as a private dwelling. The railway line is used daily for services between Canberra and Sydney. The highway now crosses the line over a bridge. Burbong railway station Burbong is a former railway station which was located on the Bombala railway line, that leaves the main Sydney-Melbourne line at Joppa Junction. It served the Burbong and the surrounding area, which is part of the locality of Carwoola to the east of Queanbeyan in the Monaro Region of New South Wales, Australia. The station opened as \"Molonglo\" on 8 September 1887, being" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ando Bien Pedo \"Ando Bien Pedo\" (Mexican Slang for \"I'm Very Drunk\") is a song performed by Mexican group Banda Los Recoditos. It was produced by Alfonso Lizárraga for the band eleventh studio album of the same title in 2010. Released as the first single from the album, the song became their first number-one single for the band in the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Songs chart. Due to the success of the song, the aforementioned album peaked at number one in the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. The band performed the song at José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico at the 2010 Billboard Latin Music Awards. In the review for the parent album, David Jeffries of Allmusic, named the track \"polished\" and \"flashy\". The track debuted in the \"Billboard\" Regional Mexican Songs chart on January 2, 2010 at number 40 and climbed to the top ten of the chart four weeks later. \"Ando Bien Pedo\" peaked at number-one on February 13, 2010, spending twelve non-consecutive weeks at the top. \"Ando Bien Pedo\" also peaked at number-one in the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Songs chart during four non-consecutive weeks. The song debuted in the main Latin chart at number 34, and climbed to the top ten two weeks later. It replaced at the top of the chart \"Dile al Amor\" by Aventura on March 20, 2010, being replaced by \"Me Gusta Todo de Tí\" by Banda el Recodo two weeks later. The song returned to the number-one spot three weeks later, and was succeeded at the top by \"Mi Niña Bonita\" performed by Chino & Nacho. \"Ando Bien Pedo\" ranked sixth at the Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart of 2010. \"Ando Bien Pedo\" received nominations for Song of the Year, Banda Song of the Year and Hot Song of the Year at the 2010 Monitor Latino Awards. Ando Bien Pedo \"Ando Bien Pedo\" (Mexican Slang for \"I'm Very Drunk\") is a song performed by Mexican group Banda Los Recoditos. It was produced by Alfonso Lizárraga for the band eleventh studio album of the same title in 2010. Released as the first single from the album, the song became their first number-one single for the band in the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Songs chart. Due to the success of the song, the aforementioned album peaked at number one in the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. The band performed the song at José Miguel" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "We Are the Physics Are OK at Music We Are the Physics Are OK at Music is the debut full-length album of purveyors of Mutant Science Punk Rock, We Are the Physics, released via This Is Fake DIY Records on 5 May 2008. The album is to have special \"3D artwork\": the cd case will fold out into a stage scene, and band members will be available to cut out of card to stick onto the scene. The band say that there will be more figures to cut out and collect on their website in the months following the release of the album. We Are the Physics Are OK at Music We Are the Physics Are OK at Music is the debut full-length album of purveyors of Mutant Science Punk Rock, We Are the Physics, released via This Is Fake DIY Records on 5 May 2008. The album is to have special \"3D artwork\": the cd case will fold out into a stage scene, and band members will be available to cut out of card to stick onto the scene. The band say that there will be more figures to cut out and collect on their website in the months" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dré Steemans Dré Steemans (better known by his artist name Felice; 1 October 1954 – 9 October 2009) was a Belgian TV and radio host. Steemans made his broadcast debut on 1 September 1985 in the radioshow \"Het Genootschap\" of Luk Saffloer, in which he started using his alter ego Felice Damiano. After this success he presented on Thursday evening his first show \"Felice\" on the BRT. Soon after he received his own talk show, \"Incredible\". One of the best known events in that show was when Jan Bucquoy mimicked with two figs the private parts of Queen Fabiola. In 1992 he started with Herwig Van Hove for the VRT the cooking show \"1000 seconden\", that aired for more than 10 years. Felice was perhaps most famous for the show \"Het Swingpaleis\", a sing along show that he presented from 1996 until 2006 on VRT. In the summer months, he presented a similar show called \"Biebabeloela\". He also presented the talk show \"Als God in Frankrijk\" and gameshow's like \"Als je haar maar goed zit!\". He was also present at the cradle of the radio station Radio Donna. He had a cooking item in the show Vrouwentongen of Leen Demaré. In the summer months when he was at the camp site of Chiro Maasmechelen the presented his item live from the campsite where he cooked for the children. On 15 March 2006 the VRT announced that Steemans transfers to SBS, that own the stations VT4 and VijfTV. For VIJFtv he presented each weekday the popular gameshow \"Te Nemen Of Te Laten\", while for VT4 he hosted \"Supertalent in Vlaanderen\". Afterwards, he completed a BA in History and Politics, later carrying this on to a Masters level. He then continued this onto doctorate level, becoming Dr Dre Streemens. He also hosted the first version of \"Boobytrap\" in the Netherlands. On 9 October 2009, just after his 55th birthday he died suddenly from cardiac arrest in his sleep. Every summer (when he was free) Dré was the cook at the camp of the Chiro Maasmechelen, where he didn't want people to call him Felice. Even though he was an entertainer (even at the camp site), he was there as a private person and not a celebrity. Dré Steemans Dré Steemans (better known by his artist name Felice; 1 October 1954 – 9 October 2009) was a Belgian TV and radio host. Steemans" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Constance Clayton Constance (\"Connie\") Elaine Clayton, PhD, EdD (maiden; born 1933) is an American educator and civic leader. Notably, from 1982 to 1993, she was the Superintendent of the School District of Philadelphia. Clayton holds distinctions of (i) being the first woman and (ii) the first African American to serve as Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia. In 1992, the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education established the Constance E. Clayton Professorship, a first in the name of an African American woman at an Ivy League institution. Clayton is known for her \"forceful persona\" and \"no-nonsense\" approach and for her advocacy for children. Constance Elaine Clayton was born in 1933 in Philadelphia to Levi Clayton (1906–1987) and Willabell Harris (maiden; 1910–2004). Her parents – who married February 19, 1931, in Philadelphia – separated September 1935, when she was two, and legally divorced on April 4, 1952. Constance was raised by her mother, Willabell Clayton, and maternal grandmother Sarah Harris. She has said of her childhood that \"I had everything I needed and most of the things I wanted. I really was very fortunate.\" Her mother took her to art museums, establishing a lifelong love for art. Clayton attended Paul Laurence Dunbar Elementary School and the Philadelphia High School for Girls. She credits lawyer Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, the wife of civil rights attorney Raymond Pace Alexander, as one of her mentors. She received her B.A. and M.A. at Temple University in 1955, where she specialized in elementary school administration. She earned her Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University in 1974, and a Doctor of Education degree (EdD) in educational administration from the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education in 1981. She was the national social action chairman of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. From 1955 to 1964 Clayton worked as a fourth grade teacher in the School District of Philadelphia at the William H. Harrison School in North Philadelphia. From 1964 to 1969 she designed social studies curricula for elementary grades. From 1969 to 1971 she was the head of a new African and Afro-American Studies program, addressing issues for students of all ages. During 1971-1972, she became director of the Women's Bureau for the Middle Atlantic States, working for the United States Department of Labor in Washington, D.C. to support women’s employment status and pay equity. From 1973 to 1983, she was first the director and then the associate superintendent of the Early Childhood Program for the Philadelphia school system. Under her direction, the program was seen as a national model. During this time she also went back to school, earning her Ph.D. in 1974, and her EdD in educational administration from the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education in 1981. In 1983, Constance Clayton defeated 83 other candidates to become the superintendent of the School District of Philadelphia. She was Philadelphia’s first African American woman superintendent. She served in the position from 1983 to 1993. She also became president-elect of the national Council of Great City Schools. The Philadelphia school system was the sixth largest school system in the United States, employing approximately 24,500 teachers, administrators, and support staff at over 250 locations. Challenges included the extreme poverty of much of the student body and a budget deficit. Clayton set a number of goals for the city’s schools, including balancing the budget, standardizing the curriculum, and attracting private sector support. At the end of her first 8 years as superintendent, the school system had been largely successful in meeting those goals. Clayton was a moral voice in support of children in the education system, emphasizing that \"Somebody had better step forward and be the advocate for kids.\" She emphasized the need for federal, state, and city governments to all make a \"concrete investment\" in education. She recognized the difficulties faced by many children, and promoted programs to address their needs, including the Homeless Student Initiative, America 2000, a broader sexual education program, and acceptance of pregnant students who wish to graduate. \"We must educate the kids born into poverty and despair. We must value all kids and not just a select few.\" \"We have enormously talented kids who have a great deal of potential, children who are aspiring.\" According to \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" reporter Claude Lewis, Clayton \"made meaningful improvement and provided a measure of hope for students and teachers alike who live with despair.\" She retired in 1993. Since her retirement, Constance Clayton has continued to be active in the community and to serve on the boards of a number of institutions. These include the Philadelphia Museum of Art, where she serves on the board of trustees. In 2000 she founded the museum's African American Collections Committee. Her work with the museum has led to the creation of the exhibits \"Treasures of Ancient Nigeria\" (1982) and \"Represent: 200 Years of African American Art\" (2014). The Constance E. Clayton Professorship in Urban Education was established in 1992 at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. It received support from the William Penn Foundation, Cigna, The Vanguard Group, and PNC Bank. Constance Clayton was the first African American woman to have a professorship named for her at an Ivy League institution. U. Penn also established, in her honor, The Clayton Lecture Series on Urban Education. Constance Clayton Constance (\"Connie\") Elaine Clayton, PhD, EdD (maiden; born 1933) is an American educator and civic leader. Notably, from 1982 to 1993," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hypership Out of Control Hypership Out of Control is an iOS game developed by American studio Fun Infused Games and released on September 15, 2011. A sequel was released on January 20, 2014 entitled \"Hypership Still Out of Control\". The game was released on Steam on 29 September 2015. The game has a Metacritic score of 85% based on 6 critic reviews. Pocket Gamer UK gave the game 80%, writing \"An engaging and easy-to-play arcade burst with a hard and challenging core, Hypership Still Out of Control doesn't do enough to differentiate itself from its predecessor.\" 148Apps gave the game 70%, commenting \" This remix of fast-paced shoot 'em up Hypership Out of Control should satisfy new players, but those expecting a true sequel will be let down.\" Hypership Out of Control Hypership Out of Control is an iOS game developed by American studio Fun Infused Games and released on September 15, 2011. A sequel was released on January 20, 2014 entitled \"Hypership Still Out of Control\". The game was released on Steam on 29 September 2015. The game has a Metacritic score of 85% based on 6 critic reviews. Pocket Gamer UK gave the game 80%, writing \"An engaging" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2001 Los Angeles mayoral election The 2001 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on April 10, 2001, with a run-off election on June 5, 2001. Incumbent mayor Richard Riordan was prevented from running for a third term because of term limits. In the election to replace him, then-City Attorney James Hahn defeated Antonio Villaraigosa, the former speaker of the California State Assembly. The primary election for Mayor was held on April 10, 2001. Villaraigosa finished first, with 30 percent of the vote. Hahn was second with 25 percent of the vote. City elections in Los Angeles are nonpartisan; the top two vote-getters advance to the runoff if no contender reaches 50 percent. Riordan had endorsed his Senior Advisor and Parks Commissioner, businessman Steve Soboroff, to replace him. Soboroff, the only prominent Republican in the race, finished third with 21 percent of the vote. Also competing in the primary election were longtime Los Angeles City Council member Joel Wachs, United States Representative Xavier Becerra, and then-California State Controller Kathleen Connell. They finished with 11, 6 and 5 percent of the vote, respectively. \"The Los Angeles Times\" made a dual endorsement of Hahn and Villaraigosa in the primary election, while the City's other daily newspapers, \"The Los Angeles Daily News\" and \"The Daily Breeze\" endorsed Soboroff. Riordan switched his endorsement to Villaraigosa in the general election. Despite the popular Republican Mayor's endorsement, as well as the endorsement of the Los Angeles Times, Villaraigosa was unable to capture a majority. Hahn won the general election on June 5, 2001 with 53.53 percent of the vote, to Villaraigosa's 46.47 percent. Soboroff and Becerra remained neutral in the general election. Wachs endorsed Villaraigosa. Hahn was sworn in as Los Angeles' 40th mayor in the summer of 2001. Hahn faced Villaraigosa in a runoff rematch in the 2005 Los Angeles Mayoral election. In that race, Villaraigosa defeated Hahn to become the 41st mayor of Los Angeles. Soboroff would go on to become a Senior Fellow at UCLA and to the head of the Playa Vista development on Los Angeles' Westside, while Wachs became president of the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York City and Connell was termed out of her post as State Controller. Becerra remained a member of the United States Congress until his appointment to succeed Senator Kamala Harris as Attorney General of California in 2017. 2001 Los Angeles mayoral election The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dalibor Zebić Dalibor Zebić (born 4 February 1972) is a Croatian football manager and a former player. His last position was as the manager of Zadar in the Prva HNL. Zebić began his playing career in the fourth-tier club Poljičanin from Srinjine, and eventually moved to Primorac Stobreč where he spent two years. After a short spell at NK Zagreb, he joined Zadarkomerc in 1996. Following their relegation from Prva HNL in 1999, he joined Osijek. After Zadar returned to top flight in the 2001–02 season, Zebić returned and played there until 2005 when he was forced to retire due to injury. After his retirement, Zebić was appointed assistant manager at Zadar. In April 2006, he took over the first team after Predrag Jurić was sacked. The team finished at the 7th place in the south division group of Druga HNL. The following season in the united Druga HNL, Zadar finished second and enter the promotion play-off. They won promotion after defeating Pula 5–2 on aggregate. In September 2008, Zebić resigned after a disappointing start in the season and winning only one point from nine matches. After Ivica Datković terminated his contract in December 2008, Zebić again returned to Zadar and managed to avoid relegation. In the 2009–10 season, Zadar finished in the 12th place, one point clear of relegation zone. In the following two seasons, Zadar finished in the 10th place. In September 2012, Zebić resigned after a 5–1 home defeat to Inter Zaprešić, leaving the team in the 11th place without a win in nine matches. In November 2014, Zebić was named as chairman of Zadar after the club was converted to sports joint-stock company. The following month, Zebić resigned from position. Dalibor Zebić Dalibor Zebić (born 4 February 1972) is a Croatian football manager and a former" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Victor Santa Cruz Victor Santa Cruz is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at Azusa Pacific University in Azusa, California, a position he has held since 2006. Santa Cruz played college football as a linebacker at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He redshirted in 1990 and afterwards became a four-year letterman from 1991 to 1994 for the Hawaii Warriors. Santa Cruz is the current head football coach for the Azusa Pacific Cougars. After serving as an assistant coach at Azusa Pacific for five years, Santa Cruz became head coach after the 2005 season, replacing Pete Shinnick, who left to take on the task of reviving the football program at UNC Pembroke. As of the end of the 2018 season, Santa Cruz's coaching record at Azusa Pacific was 83-60 () . He is the program's all-time leader in coaching victories, and ranks third in winning percentage. Santa Cruz led his team to the NAIA playoffs in 2010 and 2011.In 2012 Santa Cruz led the Azusa Pacific Football program through the transition from NAIA to NCAA Division 2. In 2013, he led the Cougars to a 10–2 season, winning the first conference championship in school history and winning the school's second national championship with a 67–0 win over the Greenville Panthers in the 2013 Victory Bowl. In 2014 Santa Cruz led the program to their first ever back to back 10 win season, posting a 10–1 record and winning their second straight conference title. Santa Cruz was named coach of the year in 2013, 2014, and 2016 by the Great Northwest Athletic Conference and in 2013 by the NCCAA. In 2016, Santa Cruz again led the Cougars to a conference title, and also earned the program's first ever berth in the NCAA Division II football playoffs. Victor Santa Cruz Victor Santa Cruz is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at Azusa Pacific University in Azusa, California, a position he has held since 2006. Santa Cruz played college football as a linebacker at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He redshirted in 1990 and afterwards became a four-year letterman from 1991 to 1994 for the Hawaii Warriors. Santa Cruz is the current head football coach for the Azusa Pacific Cougars. After serving as an assistant coach at Azusa Pacific for five years, Santa Cruz became head coach after" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Montreal Museum of Fine Arts The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA; , MBAM) is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the city's largest museum and is amongst the most prominent in Canada. The museum is located on the historic Golden Square Mile stretch of Sherbrooke Street. The MMFA is spread across five pavilions, and occupies a total floor area of , 13,000 () of which are exhibition space. With the 2016 inauguration of the Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion for Peace, the museum campus was expected to become the eighteenth largest art museum in North America. The permanent collection included approximately 44,000 works in 2013. The original \"reading room\" of the Art Association of Montreal was the precursor of the museum's current library, the oldest art library in Canada. The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts is a member of the International Group of Organizers of Large-scale Exhibitions, also known as the Bizot Group, a forum which allows the leaders of the largest museums in the world to exchange works and exhibitions. The museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. Founded in 1860 by Bishop Fulford, the Art Association of Montreal was created to \"encourage the appreciation of fine arts among the people of the city\". Since it did not have a permanent place to store acquisitions the Art Association was not able to acquire works to display nor to seek works from collectors. During the following twenty years, the organization had an itinerant existence during which its shows and expositions were held in various Montreal venues. In 1877, the Art Association received an exceptional gift from Benaiah Gibb, a Montreal businessman. He gave the core of his art collection consisting of 72 canvases and 4 bronzes. In addition he donated to the Montreal institution a building site on the north-east corner of Phillips Square and further the sum of money of $8,000. This latter gift was on condition that a new museum be constructed on the site within three years. On the 26 May 1879, the Governor General of Canada, Sir John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, inaugurated the Art Gallery of the Art Association of Montreal, the first building in the history of Canada to be constructed specifically for the purpose of housing an art collection. The Art Gallery at Phillips Square, designed by the Hopkins and Wily architecture firm, comprised an exhibition room, another smaller room (known as the Reading Room) reserved for graphic works as well as a lecture hall and an embryonic art school. The museum was enlarged in 1893 by founding member G. Drummond's nephew, Andrew Thomas Taylor, with decorative carving by sculptor Henry Beaumont. The Art Association held an annual show of works created by its members as well as a Spring Salon devoted to the works of living Canadian Artists. The gift made by Benaiah Gibb was a watershed event in the founding of the museum's collection. The generous gift engaged a keen interest in the public and, because of it, the donations multiplied. Too cramped at its original location, the Art Association strongly considered the idea of moving from Phillips Square to the Golden Square Mile, where the most of the city's financial elite lived at the time. They settled on the site of the abandoned Holton House, on Sherbrooke Street West, for the construction of the new museum. Senator Robert Mackay, the owner of the property, was convinced to sell the house for a good price. A committee responsible for the construction of the museum was formed consisting of James Ross, Richard B. Angus, Vincent Meredith, Louis-Joseph Forget and David Morrice (the father of painter James Wilson Morrice). Most members of this committee offered a considerable amount of their own money for the construction of the museum. This included a large donation by businessman James Ross. The Phillip's Square location was demolished in 1912, and is now a Burger King. A limited architectural design competition was conducted to select an architect among three architectural firms that were invited to apply. The museum committee selected the project proposed by brothers Edward Maxwell and William Sutherland Maxwell. Trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition, they proposed a building that catered to French taste of the time: sober and majestic. Work began in the summer of 1910 and finished in the fall of 1912. On December 9, 1912, the Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, inaugurated the new Museum of the Art Association of Montreal on Sherbrooke Street West in front of 3,000 people present for the occasion. In 1949, the Art Association of Montreal was renamed as the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, which was more representative of the institution's mandate. In 1972, the MMFA became a semi-public institution funded mainly by government funds. An expansion of the museum was undertaken during the 1970s culminating in 1976, with the opening of the Liliane and David M. Stewart Pavilion. Designed by architect Fred Lebensold the building backs directly onto the back of the Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion. The building's architecture is modernist, made of concrete structures located along du Musée Avenue and in contrast with the classical architecture of the first pavilion. It was controversial at the time, despite innovations like the ceiling box for a track lighting and large open interior. The pavilion houses nearly 900 decorative art and design objects. Most objects come from were donated by Liliane and David M. Stewart, hence the name of the pavilion. The collection includes furniture, glass, silverware, textiles, ceramics and works of industrial design. These objects were made of a variety materials, reflecting their origins in different countries and time periods. The appointment of Bernard Lamarre in 1982 as president of the board of directors, revitalized the museum after several difficult years. In the mid 1980s, he proposed a major expansion of the museum. This proposal led to the construction of the Jean-Noël Desmarais Pavilion. In 1991, the museum's third building, designed by Moshe Safdie, was built on the south side of Sherbrooke Street. It was funded by contributions from governments and the members of the business community, notably the Desmarais family. Safdie's architectural design incorporated the facade of New Sherbrooke Apartments, an apartment-hotel that occupied the site since 1905. On September 4, 1972, the museum was the site of the largest art theft in Canadian history, when armed thieves made off with jewellery, figurines and 18 paintings worth a total of $2 million at the time (approximately $ million today), including works by Delacroix, Gainsborough and a rare Rembrandt landscape (\"Landscape with Cottages\"). One painting, believed at the time to have been a Jan Brueghel the Elder but later reattributed to one of his students, was returned by the thieves as a way of opening ransom negotiations; the rest have never been recovered. The thieves likewise have never been identified, although there is at least one informal suspect. In 2003, \"The Globe and Mail\" estimated that the Rembrandt alone would be worth $1 million. With the insurance money from the theft, the museum bought a large Peter Paul Rubens painting, \"The Leopards\", which it promoted as the largest Rubens in Canada. However, years later a conservator had the paint tested and found that the red pigments in it were mixed around 1687, four decades after Rubens died; the painting has since been reattributed to Rubens' students. In 2007, on the 35th anniversary of the theft, it was removed from exhibit and remains in storage. One day before the 39th anniversary of the 1972 theft, a visitor took a Roman marble head from the 1st century CE from its pedestal. The perpetrator was able to escape the museum before the head's absence was discovered. Late in October 2011, about eight weeks after the original theft, a similarly-sized sandstone relief of", "With the insurance money from the theft, the museum bought a large Peter Paul Rubens painting, \"The Leopards\", which it promoted as the largest Rubens in Canada. However, years later a conservator had the paint tested and found that the red pigments in it were mixed around 1687, four decades after Rubens died; the painting has since been reattributed to Rubens' students. In 2007, on the 35th anniversary of the theft, it was removed from exhibit and remains in storage. One day before the 39th anniversary of the 1972 theft, a visitor took a Roman marble head from the 1st century CE from its pedestal. The perpetrator was able to escape the museum before the head's absence was discovered. Late in October 2011, about eight weeks after the original theft, a similarly-sized sandstone relief of a guard's head dating to 5th-century-BCE Persia was stolen the same way. The two works were valued at $1.3 million together. In late 2013 a tip led investigators to the home of Simon Metke, an Edmonton man. The SQ, in conjunction with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, executed a search warrant and recovered the Persian piece in January 2014. He was charged with possession of stolen property, possessing the proceeds of a crime and possessing a controlled substance for the purpose of trafficking; his girlfriend faced the latter two charges as well. Metke pled guilty to the first charge in April 2017. He and the prosecutors agreed that while he did not know the relief had been stolen, he could have taken more steps to ascertain that it had not been than just doing a Google search on \"Is a Mesopotamian artifact missing?\" He received a conditional discharge with probation and community service as his sentence; a character in the 2016 film \"Yoga Hosers\" was inspired by him after the story was reported in the media. The insurance company had taken legal ownership of the relief as a result of paying the claim, and while the museum could have bought it back by simply repaying the claim it declined to do so, as the relief was offered for sale at the 2016 Frieze Art Fair. While police suggested at the time of Metke's arrest they had some leads on the thief, he has not been identified. The Roman head also remains missing as of 2017. The museum is partitioned into five pavilions: a 1912 Beaux Arts building designed by William Sutherland Maxwell and brother Edward Maxwell, now named the Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion; the modernist Jean-Noël Desmarais Pavilion across the street, designed by Moshe Safdie, built in 1991; the Liliane and David M. Stewart Pavilion, the Claire and Marc Bourgie Pavilion built 2011 and recently inaugurated the Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion for Peace. While the Desmarais Pavilion houses modern and contemporary art collection, the Hornstein's focus is specifically archaeology and ancient art; the Lilian and David M. Stewart is devoted to decorative arts and design and is a UNESCO City of Design! The Claire and Marc Bourgie houses the Quebec and Canadian art, and the new Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion for peace is the home for the international art collection. On February 14, 2007, the museum's administration board announced its project to convert the , located on Sherbrooke West street, into a Canadian art pavilion. This new pavilion allowed the museum to double the display surface currently dedicated to Canadian artists. A Romanesque Revival church with Tiffany stained glass, dating from 1893–94, the church had been designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1998. It was named the Claire and Marc Bourgie pavilion, as a recognition of the family's considerable financial support, and opened in 2010. With the addition of a fifth pavilion, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts occupies a surface area of , of which is dedicated to exhibition space. The expansion will make it the eighteenth largest art museum in North America. In 1892, John W. Tempest bequeathed sixty oil paintings and watercolor paintings as well as a trust fund for the purchase of works of art. This was the main source of income for the museum's acquisition of European paintings until the 1950s. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the large art collections owned by many prominent Montreal families became dispersed through shared inheritance. However, some heirs made large donations to the museum, such members of the Drummond, Angus, Van Horne, and Hosmer families, among others. In 1927, a collection of over 300 objects, including 150 paintings, was donated by the descendants of Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal. In 1917, the Art Association of Montreal created a department devoted to the decorative arts. The department was entrusted to Frederick Cleveland Morgan, who became the curator of the collection on a voluntary basis from 1917 until his death in 1962. Morgan added more than seven thousand pieces in the form of acquisitions, bequests or donations to the museum's collection. He also expanded the mandate of the museum, from an institution dedicated solely to the fine arts to an encyclopedic museum, open to all forms of art. Since 1955, the museum gained the acquisition funds it needed to buy Canadian or foreign works from the legacy of Horsley and Annie Townsend. Several gifts and bequests are made by the heirs or descendants of the collectors who founded the Art Association. Other donations come from new donors such as Joseph Arthur Simard, who in 1959 offered a collection of 3,000 Japanese incense boxes that belonged to the French statesman Georges Clemenceau. In 1960, the centennial of the founding of the Art Association of Montreal was highlighted by the publication of a catalog of selected works from the collection and a museum guide. On September 4, 1972, a major theft took place at the museum. Fifty objects were taken including eighteen paintings, including works by Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Eugène Delacroix that were never recovered. Major contributions have been made by Renata and Michal Hornstein since the 1970s. These have included works by Old Masters, as well as several of the largest collections of drawings of the Swiss painter Ferdinand Hodler. These gifts expanded the range of the museum's collections, and reached a peak in 2000, with admission of the modern design collection assembled by Liliane M. Stewart and David M. Stewart, long a part of the Montreal Decorative Arts Museum and exhibited at the MMFA from 1997 to 2000. Liliane M. Stewart donated over 5,000 objects to the museum's collection (estimated value of C$15 million). Montreal Museum of Fine Arts The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA; , MBAM) is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the city's largest museum and is amongst the most prominent in Canada. The museum is located" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2011–12 Robert Morris Colonials women's ice hockey season The 2011–12 Robert Morris Lady Colonials ice hockey season saw the Colonials win the CHA Tournament for the first time in school history. The Lady Colonials participated in the Nutmeg Classic on November 25 and 26. In addition, the Lady Colonials hosted the RMU Showcase on December 30 at the CONSOL Energy Centre versus the Bemidji State Beavers of the WCHA. The Colonials blocked 49 Laker shot attempts in the game. It is the highest-recorded blocked shots figure in a single game for the Colonials, as seven different Colonials blocked at least four shots in the game. Jamie Joslin led all Colonial skaters with nine blocks. Joslin assisted on RMU's second goal in the game, which moved her into a tie for the most points in a season by a Colonials defender with 16, respectively. Katelyn Scott scored the first goal of her NCAA career to open the scoring. Thea Imbrogno extended the Colonials lead to 2-0. At the 16:06 mark of the second, Mercyhurst cut the lead. The Lakers were granted a great chance to tie it when they received two more power-play chances within two minutes after their first goal, but the RMU defense held firm and protected the lead. Just when it seemed as though the Lakers might take momentum into the intermission, Delaney drilled home a rebound with just 30 ticks left in the second to reestablish RMU's multi-goal advantage heading into the third. With less than a minute to play in the second period, Rebecca Vint and Kylie St. Louis assisted on a marker by Brianna Delaney that would stand as the game-winning goal. With seven seconds left to play, Mercyhurst scored on the power play, but were unable to tie the game. On the power play, the Colonials held the Lakers to a 2-for-12 mark. Heading into the game, the Lakers were the NCAA's best man-advantage unit. Of note, Delaney played in the final game of her NCAA career. With the goal, she moved into sole possession of first place in career goals scored at Robert Morris with 53. In addition, she moved into first place in career GWG at Robert Morris. She extended her RMU career points record to 121, was subsequently named to the All-Tournament Team. Along with senior assistant captain Kathryn Stack and KristinDiCiocco, they were the first three Colonials ever to earn CHA All-Tournament honors. 2011–12 Robert Morris Colonials women's ice hockey season The 2011–12 Robert Morris Lady Colonials ice hockey season saw the Colonials win the CHA Tournament for the first time in school history. The Lady Colonials participated in the Nutmeg Classic on November 25 and 26. In addition, the Lady Colonials hosted the RMU Showcase on December 30 at the CONSOL Energy Centre versus the Bemidji State Beavers of the WCHA. The Colonials blocked 49 Laker shot attempts in the game. It is the highest-recorded blocked shots figure in a single game for the Colonials, as seven different Colonials" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bill Bailey Mark Robert Bailey (born 13 January 1965) known by his stage name Bill Bailey, is an English comedian, musician, singer, actor, TV and radio presenter and author. Bailey is well known for his role in \"Black Books\" and for his appearances on \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\", \"Have I Got News for You\" and \"QI\", as well as his extensive stand-up work. Bailey was listed by \"The Observer\" as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy in 2003. In 2007, and again in 2010, he was voted the seventh greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's \"100 Greatest Stand-Ups\". Bailey was born in Bath, Somerset, and spent most of his childhood in Keynsham, a town situated between Bath and Bristol in the West of England. His father was a medical practitioner and his mother a hospital ward sister. His maternal grandparents lived in an annexe, built on the side of the house by his maternal grandfather who was a stonemason and builder. Two rooms at the front of the family house were for his father's surgery. Bailey was educated at King Edward's School, an independent school in Bath where he was initially a highly academic pupil winning most of the prizes. At about the age of 15, he started to become distracted from school work when he realised the thrill of performance as a member of a school band called Behind Closed Doors, which played mostly original work. He was the only pupil at his school to study A-level music and he passed with an A grade. He also claims to have been good at sport (captain of KES 2nd XI cricket team 1982), which often surprised his teachers. He would often combine music and sport by leading the singing on the long coach trip back from away rugby fixtures. It was here that he was given his nickname Bill by his music teacher, Linda Phipps, for being able to play the song \"Won't You Come Home Bill Bailey\" so well on the guitar. He started studies for an English degree at Westfield College of the University of London but left after a year. He is a classically trained musician and received an Associateship Diploma from the London College of Music as well as being made an honorary member of the Society of Crematorium Organists. He performed with a boy band \"The Famous Five\". Acting roles included a part in a Workers' Revolutionary Party stage production called \"The Printers\", which also featured Vanessa Redgrave and Frances de la Tour. Until 24 February 2018, nobody was quite sure when Bill Bailey was born. There were two possible dates- 24 February 1964 or 13 January 1965- the latter being correct. Bailey is a supporter of the Labour Party and appeared in the Labour Party's fifth party election broadcast of the 2010 General Election campaign. However, he was critical of Labour during the 2015 election campaign, describing leader Ed Miliband as \"a plastic bag caught in a tree\", adding that \"no one knows how he got up there and no one can be bothered to get him down\". Bailey is an outspoken feminist and supporter of the Fawcett Society. Bailey is a prominent voice of men's issues, most notably prostate cancer and the Men United campaign. In 2015, Bailey endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in Labour Party leadership election. He said \"Corbyn's nomination showed there is a kind of craving for a bit of honest speaking, a bit of principled plain speaking. But I think he is in a bit of a bind. Nuanced debate doesn't cut it in the toxic, political atmosphere. He’s having a fast-forward of his own political evolution, having to become 'a politician' – the thing he never was.\" Bailey is a patron of International Animal Rescue and has been instrumental in the organisation's campaign to rescue dancing bears. He has also campaigned for the Sumatran Orangutan Society. For his works in environmental conservation, he received an honorary doctorate in conservation and sustainability from the Australian University of the Sunshine Coast in October 2014. Bailey began touring the country with comedians such as Mark Lamarr. In 1984, he formed a double act, the Rubber Bishops, with Toby Longworth (a fellow former pupil at King Edward's, Bath). It was there that Bailey began developing his own style, mixing in musical parodies with deconstructions of or variations on traditional jokes (\"How many amoebas does it take to change a lightbulb? One, no two! No four! No eight...\"). According to comedy folklore, after a reviewer once criticised his act for its lack of jokes, Bailey returned the following night, at Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh, to perform a set composed entirely of punchlines. Longworth left to join the RSC in 1989 and was replaced by Martin Stubbs. Stubbs later quit to pursue a more serious career, and in 1994 Bailey performed \"Rock\" at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe with Sean Lock, a show about an ageing rockstar and his roadie, script-edited by comedy writer Jim Miller. It was later serialised for the Mark Radcliffe show on BBC Radio 1. The show's attendances were not impressive and on one occasion the only person in the audience was comedian Dominic Holland. Bailey almost gave up comedy to take up a telesales job. He went solo the next year with the one man show \"Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam\". The show led to a recording at the Bloomsbury Theatre in London which was broadcast in 1997 on Channel 4 as a one-hour special called \"Bill Bailey Live\". It was not until 2005 that this was released on DVD uncut and under its original title. It marked the first time that Bailey had been able to tie together his music and post-modern gags with the whimsical rambling style he is now known for. After supporting Donna McPhail in 1995 and winning a \"Time Out\" award, he returned to Edinburgh in 1996 with a show that was nominated for the Perrier Comedy Award. Amongst the other nominees was future \"Black Books\" co-star Dylan Moran, who narrowly beat him in the closest vote in the award's history. Bailey won the Best Live Stand-Up award at the British Comedy Awards in 1999. Though he did not win the Perrier in 1996, the nomination was enough to get him noticed, and in 1998 the BBC gave him his own television show, \"Is It Bill Bailey?\" This was not Bailey's first foray into television. His debut was on the children's TV show \"Motormouth\" in the late 1980s – playing piano for a mind-reading dog. Bailey reminisced about the experience on the BBC show \"Room 101\" with Paul Merton in 2000. In 1991, he was appearing in stand-up shows such as \"The Happening\", \"Packing Them In\", \"The Stand Up Show\" and \"The Comedy Store\". He also appeared as captain on two panel games, an ITV music quiz pilot called \"Pop Dogs\", and the Channel 4 science fiction quiz show \"Space Cadets\". \"Is it Bill Bailey?\" was the first time he had written and presented his own show. Over the next few years, Bailey made guest appearances on shows such as \"Have I Got News for You\", \"World Cup Comedy\", \"Room 101\", \"Des O'Connor Tonight\", \"Coast to Coast\" and three episodes of off-beat Channel 4 sitcom \"Spaced\", in which he played comic-shop manager Bilbo Bagshot. In 1998, Dylan Moran approached him with the pilot script for \"Black Books\", a Channel 4 sitcom about a cold-hearted bookshop owner, his nice-guy assistant, and their socially awkward female friend. It was commissioned in 2000, and Bailey took the part of the assistant Manny Bianco, with Moran playing the owner Bernard and Tamsin Greig the friend, Fran. Three series of six episodes each were made. When Sean Hughes left his long-term role as a team captain on \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\" in 2002, Bailey became his successor. His style quickly blended into the show, possibly helped by his background in music. He soon developed a rapport with host Mark Lamarr, who continually teased him about his looks and his pre-occupation with woodland animals. It was announced on 18 September 2008 that Bailey would leave the series and be replaced by a series of guest captains including Jack Dee and Dermot O'Leary. While touring in 2009, Bailey joked that the main reason for leaving", "female friend. It was commissioned in 2000, and Bailey took the part of the assistant Manny Bianco, with Moran playing the owner Bernard and Tamsin Greig the friend, Fran. Three series of six episodes each were made. When Sean Hughes left his long-term role as a team captain on \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\" in 2002, Bailey became his successor. His style quickly blended into the show, possibly helped by his background in music. He soon developed a rapport with host Mark Lamarr, who continually teased him about his looks and his pre-occupation with woodland animals. It was announced on 18 September 2008 that Bailey would leave the series and be replaced by a series of guest captains including Jack Dee and Dermot O'Leary. While touring in 2009, Bailey joked that the main reason for leaving the show was a lack of desire to continue humming Britney Spears' \"Toxic\" to little known figures in the indie music scene. During this time he also left his position as \"curator\" of \"the Museum of Curiosity\", and declared his intention to \"retire\" from panel games, although he has since appeared on \"QI\" many more times and hosted \"Have I Got News For You\". Bailey has appeared frequently on the intellectual panel game \"QI\" since it began in 2003, alongside host Stephen Fry and regular panellist Alan Davies; he was also the winner of the show's unaired pilot episode. Other television appearances include a cameo role in Alan Davies' drama series \"Jonathan Creek\" as failing street magician Kenny Starkiss and obsessed guitar teacher in the \"Holiday\" episode of Sean Lock's \"Fifteen Storeys High\". He later appeared with Lock again as a guest on his show \"TV Heaven, Telly Hell\". He has also appeared twice on \"Friday Night with Jonathan Ross\". Bailey also hosted his own show \"Comic's Choice\", which aired in 2011. Bailey also presented \"Wild Thing I Love You\" which began on Channel 4 on 15 October 2006. The series concentrates on the protection of Britain's wild animals, and has included re-homing badgers, owls and water voles. Bailey appeared in the second series of the E4 teenage \"dramedy\" \"Skins\" playing Maxxie's dad, Walter Oliver. In episode 1, Walter struggles with his son's desire to be a dancer, instead wishing him to become a builder, which is what he himself does for a living. Walter is married to Jackie, played by Fiona Allen. Bailey appeared on the first episode of \"Grand Designs Live\" on 4 May 2008, helping Kevin McCloud build his eco-friendly home. In 2009, Bailey appeared in the BBC show \"Hustle\" as the character \"Cyclops\", a side-line character. In autumn 2009, Bailey presented \"Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza\". To continue his foray into natural history, Bailey presented ITV1's half-hour wildlife mini-series \"Baboons With Bill Bailey\". The series was filmed in Cape Town and spanned eight episodes, with exclusive content available on itvWILD. Bill Bailey played Droxil, a Harvest Ranger from the Planet Androzani Major, in the 2011 Christmas Special of \"Doctor Who\", titled \"The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe\". In 2009, Bailey presented a project about the explorer and naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, in the form of an Indonesian travelogue. Bailey said in an interview that Wallace had been \"airbrushed out of history\", and that he feels a \"real affinity\" with him. In 2013, to coincide with the centenary of Wallace's death, Bailey presented a two-part documentary, \"Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero\", first broadcast on BBC Two on 21 and 28 April 2013. He travelled around producing and filming the series in Indonesia and Borneo. In 2001, Bailey began touring the globe with \"Bewilderness\". A recording of a performance in Swansea was released on DVD the same year, and the show was broadcast on Channel 4 that Christmas. A modified version of it also proved successful in America, and in 2002 Bailey released a CD of a recording at the WestBeth Theatre in New York City. The show contained his popular music parodies (such as Unisex Chip Shop, a Billy Bragg tribute, which he also performed with Bragg himself at the 2005 Glastonbury Festival), \"three men in a pub\" jokes (including one in the style of Geoffrey Chaucer) and deconstructions of television themes such as \"Countdown\" and \"The Magic Roundabout\". A \"Bewilderness\" CD was sold outside gigs, a mixture of studio recordings of songs and monologues Bailey had performed in the past – it was later released in shops as \"Bill Bailey: The Ultimate Collection... Ever!\" That same year he also presented a Channel 4 countdown, \"Top Ten Prog Rock\". Bailey premiered his show \"Part Troll\" at the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. A critical and commercial success, he then transferred it to the West End, where tickets sold out in under 24 hours, and new dates had to be added. He continued to tour it all over the UK as well as in the US, Australia and New Zealand. Bailey expanded on subjects such as the war on Iraq. He also talks extensively about drugs, at one point asking the audience to name different ways of baking cannabis. A DVD was released in 2004. 2005 saw the release of his 1995 show \"Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam\". The two-disc set also contained a director's cut of \"Bewilderness\", which featured a routine on Stephen Hawking's \"A Brief History of Time\" not seen in the original version. Bailey performed a show at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe entitled \"Steampunk\". Bailey appeared at the Beautiful Days festival in August 2007. The UK leg of the \"Tinselworm\" tour enjoyed three sell-out nights at the MEN Arena in Manchester, Europe's largest indoor arena, and culminated with a sell-out performance at Wembley Arena. Early in 2007, a petition was started to express fans' wishes to see him cast as a dwarf in \"The Hobbit\" films, after his stand-up routine mentioned auditioning for Gimli in \"The Lord of the Rings\". The petition reached its goal in the early days of January, and was sent to the producers. It was hoped that as the \"Tinselworm\" tour took him to Wellington in New Zealand where the film was in pre-production, that he would be able to audition. \"Dandelion Mind\" was released on DVD on 22 November 2010. In 2012, his world tour was entitled \"Qualmpeddler\", which toured England as well as returning to Australia and New Zealand in August and September 2012. In September and October 2018, Bailey toured his show, \"The Earl of Whimsy\", to seven venues within New Zealand. Bailey is a talented pianist and guitarist and has perfect pitch; of this he has said His stand-up routines often feature music from genres such as jazz, rock (most notably prog rock from the early seventies), drum'n'bass, classical, and even theme songs, usually for comic value. Favourite instruments include the keyboard, guitar, theremin, kazoo and bongos. He also mentioned in an interview that he has achieved Grade 6 Clarinet. He was part of punk band Beergut 100, which he founded in 1995 with comedy writer Jim Miller and also featured Martin Trenaman and Phil Whelans, with Kevin Eldon as lead singer. The band performed at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Trenaman and Welans had previously appeared in \"Cosmic Jam\" under the name \"The Stan Ellis Experiment\", and Trenaman and Eldon later featured with John Moloney in the Kraftwerk homage \"Das Hokey Kokey\" on the \"Part Troll\" tour. Bailey claims that he and the three other performers are a Kraftwerk tribute band called \"Augenblick\". To mark the final gig of the \"Part Troll\" tour on 1 January 2005, the band reappeared on stage after the \"Das Hokey Kokey\" joke to play an hour-long encore of music. In February 2007, Bailey appeared twice with the BBC Concert Orchestra and Anne Dudley in a show entitled \"Cosmic Shindig\". Performed in the Colosseum in Watford on 24 February and in the Queen Elizabeth Hall on 26 February, the show contained orchestrally accompanied versions of many of Bailey's previously performed songs, an exploration of the instruments of the orchestra and a number of new pieces of music. The Queen", "Eldon later featured with John Moloney in the Kraftwerk homage \"Das Hokey Kokey\" on the \"Part Troll\" tour. Bailey claims that he and the three other performers are a Kraftwerk tribute band called \"Augenblick\". To mark the final gig of the \"Part Troll\" tour on 1 January 2005, the band reappeared on stage after the \"Das Hokey Kokey\" joke to play an hour-long encore of music. In February 2007, Bailey appeared twice with the BBC Concert Orchestra and Anne Dudley in a show entitled \"Cosmic Shindig\". Performed in the Colosseum in Watford on 24 February and in the Queen Elizabeth Hall on 26 February, the show contained orchestrally accompanied versions of many of Bailey's previously performed songs, an exploration of the instruments of the orchestra and a number of new pieces of music. The Queen Elizabeth Hall performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 16 March 2007 as a part of Comic Relief 2007. Bailey had planned to put himself forward as Britain's Eurovision entry in 2008, as a result of several fan petitions encouraging him to do so. In October 2008, he performed \"Bill Bailey's Remarkable Guide to the Orchestra\" at the Royal Albert Hall with the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Anne Dudley. In November 2009 he was a guest on \"Private Passions\", the biographical music discussion programme on BBC Radio 3. In July 2011, Bailey performed at the Sonisphere Festival in Knebworth, headlining the Saturn Stage. He released an album, \"In Metal\", using songs played at Sonisphere, later that year. In June 2014, The Music House for Children announced Bailey would become their patron alongside Sophie Ellis-Bextor in celebration of their 20th anniversary. Bailey supports Queens Park Rangers and describes himself an avid fan of \"Star Trek\". He lives in Hammersmith with his wife Kristin, whom he married in 1998, and their son Dax, born in 2003. He also has a plant named after him, \"Nepenthes x Bill Bailey\". Bill Bailey Mark Robert Bailey (born 13 January 1965) known by his stage name Bill Bailey, is an English comedian, musician, singer," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Almami Moreira Almami Samori da Silva Moreira (born 16 June 1978) is a Guinea-Bissauan retired footballer who played as a midfielder. He also held Portuguese citizenship. After starting out at Boavista he went on to represent mainly Standard Liège and Partizan, also playing professionally in four other countries during his career. Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Moreira reached Boavista FC's youth ranks in 1994, but started out professionally with northern neighbours Gondomar S.C. and Gil Vicente FC, on loan. He returned in 1999 and went on to have relative impact in the first team, being mainly used as a substitute and being part of the squad as the club won the Primeira Liga in his last year, although he did not appear in any matches whatsoever due to a contract dispute. With the start of the new millennium Moreira moved to Standard Liège, where he quickly became a fan favourite, going on to spend five years in Belgium, a loan to Hamburger SV in 2004–05 notwithstanding. In August 2006, he joined Russia's FC Dynamo Moscow, a club that was signing a large number of Portuguese and Portugal-based players at the time. Unsettled as the vast majority of those, he returned to his country of adoption in January, as lowly C.D. Aves battled to avoid relegation from the top level, which eventually did not happen. On 5 July 2007, Moreira signed a two-year contract with FK Partizan in Serbia, being handed the #10 shirt whilst also becoming the first Portuguese player to represent the club. He made his competitive debut on 19 July in a match against HŠK Zrinjski Mostar, and scored his first official goal on 2 August in a UEFA Cup fixture against the same club. On 29 September 2007, Moreira scored against city rivals Red Star in a 2–2 draw – this made him the first ever Portuguese to score in a Belgrade derby. In his first season at the club he appeared 28 times and netted seven times, as Partizan won the league title; to this he added the domestic cup. In a UEFA Cup match at Sevilla FC, on 3 December 2008, Moreira collapsed early into the game, being immediately taken into observation, and fully recovering. On 10 April 2009 he agreed to sign a new three-year contract, running until 2012. Following impressive and consistent performances, Moreira was named in the 2008–09 \"SuperLiga Team of the Year\", alongside seven teammates, as the double was again conquered – he was also voted as the club's Player of the Year in 2008 by the fans. On 28 February 2009, he scored the 1–1 equaliser at home against Red Star; on 5 August, grieving the loss of his mother a day earlier, he decided to play in the second leg of his team's UEFA Champions League qualifier against APOEL FC: he scored the opener in the third minute, but the Cypriots eventually progressed 2–1 on aggregate. On 27 February 2010, Moreira made his 100th competitive match for Partizan, coming on as a 55th-minute substitute for Saša Ilić against FK Borac Čačak. He missed several games at the beginning of the following campaign due to injury, returning to action on 15 October in a 5–3 home league victory over FK Smederevo where he provided two assists. Four days later he made his Champions League debut, in a 0–2 group stage away loss to S.C. Braga; late in the same month, he scored the only goal at Red Star for the domestic league. Moreira split the following years with Dalian Aerbin F.C. in China and another team in Serbia, FK Vojvodina. In late 2012 the 34-year-old moved clubs and countries again, joining Spain's UD Salamanca. Moreira retired in 2013 at the age of 35, being named Atlético Clube de Portugal's director of football. He came out of retirement in January of the following year, after being convinced by newly appointed coach Neca. Moreira played for Portugal under-21s on 12 occasions in the late 90's, and in 2002 he was part of the national B-team that won the \"Vale do Tejo\" summer tournament. In 2010, with the increasing development and professionalization of football in Guinea-Bissau, he decided to represent the land of his ancestors at full level, earning his first cap in October of that year at the age of 32. Partizan Dalian Aerbin Almami Moreira Almami Samori da Silva Moreira (born 16 June 1978) is a Guinea-Bissauan retired footballer who played as a midfielder. He also held Portuguese citizenship. After starting out at Boavista he went on to represent mainly Standard Liège and Partizan, also playing professionally in four other countries during his career. Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Moreira reached Boavista FC's youth ranks in 1994, but started out professionally with northern neighbours Gondomar S.C. and Gil Vicente FC, on loan. He" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Miguel Cotto Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Miguel Cotto, billed as Ring Kings, was a Boxing Junior Middleweight bout held on May 5, 2012, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Mayweather won the fight by unanimous decision. Both fighters agreed to random blood and urine testing for the fight, which Mayweather has demanded of his recent opponents. There was immediate speculation as to whom Mayweather would fight. Many felt that he should fight eight division champion, Manny Pacquiao. Indeed Mayweather called out Pacquiao via Twitter. Negotiations for the fight hit the wall, however, when there were arguments over the venue and how the money from the fight should be split. Mayweather has had one previous fight in the 154-pound division, which was when he outpointed Oscar De La Hoya to win a belt in May 2007. Mayweather reclaimed one of his old welterweight titles by knocking out Victor Ortiz controversially in the fourth round at the MGM Grand on Sept. 17, 2011. Cotto, who will be making the third defense of his title, will be in a fight without Top Rank as his promoter for the first time in his career. His contract with Bob Arum's company expired following his Dec. 3 revenge, 10th-round knockout victory against Antonio Margarito and he will be working with Golden Boy Promotions, Top Rank's archrival, on the fight with Mayweather. The fight drew 1.5 Million pay per view buys. Mayweather wins by UD with scores of 118-110 and 117-111 twice. Alvarez wins by UD with scores of 119-109 twice and 118-110. Vargas wins by UD with scores of 100-90, 98-92 and 97-93. Quintana wins by KO (6) Thurman wins by TKO (3) Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Miguel Cotto Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Miguel Cotto, billed" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nuclear energy in Namibia Nuclear energy in Namibia is a topic of geopolitical interest but is currently not an infrastructure concern. There are no nuclear power plants in Namibia. There is potential interest in the country's nuclear power capacities, as Namibia is the world's fourth-largest uranium producer. Regional uranium is mined by Rio Tinto and Paladin Energy. Records indicate that Namibia produced 4,626 tons of uranium in 2009, cementing its status as the world's fourth-largest uranium extractor, according to the World Nuclear Association. The central government previously placed a moratorium on issuing uranium exploration licences in 2007, largely due to the absence of a concrete nuclear energy policy. However, major foreign contractors currently hold uranium mining licences, with two mines operational and two new mines undergoing construction. One of these developments is spearheded by French energy giant Areva, with operations projected to open in 2013. Namibia's uranium deposits are of growing interest to major economies, with France, Russia and other countries reconsidering their own nuclear power policies. Areva Trekkopje, a subsidiary of Areva, project in 2010 received its Export Processing Zone (EPZ) license for a period of five years after Areva reportedly agreed to develop a feasibility study on generating nuclear power in Namibia. Areva said it’s not only focusing to provide energy to Namibia but also to other countries. The government had reconsidered to grant Areva a license to develop a nuclear power plant in Namibia after its first application was decline in the year 2007. The Namibian government is considering the development of nuclear power in order to complete the national energy mix and provide sufficient energy for our development. The idea of generating its own nuclear power started in 2008 and will be set and running probably by the year 2018. The government has predicted the estimated cost for the whole project to be 17 billon. Namibia's nuclear efforts in getting nuclear power have concerned the attention of the global non-proliferation community. The White House Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) is observing the events in Namibia, concerned that Namibian uranium might fall into the wrong hands. Nuclear energy in Namibia Nuclear energy in Namibia is a topic of geopolitical interest but is currently not an infrastructure concern. There are no nuclear power plants in Namibia. There is potential interest in the country's nuclear power capacities, as Namibia is the world's fourth-largest uranium producer. Regional uranium is mined" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Puerto Suello Hill Tunnel Puerto Suello Tunnel is a rail tunnel in San Rafael, California. It was constructed in 1879 by the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and is long. The tunnel was partially destroyed in 1961 by a fire, which was set by two boys. The fire killed 23-year-old firefighter Frank Kinsler when his truck fell 50 feet into the chasm. It was rebuilt for freight service in 1967, but was closed and boarded up in the mid-1980s with the discontinuation of Northwestern Pacific Railroad services. The state-owned North Coast Railroad Authority and the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District took ownership of the tunnel in the 1970s and was thereafter acquired by SMART in 2003. It was retrofitted by SMART for a cost of $3 million in 2015. The 2017 California floods caused damage to the tunnel, delaying system's opening testing for three weeks. Puerto Suello Hill Tunnel Puerto Suello Tunnel is a rail tunnel in San Rafael, California. It was constructed in 1879 by the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and is long. The tunnel was partially destroyed in 1961 by a fire, which was set by two boys. The fire killed 23-year-old firefighter" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wally Post Walter Charles Post (July 9, 1929 – January 6, 1982) was a right fielder in Major League Baseball. From 1949 through 1964, Post played for the Cincinnati Reds & Redlegs (1949, 1951–57, 1960–63), Philadelphia Phillies (1958–60), Minnesota Twins (1963) and Cleveland Indians (1964). He batted and threw right-handed. In a 15-season career, Post was a .266 hitter with 210 home runs and 699 RBI in 1,204 games. Post is a native of Wendelin, Ohio, and played baseball for St. Henry High School. He spent most of his career with Cincinnati teams. A powerful slugger in the mid-1950s, he also was respected for his strong and accurate throwing arm. Post broke into professional baseball as a minor league pitcher in and was converted to an outfielder in 1949, the year of his majors debut. Post spent time in both the minor and major leagues for the next two years before finally being permanently called up to Cincinnati in . His most productive season came in , when he hit .309 with 40 home runs with 109 RBI, all career highs. In , Post and six of his Redleg teammates—Ed Bailey, Johnny Temple, Roy McMillan, Don Hoak, Gus Bell and Frank Robinson—were \"voted\" starters on the National League All-Star team, the result of a ballot stuffing campaign by Redlegs fans. Major League Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick intervened, removing Bell and Post from the starting line up and replacing them with Hank Aaron and Willie Mays. Frick allowed Bell to remain on the team as a reserve, while Post was injured and would have been unable to play in any event. Post is also noted as the man who ended Aaron's record-setting stint on the 1950s \"Home Run Derby\" show. Post also hit the first home run at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles on April 10, 1962. After playing for the Phillies, Twins, Indians, and in a second stint with the Reds, Post retired in 1963. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1965. Post died in St. Henry, Ohio in 1982. He had been undergoing treatments for cancer. He was married to Patricia (Beckman) and they had four children together: Sue, John, Mary, and Cynthia. Post has thirteen grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. One of his grandchildren is former Ohio State and NFL quarterback Bobby Hoying. Wally Post Walter Charles Post (July 9, 1929 – January 6," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ali Rafeeq Ali Rafeeq was the Editor in Chief of Haveeru Daily and Haveeru Online in the Maldives. After serving the position for 23 years, in 2010 he shifted to New Zealand. A native of Fuvahmulah, Maldives, Rafeeq is the first Maldivian to acquire a PhD from Journalism. He acquired the PhD from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. He acquired his master's degree from the same University in 2003 and was chosen among the top students, winning a scholarship for his PhD. Rafeeq acquired his Bachelor's degree in journalism from the International Islamic University Malaysia. He is also the founder of Haveeru Online. In the year 1997, Rafeeq was awarded the National Award of Excellence for outstanding service in the field of journalism by the Government of the Republic of Maldives. Ali Rafeeq Ali Rafeeq was the Editor in Chief of Haveeru Daily and Haveeru Online in the Maldives. After serving the position for 23 years, in 2010 he shifted to New Zealand. A native of Fuvahmulah, Maldives, Rafeeq is the first Maldivian to acquire a PhD from Journalism. He acquired the PhD from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. He acquired his master's degree from the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jerboa SP The Jerboa SP was a sports prototype racing car built by Jerboa in 1970. The car started out life as a Ginetta G12, and was entered by Jack Wheeler in various events in 1970 and 1971, using 1-litre, 1.3-litre, and 1.6-litre BMC straight-four engines. The Jerboa SP made its racing debut at the Targa Florio in 1970, with Jack Wheeler selecting Martin Davidson as his co-driver, and the car was fitted with a 1.3-litre BMC A-series straight-four engine. However, the team did not complete the first lap due to an accident. Wheeler and Davidson then entered the car at the 1000 km of Nürburgring, but did not actually attend the race; the car had been fitted with a 1.6-litre BMC engine for the event. A 1-litre A-Series was fitted for the Mugello Grand Prix, and Davidson drove the car to second place in the Prototype 1000 class. The 1.3 litre engine was refitted for the 500 km of Nürburgring, and Wheeler took the Prototype 1300 class victory, finishing 21st overall. Wheeler then finished 17th overall at the 500 km of Spa, which would prove to be the car's best overall finish. He also entered the car at the Nürburgring - Sports, Prototypes and Can-Am race in October, but did not compete in the race. The car's next appearance came at the 1971 Targa Florio, where the car was classified 40th overall, and second in the Prototype 1300 category, but Davidson and Wheeler had to retire the car after seven laps, due to clutch failure. Two weeks later, the pair entered the 1000 km of Nürburgring, with the car featuring a 1.6-litre engine again; however, although it was classified 28th, and third in the Prototype 1600 category, the team had again retired, this time after 29 laps. This proved to be the car's last race, as it was never used again. Jerboa SP The Jerboa SP was a sports prototype racing car built by Jerboa in 1970. The car started out life as a Ginetta G12, and was entered by Jack Wheeler in various events in 1970 and 1971, using 1-litre, 1.3-litre, and 1.6-litre BMC straight-four engines. The Jerboa SP made its racing debut at the Targa Florio in 1970, with Jack Wheeler selecting Martin Davidson as his co-driver, and the car was fitted with a 1.3-litre BMC A-series straight-four engine. However, the team did not complete the first" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sunday Feast Sunday Feast was a short-lived cookery show on British television channel ITV. The show's hosts are Andi Peters and Anneka Rice. Their two resident chefs, who alternate week by week, are Ed Baines and Paul Merrett. The show is made by Prospect Pictures, who produce other food shows including \"Saturday Cooks!\", \"Great Food Live\" and \"Food Uncut\", and have previously produced \"Taste\" for Sky One. The show features a special guest each week, a look at the Sunday newspapers, and up to 3 recipes cooked by that episode's chef. \"Sunday Feast\" aired on Sunday mornings at 10am. The show was cancelled due to low ratings. Sunday Feast Sunday Feast was a short-lived cookery show on British television channel ITV. The show's hosts are Andi Peters and Anneka Rice. Their two resident chefs, who alternate week by week, are Ed Baines and Paul Merrett. The show is made by Prospect Pictures, who produce other food shows including \"Saturday Cooks!\", \"Great Food Live\" and \"Food Uncut\", and have previously produced \"Taste\" for Sky One. The show features a special guest each week, a look at the Sunday newspapers, and up to 3 recipes cooked by that episode's chef. \"Sunday Feast\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dean number The Dean number (\"De\") is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics, which occurs in the study of flow in curved pipes and channels. It is named after the British scientist W. R. Dean, who was the first to provide a theoretical solution of the fluid motion through curved pipes for laminar flow by using a perturbation procedure from a Poiseuille flow in a straight pipe to a flow in a pipe with very small curvature. If a fluid is moving along a straight pipe that after some point becomes curved, the centripetal forces at the bend will cause the fluid particles to change their main direction of motion. There will be an adverse pressure gradient generated from the curvature with an increase in pressure, therefore a decrease in velocity close to the convex wall, and the contrary will occur towards the outer side of the pipe. This gives rise to a secondary motion superposed on the primary flow, with the fluid in the centre of the pipe being swept towards the outer side of the bend and the fluid near the pipe wall will return towards the inside of the bend. This secondary motion is expected to appear as a pair of counter-rotating cells, which are called Dean vortices. The Dean number is typically denoted by \"De\" (or \"Dn\"). For a flow in a pipe or tube it is defined as: where The Dean number is therefore the product of the Reynolds number (based on axial flow formula_4 through a pipe of diameter formula_5) and the square root of the curvature ratio. The flow is completely unidirectional for low Dean numbers (De < 40~60). As the Dean number increases between 40~60 to 64~75, some wavy perturbations can be observed in the cross-section, which evidences some secondary flow. At higher Dean numbers than that (De > 64~75) the pair of Dean vortices becomes stable, indicating a primary dynamic instability. A secondary instability appears for De > 75~200, where the vortices present undulations, twisting, and eventually merging and pair splitting. Fully turbulent flow forms for De > 400. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow has been also examined in a number of studies, even though no universal solution exists since the parameter is highly dependent on the curvature ratio. Somewhat unexpectedly, laminar flow can be maintained for larger Reynolds numbers (even by a factor of two for the highest curvature ratios studied) than for straight pipes, even though curvature is known to cause instability. The Dean number appears in the so-called Dean equations. These are an approximation to the full Navier–Stokes equations for the steady axially uniform flow of a Newtonian fluid in a toroidal pipe, obtained by retaining just the leading order curvature effects (i.e. the leading-order equations for formula_10). We use orthogonal coordinates formula_11 with corresponding unit vectors formula_12 aligned with the centre-line of the pipe at each point. The axial direction is formula_13, with formula_14 being the normal in the plane of the centre-line, and formula_15 the binormal. For an axial flow driven by a pressure gradient formula_16, the axial velocity formula_17 is scaled with formula_18. The cross-stream velocities formula_19 are scaled with formula_20, and cross-stream pressures with formula_21. Lengths are scaled with the tube radius formula_22. In terms of these non-dimensional variables and coordinates, the Dean equations are then where is the convective derivative. The Dean number \"D\" is the only parameter left in the system, and encapsulates the leading order curvature effects. Higher-order approximations will involve additional parameters. For weak curvature effects (small \"D\"), the Dean equations can be solved as a series expansion in \"D\". The first correction to the leading-order axial Poiseuille flow is a pair of vortices in the cross-section carrying flow form the inside to the outside of the bend across the centre and back around the edges. This solution is stable up to a critical Dean number formula_28. For larger \"D\", there are multiple solutions, many of which are unstable. Dean number The Dean number (\"De\") is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics, which occurs in the study of flow in curved pipes and channels. It is named after the British scientist W. R. Dean, who was the first to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jacob Thurmann Ihlen Jacob Thurmann Ihlen (17 May 1833 – 10 October 1903) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He was born in Holmestrand as the son of ship-owner Nils Ihlen (1793–1865) and Barbara Wincentz Thurmann (1800–1879). He was a brother of Niels Ihlen and Wincentz Thurmann Ihlen, an uncle of Christian and Nils Claus Ihlen, and a granduncle of Nils, Joakim and Alf Ihlen. He married Belgian citizen Ambroisine Pauline Rouquet in February 1868 in Our Saviour's Church, and the couple had five children. One daughter, Celina, married landowner and politician Christian Pierre Mathiesen, and was the mother of Haaken C. Mathiesen, Jr. Another daughter, Barbara, married barrister Arthur Knagenhjelm. Another daughter, Marie, married bishop Jens Gran Gleditsch. Their son Jacob Ihlen was an attorney and captain, and owned the property \"Parkveien 37\" for some time. He finished his secondary education in 1851 and took the cand.jur. degree in 1855. After working three years as a trainee in a trading company, he was an attorney in Christiania from 1859, and a barrister with access to working with Supreme Court cases from 1863. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1883, and re-elected in 1886, representing the urban constituency of \"Kristiania, Hønefoss og Kongsvinger\". He was a member of Kristiania city council from 1872. He was a co-founder of Forsikringsselskapet Norden together with Carl Ferdinand Gjerdrum, and chairman of the board from 1867 to 1903. From 1871 to 1903 he chaired Forsikringsselskapet Poseidon. He was also a deputy board member of Hypothekbanken from 1888. He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1894. He was also a Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog and the Order of the Polar Star. He died in 1903 in Kristiania. His son-in-law Christian Pierre later became chairman of Forsikringsselskapet Norden. Jacob Thurmann Ihlen Jacob Thurmann Ihlen (17 May 1833 – 10 October 1903) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He was born in Holmestrand as the son of ship-owner Nils Ihlen (1793–1865) and Barbara Wincentz Thurmann (1800–1879). He was a brother of Niels Ihlen and Wincentz Thurmann Ihlen, an uncle of Christian and Nils Claus Ihlen, and a granduncle of Nils, Joakim and Alf Ihlen. He married Belgian citizen Ambroisine Pauline Rouquet in February 1868 in Our Saviour's Church, and the couple had five children. One daughter, Celina," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Give It 2 U \"Give It 2 U\" is a song by American recording artist Robin Thicke, featuring a guest appearance from American rapper Kendrick Lamar. The song was serviced to mainstream radio on August 27, 2013 as the third single from Thicke's sixth studio album \"Blurred Lines\" (2013). The song was written by Thicke and Lamar alongside will.i.am, and produced by Dr. Luke and Cirkut. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 41 on the ARIA chart in Australia. The song originally leaked online featuring a verse from American rapper 2 Chainz, after Thicke gave the green light to premiere the song on Shade 45's radio show \"Sway In The Morning\". The song was later dubbed as the remix and is included on the deluxe edition as a bonus track. The Diane Martel-directed music video also includes 2 Chainz's verse. Thicke, Lamar and 2 Chainz all performed the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. The video, directed by Diane Martel, premiered on August 23, 2013 on MTV, and was uploaded a day later to Thicke's official VEVO account on YouTube. The video is set on a football field and features a cameo by Thicke's son, Julian Fuego, as well as college dance teams from Albany State University and Alabama State University. Several dancers called \"Luxury Girls\" are shown dressed up like bottles of champagne, rolls of $100 bills and tins of caviar with others holding up Paper Mache models of lobsters, sushi and other luxurious foods. 2 Chainz enters the field leading a parade float labelled the \"Ass Float\" while Kendrick enters on a miniature car. The video ends with every girl dancing to the song with Robin Thicke. Give It 2 U \"Give It 2 U\" is a song by American recording" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John A. Buttrick John A. Buttrick is an American attorney, judge, and current Chairman of the Libertarian Party of Arizona. Buttrick served as a part-time United States Magistrate Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona from August 17, 2012 until August 16, 2016. Buttrick received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1976 and a bachelor's degree in Philosophy from the University of Denver in 1973. Before his appointment to the bench, Buttrick was a partner at the law firm Brown and Bain (now Perkins Coie). In 2001, Governor Jane Dee Hull appointed Buttrick to the Maricopa Superior Court. He served in this position until he accepted an appointment as a federal magistrate in 2012. In the 1990s Buttrick served on the Libertarian National Committee and as Chair of the National Platform Committee. John A. Buttrick John A. Buttrick is an American attorney, judge, and current Chairman of the Libertarian Party of Arizona. Buttrick served as a part-time United States Magistrate Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona from August 17, 2012 until August 16, 2016. Buttrick received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1976 and a bachelor's degree" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Reihan Salam Reihan Morshed Salam (; born 29 December 1979) is a conservative American political commentator, columnist, and author. He is the executive editor of \"National Review\", a columnist for \"Slate\", a contributing editor at \"National Affairs\", a contributing editor at \"The Atlantic\", an interviewer for VICE and a fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics. He has appeared on a number of radio and television shows, including NPR's \"Morning Edition, Talk of the Nation, All Things Considered\", and \"Tell Me More\", on HBO's \"Real Time with Bill Maher\", NBCUniversal's \"The Chris Matthews Show\", WNYC's \"The Brian Lehrer Show\", BBC's \"Newsnight\", ABC's \"This Week\", CNN's \"Fareed Zakaria GPS\", Comedy Central's \"The Colbert Report\", American Public Media's \"Marketplace\", Fox News' \"Tucker Carlson Tonight\", and \"The News Hour\" from PBS. Salam was born in Brooklyn. His parents are Bangladeshi-born immigrants who arrived in New York in 1976; his father is an accountant and his mother is a dietician. Salam attended Stuyvesant High School and Cornell University before transferring to Harvard University, where he was a member of the Signet Society and lived in Pforzheimer House. He graduated from Harvard in 2001 with an A.B. degree in Social Studies. He grew up in a Muslim household. In 2008 Salam co-authored \"Grand New Party: How Republicans Can Win the Working Class and Save the American Dream\" with Ross Douthat. The book grew from a cover story for \"The Weekly Standard\", which called for a reinvention of Republican domestic policy. Salam and Douthat argued that the Republican party had lost touch with its own base and that its Bush-era, big-government policies were \"an evolutionary dead end.\" They instead advocated \"tak[ing] the 'big-government conservatism' vision\" of Bush and giving it \"coherence and sustainability\" by vigorously serving the interests of the less affluent voters, who had become the party's base. The platform would include \"an economic policy that places the two-parent family—the institution best capable of providing cultural stability and economic security—at the heart of the GOP agenda.\" Salam has been described as \"Literary Brooklyn's Favorite Conservative.\" He has written that he intends to \"pump ideas into the bloodstream of American conservatism.\" I write in the hope and expectation that people read people with whom they disagree to challenge their settled views. Suffice it to say, this isn't generally the case, but I'm happy to continue behaving as though it is, as it is true of enough people to justify the effort. He strongly supported the Iraq War but has since called it a disaster of \"world-historical proportions.\" He claims to advocate policies that strengthen traditional family structure and has supported gay marriage. He has described as \"brilliant\" figures like Canadian Marxist philosopher Gerald Cohen and Reagan adviser and neoclassical economist Martin Feldstein. Salam has taken a strong interest in congestion pricing and the encouragement of denser living arrangements, the promotion of natural gas and nuclear power, reform of the US tax code, and the fostering of a more competitive and diverse marketplace of educational providers. He supports illegal drug decriminalization in the US. He has called for reducing immigration levels to encourage assimilation and integration. In the wake of the shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Salam argued that white flight and unsustainable urban sprawl had contributed to high poverty levels. Drawing on the San Francisco Bay Area as an example, he has identified restrictive zoning policies as an important barrier to upward mobility in the US. He has defended work requirements for welfare recipients in New York City and elsewhere. In May 2014, he suggested that while the War on Drugs had failed, the time had come for governments to curb alcohol consumption by higher alcohol taxes. He has courted controversy for advocating the end of automatic birthright citizenship, the legalization of prostitution, and the financing of more generous tax breaks for parents by higher taxes on affluent childless adults. In April 2014, he suggested that nonparents to be taxed more and parents taxed less so that the parenting burden would be shared by society. Reihan Salam Reihan Morshed Salam (; born 29 December 1979) is a conservative American political commentator, columnist, and author. He is the executive editor of \"National" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leonidas Squadron The \"Leonidas\" Squadron, formally known as \"5th Staffel of Kampfgeschwader 200\" was a unit which was originally formed to fly the \"Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg)\", a manned version of the V-1 flying bomb, in attacks in which the pilot was likely to be killed, or at best to parachute down at the attack site. The Reichenberg was never used in combat because Werner Baumbach, the commander of KG 200, and his superiors considered it an unnecessary waste of life and resources, and preferred instead to use the Mistel bomb, piloted from a regular Luftwaffe single-seat fighter used as an integral parasite aircraft, as the only manned part of the composite aircraft \"Mistel\" ordnance system, which released the lower, unmanned flying bomb component aircraft towards its target and returned. The establishment of a suicide squadron (\"staffel\") was originally proposed by Otto Skorzeny and Hajo Herrmann. The proposal was supported by noted test pilot Hanna Reitsch. The idea proposed was that Germany would use volunteers as suicide pilots in order to overcome the Allies' numerical advantages with their fanatic spirit. The idea had roots in German mythology that was glorified by Nazi propaganda. Hitler was reluctant, but eventually agreed to Reitsch's request to establish and train a suicide attack air unit, with the proviso that it would not be operated in combat without his approval. The new unit, nicknamed the \"Leonidas Squadron\", became part of KG 200. It was named after Leonidas I, the king of Sparta who in 480 BC resisted the invading Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae with 1400 warriors who fought to the last man against 100'000 Persians after realizing that he was being flanked and dismissed the main bulk of his army. Reitsch's plan was to attack Allied invasion shipping using the Messerschmitt Me 328 as a suicide weapon which would dive into the sea underneath ships and explode a bomb. Heinrich Himmler approved the idea, and suggested using convicted criminals as pilots. The Luftwaffe's High Command was unenthusiastic; Erhard Milch turned the plan down as impractical, and Hermann Göring showed little interest. Adolf Hitler was against the idea of self-sacrifice, believing that it was not in keeping with the German character, and furthermore did not see the war situation as being bad enough to require such extreme measures. Despite this, he allowed Reitsch to proceed with the project after she had shown the plan to him in February 1944. Günther Korten, the Luftwaffe's head of general staff, gave the matter to the commander of KG 200 to deal with. Over 70 volunteers, mostly young recruits, came forward; they were required to sign a declaration which said, \"I hereby voluntarily apply to be enrolled in the suicide group as part of a human glider-bomb. I fully understand that employment in this capacity will entail my own death.\" Problems were experienced in converting the Me 328, and the decision was taken to use instead a manned version of the V-1 flying bomb, the Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg); however, it never entered operation. On 9 June 1944, Karl Koller announced that a Gruppe of KG 200 equipped with special Focke-Wulf Fw 190s was ready for \"total operations\". Each aircraft carried a heavy bomb, due to whose weight the machines could not carry enough fuel for a return flight, and the pilots were trained only using gliders. This project came to nothing, and Werner Baumbach, now the commander of KG 200, persuaded his friend Albert Speer that it would be more productive to use the men against Russian power stations than the Allied invasion fleet; Speer passed this on to Hitler. During the Battle for Berlin the \"Luftwaffe\" flew \"Self-sacrifice missions\" (\"Selbstopfereinsätze\") against Soviet held bridges over the Oder River. These 'total missions' were flown by pilots of the Leonidas Squadron under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Heiner Lange from 17 April until 20 April 1945, using any aircraft that were available. The \"Luftwaffe\" claimed that the squadron destroyed seventeen bridges. However, the military historian Antony Beevor, writing about the incident, thinks that this was exaggerated and that only the railway bridge at Küstrin was definitely destroyed. Beevor comments that \"thirty-five pilots and aircraft was a high price to pay for such a limited and temporary success\". The missions were called off when the Soviet ground forces reached the vicinity of the squadron's airbase at Jüterbog and were in a position to overrun it. Leonidas Squadron The \"Leonidas\" Squadron, formally known as \"5th Staffel of Kampfgeschwader 200\" was a unit which was originally formed to fly the \"Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg)\", a manned version of the V-1 flying bomb, in attacks in which the pilot was likely to be killed, or at best to parachute down at the attack site. The Reichenberg was never used in combat" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Scrope Scrope (pronounced \"scroop\") is the name of an old English family of Norman origin that first came into prominence in the 14th century. The family has held the noble titles of Baron Scrope of Masham, Baron Scrope of Bolton, and for a brief time, the Earl of Wiltshire. The name (pronounced \"Scroop\") may be derived from the old Anglo-Norman word for \"crab\". Whether far-fetched or not, it is fact that at one stage the family crest was a crab (subsequently five feathers) and that the family motto is still \"Devant si je puis\" (\"forward if I can\"), which could have a double meaning as of course a crab can only go sideways. The first well-documented ancestor of the Yorkshire Scropes appears to be Robert le Scrope (1134 – aft.1198), who is described as the son of the aunt of Alice de Gant, Countess of Northampton by her husband Richard le Scrope. The Scrope family appear to be related and allied to the Gant family in the 12th century, and possibly trace their origins to Lincolnshire or Northamptonshire. The great-great-great-grandson of Hugh was Sir William le Scrope (c.1259 – c. 1311) of Bolton, in Wensleydale, Yorkshire, who had two sons, Henry le Scrope (died 1336) and Geoffrey le Scrope (died 1340), both of whom were in succession chief justice of the king's bench and prominent supporters of the court in the reign of King Edward II of England. Henry was father of Richard Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton (c. 1327 – 1403), chancellor of England, an active adherent of John of Gaunt. His eldest son William le Scrope (c. 1350 – 1399) was created Earl of Wiltshire in 1397 by Richard II, of whose government he was an active supporter. Wiltshire bought the sovereignty of the Isle of Man from the Earl of Salisbury. In 1398 he became Treasurer of England. His execution at Bristol was one of the first acts of Henry IV, and the irregular sentence of an improvised court was confirmed by Henry's first parliament. Wiltshire' father, Lord Scrope, and his other sons were not included in the attainder, but received full pardon from Henry. Scrope, who was the builder of Bolton Castle, his principal residence, died in 1403. He was succeeded in the barony by his second son, Roger, whose descendants held it till 1630. Sir Geoffrey le Scrope (died 1340), chief justice of the kings bench as mentioned above, uncle of the first Baron Scrope of Bolton, had a son Henry, who in 1350 was summoned to parliament by writ as Baron Scrope, the designation of Masham being added in the time of his grandson to distinguish the title from that held by the elder branch of the family. Henry's fourth son was Richard le Scrope (c. 1350 – 1405), Archbishop of York, who took part with the Percies in opposition to Henry IV, and was beheaded for treason in June 1405. Despite this, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (c. 1376 – 1415), became a favorite of Henry V, by whom he was made treasurer in 1410 and employed on diplomatic missions abroad. However, in 1415 he was involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Henry (along with the King's cousin Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge) and was ignominiously executed at Southampton. His title was forfeited. It was, however, restored to his brother John in 1455; and it fell into abeyance on the death, in 1517, of Geoffrey, 11th Baron Scrope of Masham, without male heirs. John Scrope, 8th Baron Scrope of Bolton was a somewhat reluctant supporter of the Pilgrimage of Grace, a northern uprising in protest at the reforms of Henry VIII but incurred the king's displeasure when he allowed sanctuary to Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx who was on the run from the King's Commissioners. Scrope was himself obliged to seek refuge in Skipton castle and the King's men fired his Bolton castle residence. Abbot Sedbar was caught and executed. His son Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1534–1592), was governor of Carlisle in the time of Elizabeth I, and as such took charge of Mary, Queen of Scots, when she crossed the border in 1568; and he took her to Bolton Castle, where she remained till January 1569. His son, Sir Thomas Scrope, 10th Baron Scrope of Bolton, was Warden of the West March in the Anglo-Scottish border country and governor of Carlisle in 1596 when Walter Scott, the \"Bold Buccleuch\", staged his raid on Carlisle to rescue the reiver Kinmont Willie Armstrong. He was the father of Emanuel Scrope, 11th baron (1584-1630), who was created Earl of Sunderland in 1627; on his death without legitimate issue in 1630 the earldom became extinct, and the immense estates of the Scropes of Bolton were divided among his illegitimate children, the chief portion (including Bolton Castle) passing by marriage to the Marquess of Winchester, who was created Duke of Bolton in 1689; to the Earls Rivers; and to John Grubham Howe, ancestor of the Earls Howe. The barony of Scrope of Bolton seems then to have become dormant; and although the title might, it would appear, have been claimed through the female line by the representative of Charles Jones (d. 1840) of Caton, Lancashire, no such claim was ever made. From Stephen, third son of the 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton, were descended the Scropes of Castle Combe, Wiltshire, the last of whom was William Scrope (1772–1852), an artist, author and fly-fishing enthusiast, who was an intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott. His daughter Emma Phipps Scrope, married George Poulett Thompson (1797–1876), an eminent geologist and prolific political writer, who took the name of Scrope, and who after his wife's death sold Castle Combe, of which he wrote a history. Probably from the same branch of the family was descended Col. Adrian Scrope, or Scroope (1601-1660) the Regicide, who was prominent on the parliamentarian side in the Civil War, and one of the signatories of Charles I's death warrant. Colonel Scrope was grandson of Adrian Scrope of Wormsley, who was (approximately) third son of John Scrope (d. 1547) of Spennithorne, Yorkshire, and Hambleden, Bucks, who was the younger son of the 6th Lord Scrope (c1468-1506) by Lady Eliz. Percy daughter of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland. John Scrope was Adrian Scrope's grandson and the last Scrope of Wormsley and Bristol. The Chiltern estate at Wormsley was inherited by one of John Scrope's nephews; one of the brothers of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland. The male line of the Scrope family still exists but it has for centuries now been known simply as \"Scrope of Danby\", with no hereditary titles left to its name. Although Bolton Castle is still owned by descendants of the Scrope family, they do not have the name of Scrope, being descendants through the female line of the Duchess of Bolton. The present senior male of the family, or Head of the House, is Simon Richard Henry ('Harry') Scrope (b. 1974), only son of Simon Egerton Scrope of Danby (1934-2010), by his wife (Jennifer) Jane Parkinson, a granddaughter maternally of the 1st and last Baron Bingley. The next heir male is his father's cousin Henry John Scrope (b. 1941), eldest son of the late Ralph Henry Scrope by his wife Lady Beatrice Savile, 2nd daughter of the 6th Earl of Mexborough. Other Scropes have also married in the 20th century into aristocratic families such as the Cochrane family, the Ward family, the Davies family, and many landed gentry families. Scrope Scrope (pronounced \"scroop\") is the name of an old English family of Norman origin that first came into prominence in the 14th century. The family has held the noble titles of Baron Scrope of Masham, Baron Scrope of Bolton, and for a brief" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Phillips, Texas Phillips is a ghost town in Hutchinson County, United States. It was founded as Pantex, Texas. In 1938 Pantex and Whittenburg combined. The combined town was renamed Phillips for the dominant employer, the Phillips Petroleum Company by a vote of the people. The American actress Mary Castle lived in Phillips as a girl and attended junior high school there. State Senator and former president of West Texas A&M University Max Sherman was reared in Phillips and graduated from Phillips High School. Max Population: 4,250 in 1947 On March 19, 1950, a fire destroyed the high school. Local churches housed classes until the new school was built. In the 1950s and 1960s, improved highways and transportation resulted in many businesses and people moving to Borger. By 1980, the population had dropped to about 2,500. A hydrocarbon explosion at the refinery in 1980 obliterated part of the industrial area and some nearby homes. Damages were estimated to be in the millions. After a long battle between the citizens of Phillips, M&M Cattle Company and later Phillips 66, the town was permanently closed to residency, at the request of Phillips 66 Oil Company. The homes themselves were owned but the land they sat upon was property of two local ranchers who leased the land originally to the Oil Company and later to the home owners. After the explosion, the Oil Company purchased the land from the ranches and forced the homeowners to move. Most would say the real reason the plant wanted the homeowners out of the area was not based on safety, but the fact the oil company was paying close to a million dollars a year in school taxes and wanted the school closed. But this is refuted as the taxes are paid to the Plemons-Stinnett-Phillips CISD. In 1987 three great schools and communities, Plemons, Stinnett and Phillips joined forces to create the Plemons-Stinnett-Phillips Consolidated independent School District. Three mascots, the Plemons Indians, Stinnett Rattlers and the Phillips Blackhawks were blended together to create the Comanches. The campuses of the district, West Texas Elementary School, West Texas Middle School and West Texas High School are all united as Comanches. Therefore, many homes were moved to areas nearby (Borger, Stinnett, and Fritch). The homes that were not moved were leveled. Today, the high school is one of the few buildings left and is used for business by the Phillips 66 Refinery. Phillips, Texas Phillips is a ghost town in Hutchinson County, United States. It was founded as Pantex, Texas. In 1938 Pantex and Whittenburg combined. The combined town was renamed Phillips for the dominant employer, the Phillips Petroleum Company by a vote of the people. The American actress Mary Castle lived in Phillips as a girl and attended junior high school there. State Senator and former president of West Texas A&M University Max Sherman was reared in Phillips and graduated from Phillips High School. Max Population: 4,250 in 1947 On March 19, 1950, a fire destroyed the high school. Local" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mass Appeal Records Mass Appeal Records is an American independent record label founded in 2014. The label is the music division of the Mass Appeal Media Group. In May 2014, it was announced that American rapper Nas was launching an indie label with Mass Appeal. The label’s current roster includes an artists such as: Nas, DJ Shadow, Mannie Fresh, Dave East, Fashawn, Black Milk, Cuz Lightyear, Keyon Harrold, Ezri, The 1865 & more. Since its inception, the label has put out releases including Young Thug, Freddie Gibbs & A$AP Ferg's single \"Old English”, Jay Electronica’s “Exhibit A + C”, Fashawn’s “The Ecology”, Pimp C's \"Long Live The Pimp\", J Dilla's \"The Diary\" & Dave East's \"Black Rose\", \"Hate Me Now\", \"Kairi Chanel\" & \"\" Following his signing to Mass Appeal Records, Fashawn released his long-awaited second album \"The Ecology\" on February 24, 2015. The album features guest appearances by Nas, Aloe Blacc, Dom Kennedy, and more. On October 24, 2014, the label released Run the Jewels album \"Run the Jewels 2\". The album was crowned as number-one album of the year by \"Pitchfork\", \"Stereogum\" and \"Spin\" and number-two hip hop album of the year by \"Rolling Stone\". In 2015, Marvel Comics released comic book covers inspired by Run the Jewels. Mass Appeal Records released \"The Mountain Will Fall\", the fifth studio album by DJ Shadow on June 24, 2016. It was his first studio album since 2011's \"The Less You Know, the Better\". The album was ranked at number one on \"Top Dance/Electronic Albums\" at \"Billboard\". On December 4, 2015, the label released Pimp C's fifth album, the posthumous \"Long Live the Pimp\". The following year, on April 15, 2016, the label released J Dilla's vocal album \"The Diary\". The album was ranked at number two on \"Pitchfork\"s list of \"Most Promising\" releases of Record Store Day 2016. NPR included \"Fuck the Police\" in their \"Songs We Love\" segment. In May 2017, Mass Appeal announced a joint venture publishing company with Pulse Music Group. In June 2018, a new partnership with Universal Music Group was announced with the companies entering into a multi-year global agreement. In June 15, 2018, Nas released his twelfth studio album Nasir, through Mass Appeal Records and Def Jam Recordings. It succeeds Nas' album Life Is Good, released six years prior in 2012. The album features an appearance from Kanye West, as well as Puff Daddy, 070 Shake, Tony Williams, and The-Dream. Nasir debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 with 77,000 album-equivalent units, of which 49,000 were pure album sales. It serves as Nas's twelfth top-ten album in the United States. In August 2018, Cantrell released his debut EP “Stardust 2 Angels\". Mass Appeal Records Mass Appeal Records is an American independent record label founded in 2014. The label is the music division of the Mass Appeal Media Group. In May 2014, it was announced that American rapper Nas was launching an indie label with Mass Appeal. The label’s current roster includes an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dialling (mathematics) In somewhat archaic applied mathematics, dialling is the mathematics required to create a sundial face to determine solar time based on the position of the sun. Those skilled in the art were referred to as dialists or gnomonists, the latter derived from the word gnomon, which was a device that used a shadow as an indicator. The mathematician William Oughtred published a book, \"Easy Method of Mathematical Dialling\", around 1600. Samuel Walker (1716–1782) was a Yorkshire mathematician and diallist. In his later years, Thomas Jefferson was known to practice dialling as a mental exercise. Professor of astronomy at Gresham College (London, UK), Samuel Foster (d. 1652), developed reflex dialling, which describes a device of his own invention: a sundial capable of reflecting a spot of light onto the ceiling of a room. The word \"dial\" derives from the Latin term \"dialis\" (\"daily\"), and comes from the fact that a sundial throws a shadow related to the time of day. It was also used to describe the gear in a medieval clock which turned once per day. Dialling (mathematics) In somewhat archaic applied mathematics, dialling is the mathematics required to create a sundial face to determine solar time based" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aram's New Ground Aram's New Ground was a cricket venue in Montpelier Gardens, Walworth. Named after its founder George Aram, it was the home of Montpelier Cricket Club and hosted major matches from 1796 to 1806. It was also known as the \"Bee Hive Ground\" because of its proximity to the \"Bee Hive\" pub in Walworth. The earliest recorded match at Aram's was in June 1796 when a combined Thursday Club/Montpelier team hosted Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The ground faded from the records as the Napoleonic Wars progressed and was last recorded in June 1806 when Montpelier was defeated by Homerton. The Walworth area had been a location for top-class cricket since the early 18th century and there are references to Walworth Common as a venue for major matches in 1730 and 1732. F. S. Ashley-Cooper explained that Walworth Common was situated where Westmoreland Road, Faraday Street and Mann Street stood in 1900. He says the ground was \"about three-quarters of a mile from where the Bee Hive Ground (\"sic\") afterwards existed\". Aram's New Ground Aram's New Ground was a cricket venue in Montpelier Gardens, Walworth. Named after its founder George Aram, it was the home of Montpelier Cricket Club" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bangkok railway station Bangkok railway station (), unofficially known as Hua Lamphong station (), is the main railway station in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan District, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The station is officially referred to by the State Railway of Thailand as Sathani Rotfai Krung Thep in Thai (\"Krung Thep\" is the transliteration of the common Thai language name of Bangkok) and \"Bangkok Station\" in English. Hua Lamphong () is the informal name of the station, used by both foreign travellers and locals. The station is often named as Hua Lamphong in travel guide books and in the public press. In other areas of Thailand the station is commonly referred to as Krungthep Station, and the name Hua Lamphong is not well-known. In all documents published by the State Railway of Thailand (such as train tickets, timetables, and tour pamphlets) the station is uniformly transcribed as Krungthep (กรุงเทพฯ) in Thai. The station was opened on 25 June 1916 after six years of construction. The site of the railway station was previously occupied by the national railway's maintenance centre, which moved to Makkasan in June 1910. At the nearby site of the previous railway station a pillar commemorates the inauguration of the Thai railway network in 1897. The station was built in an Italian Neo-Renaissance-style, with decorated wooden roofs and stained glass windows. The architecture is attributed to Turin-born Mario Tamagno, who with countryman Annibale Rigotti (1870–1968) was also responsible for the design of several other early 20th century public buildings in Bangkok. The pair designed Bang Khun Phrom Palace (1906), Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the Royal Plaza (1907–15) and Suan Kularb Residential Hall and Throne Hall in Dusit Garden, among other buildings. There are 14 platforms, 26 ticket booths, and two electric display boards. Hua Lamphong serves over 130 trains and approximately 60,000 passengers each day. Since 2004 the station has been connected by an underground passage to the MRT (Metropolitan Rapid Transit) subway system's Hua Lamphong MRT Station. The station is also a terminus of the Eastern and Oriental Express luxury trains, and the International Express to Malaysia. The station is scheduled to be closed in 2019, when it will be converted into a museum. The State Railway of Thailand plans to move Bangkok's central station to Bang Sue Central Station. Bangkok" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Levy (inventor) David Levy (born c. 1962) - inventor with more than a dozen patents, he also served as \"Inventor in Residence\" to Arthur D. Little Consulting. He received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering with a concentration in architecture and master's degree in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 and a doctorate in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1997. Between degrees he worked for five years at Apple, replacing the Trackball with the first Touchpad and repositioning the laptop keyboard from the front to the back . He is a native of Manhattan Beach, California and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts , for many years, but as of 2010 has been a resident of Berkeley, California. In 1989, he started his first company TH Inc., without venture capital to license his own patents. In 1999, Levy started a company called Digit Wireless , with the help of angel investors and venture capital, ultimately raising $21 million. Digit Wireless was started with the purpose of developing Levy's Fastap keypad technology for cell phones/PDA devices. As of 2007, there were three Fastap-enabled cell phones introduced in North America—two in Canada and one in the United States. In 2003, he invented the concept of tracing a finger over the image of a QWERTY keyboard to indicate which word the user is trying to type, for which he received US patent 7,175,438. Digit Wireless was sold to Nuance Communications in March, 2010. In 2013 he joined Innovate America, LLC, a Boston-based biotechnology startup as a business consultant. Levy restructured the company and renamed it \"OH2 Laboratories\", then to focus exclusively on monetizing a collection of patents on solubilizing G-Protein Coupled Receptors, a technology invented by Shuguang Zhang PhD and licensed from MIT. The OH2 business plan is to use solubilized GPCRs as a new path to drug discovery, especially monoclonal antibodies. The board of directors voted Levy to Chairman and General Manager in 2014. David Levy (inventor) David Levy (born c. 1962) - inventor with more than a dozen patents, he also served as \"Inventor in Residence\" to Arthur D. Little Consulting. He received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering with a concentration in architecture and master's degree in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 and a doctorate in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1997. Between degrees he worked for five years at Apple, replacing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chief (band) Chief is a four-person band from Santa Monica, California, stationed in Los Angeles, California. Chief has released three singles entitled \"Mighty Proud,\" \"Breaking Walls\", and \"Night And Day,\" as well as an EP called \"The Castle Is Gone\" and their debut and only full album, \"Modern Rituals\". All of these releases (except for the EP which was released under their own record label) have been via Domino Records. They have been compared to bands such as Coldplay and Local Natives by \"The New York Times\". The \"Times\" goes on to say \"Mr. Koga can sound like the young Tom Petty.\" Other reviews of Chief have similarly been generally good. On June 14, 2011, they played their farewell show at The Troubadour but began performing together again one year later. All four band members grew up in Los Angeles and attended school at New York University. When they first got to know each other, they were all working on various projects. Before releasing any albums as Chief, they toured extensively. Their first EP, \"The Castle Is Gone,\" was self-released in 2008. The EP was reviewed positively by \"HearYa\", who stated, \"I am loving this band.\" Their first single as well as first piece to be signed to Domino Records, \"Mighty Proud,\" was released on November 17, 2009. \"The Fader\" stated, \"they’ve earned their stripes (or patterns), with smoky hooks and group singalongs of tracks tailor-made for union rallies.\" In 2010, Chief continued to tour extensively, and released two singles and a full album. \"Night And Day\" was released on June 22, 2010, by Domino Records. \"Listen Before You Buy\" compares the \"rich, layered\" vocals to that of Band Of Horses. \"Breaking Walls\" was released on June 29, again by Domino Records. This single was described by Contactmusic.com as \"very melodic, has a lovely light jangly guitar loop paired with the occasionally subdued use of power chords backed by some very pert percussion,\" the vocals being \"Verve like.\" Their only album, \"Modern Rituals\", was released on August 17, 2010, on Domino Records. \"Modern Rituals\" received average reviews. \"Rolling Stone\" gave the album 3 stars, and \"Spin\" gave them a 5 out of 10. Pitchfork Media gave the album a 5.2, stating, \"Chief seem more or less like a bunch of hippies,\" and \"Chief are rarely better than competent at anything they try to do here.\" The album also received positive reviews. \"Filter\" stated, \"Considering how they got signed to Domino Records without even having a full length album makes you think, “Hey, these guys must be good.” In Modern Rituals, they prove exactly that.\" \"Paste\" gave the album a 7.2. On June 14, 2011, they played their farewell show at The Troubadour, shortly after announcing their breakup, which they said was \"due to creative and personal differences.\" In July 2012, Evan Koga announced via Twitter that Chief had reunited. They have resumed performing, mostly in the Los Angeles area. Chief (band) Chief is a four-person band from Santa Monica, California," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wit Without Money Wit Without Money is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by John Fletcher, and first published in 1639. Scholars have dated the play to c. 1614, based on allusions to contemporary events — notably to the dragon that was reportedly seen in Sussex in August 1614. The early editions of the play assign it to Beaumont and Fletcher, but scholars who have studied the play since the nineteenth century agree that Beaumont is absent from the work; \"All investigators are agreed in giving the play to Fletcher\" alone. Some critics, however, have argued that the text was revised, perhaps around 1620, a light revision which nonetheless removed Fletcher's characteristic preference for \"ye\" as against \"you.\" The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on 25 April 1639, as a solo work by Fletcher, and was published in quarto later that year, the text printed by Thomas Cotes for the booksellers Andrew Crooke and William Cooke. The title page of the first edition states that the play was acted by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre; and the play later passed to Beeston's Boys. Given these facts, it is most likely that the play was originally performed by the Lady Elizabeth's Men. Andrew Crooke issued another quarto edition in 1661. The play was included in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679. \"Wit Without Money\" is one of the few plays known to have been performed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum period, 1642–60, when the London theatres were formally closed but operated when they could (an early form of \"guerilla theatre\"). The play was staged at the Red Bull Theatre on 3 February 1648; unable to sell tickets openly, the actors had tickets thrown into the gentry's coaches. Another performance, on 29 December 1654, was broken up by the authorities. The play was revived during the Restoration era, like many of the works in Fletcher's canon and was performed at Middle Temple in 1660. A production at the King's Playhouse in London was \"not enjoyed much\" by Samuel Pepys (Diary, 22 April 1663). John Dryden wrote a Prologue for a 1672 revival. (The King's Company's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane burned down in January 1672; they moved to the theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields and debuted there with \"Wit Without Money\" on 26 February 1672.) The play was adapted to meet changing tastes; an altered version was printed in an undated edition that probably appeared about 1708. In fact the play seems to have been more popular in the 18th century than it was during the Restoration period, being regularly performed through the 1760s and as late as 1782. In the next century, Herman Melville chose one of the epigraphs in his collection \"The Encantadas\" from this play. For the third epigraph to \"Sketch Sixth,\" the story \"Barrington Isle and the Buccaneers,\" Melville slightly misquotes, or adapts for his own purposes, Valentine's \"How bravely now I live, how jocund, how near the first inheritance, without fears, how free from title-troubles!\" from Act I, scene i. Melville marked the relevant passage in his personal copy of the 1679 folio. Valentine is a young gentleman who has wasted his estate; in what seems overt and willful irresponsibility, he has mortgaged his lands to live the life of a fashionable man about town. His Uncle tries to persuade him to behave more responsibly, to do something to repair his fortunes — even to the extreme of marrying a wealthy woman; but Valentine will not listen. Valentine has not only imperiled his own future, but has squandered the resources that provided an annuity to his younger brother Francisco. Valentine has fallen in with a trio of suitors, Fountain, Bellamore, and Hairbrain, who court the wealthy widow Lady Hartwell; but Valentine refuses to follow their examples, much to his Uncle's displeasure. Instead, Valentine uses his considerable wit and verbosity to slander widows, marriage, and women in general. Lady Hartwell's younger sister Isabella happens to catch sight of Francisco, and instantly falls in love with him. Her maid Luce informs Lady Hartwell of Isabella's infatuation; and the Lady, unhappy at the poor prospect of Francisco as a brother-in-law, decides to prevent a match between them by packing up her household and leaving London for her country estate. Her plan is delayed when Valentine gets her coachman too drunk to drive. This provokes a confrontation between Valentine and Lady Hartwell; he employs his usual slanders and screeds against her, but is astonished when she stands her ground and equals him, indeed betters him, in a battle of words and wits. Afterward, it is clear that the Lady is interested in the provoking gentleman. Isabella sends a purse full of coin to Francisco, anonymously, through her sister's follower Shorthose; but the young man tracks down the source and seeks her out to thank her in person. She, however, is too proud and shy to acknowledge her feelings openly. It is only when Francisco confronts her by surprise on her way to church that they reach an understanding. Valentine and Lady Hartwell have a similar problem. Valentine's Uncle tries to force them past their standstill: he congratulates the Lady on her marriage to his nephew, and even suggests that she is already pregnant by him. Lady Hartwell goes to Valentine to confront him about this; from arguing they fall to flirting, then courting, and finally agree to marry. By the play's end, both pairs, the two brothers and the sisters, are joined together. Written mostly in prose instead of verse, \"Wit Without Money\" resembles another Fletcher comedy, \"The Elder Brother.\" Wit Without Money Wit Without Money is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by John Fletcher, and first published in 1639. Scholars have dated the play to c. 1614, based on allusions to contemporary events — notably to the dragon that was reportedly seen in Sussex in August 1614. The early editions of the play assign it to Beaumont" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Again (1949 song) \"Again\" is a popular song with music by Lionel Newman and words by Dorcas Cochran. It first appeared in the movie \"Road House\" (1948), sung by Ida Lupino An instrumental rendition was used in the movie \"Pickup on South Street\" (1953). By 1949, versions by Vic Damone, Doris Day, Tommy Dorsey, Gordon Jenkins, Vera Lynn, Art Mooney, and Mel Tormé all made the Billboard charts. The recording by Doris Day was recorded in February 1949 and released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38467. The flip side was \"Everywhere You Go\". It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on May 13, 1949, and lasted 19 weeks on the chart, peaking at #2. The recording by Vic Damone was recorded in February 1949 and released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5261. The flip side was \"I Love You So Much It Hurts\". It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on April 8, 1949, and lasted 15 weeks on the chart, peaking at #11. Other sources give the highest chart position as #6. The recording by Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3427. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on June 10, 1949, and lasted 9 weeks on the chart, peaking at #22. Other sources give the highest chart position as #6. The flip side, \"The Hucklebuck\", also charted. The recording by Gordon Jenkins and his orchestra was made on February 17, 1949, and released by Decca Records as catalog number 24602. The flip side was \"Skip to My Lou\". It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on April 15, 1949, and lasted 23 weeks on the chart, peaking at #2. The recording by Vera Lynn was released by London Records as catalog number 310. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on January 21, 1949, and lasted 3 weeks on the chart, peaking at #23. The recording by Art Mooney and his orchestra was made on March 7, 1949, and released by MGM Records as catalog number 10398. The flip side was \"Five Foot Two\". It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on July 15, 1949, at #28, its only week on the chart. Other sources give the highest chart position as #7. The recording by Mel Tormé was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 15428. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on April 8, 1949, and lasted 18 weeks on the chart, peaking at #7. Other sources give the highest chart position as #3. The flip side, \"Blue Moon\", also charted. Again (1949 song) \"Again\" is a popular song with music by Lionel Newman and words by Dorcas Cochran. It first appeared in the movie \"Road House\" (1948), sung by Ida Lupino An instrumental rendition was used in the movie \"Pickup on South Street\" (1953). By 1949, versions by Vic Damone, Doris Day, Tommy Dorsey, Gordon Jenkins, Vera Lynn, Art Mooney," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leo Moon Leo Moon (June 22, 1899 – August 25, 1970) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for one season. He pitched 5⅔ innings in one game for the Cleveland Indians during the 1932 Cleveland Indians season and had a 17-year career in the minor leagues. He was originally born with two fingers on his left hand fused together. While actively pitching in baseball, he had surgery to split the two in 1927. Moon began his professional career in 1924 with in the Texas League. He then spent 1925 and 1926 with the Des Moines Demons, finishing the second season with 24 wins and eight losses. He spent 1926 to 1928 with the Minneapolis Millers, and followed that up with three seasons with the Little Rock Travelers. His best season there was 1930, when he had a win-loss record of 18-9 and a 2.98 earned run average (ERA) in 41 games and 248 innings pitched. Moon split the 1932 season with the Toledo Mud Hens and New Orleans Pelicans. While with Toledo, the Cleveland Indians signed him to a contract to give themselves a left-handed pitcher on the roster. Moon made his debut on July 9 in the second game of a doubleheader against the Washington Senators, allowing seven runs and seven bases on balls in 5.2 innings pitched in a 14-4 loss. He returned to the minor leagues shortly after that appearance, and spent 1933 with New Orleans. Moon spend the next five seasons with the Knoxville Smokies and Atlanta Crackers in the Southern Association, finishing with a 17-9 record in two of those seasons. He spent 1939 with the Fort Worth Cats and Oklahoma City Indians, then wrapped up his career in 1940, finishing his professional career with over 200 wins. Leo Moon Leo Moon (June 22, 1899" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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