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{ "retrieved": [ "Eiler Hansen Hagerup Eiler Hansen Hagerup or Eiler Hagerup d.e. (25 November 1685 – 15 April 1743) was a Norwegian theologian and priest. He was the Bishop of the Diocese of Trondhjem from 1731 until his death in 1743. Eiler Hagerup was born on 25 November 1685 in Kvernes in what is now Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. His parents were the priest Hans Hansen Hagerup and his wife Ellen Eilersdatter Schøller. He was married in 1715 to Anna Cathrine Barhow (1695-1737), daughter of parish priest, Amund Barhow (1660-1725). Together they had 17 children including Hans Hagerup Gyldenpalm, Eiler Hagerup, and Christian Frederik Hagerup. The \"\"d.e.\"\" at the end of his name means \"den eldre\" () to distinguish him from his younger nephew, Eiler Hagerup d.y. (1718- 1789), Bishop in the Diocese of Bjørgvin and later in Kristiansand. He was a student at Trondheim Cathedral School. In 1702, he started at the University of Copenhagen and graduated with a Cand.theol. degree 1704. In 1709, he was hired as a chaplain in the parish of Kvernes where his father worked. After a few years, he was hired as the parish priest in Kalundborg, Denmark (1715-1727). In 1727, he became a lecturer in theology at Trondheim Cathedral School following the death of Thomas von Westen. In 1731, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros as a replacement for Peder Krog. During his time as bishop, he was a very good administrator and he was considered a demanding leader of the church. In a shepherd's letter to the priests in his diocese, he made strict demands: the catechism should be taught and the young people should learn to read with the book. The scripture must be taken seriously, and the priests must visit all homes in their parish every year. An account of the poverty of the poor shall be made across the diocese. He made a huge emphasis during his time as bishop at mission work among the Sami people in Northern Norway. Bishop Hagerup died in 1743 in Trondheim. Eiler Hansen Hagerup Eiler Hansen Hagerup or Eiler Hagerup d.e. (25 November 1685 – 15 April 1743) was a Norwegian theologian and priest. He was the Bishop of the Diocese of Trondhjem from 1731 until his death in 1743. Eiler Hagerup was born on 25 November 1685 in Kvernes in what is now Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. His parents" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stony Sleep Stony Sleep was a teenage grunge rock band, formed in 1993 by brothers Ben Fox Smith (vocals, guitar), Christian Smith-Pancorvo (drums, vocals), and William Salmon (bass). They were signed to Big Cat Records in 1995 and recorded \"Music For Chameleons\" which was originally released in 1996. The band then replaced Will Salmon with Lee Citron and recorded \"A Slack Romance\" in 1997, released in 1999. They split up in 1999 following the demise of Big Cat Records and under pressure from drug addiction and lack of finance. During the band's career Stony Sleep toured Britain extensively, and played a handful of gigs in Europe and the USA. Highlights of their career included a top 30 slot in the Australian album charts, an exceptional review by Ozzy Osbourne for the NME, and an interview with Johnny Vaughan, live on the Big Breakfast, a show no longer being aired. They recorded two very successful sessions under John Peel, which are very hard to get hold of. Frontman Ben Fox Smith went on to front Serafin. Drummer Christian Smith-Pancorvo has played in various bands, most notably being the original drummer with Razorlight, and is currently also in Serafin with Ben Fox Smith. Lee Citron died in November 2001. Stony Sleep Stony Sleep was a teenage grunge rock band, formed in 1993 by brothers Ben Fox Smith (vocals, guitar), Christian Smith-Pancorvo (drums, vocals), and William Salmon (bass). They were signed to Big Cat Records in 1995 and recorded \"Music For Chameleons\" which was originally released in 1996. The band then replaced Will Salmon with Lee Citron and recorded \"A Slack Romance\" in 1997, released in 1999. They split up in 1999 following the demise of Big Cat Records and under pressure from drug addiction and lack of finance. During the band's career" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fontaine-la-Mallet Fontaine-le-Mallet is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. The first mention of the village dates from the eleventh century, when an abbess from Montivilliers bought of land in order to build a church here \"in villa dicitur Fontenais ad opus ecclesiae Sancta Mariae\". In a register of the Secretariat of the Archdiocese of Rouen, dating from 1479 to 1480, it mentions \"Parochia Fontibus le Mallet\" - Mallet coming from the name of the first seigneurs - the Malet de Graville family (c. 1200–1300). Fontaine-la-Mallet grew over the centuries and was all but destroyed by bombing in September 1944. It was the most badly affected village of the lower Seine. Rebuilding of the commune was started in the 1960s. A village of farming and forestry situated in the Pays de Caux, some north of Le Havre, near the junction of the D52 and the N328 roads. Fontaine-la-Mallet Fontaine-le-Mallet is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. The first mention of the village dates from the eleventh century, when an abbess from Montivilliers bought of land in order to build a church here \"in villa dicitur Fontenais ad" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eleonore Marguerre Eleonore Marguerre (born 8 January 1978, in Seeheim-Jugenheim, Germany) is a German opera singer (coloratura soprano) with Belgic-French ancestors. Her roles have included \"La Traviata\", Konstanze in \"Die Entführung aus dem Serail\", and the title role in Aribert Reimanns \"Melusine\". In 2006 she made her debut as Venus in Mozart's \"Ascanio in Alba\" at Teatro alla Scala. She performed in 2007 at the Grand Théâtre de Genève and in 2008 at the Tokyo City Opera. In 2009 she performed the role of Juliette in Korngold's \"Die tote Stadt\" at Teatro la Fenice. In 2015 / 2016 Eleonore Marguerre sings \"Violetta\" and \"Armida\" in Dortmund, First Lady in Magic Flute on a Tour with Ivan Fischer to London, Amsterdam, Budapest, Brügge and Berlin. Since 2010 the singer has performed regularly in France: Opéra National de Lorraine as Ghita in Zemlinsky's \"Der Zwerg\", at Opéra de Nice and Opéra de Bordeaux in Mozart's \"Lucio Silla\", Opéra de Monaco as Woglinde in Rheingold. Since 2011 she sings regularly at Opéra Dortmund as Contessa Almaviva in \"Le nozze di Figaro,\" \"Manon,\" Fiordiligi in \"Così fan tutte\" , Poppea in Monteverdi's \"L’incoronazione di Poppea\", and Violetta Valéry in Giuseppe Verdi's \"La traviata\". Eleonore" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nancy E. Dunlap Nancy E. Dunlap is a physician, researcher and business administrator focused in the area of pulmonary and critical care medicine. She is now an emeritus professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. Dunlap has held numerous appointments with increasing responsibilities at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, as professor of medicine and business. She also served as vice chair for clinical affairs, vice president of the UAB Health System for Ambulatory Services and chief of staff and chief operating officer for The Kirklin Clinic, a large, multi-specialty, academic clinic. As a Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellow, Dunlap worked on the reauthorization of FDA legislation regarding pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biologics, as well as issues related to Medicare, Medicaid, public health, insurance matters, sustainable growth rate and medical liability. Dr. Dunlap was also a Physician-in-Residence with the National Governors Association in Washington, DC in 2013. In May 2013, Dunlap was appointed interim Dean for the University of Virginia School of Medicine, replacing Steven T. DeKosky, and served a term of eighteen months. Dunlap received a bachelor of arts degree from Wellesley College; a medical degree from Duke University; a doctoral degree in microbiology from UAB; and an MBA degree with distinction from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Dr. Dunlap is cited as an author on over 45 PubMed publications. Nancy E. Dunlap Nancy E. Dunlap is a physician, researcher and business administrator focused in the area of pulmonary and critical care medicine. She is now an emeritus professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. Dunlap has held numerous appointments with increasing responsibilities at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, as professor of medicine and business. She also served as vice chair for clinical affairs, vice president of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dance India Dance Li'l Masters \n--- \nAlso known as \| DID Li'l Masters \nGenre \| Reality \nPresented by \| \n\n * Manish Paul \n * Jay Bhanushali \n\n \nJudges \| \n\n * Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) \n * Farah Khan \n * Sandip Soparrkar \n * Geeta Kapoor \n * Marzi Pestonji \n * Ahmed Khan \n * Siddharth Anand \n * Chitrangada Singh \n\n \nOpening theme \| \"D.I.D. Little Masters\" \nCountry of origin \| India \nOriginal language (s) \| Hindi \nNo. of seasons \| \nProduction \nCamera setup \| Multi-camera \nRunning time \| 1 hour \nRelease \nOriginal network \| Zee TV \nOriginal release \| 30 April 2010 (2010-04-30)–present \nExternal links \nWebsite \n * Kaushik Mandal \n * Saddam Hussain Sheikh \n * Anuradha Iyengar \n * Vicky Alhat \n\n\n The shows consisted of 12 finalist couples. The Grand Finale was scheduled for filming 7 April 2011 at the Andheri Sports Complex for broadcast on 9 April 2011. Amit and Falon were voted the winners of the season. \n 1. Shyam Yadav (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was the winner. \n 2. Manan Sachdeva (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Biki Das (from Firoz Ki Fauj) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Sumedh Mudgalkar (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 3rd runner-up. \n\n\n * Salman Yusuff Khan \n * Prince R. Gupta \n * Khushboo Purohit \n * Mangesh Mondal \n * Bhavana Purohit \n * Rakhee Sharma \n\n\n * Sanket Gaonkar (Ankola) \n * Piyush Gurbhele (Nagpur) \n * Nainika Anasuru (Jharsuguda) (Odisha) (Wildcard Entry) \n * Sachin Sharma (Faridabad) \n * Shivam Wankhede (Jalgaon) \n\n\n Sanket Gaonkar (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the winner \n The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014. Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar, Raghav Crockroaz Juyal/Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz and Swarali Karulkar, as skippers. The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner, and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up. \n * Mudassar Khan, his team is named Mudassar Ki Mandali. \n * Marzi Pestonji, his team is named Marzi Ke Mastane. \n * Mini Pradhan, her team is named Mini Ke Masterblasters. \n\n\n Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition-Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu \n 1. Proneeta Swargiary (from Punit Ke Panthers) was the winner. \n 2. Nirmal Tamang (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Sahil Adanaya (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Kaushik Mandal (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was 3rd runner-up. \n 5. Ashish Vashistha (from Punit Ke Panthers) was 4th runner-up. \n\n\n * Sachin Sharma (Faridabad) \n * Kalpita Kachroo (Eliminated) \n * punyakar upadhyay (Eliminated) \n * shwetha warrier (Eliminated) \n * shweta sharda (Eliminated) \n * Rahul Burman (Eliminated) \n\n\n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeries logo for the first five seasons \nAlso known as \| DID \nGenre \| Reality \nCreated by \| UTV Software Communications \nPresented by \| \n\n * Jay Bhanushali \n * Saumya Tandon \n * Ishita Sharma \n * Sahil Khattar \n * Amruta Khanvilkar \n\n \nJudges \| \n\n * Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) \n * Geeta Kapoor \n * Terence Lewis \n * Remo D'Souza \n * Mudassar Khan \n * Feroz Khan \n * Shruti Merchant \n * Punit Pathak \n * Gaiti Siddiqui \n * Marzi Pestonji \n * Mini Pradhan \n\n \nOpening theme \| \"India, Dance India Dance\" \nCountry of origin \| India \nOriginal language (s) \| Hindi \nNo. of seasons \| 6 \nNo. of episodes \| 203 \nProduction \nCamera setup \| Multi-camera \nRunning time \| 1 hour \nProduction company (s) \| Essel Vision Productions Frames Production \nRelease \nOriginal network \| Zee TV \nPicture format \| 480p (SDTV) 720p (HDTV) \nOriginal release \| 30 January 2009 (2009-01-30)–18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) \nChronology \nRelated shows \| \n\n * DID Li'l Masters \n * DID Doubles \n * DID Super Moms \n\n \nExternal links \nWebsite \n DID Li'l Masters returned with its 4th season after 4 years. It began broadcasting on 3rd March 2018. Marzi Pestonji, Chitrangnda Singh and Siddharth Anand are the judges along with Vaishnavi Patil, Jitumoni Kalita, Tanay Malhara and Bir Radha Sherpa as the skippers. The teams are Vaishnavi Ke Veer, Jitumoni ke Janbaaz, Tanay ke Tigers and Bir ke Baahubali. \n DID Dance Ka Tashan featured contestants from Dance India Dance Super Moms competing against contestants from Dance India Dance L'il Masters 2. The show aired in November 2013 and was judged by choreographer Ahmed Khan and Geeta Kapoor and hosted by TV actor Rithvik Dhanjani and India's Best Dramebaaz, Nihar. The show was won by Team Todu, the DID L'il Masters Season 2 contestants, Faisal, Soumya, Rohan, Om, Shalini, Deep, Tanay, Jeet and Shreya. \n * Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali. \n * Shruti Merchant, her team was named Shruti Ke Shandar. \n * Feroz Khan, his team was named Feroz Ki Fauj. \n\n\n 1. Rajasmita Kar (from Geeta Ki Gang) was the winner. \n 2. Pradeep Gurung (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Raghav Juyal (from Terence Ki Toli) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Sanam Johar (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 3rd runner-up. \n 5. Mohena Singh (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 4th runner-up. \n\n\n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 2 \nBroadcast from \| 18 December 2009 (2009-12-18)–23 April 2010 (2010-04-23) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Geeta Kapoor Terence Lewis Remo D'Souza \nHost (s) \| Jay Bhanushali Saumya Tandon \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 37 \nWebsite \| \"Dance India Dance Season 2\". \nWinner \nShakti Mohan \nOrigin \| Mumbai \nRunner-up \nDharmesh Yelande \nChronology \n \n * ◀ \n * 2009-10 \n * ▶ \n\n\n * Punit Pathak \n * Saajan Singh \n * Nikkitasha Marwaha \n * Shashank Dogra \n\n\n Third season was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 21 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar. \n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 6 \nBroadcast from \| 4 November 2017 (2017-11-04)–18 February 2018 (2018-02-18) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Mudassar Khan Marzi Pestonji Mini Pradhan \nHost (s) \| Amruta Khanvilkar Sahil Khattar \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 31 \nWebsite \| \"Dance India Dance-2017\". \nWinner \nSanket Gaonkar \nOrigin \| Ankola \nRunner-up \nSachin Sharma \nChronology \n \n * ◀ \n * 2017-18 \n\n\n The show features a format where dancers from a variety of styles enter open auditions held in Indian metropolitan cities to showcase their unique style and talents and, if allowed to move forward, are then put through mega-audition rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles. At the end of mega audition, the top 18 dancers are chosen as finalists who move on to compete in the competition's main phase where they will perform solo, duet and group dance numbers in a variety of styles in competition for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which, combined with the input of a panel of judges, determine which dancers will advance to the next stage from week to week. \n * Siddhesh Pai \n * Sunita Gogoi \n\n\n 1. Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner. \n 2. Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up.", "1. Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner. \n 2. Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up. \n\n\n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 3 \nBroadcast from \| 24 December 2011 (2011-12-24)–21 April 2012 (2012-04-21) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Geeta Kapoor Terence Lewis Remo D'Souza \nHost (s) \| Jay Bhanushali Saumya Tandon \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 35 \nWebsite \| \"Dance India Dance Season 3\". \nWinner \nRajasmita Kar \nOrigin \| Bhubaneswar \nRunner-up \nPradeep Gurung \nChronology \n \n * ◀ \n * 2011-12 \n * ▶ \n\n\n * Pradeep Gurung \n * Raghav Juyal \n * Neerav Balvecha \n * Sneha Gupta \n * Piyali Saha \n * Varoon \n\n\n * Rajasmita Kar \n * Abheek Banerjee \n * Paul Marshal \n * Urvashi Gandhi \n\n\n The show features a variety of Indian cultural and international dance styles ranging across a broad spectrum of classical, Contemporary, Bollywood, Hip-hop, Jazz, Kalaripayattu, Salsa, and Musical theatre styles, amongst others, with many subgenres within these categories represented. Competitors attempt to master these styles in an attempt to survive successive weeks of elimination and win a cash prize and often other awards, as well as the title of India's Best Dancer. The show is choreographed by Indian choreographers, such as Mudassar Khan, Marzi Pestonji and Mini Pradhan. The show has won several television awards for Most Popular Dance Reality Show. \n * Biki Das \n * Arundhati Garnaik \n * Ashutosh Pawar \n\n\n * Nirmal Tamang \n * Sahil Adanaya \n * Anila Rajan \n\n\n The Open Auditions take place in 5–6 major Indian cities and are typically open to anyone aged 15–30 at the time of their audition. The cities in which auditions are held varies from season to season but some, such as New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have featured in almost every season. During this stage, dancers perform a brief routine (typically individually) before three masters. The masters will then make an on-the-spot decision as to whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability. If the dancer impressed the masters with his/her dancing abilities, masters will award a Hat called Taqdeer Ki Topi (Hat of Destiny), moving them instantly one step forward in the competition. \n Dance Ke Superstars featured contestants from the first two seasons to compete against each other. The show was judged by choreographers Remo D'Souza and Shiamak Davar, and featured a guest judge every week. Team Jalwa, the Season 2 DID contestants, won the series. \n The first season of DID L'il Masters was judged by Farah Khan and Sandip Soparrkar. The four skippers and their teams were:Dharmesh ke Dhinchak, Jai ke Jhatang-Fatang, Vrushali ke Dhum-Dhadake and Amrita ke Aflatoon. Jeetumoni Kalita from Dharmesh ke Dhinchak was declared winner of the first season of Dance India Dance L'il Masters. Atul Banmoria was the 1st runner-up and Vaishnavi Patil was the 2nd runner-up, Sonik Chauhan from Delhi got the best performer award from Finalist and Tiyash Saha (Wild Card Entry) from Kolkata (Neerav ke Rockstars) got the 5th position and most entertaining participant of the Season, Ritika and Pallavi got 6th position. \n Grand Master Mithun Chakraborty has been being the head judge of the series. When any contestant performs an extra-ordinary performance, Grand Master gives him/her a salute. It's called Grand Salute and it is the highest respect for any contestant here. Every season, 3 Indian choreographers (who are called Masters) choreograph the contestants and judge them too with Grand Master. First three seasons was judged by 3 regular judges Master Geeta Kapoor, Master Terence Lewis & Master Remo D'Souza with Grand Master. Then the judges were changed season by season from season 4. When any contestant performs a perfect act, the judges give him/her a special speech which is as respect for the contestant. \n * Proneeta Swargiary \n * Ashish Vashistha \n * Sally Sheikh \n * Pankaj Thapa \n\n\n * Sanket Gaonkar (Ankola) \n * Piyush Gurbhele (Nagpur) \n * Nainika Anasuru (Jharsuguda) (Odisha) (Wildcard Entry) \n * Sujan Marpa (Eliminated) \n * Deepak Hulsure (Wildcard Entry) (Eliminated) \n * Sonal Vichare (Eliminated) \n * Mitesh Roy (Eliminated) \n * Sarang Roy (Eliminated) \n\n\n Fourth season was started on 26 October 2013. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Ishita Sharma. The grand finale was aired on 22 February 2014 and winner was Shyam Yadav. \n Rank \| Name \| Team \| Duration \| Seasons \| Special speech \| Best achievement \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nGrand Master (head judge) \| Mithun Chakraborty \| \\- \| 2009-18 \| All \| Kya baat, kya baat, kya baat. \| \\- \nMaster (judge) \| Geeta Kapoor \| Geeta Ki Gang \| 2009-12 \| 1, 2, 3 \| Stupendo-fantabulous fantastical. \| 1st in season 3 \nTerence Lewis \| Terence Ki Toli \| Chummeshwari performance. \| 1st in season 2 \nRemo D'Souza \| Remo Ke Rangeelay \| That's what I call a performance. \| 1st in season 1 \nMudassar Khan \| Mudassar Ki Mandali \| 2013-18 \| 4, 5, 6 \| Chik chik boom fire. \| 1st in season 4 \nFeroz Khan \| Feroz Ki Fauz \| 2013-14 \| \| Ferocious performance. \| 3rd in season 4 \nShruti Merchant \| Shruti Ke Shandar \| Jumbari jiri jiri jam jatak performance. \| 2nd in season 4 \nPunit Pathak \| Punit Ke Panthers \| 2015 \| 5 \| Chamu performance. \| 1st in season 5 \nGaiti Siddiqui \| Gaiti Ke Gangsters \| K.I.L.L.E.R performance. \| 2nd in season 5 \nMarzi Pestonji \| Marzi Ke Mastane \| 2017-18 \| 6 \| N/A \| 2nd in season 6 \nMini Pradhan \| Mini Ke Masterblasters \| Tod diya, phod diya. \| 1st in season 6 \n Season \| Duration \| No. of weeks \| No. of episodes \| Finalists \| Presenters \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nWinner \| Runner-up \| Third place \| Fourth place \| Fifth place \| Male \| Female \n\| 30 January-30 May 2009 \| 18 \| 35 \| Salman Khan \| Alisha Singh \| Siddhesh Pai \| Jai Kumar Nair \| N/A \| Jay Bhanushali \| Saumya Tandon \n\| 18 December 2009-23 April 2010 \| 19 \| 37 \| Shakti Mohan \| Dharmesh Yelande \| Punit Pathak \| Binny Sharma \n\| 24 December 2011-21 April 2012 \| 18 \| 35 \| Rajasmita Kar \| Pradeep Gurung \| Raghav Juyal \| Sanam Johar \| Mohena Singh \n\| 26 October 2013-22 February 2014 \| 18 \| 34 \| Shyam Yadav \| Manan Sachdeva \| Biki Das \| Sumedh Mudgalkar \| N/A \| Ishita Sharma \n5 \| 27 June-10 October 2015 \| 16 \| 31 \| Proneeta Swargiary \| Nirmal Tamang \| Sahil Adanaya \| Kaushik Mandal \| Ashish Vashistha \| N/A \n6 \| 4 November 2017-18 February 2018 \| 16 \| 31 \| Sanket Gaonkar \| Sachin Sharma \| Piyush Gurbhele \| Nainika Anasuru \| Shivam Wankhede \| Sahil Khattar \| Amruta Khanvilkar \n * Shakti Mohan \n * Amarjeet Singh \n * Jack Gill \n * Kruti Mahesh \n\n\n * Sanam Johar \n * Mohena Singh \n * Vaibhav Ghuge \n\n\n Second season was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan. \n * Shyam Yadav \n * Swarali Karulkar \n * Dhiraj Bakshi \n\n\n The second season started in March 2015. Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis. \n * Shivam Wankhede (Jalgaon) \n * Paramdeep Singh (Eliminated) \n * Alphons Chetty (Eliminated) \n * Daphisha Kharbani (Eliminated) \n * Ria Chatterjee (Eliminated) \n * Deepak (Eliminated)", "* Sanam Johar \n * Mohena Singh \n * Vaibhav Ghuge \n\n\n Second season was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan. \n * Shyam Yadav \n * Swarali Karulkar \n * Dhiraj Bakshi \n\n\n The second season started in March 2015. Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis. \n * Shivam Wankhede (Jalgaon) \n * Paramdeep Singh (Eliminated) \n * Alphons Chetty (Eliminated) \n * Daphisha Kharbani (Eliminated) \n * Ria Chatterjee (Eliminated) \n * Deepak (Eliminated) \n\n\n Mithu Chowdhury from Kolkata was declared the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms 2013 Season, and Cecille Rodrigues from Goa was the 1st runner-up, and Shraddha Shah Raj from Surat was the 2nd runner-up. \n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 4 \nBroadcast from \| 26 October 2013 (2013-10-26)–22 February 2014 (2014-02-22) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Mudassar Khan Feroz Khan Shruti Merchant \nHost (s) \| Jay Bhanushali Ishita Sharma \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 34 \nWebsite \| \"Dance India Dance Season 4\". \nWinner \nShyam Yadav \nOrigin \| Mumbai \nRunner-up \nManan Sachdeva \nChronology \n \n * ◀ \n * 2013-14 \n * ▶ \n\n\n Shivam Wankhede (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) is fourth runner up \n * Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay. \n * Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli. \n * Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang. \n\n\n Dance India Dance (also called by the acronym DID; tagline:Dance Ka Asli ID D.I.D.) is an Indian dance competition reality television series that airs on Zee TV, created by UTV Software Communications & produced by Essel Vision Productions. It premiered on 30 January 2009. Every season of the series is judged by 3 Indian choreographers with famous Indian film actor Mithun Chakraborty, where he has been judging as the head judge. Here the judges are called Masters and Mithun Chakraborty is called Grand Master. \n Dance ke Superkids-Battle of the Baaps! featured contestants from the first two seasons of DID L'iL Masters. It was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Farah Khan and Marzi Pestonji and hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Shreya Acharya. Team Yahoo, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 2, was led by Captain Raghav Juyal and choreographers:Kruti Mahesh and Prince Gupta. They won the competition with Faisal Khan, Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra and Tanay Malhara dancing their way to victory. Team Wakao, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 1, was led by Captain Dharmesh Yelande and choreographers:Mayuresh Vadkar and Vrushali Chavan; with dancing contestants:Jeetumoni Kalita, Vatsal Vithlani, Ruturaj Mahalim, Vaishnavi Patil, Atul Banmoria, Anurag Sarmah and Khyati Patel. The team fell just short of victory but thoroughly celebrated their time on the show all the same. \n The selection process can be further broken down into two distinct stages:the Open Auditions and a second phase referred to as the Mega Auditions. \n Sachin Sharma (from Marzi Ke Mastane) is first runner up \n * Manan Sachdeva \n * Sumedh Mudgalkar \n * Shrishti Jain \n * Suniketa Bore \n\n\n * Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali. \n * Punit Pathak, his team was named Punit Ke Panthers. \n * Gaiti Siddiqui, her team was named Gaiti Ke Gangsters. \n\n\n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 5 \nBroadcast from \| 27 June (2015-06-27)–10 October 2015 (2015-10-10) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Mudassar Khan Punit Pathak Gaiti Siddiqui \nHost (s) \| Jay Bhanushali \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 31 \nWebsite \| \"Dance India Dance Season 5\". \nWinner \nProneeta Swargiary \nOrigin \| Delhi \nRunner-up \nNirmal Tamang \nChronology \n \n * ◀ \n * 2015 \n * ▶ \n\n\n DID L'il Masters 2 was judged by Master Geeta and Master Marzi. The four skippers and their teams were Prince ke Paltan, Raghav ke Rockstars, Kruti ke Krackers and Neerav ke Ninjas. 5 contestants, Jeet, Om, Faisal, Rohan and Saumya entered the grand finale. Faisal Khan, from Prince ke Paltan, was declared as the winner of the second season. Om Chetry, Rohan Parkale and Saumya Rai came second, third and fourth respectively. \n Nainika Anasuru (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is third runner up \n Piyush Gurbhele (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is second runner up \n Sixth season is being aired from 4 November 2017. This season is being hosted by Amruta Khanvilkar and Sahil Khattar. \n 1. Salman Yusuff Khan (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was the winner. \n 2. Alisha Singh (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up. \n 3. Siddhesh Pai (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 2nd runner-up. \n 4. Jai Kumar Nair (from Terence Ki Toli) was 3rd runner-up. \n\n\n The second stage of the selection process, the Mega Auditions, is a several-day-long process in which the 100 hopefuls are tested for overall well-rounded dance ability, stamina, and their ability to perform under pressure. The dancers are put through a battery of rounds which test their ability to pick up various dance styles (typically some of the more well-represented genres that will later be prominent in the competition phase, such as Hip hop, Bollywood, Jazz, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Contemporary). At the end of this process, only the top 36 competitors will be chosen. The top 36 are then again asked to give solo performances, after which 18 are chosen in the final auditions. Then, those top 18 get divided into 3 teams which are named according to the 3 masters of the show such as, Mudassar Ki Mandali, Marzi Ke Mastane and Mini Ke Masterblasters. Each team containing 6 dancers then competes in the show, learning new skills throughout the journey. \n Dance India Dance \n--- \nSeason 1 \nBroadcast from \| 30 January (2009-01-30)–30 May 2009 (2009-05-30) \nJudges \| Mithun Chakraborty (head judge) Geeta Kapoor Terence Lewis Remo D'Souza \nHost (s) \| Jay Bhanushali Saumya Tandon \nBroadcaster \| Zee TV \nNo. of episodes \| 35 \nWinner \nSalman Khan \nOrigin \| Mumbai \nRunner-up \nAlisha Singh \nChronology \n \n * 2009 \n * ▶ \n\n\n * Dharmesh Yelande \n * Binny Sharma \n * Amrita Moitra \n * Kishore Aman \n\n\n Fifth season was started on 27 June 2015. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The grand finale was aired on 10 October 2015 and winner was Proneeta Swargiary. \n First season was started on 30 January 2009. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 30 May 2009 and winner was Salman Yusuff Khan. \n * Alisha Singh \n * Jai Kumar Nair \n * Mayuresh Wadkar \n * Vrushali Chavan" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Latvian Australians Latvian Australians are Australian citizens of Latvian descent, or persons born in Latvia who reside in Australia. At the 2016 Census, 20,509 residents in Australia reported to have Latvian ancestry. Few Latvians arrived in Australia before 1947. Between 1947 and 1952, 19,700 Latvian refugees arrived in Australia as displaced persons under the supervision of the International Refugee Organisation. The first voyage under Arthur Calwell's Displaced Persons immigration program, that of the General Stuart Heintzelman in 1947, was specially chosen to be all from Baltic nations, all single, many blond and blue-eyed, in order to appeal to the Australian public. Of the 843 immigrants on the Heintzelman, 264 were Latvian. Latvian Australians Latvian Australians are Australian citizens of Latvian descent, or persons born in Latvia who reside in Australia. At the 2016 Census, 20,509 residents in Australia reported to have Latvian ancestry. Few Latvians arrived in Australia before 1947. Between 1947 and 1952, 19,700 Latvian refugees arrived in Australia as displaced persons under the supervision of the International Refugee Organisation. The first voyage under Arthur Calwell's Displaced Persons immigration program, that of the General Stuart Heintzelman in 1947, was specially chosen to be all from Baltic nations, all single," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chen Yi-hsiung Chen Yi-hsiung (died 29 March 2004) is the prime suspect in the 3-19 shooting incident, a failed attempt to assassinate the president of Taiwan Chen Shui-bian, and perhaps vice president Annette Lu, on 19 March 2004, one day prior to the 2004 presidential election. Chen was unemployed and blamed the president for his economic woes. Working off of clues from a video that was shot near the attack, authorities spent months tracing the bullets used in the assassination attempt to an illegal gun maker. After questioning the individual, investigators were able to follow the purchase to Chen Yi-hsiung, who was found drowned in a harbour in Tainan 10 days after the attack. While the case has officially been closed, with the main suspect Chen Yi-hsiung dead, police are having a hard time proving their theory. While Chen Yi-hsiung's death was officially ruled a suicide, with both suicide notes (supposedly burned by his family) and a video of his wife apologizing for her husband's crime backing up this theory, opponents of president Chen disagree with this conclusion. President Chen's foes claim that the assassination attempt was planned in order to win sympathy votes, which led to president Chen winning the election by just over 29,500 votes, barely hours after the attempted assassination. One theory, supported by Vice President Lu herself, is that there may have been two shooters. Whatever the case, the common sentiment is that few people, only 21% in a poll by the pan blue China Times newspaper, believe that Chen Yi-hsiung was the sole assailant and engineer of the attack. Chen Yi-hsiung Chen Yi-hsiung (died 29 March 2004) is the prime suspect in the 3-19 shooting incident, a failed attempt to assassinate the president of Taiwan Chen Shui-bian, and perhaps vice president Annette Lu, on 19" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Pop Kids \"The Pop Kids\" is a song from the Pet Shop Boys album \"Super\", released as a digital download on 16 February 2016. A CD single and a digital extended play was released on 18 March 2016. A white vinyl 12\" of \"The Pop Kids\" was released on 27 May, featuring five remixes of the song. It was performed live on \"The Graham Norton Show\". The single was released on both digital and physical formats, featuring mixes by MK, The Scene Kings and Offer Nissim as well as two previously unreleased B-sides, \"In Bits\" and \"One Hit Wonder\". The Pop Kids \"The Pop Kids\" is a song from the Pet Shop Boys album \"Super\", released as a digital download on 16 February 2016. A CD single and a digital extended play was released on 18 March 2016. A white vinyl 12\" of \"The Pop Kids\" was released on 27 May, featuring five remixes of the song. It was performed live on \"The Graham Norton Show\". The single was released on both digital and physical formats, featuring mixes by MK, The Scene Kings and Offer Nissim as well as two previously unreleased B-sides, \"In Bits\" and \"One Hit Wonder\"." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress) This is the results breakdown of the Congress of Deputies election held in Spain on 20 December 2015. The following tables show detailed results in each of the country's 17 autonomous communities and in the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a summary of constituency results. 348 members of the Congress of Deputies were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as \"begged\" or expat vote (). The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, parties, federations or coalitions who had not obtained a mandate in either House of Parliament at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election, whereas groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of 1 percent of electors. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called. Results breakdown of the 2015 Spanish general election (Congress) This is the results breakdown of the Congress of Deputies election held in Spain on 20 December 2015. The following tables show detailed results in each of the country's 17 autonomous communities and in the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a summary of constituency" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Terri Dendy Terri A. Dendy (born May 8, 1965) is a former American track and field athlete from Wilmington, Delaware. Dendy was ranked among the top ten women in the U.S. for the 400 meters event from 1986 through 1989 and again in 1993. She was an alternate on the U.S. 4 x 400 meters relay team at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Dendy graduated from Concord High School, where she set a state record in the 400 meters. She continued her career at George Mason University, where she set school records indoors at 300 meters (38.77), 400 meters (52.57), 500 meters (1:11.45) and outdoors 400 meters (51.45). Dendy was a semi-finalist in the 200 meters event at the 1989 World Indoor Championships, running 23.75 seconds. In 1993, at the World Indoor Championships in Toronto, Dendy won a silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay. Outdoors, she also won a silver medal at the World Championships in Stuttgart, where she ran in the heats of the 4 × 400 m relay but not the final. Her sister Dionne Jones-Dendy was also a track and field athlete, and her nephew Marquis Dendy is an American champion in the long jump. She now works at Northwestern High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, as a gym teacher Terri Dendy Terri A. Dendy (born May 8, 1965) is a former American track and field athlete from Wilmington, Delaware. Dendy was ranked among the top ten women in the U.S. for the 400 meters event from 1986 through 1989 and again in 1993. She was an alternate on the U.S. 4 x 400 meters relay team at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Dendy graduated from Concord High School, where she set a state record in the 400 meters. She continued her career at George Mason University," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Guðrúnarkviða I Guðrúnarkviða I or \"the First Lay of Guðrún\" is simply called \"Guðrúnarkviða\" in Codex Regius, where it is found together with the other heroic poems of the \"Poetic Edda\". Henry Adams Bellows considered it to be one of the finest of the eddic poems with an \"extraordinary emotional intensity and dramatic force\". It is only in this poem that Gjúki's sister Gjaflaug and daughter Gollrönd are mentioned, and the only source where Herborg, the queen of the Huns, appears. The Guðrún lays show that the hard-boiled heroic poetry of the \"Poetic Edda\" also had a place for the hardships of women. Bellows considers it to be one of the oldest heroic lays and with very few Scandinavian additions. Brynhild's only role is the cause of Sigurd's death and Guðrún's enemy. Alfred Tennyson's poem \"\" was inspired by Benjamin Thorpe's translation of the lay. Guðrún sat beside her dead husband, Sigurð, but she did not weep with tears like other women, although her heart was bursting with grief. A prose section informs that Guðrún had had a taste of Fafnir's heart from Sigurð and could understand the song of birds. Bellows notes that this information serves no purpose in the poem, but that the \"Völsunga saga\" also mentions that she had eaten some of Fafnir's heart, after which she was both wiser and grimmer. In order to show sympathy and to console her, both jarls and their spouses came to Guðrún to tell her that they too carried great sorrow in their lives. Her aunt Gjaflaug (Gjúki's sister) told her that she had lost five husbands, two daughters, three sisters and eight brothers, but still carried on living. Herborg, the queen of the Huns, told her that she had lost her husband and seven of her sons in the south. She had also lost her father, mother and four brothers at sea. She had buried all of them with her own hands, and there was no one to console her. Within the same six months, the queen had even been taken as war booty and had had to bind the shoes of a queen who beat her and abused her. The king was the best lord she had ever known and his queen the worst woman. Herborg's foster-daughter, and Guðrún's sister, Gollrönd had Sigurð's corpse unveiled and she put Sigurð's head on Guðrún's knees. Gullrönd asked Guðrún to kiss Sigurd as if he were still alive. Guðrún bent over Sigurð's head with his clotted hair and her tears began to run like raindrops. Gullrönd said that Guðrún's and Sigurð's love was the greatest one she had ever seen. Her sister then answered that Sigurð was a greater man than their brothers and that Sigurð had found her a higher lady than the Valkyries: She then turned towards her brothers talking of their crime, and she cursed her brothers that their greed for Fafnir's gold would be their undoing. She then directed her words against Brynhildr and said that their home was happier before she appeared. Brynhildr, who was present, responded that Guðrún's sister Gollrönd was a witch who had made Guðrún's tears flow and used magic to make her speak. Gullrönd retorted that Brynhildr was a hated woman who had brought sorrow to seven kings and made many women lose their love. Brynhildr then answered by putting the blame on her brother Atli (Attila the Hun), because he had forced her to marry Gunnar against her will. The last stanza dwells on Brynhild's anger: The lay ends with a prose section which tells that Guðrún went into the wilderness and travelled to Denmark where she stayed for three years and a half with Thora, the daughter of Hakon. Referring to \"Sigurðarkviða hin skamma\", the prose section ends by telling that Brynhildr would soon take her own life with a sword after having killed eight of her thralls and five of her maids in order to take them with her. Guðrúnarkviða I Guðrúnarkviða I or \"the First Lay of Guðrún\" is simply called \"Guðrúnarkviða\" in Codex Regius, where it is found together with the other heroic poems of the \"Poetic Edda\". Henry Adams Bellows considered it to be one of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Susan J. Crockford Susan Janet Crockford (born 1954) is a Canadian zoologist, author, and blogger specializing in Holocene mammals. She is currently an adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria. She is best known for her blog posts on polar bear biology, which oppose the scientific consensus that polar bears are threatened by ongoing climate change. Crockford first gained her interest in the Arctic in elementary school, when she read about Inuit life and Arctic fauna. Her scientific interest in the Arctic was stoked when she received her first Alaskan Malamute at age eleven. Crockford received her Bachelor of Science in Zoology at the University of British Columbia in 1976 and her doctorate in Interdisciplinary Studies from the University of Victoria in 2004. Differing from a normal Zoology degree, she chose to focus on speciation in mammals, with a focus on thyroid function. In 1988, Crockford, along with colleagues Rebecca Wigen and Gay Frederick, founded the contracting company Pacific Identifications Inc. in Victoria. The company specializes in offering bone and shell analysis of skeletal elements of fish, mammals and birds from western North America and maintains a prominent library of reference animal remains. Since the start of her career, she has worked primarily through paid contracts for specific work on a variety of topics. In 2006, she published the book \"Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormone and the Origin of Species\", explaining the effect of thyroid hormone secretion upon evolutionary change. She hypothesized that the thyroid is the key to controlling species-specific growth and for maintaining homeostatic conditions for individuals. The species-specific flow of hormones would therefore be the root cause of why—for example—a chimpanzee would develop into a chimpanzee while in its mother's womb, instead of a human, despite possessing 99% of the same genes. The most controversial portion of her book was the challenge to the idea that humans alone domesticated animals. She argued species adapted to fulfill the ecological niche provided by becoming the companions of humans or by living within their communities. Crockford is a specialist on the evolutionary history of dogs, especially in regards to their domestication and speciation. In 2007, she was called upon as the scientific consultant for the PBS documentary, \"Dogs that Changed the World\", focused upon the domestication of dogs. In the two-part documentary, she was called upon multiple times to give insight into the process of domestication and the emergence of dogs as a separate species from wolves. She has also written several peer-reviewed papers on this topic. Crockford has been a constant voice of disagreement with the mainstream opinions of polar bear scientists, notably Steven Amstrup and Ian Stirling, regarding polar bears' current status and level of endangerment.. Declining levels of summer sea ice and the corresponding levels of polar bear population decline from 2004-2010 was published in a study and used for the popularization of the polar bear as the symbol for climate change. Crockford suggests that the decline in the polar bear population was in fact caused by unusually thick spring ice that year, a recurring trend every decade for the past century, which led to a shortage of their preferred prey, ringed seals. Either the subsequent seal shortage or declining ice levels was the cause of an approximately 40% decrease in polar bear numbers in the Beaufort Sea area. She charges that this study, which only used data up to 2010, despite being available until 2013, used cherry picked results due to an undisclosed conflict of interest to cause the species to be categorized as \"Threatened\" in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's 2015 Red List. A response to her op-ed was written by Amstrup and Andrew Derocher, to which she replied on her blog. Crockford is a signatory of the International Conference on Climate Change's 2008 Manhattan Declaration, which states that \"Carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse gas' emissions from human activity...appear to have only a very small impact on global climate,\" and \"Global cooling has presented serious problems for human society and the environment throughout history while global warming has generally been highly beneficial.\" Between at least 2011 and 2013, she received payment from The Heartland Institute, in the form of $750 per month, which Crockford states was to provide summaries of published papers that might not have been covered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report. This payment has been construed as an undisclosed conflict of interest, by blogs such as Desmog Blog. Her response to such claims was a disclosure of the job description, how much she was paid, and the duration of the contract. Although claims made on Crockford's blog have been called into question by polar bear scientists, the blog has been widely cited by climate change denying websites, with over 80% citing it as their primary source of information on polar bears. Critics point out that none of Crockford's claims regarding the effects of climate change on polar bears has undergone peer review, nor has she ever published any peer-reviewed articles whose main focus is polar bears. In 2017 Crockford was accused in the environmental publication The Narwhal by polar bear scientist Ian Stirling as having \"zero\" credibility on polar bears. “The denier websites have been using her and building her up as an expert,” he told the website. In 2017, Crockford published the \"State of the Polar Bear Report 2017\" for the Global Warming Policy Foundation. This report was met with widespread backlash for results suggesting polar bear numbers have grown or remained steady since 2005, despite declining summer sea ice levels that Crockford claims should have already resulted in disastrous decline. Susan J. Crockford Susan Janet Crockford (born 1954) is a Canadian zoologist, author, and blogger specializing in Holocene mammals. She is currently an adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria. She is best known for her blog posts on polar bear biology, which oppose the scientific consensus that polar bears are threatened by ongoing climate change. Crockford first gained her" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mid-Southern Conference of Indiana A ten-member IHSAA-Sanctioned Athletic Conference within the South Central Indiana counties of Clark, Harrison, Jackson, Scott, and Washington. The conference began in 1958, with seven schools leaving the Southeastern Indiana Conference and allying with three schools from Clark County (whose previous conference affiliations are in need of research). The first decade-plus within the league was stable, as the only change was Brownstown becoming Brownstown Central due to consolidation in Jackson County. Meanwhile, the 1970s proved to be a comparatively tumultuous decade. Mitchell joined the Blue Chip Conference in 1970, seeking for conference rivals to the west. They were replaced by Floyd Central, which had been independent since forming three years earlier. Austin, which did not sponsor football, joined the Southern Athletic Conference in 1974 while maintaining MSC membership. This allowed the Eagles to ally themselves with other non-football schools, yet maintain the traditional rivalries from the SEIC. Silver Creek also did not have football, while Scottsburg dropped it in the 1970s, yet they were much larger than most schools that didn't offer the sport.In 2014 they reinstated the football program. Floyd Central grew much faster than anticipated, and by 1976 had outgrown the other schools, necessitating a move to the Hoosier Hills Conference. This marked the first time membership had dropped below ten schools, though this would only last for two years. North Harrison, a school that had outgrown the small-school Blue River Conference and was within the MSC footprint, joined after starting their football team, bring the league back to 10 schools with seven football-playing members. Paoli was the next school to make a change, becoming a charter member of the Patoka Lake Conference while maintaining MSC membership. This lasted for six years, as Paoli decided the more geographically compact PLC was better suited to their needs, leaving the Mid-Southern in 1985. There was concern that Austin would also leave, being the other dual-conference member, but Austin would instead leave the SAC in 1987 being by far the largest school in the Southern, as well as being competitively dominant. The conference would stay with a nine school, six football team setup for 16 years, the longest period of stability since the league was founded. The conference once again moved to ten members when Eastern (Pekin) decided to start a football team in the early 2000s. They had grown not only to the point where football was feasible, but also too large for the Southern, and joined the MAC in 2003. The number of football schools would move from six to eight by the end of the decade. Eastern would unveil their football team in 2007, while Silver Creek would start their own team in 2010. Current Mid-Southern Conference standings, schedules and information can be located at www.mscsports.org; launched beginning the fall of 2014, the site will soon include an abundance of archived information. Asterisks denote split championships. Mid-Southern Conference of Indiana A ten-member IHSAA-Sanctioned Athletic Conference within the South Central Indiana counties of Clark, Harrison," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kashish Singh Kashish Singh is an Indian actress and a model. She has appeared in a couple of regional films and is on the verge of making her Bollywood debut. She was born and brought up in Delhi. Her father is a businessman and her mother is a social worker. She was educated at Delhi Public School and went on to Delhi University Kashish completed her acting course from Anupam Kher’s acting academy, ‘Actor Prepares’. She went on to feature in various print ads for big brands like Stayfree, Dabur, Fair & Lovely, Siemens and many more. Kashish has also modelled for Domestic and International Fashion Catalogues. In July, 2012 she featured in the promotional song of the Punjabi movie, ‘Carry on Jatta’. She made her feature film debut with ‘Yaarana’ opposite Yuvraj Hans. Her next success was Vipin Parashar's Punjabi movie SaadeyCMSaab opposite Harbhajan Mann. She has been signed by Tips Industries. Kashish Singh has graced several magazine covers like Filmfare January 2014,Stuff (magazine) March 2014, and Femina May 2014. Kashish is reported to be a style diva, a youth icon and to be involved in charity work. Kashish Singh Co-owns the Pro Wrestling League franchise team Jaipur Ninjas. Kashish Singh Kashish Singh is an Indian actress and a model. She has appeared in a couple of regional films and is on the verge of making her Bollywood debut. She was born and brought up in Delhi. Her father is a businessman and her mother is a social worker. She was educated at Delhi Public School and went on to Delhi University Kashish completed her acting course from Anupam Kher’s acting academy, ‘Actor Prepares’. She went on to feature in various print ads for big brands like Stayfree, Dabur, Fair & Lovely, Siemens and many more. Kashish has also" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joanne Cash Joanne Cash (born 28 December 1969) is a media barrister. She was the unsuccessful Conservative Party candidate for Westminster North in the 2010 general election. Cash was born in Northern Ireland. Her mother was a newsagent, while her father held various jobs, sometimes up to three at once. She has a brother who is an NHS doctor, and a sister who is a teacher. Cash was educated at Tandragee Primary and Banbridge Academy (both state schools). She read English Literature at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University. Cash was elected Librarian of the Oxford Union, but failed in her bid for its presidency. Cash qualified as a barrister after graduating. She was called to the Bar in 1994 as a member of Gray's Inn, and became a tenant at Farrars' Building. In 2000, she joined One Brick Court to specialise in libel, privacy and freedom of expression work. In 2005, Cash successfully represented an innocent man dubbed “the lotto rapist” in error by the \"Sunday Mirror\" winning her client considerable damages. Cash has spoken out strongly for strengthening freedom of the press, arguing that the Reynolds defence should be strengthened and that the Sullivan defence (derived from the 1964 US case \"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\", allowing the press to write about public figures) should be introduced to the UK. Cash hosted a debate for Policy Exchange on libel reform, believing that libel tourism ought to be curbed. Cash has represented a number of clients, including Elle Macpherson and Trudie Styler. She was called a “freedom fighter” in an \"Observer\" article in 2009. For her legal work, the British edition of \"Vogue\" includes Cash as one of the 50 women of the age, alongside the likes of Michelle Obama and the Queen. As a member of the Society of Conservative Lawyers, Cash assisted the Shadow Cabinet on legal issues. She also worked with Policy Exchange the centre-right think tank to formulate policy proposals and to provide input on media issues, and enlisted governmental support from then Shadow Justice Secretary Dominic Grieve for libel reform. She is a key Tory activist for libel reform and free speech. In February 2006, she applied to become a Conservative candidate and was placed on the \"A-list\". She was selected to fight her local seat, Westminster North, the first and only seat she had applied for, in November 2006, four months before she met her husband Octavius. In September 2008, \"Tatler\" featured Cash as one of ten top up-and-coming Tories, tipping her as a future Housing Minister. Cash spoke to the magazine about welfare reform, arguing that teenagers need more welfare support for staying in education, not for getting pregnant. Cash was described by \"The Times\" in February 2009 as “one to watch”. In September 2009, she was profiled in a list of “rising stars” of the Conservative party for \"The Daily Telegraph\", who described her as a \"Eurosceptic with a sharp mind\". An article in \"The Sunday Telegraph\" in October 2009 reported \"Some high-profile women are already installed in winnable seats: Louise Bagshawe, Annunziata Rees-Mogg, Priti Patel, Laura Sandys and Joanne Cash will all make colourful additions to the Tory benches.\" In February 2010, Cash disagreed with members of her constituency association over strategies to win the seat, with the result that David Cameron, the leader of the party but not yet prime minister, intervened to sack Amanda Sayers, chair of the Westminster North Conservative Association. Cash then commented on her Twitter page that her opponents were “dinosaurs”. Shortly afterwards Cash tendered her resignation as candidate, but the Conservatives did not accept it, and she continued to campaign for Westminster North until the election in May. Cash failed to gain the new seat from the incumbent Labour member for Regent's Park and Kensington North, Karen Buck. When she failed to secure the seat, she accused the media of lying about her and her husband. Fighting an inner London marginal seat inspired Cash to co-found Parent Gym, the philanthropic programme of Mind Gym, which runs workshops aimed at increasing parents' skills and confidence, and therefore improving the wellbeing of their children. On the back of the success of Parent Gym, Cash became a board director of Mind Gym in 2012 before becoming chair of the board in 2014. In December 2007, Cash married Octavius Black, the managing director of The Mind Gym. Friends who attended their exchange of vows \"included Ed Vaizey and Michael Gove, Viscount and Viscountess Rothermere, Stuart Rose and Kirstie Allsopp\". Black was educated at Eton College at the same time as David Cameron; the two men have stayed close, and they and their wives socialise together. The couple are reported to live in Notting Hill, within the Westminster North constituency, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. They have a daughter. Joanne Cash Joanne Cash (born 28 December 1969) is a media barrister. She was the unsuccessful Conservative Party candidate for Westminster North in the 2010 general election. Cash was born in Northern Ireland. Her mother was a newsagent, while her father held various jobs, sometimes up to three at once. She has a brother who is an NHS doctor, and a sister who is a teacher. Cash was educated at Tandragee Primary and Banbridge Academy (both state schools). She read English Literature at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University. Cash was elected Librarian of the Oxford Union, but" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Attersoll William Attersoll (died 1640), was an English puritan divine and author. Attersoll was apparently for a time a member of Jesus College, Cambridge, when, as he writes in his 'Historie of Balak' (1610), his patron of later years, Sir Henry Fanshaw, was 'a chiefe and choise ornament' there. But in that case he must have early passed from it; for he proceeded A.B. 1582 at Clare Hall, and A.M. 1586 at Peterhouse. Attersoll succeeded William Bishoppe in the living of Isfield, in Sussex, soon after 18 January 1599 – 1600, the date of Bishoppe's burial. In the Epistle-dedicatory to Sir Henry Fanshaw, knight, the king's remembrancer in his highness's court of Exchequer, prefixed to Attersoll's 'Historie of Balak,' he speaks, among other of Fanshaw's acts of kindness shown towards him, 'of the fauour you shewed me at my repaire vnto you, in that trouble which befell me about the poore liuing that now I enioy.' Succeeding sentences state that the 'trouble' was occasioned by a suspicion on the part of Attersoll's parishioners that the new parson was too much of a scholar, and unlikely to be a preacher after the type of their former. Attersoll was the author of many biblical commentaries and religious treatises. His earliest works were entitled 'The Pathway to Canaan' (1609) and 'The Historie of Balak the King and Balaam the false Prophet' (1610). These, with others of the same kind, all in quarto, were, severally, expositions of portions of the book of Numbers, and were ultimately brought together in a noble folio of 1300 pages in 1618. In the quartos and folio alike there is abundant evidence of wide if somewhat undigested learning, penetrative insight, and felicitous application in the most unexpected ways of old facts and truths to present-day circumstances and experiences. All this applies especially to his 'New Covenant' (1614), and to his next important work, which reached a second edition in 1633, viz. 'A Commentarie upon the Epistle of Saint Pavle to Philemon Written by William Attersoll, Minister of the Word of God, at Isfield in Sussex. The second edition, corrected and enlarged' (1633). It is this volume that has been wrongly assigned to William Aspinwall. In 1632 Attersoll published a volume called the 'Conversion of Nineveh.' In the Epistle-dedicatory to Sir John Rivers he writes of himself as an old man: 'Having heretofore upon sundry occasions divulged sundry bookes which are abroad in the world, whereby I received much encouragement, I resolved, notwithstanding being now in yeares, and as it were donatus rude, preparing for a nunc dimittis, utterly to give over and to enjoyne myselfe a perpetuall silence touching this kind of writing, and content myselfe with performing the other more necessary duty of teaching. Nevertheless, being requested, or rather importuned, by friends to publish some things which had been a long time by mee ... I deliuered into their hands these three treatises.' The other two treatises (besides 'Nineveh') are 'God's Trvmpet sovnding the Alarme' (1632)and 'Phisicke against Famine, or a Soueraigne Preseruatiue' (1632). As shown by the Isfield Register, Attersoll was buried '30 May 1640,' and thus had remained in his original 'poore liuing' for upwards of forty years. He describes himself as 'a poore labourer in the Lord's vineyard, and a simple watchman in his house.' He also speaks of 'the poore cottage' in which he resided (Ep. to Nineveh). His works are now extremely rare. Another William Attersoll, probably his son, proceeded A.B. 1611, A.M. 1615 at Peterhouse; and a third of the same names proceeded A.B. 1672 at Catherine Hall. In all likelihood the former was the William Attersoll of Calamy, whose name is simply entered under 'Hoadley (East), Sussex,' as among the ejected of 1662, and so, too, in Samuel Palmer's \"Nonconformist's Memorial\". William Attersoll William Attersoll (died 1640), was an English puritan divine and author. Attersoll was apparently for a time a member of Jesus College, Cambridge, when, as he writes in his 'Historie of Balak' (1610), his patron of later years, Sir Henry Fanshaw, was 'a chiefe and choise ornament' there. But in that case he must have early passed from it; for he proceeded A.B. 1582 at Clare Hall," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henry Hynoski Henry Philip Hynoski Jr. (born December 30, 1988) is a former American football fullback who played for the New York Giants. Hynoski played college football at the University of Pittsburgh. On June 25, 2016 Henry married police detective Laura Sorto (now Laura Hynoski). Hynoski, nicknamed \"Hank the Tank\", \"Hynoceros\", \"Polish Hammer\" ,\"Polish Plow\", was born in Elysburg, Pennsylvania to Henry Sr. and Kathy Hynoski. He is of Polish ancestry — his father's side is from the Mazury area and his mother's parents are from Gdańsk and Suwałki. His paternal grandfather changed his name from Chojnowski to Hynoski after arriving in the US. His father was a running back at Temple University. In 1975, Henry Sr. was drafted in the sixth round by the Cleveland Browns. Hynoski was a prolific rusher in high school at Southern Columbia Area, finishing his career with 7,165 yards and 113 touchdowns. He led Southern Columbia to four consecutive PIAA class \"A\" state championships (2003–06). Hynoski is currently tenth on the all-time Pennsylvania high school rushing list, and was regarded as one of the top fullback prospects in the country, being ranked seventh by Rivals and fourth by Scout, in addition to being named the Associated Press Class A player of the year. Despite these accolades he was lightly recruited and he accepted a scholarship offer from Pittsburgh. Hynoski redshirted in 2007, his freshman year, and was primarily a special-teams player in 2008, his redshirt freshman year, where he played in five games and recorded one carry for five yards. He eventually became the starting fullback halfway through 2009, his redshirt sophomore year. In 2010, as a junior, he remained entrenched as Pitt's starting fullback. In early 2011 he announced that he would forgo his senior season and declare for the NFL Draft. Hynoski was regarded as one of the best fullbacks available in the 2011 NFL Draft, until he suffered a hamstring injury during the NFL Scouting Combine. Due to the injury, his draft stock fell and he eventually went undrafted; however, soon after the NFL labor dispute was settled he received offers from several teams, subsequently making his decision to play for the New York Giants. Hynoski was given the starting fullback position after the Giants cut veteran Madison Hedgecock due to injury. Hynoski had no rushing statistics in his rookie season of 2011, being used primarily as a lead blocker for running backs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs. Hynoski did catch 12 passes for 83 yards (a 6.9 yard per reception average). On February 5, 2012, Hynoski became a Super Bowl champion in Super Bowl XLVI, with a 21-17 win over the New England Patriots. He caught two passes for 19 yards in the game, and recovered a potentially costly Hakeem Nicks fumble in the third quarter. Hynoski's performance attracted national attention as several sports reporters and analysts praised his play. On December 30, 2012, he scored his first touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles. On September 5, 2015, the Giants released Hynoski. Hynoski currently is the head football coach and Dean of Students at Shamokin Area High School in Coal Township, Pa. Henry Hynoski Henry Philip Hynoski Jr. (born December 30, 1988) is a former American football fullback who played for the New York Giants. Hynoski played college football at the University of Pittsburgh. On June 25, 2016 Henry married police detective Laura Sorto (now Laura Hynoski). Hynoski, nicknamed \"Hank the Tank\", \"Hynoceros\", \"Polish Hammer\" ,\"Polish Plow\", was born in Elysburg, Pennsylvania to Henry Sr. and Kathy Hynoski. He is of Polish ancestry — his father's side is from the Mazury" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Barry B. Powell Barry Bruce Powell (born 1942) is an American classical scholar. He is the Halls-Bascom Professor of Classics Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, author of the widely used textbook \"Classical Myth\" and many other books. Trained at Berkeley and Harvard, he is a specialist in Homer and in the history of writing. He has also taught Egyptian philology for many years and courses in Egyptian civilization. His \"Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization\" (Wiley-Blackwell 2009) attempts to create a scientific terminology and taxonomy for the study of writing, and was described in \"Science\" as \"stimulating and impressive\" and \"a worthy successor to the pioneering book by Semitic specialist I. J. Gelb.\" This book has been translated into Arabic and modern Greek. Powell's study \"Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet\" advances the thesis that a single man invented the Greek alphabet expressly in order to record the poems of Homer. This thesis is controversial, but has received wide acceptance. The book was the subject of an international conference in Berlin in 2002 and has been influential outside classical philology, especially in media studies. Powell's \"Writing and the Origins of Greek Literature\" follows up themes broached by the thesis. Powell's textbook, \"Classical Myth\" (8th edition) is widely used for classical myth courses in America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Taiwan, as his text \"The Greeks: History, Culture, Society\" (with Ian Morris) is widely used in ancient history classes. His text \"World Myth\" is popular in such courses. Powell's critical study \"Homer\" is widely read as an introduction for philologists, historians, and students of literature. In this study, Powell suggested that Homer may have hailed from Euboea instead of Ionia. \"A New Companion to Homer\" (with Ian Morris), also translated into modern Greek and Chinese, is a comprehensive review of modern scholarship on Homer. His literary works include poetry (\"Rooms Containing Falcons\"), an autobiography (\"Ramses in Nighttown\"), a mock-epic (\"The War at Troy: A True History\"), an academic novel (\"A Land of Slaves: A Novel of the American Academy\"), a novel about Berkeley (\"The Berkeley Plan: A Novel of the Sixties\"), a novel about Jazz (\"Take Five\", with Sanford Dorbin), and a collection of short fiction. He has published a memoir: \"Ramses Reborn\". In \"Tales of the Trojan War\" he retells in a droll, sometimes ribald style, the stories attached to the Trojan cycle, based on ancient sources. He has translated the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey.\" The introduction to these poems discusses Powell's thesis about the Greek alphabet and the recording of Homer and is an influential review of modern Homeric criticism. He has also translated the \"Aeneid\" and the poems of Hesiod. Barry B. Powell Barry Bruce Powell (born 1942) is an American classical scholar. He is the Halls-Bascom Professor of Classics Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, author of the widely used textbook \"Classical Myth\" and many other books. Trained at Berkeley and Harvard, he is a specialist in Homer and in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "TOPAZ TOPAZ is a think-tank of the Czech political party TOP 09, which is its founder. It was established in April 2012 as a civic group, today it operates as an association. Mission of TOPAZ is to transmit conservative ideas to wider partisan and non partisan public and to continue in educational activities that were coordinated by TOP 09 Internal Commission for Education in last years. Content of association's activity is discussion about society-wide topics along with independent experts, cooperation with expert committees of TOP 09, fundraising, creation of body alternatives to public administration outcomes and creation of analytical and conceptual materials that deal with individual issues and suggest possibilities of solving. Establishment of TOPAZ as an educational platform of political party was inspired by similar projects abroad, for instance Political Academy of the Austrian People's Party or Konrad Adenauer Foundation with a bond to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. List of TOPAZ leading organs and its members: TOPAZ organizes conferences and seminars focusing on education of TOP 09 members and non partisan public. Task of this activity is to bring significant personalities and experts to discussion, local civic initiatives and regular civilians including youth. Point of this discussion is to familiarize public with contributions of democracy and membership in the European Union and to present conservative policy values in general. The main point is to search and create new opinions that can be used by TOP 09 in real politics. Outcomes from educational events of TOPAZ create collections that contain contributions of conference and seminar guests. List of collections (date of publication in brackets): Through TOPAZ university students have a chance to participate in an internship in statewide office, parliamentary club and regional offices of TOP 09. This project works under association since 2014. TOPAZ cooperates in this project along with Faculty of Social Studies at Masaryk University and Philosophical Faculty of Palacký University, Olomouc, (through programme YoungPower). Trainees come also from Faculty of Social Science at Charles University in Prague or Metropolitan University Prague. Partners of TOPAZ are: TOPAZ TOPAZ is a think-tank of the Czech political party TOP 09, which is its founder. It was established in April 2012 as a civic group, today it operates as an association. Mission of TOPAZ is to transmit conservative ideas to wider partisan and non partisan public and to continue in educational activities that were coordinated by TOP 09 Topaz Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula AlSiO(F, OH). Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Mohs hardness of 8) and is the hardest of any silicate mineral. This hardness combined with its usual transparency and variety of colors means that it has acquired wide use in jewellery as a cut gemstone as well as for intaglios and other gemstone carvings. Topaz in its natural state is a golden brown to yellow, a characteristic which means it is sometimes confused with the less valuable gemstone citrine. A variety of impurities and treatments may make topaz wine red, pale gray, reddish-orange, pale green, or pink (rare), and opaque to translucent/transparent. The pink and red varieties come from chromium replacing aluminium in its crystalline structure. Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone of the US state of Utah. Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Brazilian imperial topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue, sometimes even violet. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, pink or violet colored. Some imperial topaz stones can fade on exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time. Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas. Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare. Typically, colorless, gray or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue. Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated via a vapor deposition process giving it a rainbow effect on its surface. Although very hard, topaz must be treated with greater care than some other minerals of similar hardness (such as corundum) because of a weakness of atomic bonding of the stone's molecules along one or another axial plane (whereas diamonds, for example, are composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other with equal strength along all of its planes). This gives topaz a tendency to fracture along such a plane if struck with sufficient force. Topaz has a relatively low index of refraction for a gemstone, and so stones with large facets or tables do not sparkle as readily as stones cut from minerals with higher refraction indices, though quality colorless topaz sparkles and shows more \"life\" than similarly cut quartz. When given a typical \"brilliant\" cut, topaz may either show a sparkling table facet surrounded by dead-looking crown facets or a ring of sparkling crown facets with a dull well-like table. Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows including those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah and Chivinar in South America. It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmen mountains of Russia, in Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico; Flinders Island, Australia; Nigeria and the United States. Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz, some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds. The Topaz of Aurangzeb, observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier weighed 157.75 carats. The American Golden Topaz, a more recent gem, weighed a massive 22,892.5 carats. Large, vivid blue topaz specimens from the St. Anns mine in Zimbabwe were found in the late 1980s. Colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas within the Llano Uplift. There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area. The name \"topaz\" is usually derived (via Old French: Topace and Latin: Topazus) from the Greek \"Τοπάζιος\" (Τοpáziοs) or \"Τοπάζιον\" (Τοpáziοn), from Τοπαζος, the ancient name of St. John's Island in the Red Sea which was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to be chrysolite: yellowish olivine) was mined in ancient times; topaz itself (rather than \"topazios\") was not really known before the classical era. Pliny said that Topazos is a \"legendary\" island in the Red Sea and the mineral \"topaz\" was first mined there. Alternatively, the word \"topaz\" may be related to the Sanskrit word तपस् \"tapas\", meaning \"heat\" or \"fire\". Nicols, the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652. In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above. Many modern English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version mention \"topaz\". However, because these translations as \"topaz\" all derive from the Septuagint translation \"topazi[os]\", which as mentioned above referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably \"chrysolite\" (chrysoberyl or peridot), it should be borne in mind that topaz is likely not meant here. An English superstition held that topaz cured lunacy. Topaz Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula AlSiO(F, OH). Topaz crystallizes in the", "treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652. In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above. Many modern English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version mention \"topaz\". However, because these translations as \"topaz\" all derive from the Septuagint translation \"topazi[os]\", which as mentioned above referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably \"chrysolite\" (chrysoberyl or peridot), it should be borne in mind that topaz is likely not meant here. An English superstition held that topaz cured lunacy. Topaz Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula AlSiO(F, OH). Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Mohs hardness of 8) and is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Astad Deboo Astad Deboo (born 1947) is an Indian contemporary dancer and choreographer, who employs his training in Indian classical dance forms of Kathak as well as Kathakali to create a dance form that is unique to him, and has become a pioneer of modern dance in India. Throughout his long and illustrious career, he has worked with various prominent performers such as Pina Bausch, Alison Becker Chase and Pink Floyd, and performed in many parts of the world He has been awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1996 and Padma Shri in 2007, awarded by the Government of India. Astad Deboo was born in Navsari, though he grew up in Kolkata till the age of six years. Thereafter the family which are Parsi shifted to Jamshedpur, where his father was employed with Tata Steel. His mother was a homemaker, and he has two sisters, Kamal and Gulshan. At the age of six, he started learning the Kathak dance form, from the late Indra Kumar Mohanty and the late Prahlad Das. He studied at Loyola School, Jamshedpur, from where he passed out in 1964, after which he moved to Mumbai and joined a B. Com. degree course at Podar College, University of Mumbai. While pursuing his degree here, he happened to see the contemporary dance of the American Murray Louis Dance Company, this changed the course of his life irrevocably. Shortly afterwards, Uttara Asha Coorlawala who was studying dance in New York, visited Bombay, and later helped Astad get admitted to Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance. Deboo left Bombay in 1969, on board a cargo boat that set sail from Bombay port, and later hitchhiked his way through Europe to eventually reach New York in 1974. Over the next decade, he went on to attend the London School of Contemporary Dance where he learnt Martha Graham's modern dance technique and thereon, when on to learn José Limón's technique in New York. He also trained with Pina Bausch in the Wuppertal Dance Company, Germany and with Alison Becker Chase of the Pilobolus Dance Company, and travelled through Europe, Americas, Japan and Indonesia. On his return in 1977, he studied Kathakali, under Guru E. Krishna Panikar, in Thiruvalla, Kerala, where he eventually performed at the famous Guruvayur Temple. All these explorations lead to the creation a dance style unique to him, an amalgamation of Indian classical dance and western group dance techniques. A turning point in his career came in 1986, when Pierre Cardin commissioned him to choreograph for Maya Plisetskaya, the prime ballerina of the Bolshoi Theater ballet company. Over the years he has collaborated with various people, including, Pink Floyd at the Chelsea Town Hall in London, the Gundecha Brothers, Pina Bausch of the Wuppertal Dance Company, Germany and the Thang-Ta – the martial art and Pung cholom dancers of Manipur. He has also worked for several years, with Tim McCarthy at the Gallaudet University for the deaf performing arts program in Washington, and the production \"Road Signs\" toured India in 1995, with a troupe drawn from Gallaudet and Deboo's Indian students. In January 2005, he along with a troupe of 12 young women with hearing impairment, from the Clarke School for the Deaf, Chennai and part of the Deboos Astad Deboo Dance Foundation, performed at the 20th Annual Deaf Olympics, at Melbourne, Australia. He has also choreographed the 2004 Hindi film, by painter M.F. Hussain, \"\". In 2009, he performed his production, 'Breaking Boundaries' with fourteen street children from the NGO Salaam Baalak Trust. These children had trained with his troupe for six months Astad Deboo Astad" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spirit House (Georgetown, New York) Spirit House, also known as Timothy Brown House or Brown's Hall, is a historic home located at Georgetown in Madison County, New York. It was built about 1865 and is an essentially square, wood frame structure. The exterior features two-by-fours arranged vertically and scalloped at regular intervals. The use of the scallop pattern gives the Spirit House a highly textured surface and it is almost impossible to discern how it is constructed without close inspection. It also features a three tiered cornice with downward pointing keys. It was constructed as a residence and for meetings of Spiritualists in a large hall on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Spirit House (Georgetown, New York) Spirit House, also known as Timothy Brown House or Brown's Hall, is a historic home located at Georgetown in Madison County, New York. It was built about 1865 and is an essentially square, wood frame structure. The exterior features two-by-fours arranged vertically and scalloped at regular intervals. The use of the scallop pattern gives the Spirit House a highly textured surface and it is almost impossible to discern how it is constructed without" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Piano Concerto No. 2 (Beethoven) The Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 19, by Ludwig van Beethoven was composed primarily between 1787 and 1789, although it did not attain the form it was published as until 1795. Beethoven did write another finale for it in 1798 for performance in Prague, but that is not the finale that it was published with. It was used by the composer as a vehicle for his own performances as a young virtuoso, initially intended with the Bonn Hofkapelle. It was published in 1801 following Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major, which actually had been composed well after this piece in 1796 and 1797. The B-flat major Piano Concerto became an important display piece for the young Beethoven as he sought to establish himself after moving from Bonn to Vienna. He was the soloist at its premiere on 29 March 1795, at Vienna's Burgtheater in a concert marking his public debut. Prior to that, he had performed only in the private salons of the Viennese nobility. While the work as a whole is very much in the concerto style of Mozart, there is a sense of drama and contrast that would be present in many of Beethoven's later works. Beethoven himself apparently did not rate this work particularly highly, remarking to the publisher Franz Anton Hoffmeister that, along with the Piano Concerto No. 1, it was \"not one of my best.\" The version that he premiered in 1795 is the version that is performed and recorded today. The work is scored for solo piano, flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and strings; it is the only one of Beethoven's completed piano concertos that omits clarinets. The concerto is in three movements: The first movement begins with a triumphant orchestral opening on the tonic chord, and maintains a playfulness while using chromatic passages to show off the soloist's technique. The second movement is characteristically serene and peaceful, while the closing Rondo brings back the youth-filled playfulness heard in the opening movement. This movement is in the concerto variant of sonata form (double-exposition sonata form). The orchestra introduces the main theme and the subordinate theme in its exposition. The second exposition is in F major. The development wanders in key and ends on a long B-flat major scale. The recapitulation is similar to the exposition and is in B-flat major. There is a rather difficult cadenza composed by Beethoven himself, albeit much later than the concerto itself. Stylistically, the cadenza is very different from the concerto, but it makes use of the first opening theme. Beethoven applies this melody to the cadenza in several different ways, changing its character each time and displaying the innumerable ways that a musical theme can be used and felt. This movement was written between 1787 and 1789 in Bonn. Average performances last from thirteen to fourteen minutes. This movement is in E-flat major, the subdominant key. Like many slow movements, it has ABA (ternary) form, where the opening section introduces the themes, and the middle section develops them. This movement was written between 1787 and 1789 in Bonn. Average performances last from eight to nine minutes. This movement takes the form of a Rondo (ABACABA). Beethoven's playfulness of his early period can be heard here. There is a constant angular feel within the 6/8 melody itself that Beethoven plays on with each return of the rondo theme. The C section is also highly contrasting with the others, being that it is in a minor key and more forceful and stern in meaning. Also, prior to the last appearance of the rondo theme, Beethoven brings the piano in in the \"wrong\" key of G major, before the orchestra \"discovers\" the discrepancy and returns to the correct tonic key. This musical joke can be seen in many of Beethoven's subsequent compositions. This rondo is the one that Beethoven wrote in 1795 and premiered in Vienna that year. It does show Haydn's influence. Average performances last from five to six minutes. Piano Concerto No. 2 (Beethoven) The Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 19, by Ludwig van Beethoven was composed primarily between 1787 and 1789, although it" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Smith & Smith Smith & Smith is a Canadian sketch comedy series, which aired from 1979 to 1985 on Hamilton, Ontario's CHCH-TV, and through syndication on other Canadian television stations. The show starred the husband and wife comedy duo of Steve Smith and Morag Smith. Recurring sketches included a judge, played by Morag, while Steve's characters included William Shakespeare and a preacher. Sketches also included \"The Kids' Show\", a \"Polka Dot Door\" parody in which the hosts constantly bickered and insulted each other, and a sketch set in a bakery, in which Morag played the male front counter attendant and Steve played the female baker. Each show also included a humorous musical number, performed in costume, focusing on a famous couple in history, as well as a mailbag segment. The show took a one-year hiatus in 1985, during which the Smiths and their children Max and David starred in the family sitcom \"Me & Max\". After that show ended its run, Steve and Morag revived \"Smith & Smith\" under the new title \"The Comedy Mill\". In 1991, Morag retired from performing and Steve launched his most famous series, \"The Red Green Show\". Red Green was originally created as a recurring character on \"Smith & Smith\". \"Smith & Smith\" has aired in reruns on TV Land Canada. Band members during the \"Smith & Smith\" series included Paul Benton (piano), Bob Doidge (bass), Bob McLaren (drums), Bernie LaBarge (guitar), Leo Sullivan (sax), and Steve McDade (trumpet). The music tracks were recorded at Grant Ave. Studio in Hamilton, Ontario. Smith & Smith Smith & Smith is a Canadian sketch comedy series, which aired from 1979 to 1985 on Hamilton, Ontario's CHCH-TV, and through syndication on other Canadian television stations. The show starred the husband and wife comedy duo of Steve Smith and Morag" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sophia Báthory Sophia Báthory (died 1680), was a princess of Transylvania by marriage to George Rákóczi II. She was a niece of Gabriel Báthory. She married George Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania, on February 3, 1643. Prior to the marriage she was required by his mother to renounce Roman Catholicism in favor of Calvinism. This marriage united the Báthory and Rákóczi families. Francis I Rákóczi was Sophia and George's son. He was the only leading conspirator of the Wesselényi conspiracy whose life was spared, due to Sophia's intervention and a ransom payment. She also converted him to Catholicism. Sophia returned to Catholicism after her husband's death, and supported the Counter-Reformation. Sophia Báthory Sophia Báthory (died 1680), was a princess of Transylvania by marriage to George Rákóczi II. She was a niece of Gabriel Báthory. She married George Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania, on February 3, 1643. Prior to the marriage she was required by his mother to renounce Roman Catholicism in favor of Calvinism. This marriage united the Báthory and Rákóczi families. Francis I Rákóczi was Sophia and George's son. He was the only leading conspirator of the Wesselényi conspiracy whose life was spared, due to Sophia's intervention and a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Denise Orme Jessie Smither, Duchess of Leinster (25 August 1885 – 20 October 1960), known by her stage name Denise Orme, was an English music hall singer, actress and musician who appeared regularly at the Alhambra and Gaiety Theatres in London in the early years of the 20th century. Married, successively, to an English baron, a Danish millionaire, and an Irish duke, she was the maternal grandmother of Aga Khan IV. In the 1940s, Orme owned and operated the Beech Hill hotel at Rushlake Green in Sussex, England. The daughter of Alfred John Smither and Jessicah Henrietta Pococke, she studied at the Royal Academy of Music (where she won the Wessely Violin Exhibition in 1899) and later the Royal College of Music where she was 'discovered' as a singer by George Edwardes. Orme's first stage appearance was in 1906 in the chorus of \"The Little Michus\" at Daly's Theatre in London, later taking the role of Blanche Marie in that production. Later the same year, she appeared in the title role of \"See See\" at the Prince of Wales Theatre then appeared in \"The Merveilleuses\" into early 1907. In 1906, she also participated in gramophone recordings of Gilbert and Sullivan's \"The Mikado\". After the birth of her first daughter, she returned to the stage in \"The Hon'ble Phil\" in October 1908, and as Lady Elizabeth Thanet in \"Our Miss Gibbs\" at the Gaiety Theatre, London. Orme was married three times, her husbands being: In the late 1930s, Orme had an affair with Esmé Ivo Bligh, 9th Earl of Darnley. Her cousin Ethel Rose Kendall, who acted under the name Eileen Orme, married, in 1908, the Hon. Maurice Nelson Hood, son and heir of the second Viscount Bridport (who was also the 5th Duke of Bronte). Denise Orme Jessie Smither, Duchess" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Supreme Court of Samoa The Supreme Court of Samoa is the superior court dealing with the administration of justice in Samoa. It was established by Part VI of the Constitution of Samoa. It consists of the Chief Justice of Samoa and other judges as appointed by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister of Samoa. The court has a criminal jurisdiction where there is a statutory maximum sentence of more than seven years and a civil jurisdiction where the amount claimed is more than $20,000. It can hear both civil and criminal appeals from the District Court of Samoa. Decisions of the Supreme Court can, with leave of the court, be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Samoa. The Court of Appeal consists of the Chief Justice and the other judges of the Supreme Court, but a judge cannot sit on an appeal from their own decision. Once appointed, Samoan judges serve until the retirement age of 68, though non-citizens can be appointed to the court for a specific term. The court is made up of the following judges: Supreme Court of Samoa The Supreme Court of Samoa is the superior court dealing with the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Baital Pachisi \"See here for the Doordarshan serial Vikram aur Betaal.\" Vetala Panchavimshati (, IAST: ) or Baital Pachisi (\"\"Twenty-five (tales) of Baital\"\"), is a collection of tales and legends within a frame story, from India. It was originally written in Sanskrit. One of its oldest recensions is found in the 12th Book of the \"Kathasaritsagara\" (\"Ocean of the Streams of Story\"), a work in Sanskrit compiled in the 11th century by Somadeva, but based on yet older materials, now lost. This recension comprises in fact twenty-four tales, the frame narrative itself being the twenty-fifth. The two other major recensions in Sanskrit are those by Śivadāsa and Jambhaladatta. The Vetala stories are popular in India and have been translated into many Indian vernaculars. Several English translations exist, based on Sanskrit recensions and on Hindi, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi versions. Probably best-known English version is that of Sir Richard Francis Burton which is, however, not a translation but a very free adaptation. The legendary king Vikramāditya (Vikrama) promises a \"vamachari\" (a tantric sorcerer) that he will capture a \"vetala\" (or \"Baital\"), a celestial spirit Pishacha, celestial spirit analogous to a vampire in Western literature who hangs upside-down from a tree and inhabits and animates dead bodies. King Vikrama faces many difficulties in bringing the vetala to the tantric. Each time Vikram tries to capture the vetala, it tells a story that ends with a riddle. If Vikrama cannot answer the question correctly, the vampire consents to remain in captivity. If the king knows the answer but still keeps quiet, then his head shall burst into thousand pieces. And if King Vikrama answers the question correctly, the vampire would escape and return to his tree. He knows the answer to every question; therefore the cycle of catching and releasing the vampire continues twenty-four times. On the twenty-fifth attempt, the Vetala tells the story of a father and a son in the aftermath of a devastating war. They find the queen and the princess alive in the chaos, and decide to take them home. In due time, the son marries the queen and the father marries the princess. Eventually, the son and the queen have a son, and the father and the princess have a daughter. The vetala asks what the relation between the two newborn children is. The question stumps Vikrama. Satisfied, the vetala allows himself to be taken to the tantric. On their way to the tantric, Vetala tells his story. His parents did not have a son and a tantric blessed them with twin sons on a condition that both be educated under him. Vetala was taught everything in the world but often ill-treated. Whereas his brother was taught just what was needed but always well treated. Vetala came to know that the tantric planned to give his brother back to his parents and Vetala instead would be sacrificed as he was an \" 'all-knowing kumara' \" and by sacrificing him the tantric could be immortal and rule the world using his tantric powers. Vetal also reveals that now the tantric's plan is to sacrifice Vikram, beheading him as he bowed in front of the goddess. Then tantric could then gain control over the vetala and sacrifice his soul, thus achieving his evil ambition. The vetala suggests that the king asks the tantric how to perform his obeisance, then take advantage of that moment to behead the sorcerer himself. Vikramāditya does exactly as told by vetala and he is blessed by Lord Indra and Devi Kali. The vetala offers the king a boon, whereupon Vikram requests that the tantric's heart and mind be cleaned of all sins and his life be restored as a good living being and that the vetala would come to the king's aid when needed. A variation of this story replaces the vetal with a minor celestial who, in exchange for his own life, reveals the plot by two tradesmen (replacing the sorcerer) to assassinate Vikrama and advises Vikrama to trick them into positions of vulnerability as described above. Having killed them, Vikrama is offered a reward by the goddess, who grants him two spirits loyal to Her as his servants. The children's \"Chandamama\", featured a serial story titled \"New Tales of Vikram and Betal\" for many years. As the title suggests, the original premise of the story is maintained, as new stories are told by Vetala to King Vikrama. In 1985, the story was developed by Sagar Films (Pvt. Ltd.), as a Television serial titled \"Vikram aur Betaal\", starring Arun Govil as Vikrama and Sajjan Kumar as the Vetala. It was aired on Doordarshan, the public television broadcaster of India. A remake of that serial by the new generation of Sagar Films (Pvt. Ltd.), titled \"Kahaniyaan Vikram aur Betaal Ki\", was aired on the Indian satellite channel Colors. Another vampire called Vetaala and his spellbook \"Paddu\" were found by a boy called Vikram \"Vicky\" Sharma in the TV series \"Vicky & Vetaal\". In the novel, \"Alif the Unseen (2012)\", a character named Vikrama the Vampire appears as a jinn. He tells how thousands of years ago, King Vikrama had set off to defeat the Vetala, a vampire jinn terrorizing one of his villages. Vikrama won the Vetala's game of wits, but forfeited his life. The Vetala now inhabits his body. A web series titled The Vetala was released in 2009, written and directed by Damon Vignale. The series reveals a CGI vetala character in the final episode. 2017 Tamil film \"Vikram Vedha\" was a modern-day adaptation of Vikram Betal story with the characterisation of King Vikramadithyan and the celestial spirit Vedhalam derived from that plot. The title of the film was also derived from the two key characters from the folktale. Currently, &TV is airing a new series Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha, where actors Aham Sharma and Makrand Deshpande as playing the role of King Vikramaditya and betaal respectively. Both the Kṣemendra and Somadeva recensions derive from the unattested \"\"Northwestern\" Bṛhatkathā\", and include the Vetala Tales as a small part of their huge inventory. The recensions of Śivadāsa and Jambhaladatta contain only the Vetala Tales and have an unknown relationship to each other and to the other Sanskrit recensions. Some time between 1719 and 1749, Ṣūrat Kabīshwar translated Śivadāsa's Sanskrit recension into Braj Bhasha; this work was subsequently translated in 1805 under the direction of John Gilchrist into the closely related Hindustani language by Lallu Lal and others. This was a popular work that played an early role in the development of Literary Hindi and was selected as a Hindustani test-book for military service students in the East India Company. Thus it became the basis of several Hindi editions, and Indian vernacular and English translations; many of these frequently reprinted. Baital Pachisi \"See here for the Doordarshan serial Vikram aur Betaal.\" Vetala Panchavimshati (, IAST: ) or Baital Pachisi (\"\"Twenty-five (tales) of Baital\"\"), is a collection of tales and legends within a frame story, from India. It was originally written in Sanskrit. One of its oldest recensions is found in the 12th Book of the \"Kathasaritsagara\" (\"Ocean of the Streams of Story\"), a work in Sanskrit compiled in the 11th century by Somadeva, but" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2013–14 Kosovo Basketball Superleague The 2013–14 ETC Superliga was the 20th season of the Kosovo Basketball Superleague,also called ETC Superliga in its sponsored identity it's the highest professional basketball league in Kosovo. The regular season started on 12 October 2013 and finished on 29 April 2014, after all teams had played 28 games. The 4 best ranked teams advanced to the play-off phase whilst KB Drita was relegated to the Liga e Parë e Kosoves ne Baskbetboll after finishing last in the league table. The play-offs started on 1 May 2015 and finished on 14 May 2015, Sigal Prishtina won their 9th title by beating KB Peja 3:0 in a 3-game final. Same as last year, the semi-finals were played in a best-of-four format. 2013–14 Kosovo Basketball Superleague The 2013–14 ETC Superliga was the 20th season of the Kosovo Basketball Superleague,also called ETC Superliga in its sponsored identity it's the highest professional basketball league in Kosovo. The regular season started on 12 October 2013 and finished on 29 April 2014, after all teams had played 28 games. The 4 best ranked teams advanced to the play-off phase whilst KB Drita was relegated to the Liga e Parë e Kosoves ne" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dicks Creek (Chestatee River) Dicks Creek is a stream in Georgia, and is a tributary of the Chestatee River. The creek is approximately long. Dicks Creek rises in the Blood Mountain Wilderness, just southwest of Blood Mountain, in the confines of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest in Lumpkin County in Georgia. The creek heads in a southerly direction away from Blood Mountain for approximately 2.3 miles, and picks up Lance Creek from the west, just before its confluence with Blood Mountain Creek, which has paralleled Dicks Creek from the foot of Blood Mountain on the east. Dicks Creek picks up Miller Creek from the west after another 0.8 miles, then turns to the southeast and picks up Waters Creek, also from the west, before heading east for 2.8 miles and meeting Frogtown Creek, where the Chestatee River begins at the confluence of the two creeks very close to the intersection of State Route 9 and U.S. Route 129 at Turners Corner. Frogtown Creek rises east of Dicks Creek and Blood Mountain Creek, and to the southeast of Blood Mountain, and parallels Dicks Creek to the west, while running alongside U.S. Route 19 to the east, before its confluence with Dicks Creek. Frogtown Creek features DeSoto Falls in the Desoto Falls Scenic Area. The creek watershed and associated waters is designated by the United States Geological Survey as sub-watershed HUC 031300010501, is named the Dicks Creek sub-watershed, and drains an area of approximately 32 square miles east of Suches, and north of the Chestatee River. Dicks Creek (Chestatee River) Dicks Creek is a stream in Georgia, and is a tributary of the Chestatee River. The creek is approximately long. Dicks Creek rises in the Blood Mountain Wilderness, just southwest of Blood Mountain, in the confines of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest in Lumpkin" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Axis mundi The axis mundi (also cosmic axis, world axis, world pillar, center of the world, world tree), in certain beliefs and philosophies, is the world center, or the connection between Heaven and Earth. As the celestial pole and geographic pole, it expresses a point of connection between sky and earth where the four compass directions meet. At this point travel and correspondence is made between higher and lower realms. Communication from lower realms may ascend to higher ones and blessings from higher realms may descend to lower ones and be disseminated to all. The spot functions as the \"omphalos\" (navel), the world's point of beginning. The image relates to the center of the earth (perhaps like an umbilical providing nourishment). It may have the form of a natural object (a mountain, a tree, a vine, a stalk, a column of smoke or fire) or a product of human manufacture (a staff, a tower, a ladder, a staircase, a maypole, a cross, a steeple, a rope, a totem pole, a pillar, a spire). Its proximity to heaven may carry implications that are chiefly religious (pagoda, temple mount, minaret, church) or secular (obelisk, lighthouse, rocket, skyscraper). The image appears in religious and secular contexts. The \"axis mundi\" symbol may be found in cultures utilizing shamanic practices or animist belief systems, in major world religions, and in technologically advanced \"urban centers\". In Mircea Eliade's opinion, \"Every Microcosm, every inhabited region, has a Centre; that is to say, a place that is sacred above all.\" The axis mundi is often associated with mandalas. The symbol originates in a natural and universal psychological perception: that the spot one occupies stands at \"the center of the world\". This space serves as a microcosm of order because it is known and settled. Outside the boundaries of the microcosm lie foreign realms that, because they are unfamiliar or not ordered, represent chaos, death or night. From the center one may still venture in any of the four cardinal directions, make discoveries, and establish new centers as new realms become known and settled. The name of China, meaning \"Middle Nation\" ( pinyin: \"\"), is often interpreted as an expression of an ancient perception that the Chinese polity (or group of polities) occupied the center of the world, with other lands lying in various directions relative to it. Within the central known universe a specific locale-often a mountain or other elevated place, a spot where earth and sky come closest gains status as center of the center, the axis mundi. High mountains are typically regarded as sacred by peoples living near them. Shrines are often erected at the summit or base. Mount Kunlun fills a similar role in China. For the ancient Hebrews Mount Zion expressed the symbol. Sioux beliefs take the Black Hills as the axis mundi. Mount Kailash is holy to Hinduism and several religions in Tibet. The Pitjantjatjara people in central Australia consider Uluru to be central to both their world and culture. In ancient Mesopotamia the cultures of ancient Sumer and Babylon erected artificial mountains, or ziggurats, on the flat river plain. These supported staircases leading to temples at the top. The Hindu temples in India are often situated on high mountains. E.g. Amarnath, Tirupati, Vaishno Devi etc. The pre-Columbian residents of Teotihuacán in Mexico erected huge pyramids featuring staircases leading to heaven. These Amerindian temples were often placed on top of caves or subterranean springs, which were thought to be openings to the underworld. Jacob's Ladder is an axis mundi image, as is the Temple Mount. For Christians the Cross on Mount Calvary expresses the symbol. The Middle Kingdom, China, had a central mountain, Kunlun, known in Taoist literature as \"the mountain at the middle of the world.\" To \"go into the mountains\" meant to dedicate oneself to a spiritual life. Monasteries of all faiths tend, like shrines, to be placed at elevated spots. Wise religious teachers are typically depicted in literature and art as bringing their revelations at world centers: mountains, trees, temples. Because the axis mundi is an idea that unites a number of concrete images, no contradiction exists in regarding multiple spots as \"the center of the world\". The symbol can operate in a number of locales at once. Mount Hermon was regarded as the axis mundi in Caananite tradition, from where the sons of God are introduced descending in 1 Enoch (1En6:6). The ancient Armenians had a number of holy sites, the most important of which was Mount Ararat, which was thought to be the home of the gods as well as the center of the Universe. Likewise, the ancient Greeks regarded several sites as places of earth's \"omphalos\" (navel) stone, notably the oracle at Delphi, while still maintaining a belief in a cosmic world tree and in Mount Olympus as the abode of the gods. Judaism has the Temple Mount, Christianity has the Mount of Olives and Calvary, Islam has Ka'aba, said to be the first building on earth, and the Temple Mount (Dome of the Rock). In Hinduism, Mount Kailash is identified with the mythical Mount Meru and regarded as the home of Shiva; in Vajrayana Buddhism, Mount Kailash is recognized as the most sacred place where all the dragon currents converge and is regarded as the gateway to Shambhala. In Shinto, the Ise Shrine is the omphalos. In addition to the Kunlun Mountains, where it is believed the peach tree of immortality is located, the Chinese folk religion recognizes four other specific mountains as pillars of the world. Sacred places constitute world centers (omphalos) with the altar or place of prayer as the axis. Altars, incense sticks, candles and torches form the axis by sending a column of smoke, and prayer, toward heaven. The architecture of sacred places often reflects this role. \"Every temple or palace--and by extension, every sacred city or royal residence--is a Sacred Mountain, thus becoming a Centre.\" The stupa of Hinduism, and later Buddhism, reflects Mount Meru. Cathedrals are laid out in the form of a cross, with the vertical bar representing the union of earth and heaven as the horizontal bars represent union of people to one another, with the altar at the intersection. Pagoda structures in Asian temples take the form of a stairway linking earth and heaven. A steeple in a church or a minaret in a mosque also serve as connections of earth and heaven. Structures such as the maypole, derived from the Saxons' Irminsul, and the totem pole among indigenous peoples of the Americas also represent world axes. The calumet, or sacred pipe, represents a column of smoke (the soul) rising form a world center. A mandala creates a world center within the boundaries of its two-dimensional space analogous to that created in three-dimensional space by a shrine. Plants often serve as images of the axis mundi. The image of the Cosmic Tree provides an axis symbol that unites three planes: sky (branches), earth (trunk) and underworld (roots). In some Pacific island cultures the banyan tree, of which the Bodhi tree is of the Sacred Fig variety, is the abode of ancestor spirits. In Hindu religion, the banyan tree is considered sacred and is called \"ashwath vriksha\" (\"I am banyan tree among trees\" - \"Bhagavad Gita\"). It represents eternal life because of its seemingly ever-expanding branches. The Bodhi tree is also the name given to the tree under which Gautama Siddhartha, the historical Buddha, sat on the night he attained enlightenment. The Yggdrasil, or World Ash, functions in much the same way in Norse mythology; it is the site where Odin found enlightenment. Other examples include Jievaras in Lithuanian mythology and Thor's Oak in the myths of the pre-Christian Germanic peoples. The Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in Genesis present two aspects of the same image. Each is said to stand at the center of the Paradise garden from which four rivers flow to nourish the whole world. Each tree", "and is called \"ashwath vriksha\" (\"I am banyan tree among trees\" - \"Bhagavad Gita\"). It represents eternal life because of its seemingly ever-expanding branches. The Bodhi tree is also the name given to the tree under which Gautama Siddhartha, the historical Buddha, sat on the night he attained enlightenment. The Yggdrasil, or World Ash, functions in much the same way in Norse mythology; it is the site where Odin found enlightenment. Other examples include Jievaras in Lithuanian mythology and Thor's Oak in the myths of the pre-Christian Germanic peoples. The Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in Genesis present two aspects of the same image. Each is said to stand at the center of the Paradise garden from which four rivers flow to nourish the whole world. Each tree confers a boon. Bamboo, the plant from which Asian calligraphy pens are made, represents knowledge and is regularly found on Asian college campuses. The Christmas tree, which can be traced in its origins back to pre-Christian European beliefs, represents an axis mundi. , such as the Fly Agaric mushroom among the Evenks of Russia. In China, traditional cosmography sometimes depicts the world center marked with the Jian tree (). Two more trees are placed at the East and West, corresponding to the points of sunrise and sunset, as described in the \"Huainanzi\". The Mesoamerican world tree connects the planes of the Underworld and the sky with that of the terrestrial realm. The human body can express the symbol of world axis. Some of the more abstract Tree of Life representations, such as the \"sefirot\" in Kabbalism and in the \"chakra\" system recognized by Hinduism and Buddhism, merge with the concept of the human body as a pillar between heaven and earth. Disciplines such as yoga and tai chi begin from the premise of the human body as axis mundi. The Buddha represents a world centre in human form. Large statues of a meditating figure unite the human figure with the symbolism of temple and tower. Astrology in all its forms assumes a connection between human health and affairs and the orientation of these with celestial bodies. World religions regard the body itself as a temple and prayer as a column uniting earth to heaven. The ancient Colossus of Rhodes combined the role of human figure with those of portal and skyscraper. The image of a human being suspended on a tree or a cross locates the figure at the axis where heaven and earth meet. The Renaissance image known as the Vitruvian Man represented a symbolic and mathematical exploration of the human form as world axis. Homes can represent world centers. The symbolism for their residents is the same as for inhabitants of palaces and other sacred mountains. The hearth participates in the symbolism of the altar and a central garden participates in the symbolism of primordial paradise. In Asian cultures houses were traditionally laid out in the form of a square oriented toward the four compass directions. A traditional Asian home was oriented toward the sky through feng shui, a system of geomancy, just as a palace would be. Traditional Arab houses are also laid out as a square surrounding a central fountain that evokes a primordial garden paradise. Mircea Eliade noted that \"the symbolism of the pillar in [European] peasant houses likewise derives from the 'symbolic field' of the \"axis mundi\". In many archaic dwellings the central pillar does in fact serve as a means of communication with the heavens, with the sky.\" The nomadic peoples of Mongolia and the Americas more often lived in circular structures. The central pole of the tent still operated as an axis but a fixed reference to the four compass points was avoided. A common shamanic concept, and a universally told story, is that of the healer traversing the axis mundi to bring back knowledge from the other world. It may be seen in the stories from Odin and the World Ash Tree to the Garden of Eden and Jacob's Ladder to Jack and the Beanstalk and Rapunzel. It is the essence of the journey described in \"The Divine Comedy\" by Dante Alighieri. The epic poem relates its hero's descent and ascent through a series of spiral structures that take him from through the core of the earth, from the depths of Hell to celestial Paradise. It is also a central tenet in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Anyone or anything suspended on the axis between heaven and earth becomes a repository of potential knowledge. A special status accrues to the thing suspended: a serpent, a victim of crucifixion or hanging, a rod, a fruit, mistletoe. Derivations of this idea find form in the Rod of Asclepius, an emblem of the medical profession, and in the caduceus, an emblem of correspondence and commercial professions. The staff in these emblems represents the axis mundi while the serpents act as guardians of, or guides to, knowledge. Axis mundi symbolism continues to be evoked, even in modern societies, through various art forms and has a deep rooted spiritual inspiration that transcends time. The idea has proven consequential in the realm of architecture. Structures that have a spiritual meaning, that inspire and create a connection between the spiritual world and the physical world, that are erected as monuments to commemorate are achievements can be considered to be inspired by the axis mundi. The pyramids that have been erected throughout human history serve as perfect examples of axis mundi. A skyscraper, as the term itself suggests, suggests the connection of earth and sky, as do spire structures of all sorts. Such buildings come to be regarded as \"centers\" of an inhabited area, or even the world, and serve as icons of its ideals. The first skyscraper of modern times, the Eiffel Tower, exemplifies this role. The structure was erected in 1889 in Paris, France, to serve as the centerpiece for the Exposition Universelle, making it a symbolic world center from the planning stages. It has served as an iconic image for the city and the nation ever since. Landmark skyscrapers often take names that clearly identify them as centers. Artistic representations of the axis mundi are plentiful. Just one example of these is the \"Colonne sans fin\" (\"The Endless Column\", 1938) an abstract sculpture by Romanian Constantin Brâncuși. The column takes the form of a \"sky pillar\" () upholding the heavens even as its rhythmically repeating segments invite climb and suggest the possibility of ascension. Visual representation of the axis mundi in contemporary art is currently being achieved by photographer Jennifer Westjohn. By the process of mirror symmetry of a single photograph the artist exposes an entirely new image: the 5th point. The viewer is then introduced to a coalescing of nature and the universe which lends new perspective to the original image. This artistic representation of axis mundi opens the mind up to a new visual dimension both energistic and shamanic. Axis mundi symbolism exists in modern space travel. Each astronaut embarks on a perilous journey into the heavens, per se, and if successful, returns with a boon for dissemination. The Apollo 13 insignia stated it succinctly: \"Ex luna scientia\" (\"From the Moon, knowledge\"). Axis mundi The axis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "George Swindin George Hedley Swindin (4 December 1914 – 26 October 2005) was an English football player and manager. Playing as a goalkeeper, Swindin made more than 300 appearances in the Football League with Bradford City and Arsenal, where his 18-year career was interrupted by the Second World War. As manager, he led Peterborough United to three Midland League titles before spending a less successful spell with Arsenal. He also managed Norwich City and Cardiff City of the Football League and Kettering Town and Corby Town in non-league football. Swindin was born in Campsall in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and attended South Grove Central School in Rotherham. He played for England against The Rest as a final trial for a schoolboy international against Wales in 1929, but was not selected. He played as an amateur for various local clubs, including for Rotherham United's reserve team in the Midland League, before turning professional in 1934 with Bradford City. Swindin established himself in the first team towards the end of the 1933–34 season, but a serious knee injury sustained in the last match of that campaign caused ongoing problems that disrupted his second season and eventually required surgery to remove cartilage. He played 26 Second Division matches for Bradford City, before being signed by Arsenal in April 1936 for £4,000. He made his debut against Brentford on 3 September 1936, and played 19 games in his first season. His time at Arsenal was at first characterised by nervous and erratic displays, and he shared the goalkeeping spot with Alex Wilson and Frank Boulton. However, he played 17 league matches in 1937–38, more than either of his rivals, as Arsenal won the League title. The Second World War interrupted his career somewhat, but Swindin continued to play through the war for Arsenal, while serving as a Physical Training Instructor in the Army. He made wartime guest appearances for clubs including Leeds United, while serving as a policeman in the area, Clapton Orient, and in 1945, Southampton. By the time first-class football had resumed after the war, he became Arsenal's undisputed No. 1, and stayed there for the next few seasons. He had put his erraticness behind him, and he was a commanding keeper who was especially known for his aerial ability and assured handling of crosses, as well as his strong physical resilience. He won his second League title in 1947–48. After the arrival of Ted Platt in 1950, Swindin had to share the goalkeeper's spot for 1949–50, but played in both the 1950 and 1952 FA Cup Finals; Arsenal won the former against Liverpool, but lost to Newcastle United in the latter. By 1952–53, Swindin was beginning to show his age, and another talented keeper, the Welshman Jack Kelsey, had taken his first-team place. Nevertheless, Swindin played 14 matches that season as Arsenal won the title again, giving him his third Championship winner's medal. Despite his excellent form for Arsenal, he was never capped by England at senior level, with Walter Winterbottom preferring Frank Swift and Bert Williams. In all, he played 297 first-class matches (not including wartime games) for the Gunners. Swindin moved to Midland League side Peterborough United as player-manager in 1954. He led them to three consecutive Midland League titles, from 1955–56 to 1957–58, and reached the Fourth Round of the FA Cup in 1956–57. Peterborough won the title twice more after Swindin left, enough to win election to the Football League in 1960. His contribution was recognised by his induction into the club's Hall of Fame. In the meantime, Swindin had returned to Arsenal in 1958 as manager, and his side initially started strongly, finishing third in 1958–59. However, the team soon flagged and spent the next three seasons in mid-table. Despite signing players such as George Eastham and Tommy Docherty, Swindin was unable to bring any silverware to the club, while the club's rivals Tottenham Hotspur won the Double in 1960–61. In March 1962, Arsenal chairman Denis Hill-Wood confirmed that Swindin's contract would not be renewed at the end of the season. He then became manager of Norwich City for five months, and then Cardiff City from late 1962 to 1964. At Cardiff, he signed John Charles from Roma, but after a bright start Cardiff soon faded and he resigned after the team were relegated to the Second Division. After that, he had spells as manager of Kettering Town and Corby Town before leaving the game for good. After leaving football, Swindin first owned a garage in Corby, before emigrating to Spain, where he lived for several years before returning to his homeland. In the later years of his life he suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died at Kettering in October 2005 at the age of 90. Arsenal Peterborough United George Swindin George Hedley Swindin (4" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Kamloops, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kamloops and district. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 24th Reserve Battalion on January 1, 1917. The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. R. Vicars. The motto of the Rocky Mountain Ranges was in the Chinook Jargon, a trade language that was popular with settler populations in early British Columbia. Meaning \"stand guard\", or \"watch well\", it was \"Kloshe Nanitch\". Meek, John F. \"Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War.\" Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971. 172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF The 172nd (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Kamloops, British Columbia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kamloops and district. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 24th Reserve Battalion on January 1, 1917. The 172nd (Rocky" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thomas Frederick Colby Thomas Frederick Colby FRS FRSE FGS FRGS (1 September 1784 – 9 October 1852), was a British major-general and director of the Ordnance Survey (OS). A Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Society, Colby was one of the leading geographers of his time. An officer in the Royal Engineers, Colby overcame the loss of one hand in a shooting accident to begin in 1802 a lifelong connection with the Ordnance Survey. His most important work was the Survey of Ireland. He began planning this enormous enterprise in 1824 and directed it until 1846, in which year the final maps made by the survey were almost ready for issue. He was the inventor of the \"Colby Bar\" (a compensation bar), an apparatus used in base-measurements. He was the eldest child of Major Thomas Colby, Royal Marines (d. 1813), and his wife, Cornelia Hadden, sister of James Murray Hadden. He was born at St. Margaret's-next-Rochester on 1 September 1784. He was brought up by his father's sisters at Rhosygilwen, near Rhoshill, Pembrokeshire, West Wales, and at school at Northfleet, Kent, under William Crakelt. He went on to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and passed out for the Royal Engineers while still 16. Colby attracted the notice of Major William Mudge, director of the Ordnance Survey, who arranged in 1802 to have him attached to the Survey. His first task was sector observations made at Dunnose, Isle of Wight in the summer of 1802. In December 1803, when on duty at Liskeard, Colby met with an accident through the bursting of a pistol loaded with small shot with which he was practising, his left hand having to be amputated at the wrist, and part of the gun being permanently lodged in the skull. In 1804 he was observing the pole star for azimuths at Beaumaris; in 1806 he was assisting Mudge in the measurement of a base-line on Rhuddlan Marsh, near St. Asaph, and in astronomical observations in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and on the Yorkshire moors. Later he was selecting trigonometrical stations on the mountains in South Wales. The publication of the maps themselves was suspended during the Napoleonic wars. In July 1809, Mudge was appointed lieutenant governor of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and Colby became the chief executive officer of the Survey. In 1813 it was decided to extend the measurement of the meridional line between Dunnose and the mouth of the River Tees into Scotland, with a mineralogical survey being carried out by John MacCulloch. In that and the following year Colby and his chief assistant, James Gardner, were selecting stations in the south-west of Scotland, and observing from them by theodolite. In 1815 Colby worked from Tower map office, but in 1816–17 he was again in the field, carrying the triangulation round the eastern coast towards Orkney.s and Shetland, and in the latter year, in conjunction with Gardner, measured the base-line of Belhelvie Links, near Aberdeen, the only base-line in Scotland. He was also engaged in observations in Shetland with Édouard Biot, who had been deputed by the Institut de France to make pendulum and other observations there in connection with the prolongation of the arc of the meridian. Biot and Colby fell out, however. Colby later accompanied General Mudge to Dunkirk, and took part in the observations made, with Biot and François Arago, using Jesse Ramsden's sector, which was set up in Dunkirk arsenal. In 1819 Colby was again engaged in Scotland, the season's work beginning, early in May, on Corrie Habbie, Banff, and ending in Caithness at the end of September. Colby was made LL.D. of the University of Aberdeen and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Early in 1820 General Mudge died, and the Duke of Wellington appointed Colby to succeed him at the head of the Ordnance Survey. On 13 April 1820 Colby became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Later in the same year Lord Melville nominated him to a seat on the Board of Longitude, which he retained until it was dissolved in 1828. He also became an associate and then an honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. At this time living in London, he was among the proprietors of the London Institute, and was one of the early members of the Athenaeum Club. He was also one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society, and with Mark Beaufoy, Olinthus Gregory, Edward Troughton, and others, drew up its rules. There was a pause the mountain work of the survey; but in 1821 Colby was employed in making observations in Orkney and Shetland, and on Faira and Foula; and in 1821-3 he was sent by the Royal Society with Henry Kater to co-operate with Arago and Claude-Louis Mathieu for the Institut de France, in connecting the observations of Greenwich and Paris. The results were published in \"Philosophical Transactions\" for 1828. Fresnel's new compound lenses were used for the observations across the English Channel. Colby gave his notes on them to his friend Robert Stevenson, leading to their adoption in British lighthouses. In 1824 Colby and the Ordnance Survey were given the task of surveying Ireland. He also decided to have the work carried on under direct official supervision, and raised three companies of sappers and miners to be trained in survey duties. Later many Irish surveyors were used. It began with Colby and a small party of sappers on Divis near Belfast, in 1825. He devised a dual arrangement of brass and iron, called by him a \"compensation bar\", which as the \"Colby bar\" was used base-measurements in all parts of the world. A base-line, eight miles long, was measured under his superintendence, on the southern side of Lough Foyle, in 1827–8. When the standard yard was destroyed in the 1834 Burning of Parliament, it was restored by going back to Colby's work. Initially trained staff were in short supply, and progress was slow. A committee headed by Sir James Carmichael Smyth recommended more rapid, but less accurate methods. This approach was abandoned in 1832. In May 1833 the publication of the first Irish county—Londonderry—in fifty sheets, took place. Other counties followed, and the completion of the map in 1847 saw 1,939 sheets, surveyed and plotted on a scale of six inches to the mile. Colby exceeded by large sums the budgets sanctioned by parliament, and forwent his own salary. The survey included a series of tidal observations. Colby during its progress introduced electrotyping, contour lines on the six-inch maps, and the training of picked men of the sappers and miners as surveyors. In 1833 Henry De la Beche suggested a geological map of the west of England, which was handed over by the government to Colby. The arrangement continued in force until 1845, when the geological survey was transferred to the Department of Woods and Forests. Apart from this project, and the publication of the sheets of the one-inch ordnance map of England and Wales, the operations of the British survey were at a standstill after the death of Mudge until 1838, when the survey of Scotland was resumed, and Colby moved back from Dublin to London. In that year he went back into the field for the last time, on Ben Hutig in Sutherlandshire. In 1840 the government agreed to survey the remaining six counties in England, and the whole of Scotland, on the six-inch scale, while the publication of the one-inch map continued for the rest of England. The assistants employed on the Irish survey were gradually transferred to England and Scotland. The work was proceeding slowly when, in November 1846, just as the sheets of the last Irish county were preparing for issue, Colby attained the rank of major-general, and in accordance with the rule of the service was retired from the post he had so long held. Colby devoted himself to the education of his sons, residing for some time at Bonn. He died at New Brighton, on 9 October 1852. A monument was erected to him in St James Cemetery, Liverpool. In 1811 appeared the third volume of the \"Trigonometrical Survey\", by Mudge", "to survey the remaining six counties in England, and the whole of Scotland, on the six-inch scale, while the publication of the one-inch map continued for the rest of England. The assistants employed on the Irish survey were gradually transferred to England and Scotland. The work was proceeding slowly when, in November 1846, just as the sheets of the last Irish county were preparing for issue, Colby attained the rank of major-general, and in accordance with the rule of the service was retired from the post he had so long held. Colby devoted himself to the education of his sons, residing for some time at Bonn. He died at New Brighton, on 9 October 1852. A monument was erected to him in St James Cemetery, Liverpool. In 1811 appeared the third volume of the \"Trigonometrical Survey\", by Mudge and Colby. In 1828 Colby married Elizabeth Hester Boyd, second daughter of Archibald Boyd of Londonderry. They had a family of four sons and three daughters. After his marriage Colby moved from London to Dublin, residing at first in Merrion Square, and afterwards at Knockmaroon Lodge, at the gates of Phoenix Park, within easy distance of the survey office, which was established in the old Mountjoy barracks. Colby House, which was the headquarters of the OS Northern Ireland until 2014, is named in his honour. Thomas Frederick Colby Thomas Frederick Colby FRS FRSE FGS FRGS (1 September 1784 – 9 October 1852), was a British major-general and director of the Ordnance Survey (OS). A Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Society, Colby was one of the leading geographers of his time. An officer in the Royal Engineers, Colby overcame the loss of one hand" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chris Blais Christopher Blais (born 3 January 1981) is an off-road racing rider from Apple Valley, California. Blais was the top American Rookie and 9th overall finisher of the 2005 race, 4th overall finisher in 2006, and 3rd overall of the 2007 Dakar Rally riding a KTM 690 Rally motorcycle. Blais was severely injured Sunday August 5, 2007 while pre-running for the Vegas to Reno race. He crashed off his bike and suffered a broken collarbone and, more severe, a crushed T-7 vertebra in his back. This injury has left him unable to walk and with very little feeling from the waist down. Chris Blais Christopher Blais (born 3 January 1981) is an off-road racing rider from Apple Valley, California. Blais was the top American Rookie and 9th overall finisher of the 2005 race, 4th overall finisher in 2006, and 3rd overall of the 2007 Dakar Rally riding a KTM 690 Rally motorcycle. Blais was severely injured Sunday August 5, 2007 while pre-running for the Vegas to Reno race. He crashed off his bike and suffered a broken collarbone and, more severe, a crushed T-7 vertebra in his back. This injury has left him unable to walk and with very" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "L-3 SmartDeck SmartDeck - is a fully integrated cockpit system originally developed by L-3 Avionics Systems. and acquired in 2010 by Esterline CMC Electronics through an exclusive licensing agreement. SmartDeck is one of the many systems available today known as a “glass cockpit.” Popularized by large transport category aircraft in the 1980s, the glass cockpit is a high technology cockpit configuration in which the traditional flight instruments and gauges are replaced by computer screens that combine information into an organized and user friendly format. As computer technology advances, glass cockpit systems are declining in cost and becoming available in smaller general aviation aircraft. These technologies are often able to offer pilots more flight information than would be available in a conventional style cockpit and many feature a high level of automation that can aid the pilot in navigation and system monitoring. L-3 created SmartDeck as an alternative to other glass cockpit systems currently on the market. The major design objectives of integration and ease of use were achieved by designing the menu structure with a “three-clicks-or-less” philosophy similar to the Apple iPod and by incorporating navigation, weather, traffic and terrain avoidance, communication, flight controls, engine monitoring and enhanced vision into one cockpit system. This is achieved by combining a number of L-3’s situational awareness technologies into the system. At the National Business Aviation Association annual convention in October 2010, CMC Electronics announced that it had acquired the SmartDeck technology from L-3 and L-3 ceased all development. CMC has continued the development and, as of March 2012, was expecting to announce a launch customer in the near future. The user interface for a basic SmartDeck system consists of one primary flight display (PFD), one multi-function display (MFD), one flight display controller (FDC), and a center console unit (CCU) display system. Other components include two air data attitude and heading reference systems (ADAHRS), two data concentrators, two magnetometers, two WAAS GPS receivers, two nav/com radios with a PS Engineering audio panel, a transponder and the S-TEC Intelliflight 1950 Integrated Digital Flight Control System (DFCS). SmartDeck interfaces with the L-3 Avionics SkyWatch collision avoidance system, Landmark terrain awareness warning system (TAWS B), Stormscope lightning detection system and IRIS Infrared Imaging System, among other avionics technologies. The SmartDeck system is customizable for different customers and platforms. SmartDeck features a high level of redundancy that offers added safety in the event of a system failure. The dual ADAHRS continuously compare flight data and alert the pilot if the difference between the two units exceeds a predefined tolerance; during an ADAHRS miscompare, both flight displays will act as PFDs and the discrepancy will be highlighted. This is known as reversionary mode, a condition in which both screens combine all the standard PFD information with a number of key MFD functions. Each component in the system is connected via a dual IEEE 1394 interface, also known as Firewire. This high speed connection interface is common on high-speed computers and is also used on military aircraft such as the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II. Users can monitor the system health on the MFD during flight and will be notified in the event of a failed connection; however, the system will continue to function normally as long as part of the redundant network connections remain linked. The chief purpose of the SmartDeck Primary Flight Display is to provide the attitude, airspeed, altitude, turn rate, vertical speed and course information available in the standard six pack of a conventional cockpit. In addition, the PFD gives autopilot mode information, abbreviated engine parameters, glide slope and localizer information and winds aloft. Quick reference true airspeed, ground speed, density altitude, outside air temperature, bearing, ground track, DME data, and time en route data are also displayed on the PFD. Dedicated buttons along the bottom of the PFD are used to change the reference bugs for indicated airspeed, course, heading, altitude and vertical speed as well as the barometer setting and source for navigation information. The reference bug settings also control the autopilot and flight director. SmartDeck's PFD is also equipped with synthetic vision, a 3D rendering of obstacles, terrain and airports that allows the pilot to see \"through\" weather and darkness. The image moves in real time with the aircraft and presents a clear view of the outside environment. SmartDeck’s MFD contains a host of flight information available on a number of “pages” dedicated to different functions. Each page features its own menu and submenus that are used to control the display options. The amount of information available on each screen is customizable and much of the information can be combined onto one page to decrease the need for frequently changing screens. The map page is displayed for the majority of a routine flight on the MFD to aid the pilot in navigation and to assist with situational awareness. A moving map can be displayed in a VFR or IFR format on the MFD with an aircraft icon that represents the aircraft’s present position. A number of selectable options allow the pilot to easily customize the detail level of the moving map. Selectable map overlays include: Additionally, pilot selectable traffic, weather and terrain information is available on dedicated thumbnails or overlaid on the map. A thumbnail overlay for an enhanced vision display is also available. During instrument approaches or while performing SIDs and STARs, a chart overlay option is available on the map page. Chart overlay gives aircraft position on the designated Jeppessen chart in lieu of the map. This function allows the pilot to maintain additional situational awareness throughout the approach and departure phases of the flight. The auxiliary page combines a large amount of aircraft system data into one easy to navigate page. The various submenus of the auxiliary page display aircraft systems, such as engine parameters and electrical; system health, which displays connections of different components; and subsystems, like GPS or transponder functionality. Also available on the Aux page are normal, abnormal and emergency checklists, aircraft performance charts and a setup page for customization of the PFD and MFD screens. Checklist progress is maintained when switching to other pages giving the pilot quick access to procedures without hindering safe navigation. The SmartDeck CCU is a smaller display screen used for entering flight plan data, obtaining airport information, and entering nav/com frequencies or transponder codes. SmartDeck is the only glass cockpit system in the light aircraft market that includes a display dedicated to such functions. Because radio frequencies, flight plan data and airport info can also be manipulated on the MFD, SmartDeck provides a “feature in use” annunciation if the user is accessing or modifying information in two places at once. When airways or instrument approaches are loaded into a flight plan, the CCU will automatically change to the appropriate navigation frequencies as the flight progresses. The system displays the location identifier next to communication frequencies when selected from the database and identifies the Morse code ID for navigation frequencies. A save feature allows up to 30 flight plans with as many as 100 waypoints to be saved on the unit. The S-TEC Intelliflight 1950 DFCS is the integrated autopilot used with SmartDeck. It is a two-axis attitude-based digital autopilot with a flight director. Autopilot controls are located on the CCU and include heading, nav, approach, indicated airspeed hold, vertical speed hold, and altitude hold buttons. With the autopilot", "in two places at once. When airways or instrument approaches are loaded into a flight plan, the CCU will automatically change to the appropriate navigation frequencies as the flight progresses. The system displays the location identifier next to communication frequencies when selected from the database and identifies the Morse code ID for navigation frequencies. A save feature allows up to 30 flight plans with as many as 100 waypoints to be saved on the unit. The S-TEC Intelliflight 1950 DFCS is the integrated autopilot used with SmartDeck. It is a two-axis attitude-based digital autopilot with a flight director. Autopilot controls are located on the CCU and include heading, nav, approach, indicated airspeed hold, vertical speed hold, and altitude hold buttons. With the autopilot engaged, the system can fly full instrument approaches and holds automatically as well as pilot created holds using the “place hold” function. After the desired mode is activated, autopilot parameters such as vertical speed and heading are selected using dedicated buttons along the bottom of the PFD and changed with a concentric control knob on the Flight Data Controller. The various autopilot modes include: SmartDeck has received Technical Standard Order (TSO) Authorization and Supplemental Type Certification (STC) from the FAA. The system was certified in a Cirrus SR22. A limited STC is available through aftermarket dealers for installation on the Cirrus SR22 G2 model aircraft. L-3 was also awarded the development phase for Cirrus’ new “Cirrus Vision SF50”. Later in the program, Cirrus decided to switch to a similar system by Garmin, prompting L-3 to sue them for $18M. Following FAA certification, SmartDeck will compete directly with the Garmin G1000, Avidyne Entegra, Chelton FlightLogic and the Collins Pro Line series. L-3 SmartDeck SmartDeck - is a fully integrated cockpit system originally" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Piano (company) Piano is an independent film production and distribution company based in Mexico City, started in 2011 by Julio Chavezmontes and Sebastián Hofmann as a platform for innovative filmmakers. It specializes in film production, finance, distribution, and international coproductions. “Halley”, the company’s first feature project, premiered internationally at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. Since then, Piano has produced ten films, which have collectively premiered at over 100 international film festivals – including official selections at Sundance, Berlin, Rotterdam, Locarno and Toronto – and have received multiple awards and nominations in Mexico and abroad. Notable past coproducers include Carlos Reygadas, Jaime Romandía, Alejandro González Iñárritu, Lisa Cortes, Yann Gonzalez, Michael Fitzgerald, Stienette Bosklopper, Moises Cosio, and Ginevra Elkann. Piano was established in 2011 to produce the screenplay for “Halley”, written by Julio Chavezmontes and Sebastián Hofmann. The film was directed by Hofmann and produced by Chavezmontes, in partnership with Mantarraya Producciones, responsible for launching the careers of celebrated Mexican directors Carlos Reygadas and Amat Escalante. The film received the support of the Mexican Film Institute and the Hubert Bals Fund during post-production . In January 2013, “Halley” premiered at the New Frontier Section of the Sundance Film Festival, where the Sundance / AMC Channel acquired it for release. Following its Sundance premiere, “Halley” was invited to over 50 international film festivals, including the prestigious Hivos Tiger Awards Competition of the IFF Rotterdam, the Munich Film Festival, Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Fantastic Fest, Fantasia Film Festival, the Sitges Film Festival, and Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival among others. Overall, “Halley” won 8 awards, including the Sitges New Visions Award, the Cinevision Award at Munich, the AQCC Award and the Special Jury Mention at Fantasia Film Festival. In Mexico, the film was nominated to five Ariel Awards, winning the prize for Best Make Up. Since the release of “Halley”, Piano has produced ten films, with notable productions including Nicolas Echevarría’s “Echo of the Mountain” and Emiliano Rocha Minter’s debut “We Are the Flesh ”. Echo of the Mountain won six international awards, such as the Gold Hugo at the Docufest Competition in the Chicago International Film Festival, and received five nominations, including Best Documentary and Best Music at the Mexican Academy Awards. We Are the Flesh was praised and supported upon release by directors Alejandro González Iñárritu, Carlos Reygadas and Alfonso Cuarón. The film was shown at multiple film festivals, including the IFF Rotterdam, and the Cannes Film Festival’s Blood Window Galas. Upon commercial release in the United States, the film was praised by The Village Voice, Slant Magazine, Los Angeles Times, and the SF Weekly among others. In 2014, Piano partnered with Andrea Castex to launch distribution operations in Mexico, with a focus on author-driven cinema. Since then, the company has released Inori, Death in Arizona, Sand Dollars, The dead, Tropical Carmin, All of Me, Eisenstein in Guanajuato, The Pleasure is mine, Epitaph, We Are the Flesh, and The Darkness. In 2017, Piano announced an expansion of its acquisition strategy to foreign titles with the purchases of the 2017 Palme d'Or winner The Square, and Rungano Nyoni's feature film debut I'm not a Witch. Piano also launched for sale a DVD and Blu-ray collection of auteur cinema that includes so far three editions of Mexican cult movies (Halley, Alamar-Inori and Duck Season), meticulously designed to offer a collection product to its public. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2003820/news<br> https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/willem-dafoe-daniel-graham-opus-zero-1201903023/ Piano (company) Piano is an independent film production and distribution company based in Mexico City, started in 2011 by Julio Chavezmontes and Sebastián Hofmann as a platform for innovative filmmakers. It specializes in film production, finance, distribution," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yago Alonso-Fueyo Sako Yago Yao Alonso-Fueyo Sako (born 19 August 1979), known as Yago Yao, is a former Equatoguinean footballer who played as a central defender. Yago Yao was born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast to an Ivorian mother and a Spanish father. Six hours after his birth he was taxed as Spanish and, three months later, he was taken to live in Asturias where his paternal grandfather was from. Yago Yao played solely in Spain during his career, representing Sporting de Gijón (two stints), Celta de Vigo (two, being severely injured early into his second), Recreativo de Huelva, Real Oviedo, Cádiz CF and Levante UD. In 2000–01 he appeared in 20 games in La Liga as the Galicians finished sixth, but split the 2002–03 season with two teams that met the same fate, relegation (\"Recre\" and Oviedo, one in each of the major levels of Spanish football). After unsuccessful trials at both Aris Thessaloniki F.C. and Hamilton Academical, Yago Yao returned to Spain in January 2010, signing with modest Montañeros CF in Galicia. Yago Yao possessed dual nationality, and went on to represent the Equatorial Guinea national team, his first cap coming in 2007 at age 28 against Cameroon. He previously appeared for Spain at youth level. In December 2007, Yago Yao played B matches against the Region of Murcia and Extremadura. Yago Alonso-Fueyo Sako Yago Yao Alonso-Fueyo Sako (born 19 August 1979), known as Yago Yao, is a former Equatoguinean footballer who played as a central defender. Yago Yao was born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast to an Ivorian mother and a Spanish father. Six hours after his birth he was taxed as Spanish and, three months later, he was taken to live in Asturias where his paternal grandfather was from. Yago Yao played solely in Spain during his career," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Athanasios Tzoganis Air Chief Marshal Athanasios Tzoganis (; born 15 July 1939) is a retired Hellenic Air Force officer who served as Chief of the Hellenic National Defence General Staff in 1996–1999. Born in Skourtou, Aetolia-Acarnania, he entered the Hellenic Air Force Academy in 1959 and graduated first in his class in 1962. He flew F-84, A-7, G-159, T-33, NORATLAS, C-47 and C-130 aircraft and held several staff positions and active commands (345 Bomber Squadron and 112 Fighter Wing). From 1982-1983 he was aide-de-camp to Prime Minister and Defense Minister Andreas Papandreou. He later headed the Air Support Command, the Hellenic Tactical Air Force Command and finally became Chief of the Hellenic Air Force General Staff on 17 December 1993. He held the post until 16 February 1996, when he was appointed to the position of Chief of the Hellenic National Defence General Staff, a position he held until 15 February 1999. He is married and has two daughters. Tzoganis was one of the pilots who on 21 July 1974 had been ordered to fly to Souda, in order to airlift a Greek Commando battalion to Cyprus (Operation Niki). According to orders, all aircraft had to depart before midnight so that darkness would provide enough cover for their return flight. At around 24:00, Tzoganis' aircraft was ready to depart when the control tower announced the termination of all take offs. Strictly adhering to orders, Tzoganis turned back and shut down his engines. However, two of the following aircraft (\"Niki-14\", piloted by Panayotis Limperopoulos and \"Niki-15\", piloted by Evangelos Petroulakis) insisted on departing and took off at 00:20 and 00.23. Athanasios Tzoganis Air Chief Marshal Athanasios Tzoganis (; born 15 July 1939) is a retired Hellenic Air Force officer who served as Chief of the Hellenic National Defence General Staff in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes The 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes were an intense intraplate earthquake series beginning with an initial earthquake of moment magnitude 7.5–7.9 on December 16, 1811, followed by a moment magnitude 7.4 aftershock on the same day. They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history. They, as well as the seismic zone of their occurrence, were named for the Mississippi River town of New Madrid, then part of the Louisiana Territory, now within the US state of Missouri. There are estimates that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly over roughly , and moderately across nearly 3 million square kilometers (1 million square miles). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly . The New Madrid earthquakes were interpreted variously by American Indian tribes, but one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. For many tribes in Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, it meant that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported. Susan Hough, a seismologist of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has estimated the earthquakes' magnitudes as around magnitude 7. There were many more aftershocks, including one magnitude 7 aftershock to the December 16, 1811 earthquake which occurred at 0600 UTC (12:00 a.m.) on December 17, 1811, and one magnitude 7 aftershock to the February 7, 1812 earthquake which occurred on the same day at 0440 UTC (10:40 p.m.). John Bradbury, a Fellow of the Linnean Society, was on the Mississippi on the night of December 15, 1811, and describes the tremors in great detail in his \"Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811\", published in 1817. Eliza Bryan in New Madrid, Territory of Missouri, wrote the following eyewitness account in March 1812. John Reynolds (February 26, 1788 – May 8, 1865) who was the 4th governor of Illinois, among other political posts, mentions the earthquake in his biography \"My Own Times: Embracing Also the History of My Life\" (1855): The Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland described the effects of the earthquake on the Shaker settlement at West Union (Busro), Indiana, where the earthquakes contributed to the temporary abandonment of the westernmost Shaker community. The underlying cause of the earthquakes is not well understood, but modern faulting seems to be related to an ancient geologic feature buried under the Mississippi River alluvial plain, known as the Reelfoot Rift. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to split or rift apart during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic Era (about 750 million years ago). Faults were created along the rift and igneous rocks formed from magma that was being pushed towards the surface. The resulting rift system failed but has remained as an aulacogen (a scar or zone of weakness) deep underground. In recent decades minor earthquakes have continued. The epicenters of over 4,000 earthquakes can be identified from seismic measurements taken since 1974. It can be seen that they originate from the seismic activity of the Reelfoot Rift. The zone which is colored in red on the map is called the \"New Madrid Seismic Zone\". New forecasts estimate a 7 to 10 percent chance, in the next 50 years, of a repeat of a major earthquake like those that occurred in 1811–1812, which likely had magnitudes of between 7.6 and 8.0. There is a 25 to 40 percent chance, in a 50-year time span, of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake. In a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could result in \"the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States,\" further predicting \"widespread and catastrophic\" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 magnitude quake or greater would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting water distribution, transportation systems, and other vital infrastructure. 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes The 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes were an intense intraplate earthquake series beginning with an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Chances The Chances is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by John Fletcher. It was one of Fletcher's great popular successes, \"frequently performed and reprinted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.\" The play's Prologue assigns the play to Fletcher alone; since his distinctive pattern of stylistic and textual features is continuous through the play, scholars and critics regard Fletcher's sole authorship as clear and unambiguous. For the plot of his play, Fletcher depended upon Miguel de Cervantes, one of his regular sources; \"The Chances\" borrows from \"La Señora Cornelia,\" one of the \"Novelas ejemplares,\" first published in Spain in 1613 and translated into French in 1615. (Fletcher exploited another of the \"Novelas\" for his \"Love's Pilgrimage\".) The play must have originated between this period (scholars dispute Fletcher's knowledge of Spanish) and the dramatist's death in 1625. Current scholarship assigns the play to 1617 (it refers to Jonson's \"The Devil is an Ass,\" performed the previous year), as a work staged by the King's Men at the Blackfriars Theatre. During the years of the English Civil War and the Interregnum when the London theatres were officially closed to full-length plays (1642–60), material from \"The Chances\" was extracted to form a droll titled \"The Landlady,\" which was later printed by Francis Kirkman in his collection \"The Wits\" (1672). The play was revived early in the Restoration era; Samuel Pepys saw it in 1660, 1661, and 1667. Like many Fletcherian works, the play was adapted during the Restoration; one popular adaptation by George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham was first staged in 1682, and was a hit for its star, Charles Hart. David Garrick staged another popular adaptation in 1773. In 1821, Frederic Reynolds staged a musical version of \"The Chances\" under the title \"Don Juan, or The Two Violettas.\" The play was originally published in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647, and was included in the second folio of 1679. Adapted versions were printed to accompany Restoration productions: Buckingham's text in 1682, 1692, 1705, 1780, 1791, and after; Garrick's in 1773, 1774, and 1777. The playwright chose an unusual and rather modern-seeming approach for the opening of this play: in place of the type of exposition common in English Renaissance plays (see \"The Tempest,\" Act I scene ii for a famously verbose example), Fletcher forces the audience to piece together the plot through a series of short action scenes. (There are fully eleven scenes in Act I.) The play is set in Bologna. The opening scene introduces Don John and Don Frederick, two Spanish gentlemen visiting the city; they have come to view a famous beauty, but so far without success. The two friends agree to meet on the city's high street at evening – but when the time comes they manage to miss each other. As the city's other houses are being shut up for the night, John sees one that remains open and well-lit; curious, he looks in, and is confronted by a woman who thrusts a mysterious bundle into his arms. He leaves with the bundle, naively hoping that it contains a treasure of gold and jewels; instead he finds that it encloses...a baby. He takes the infant back to his lodgings; his landlady is outraged, assuming that he has brought home his own bastard. With a gift of a bottle of wine and the application of its contents, the landlady is mollified, and she agrees to find care and a wet-nurse for the child. Don John leaves, once again in search of his friend. Don Frederick, meanwhile, is still out in the city's streets, looking for Don John. A strange woman accosts him, mistaking him for the man she hopes to meet; when she discovers her error, she appeals to his sense of honour to protect her and guide her to safety. Being an honourable fellow, Frederick agrees, and takes her back to his lodging. (The woman turns out to be Costantia, the famous beauty they came to see.) The streets clearly are not safe; two bands of armed men are prowling the city. One is led by the Duke of Ferrara, the man Costantia was expecting to meet; the other is led by Petrucchio, the governor of Bologna and Costantia's brother. The parties meet, and fight; Don John stumbles upon the Duke as he is beset by Petrucchio and his men. Offended by the unfair odds, John draws his sword, fights on the Duke's side, and drives off the attackers, wounding Petrucchio's kinsman Antonio. It is gradually revealed that Petrucchio is looking for revenge against the Duke for seducing and impregnating his sister Costantia; the mystery baby is their son. John and Frederick are caught up in the affair – but they manage to ascertain that the Duke and Costantia are pre-contracted to marry, which palliates Petrucchio's offended honour. Further complications ensue, however. Costantia confesses her situation to the landlady, and the two women realise that the mystery baby is her son; the landlady takes Costantia to see the baby – which means that both are missing when John and Frederick return. The two friends overhear a young musician named Francisco talking about a woman named Costantia, and they assume he means the Costantia they know – which leads them to doubt the woman's truthfulness and chastity. The situation causes the two friends to begin to suspect each other, and Petrucchio and the Duke to suspect them in turn. The muddle is eventually straightened out, when the four men track down this Costantia and learn that she is another woman of the same name – she is Antonio's courtezan, who has robbed him of gold and jewels, expecting him to die of his wounds. The four men are still seeking the aristocratic Costantia; they consult a scholar who has a reputation for conjuring devils and using them to find hidden things and people. The four witness a display of ersatz magic that evokes Costantia and the baby; in the end they learn that the conjuring was staged, and all the parties are re-united for a happy ending. \"The Chances\" received a rare twentieth-century production in 1962, when it was staged by Laurence Olivier at the Chichester Festival Theatre. The Chances The Chances is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by John Fletcher. It was one of Fletcher's great popular successes, \"frequently performed and reprinted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.\" The play's Prologue assigns the play to Fletcher alone; since his distinctive pattern of stylistic and textual features is continuous through the play, scholars and critics regard Fletcher's sole authorship" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Indies Monument The Indies Monument () is a memorial in The Hague in memory of all Dutch citizens and soldiers killed during World War II as a result of the Japanese occupation (1941–1945). It is dedicated to all who died in battle, in prison camps or during forced labor. As stated in the mission statement of the 15 August 1945 Commemoration Foundation, it is also: A place where you can pass on to your children the part of your childhood spent in the Dutch East Indies The monument is unique, due to the fact that earth from the seven war cemeteries in Indonesia has been placed in an urn mounted on a small column at the front of the monument. In fall 2008 a second urn, with earth from the Galala Tantui war cemetery on Ambon Island, was placed behind the column. Before the commemoration ceremony each year, the Dutch ambassador to Indonesia lays a wreath at the Menteng Pulo war cemetery on Java in cooperation with the Foundation. Once every five years (in 2010 and 2015), in coordination with the Dutch embassies and the Dutch War Graves Foundation, wreaths are also laid at all other war cemeteries in Indonesia, Australia and Southeast Asia where Dutch victims of war are buried. In addition to this monument a commemoration site in Bronbeek, Arnhem was established in 2010. Designed by Jaroslawa Dankowa, the monument was unveiled on August 15, 1988 by Queen Beatrix. It consists of 17 bronze sculptures, a map of Southeast Asia and the inscription, \"The spirit conquers\". Its design was chosen in 1986 by the Mayor of Amsterdam (a former government official in the Dutch East Indies) and the Deputy Mayor of Amsterdam (a former resistance fighter). The commission for the design stated: Recognition through a representation of the struggle and the conquest. The humiliation, the repression, hardship, pain and despair. But also the hope, perseverance, courage and solidarity. Acknowledgement through a portrayal of our understanding today of the causes, the circumstances and consequences of that suffering. It took the Netherlands 43 years to erect a national monument to its war victims in the Dutch East Indies. Until 1961, the National Remembrance of the Dead Day (May 4) and Liberation Day (May 5) were primarily dedicated to the Dutch victims of Nazi Germany. Since 1962, they include soldiers and civilians fallen during the Indonesian National Revolution. Memorial Day at the Indies Monument is August 15, the date of the Japanese surrender. Unlike May 5 (the date of the German capitulation), it is not a public holiday in the Netherlands. In the years following the transfer of sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia (1949) the political climate in the Netherlands was marked by sensitivity in relation to Indonesia and a sense of shame about the Netherlands' colonial past. As a result it took a long time before there was any interest in the war victims of the former Dutch East Indies colony. Three years after the monument was unveiled, Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu laid a decorative garland at the monument on July 19, 1991 during his state visit. Later that day, the wreath was thrown into the water by a Dutch Indo demonstrator. Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers expressed his regret about the incident to Kaifu, which led to further angry reactions from Indo survivors of the Japanese occupation. To mark the 60th anniversary of the Japanese surrender on July 27, 2005 a smaller version of the monument was unveiled in Madurodam, a miniature park created in memory of the Antillian World War II hero George Maduro. Indies" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Beijing Design Week Beijing Design Week (BJDW) is an annual event, taking place in the fall in Beijing. First launched as a pilot effort in 2009, it has quickly become the leading international platform for design in China. In 2012, UNESCO named Beijing an “international design capital,” recognizing the city’s effort to foster innovation and be a leading smart city in China. The purpose of Beijing Design Week is to raise public design awareness as well as to help develop stronger design infrastructure and discourse in Beijing. BJDW is an initiative of the Ministry of Education of the PRC, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the PRC, the Ministry of Culture of the PRC, and the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality. It is undertaken by Beijing Gehua Cultural Development Group and Beijing Industrial Design Center. Beijing Design Week 2014 is scheduled to run from 26th Sep – 3rd Oct. The opening ceremony and the Beijing Design Awards mark the beginning of Beijing Design Week. The Design Awards honor organizations, individuals or pieces that excel in encouraging social progress, cultural development, trade promotion and urban construction. They enhance design education, communication, and consumption, and the development of the design industry as a whole. These awards also present China’s achievements in the design field, promote design innovation, stimulate the design industry and ultimately set the trend for Beijing’s design market. These awards are widely respected inside and outside the design industry as one of the most significant international design awards. Beijing Design Week Forum is one of the main sections of BJDW. It places China at the center of a global conversation around the practical and intellectual challenges in an ever more interconnected world. Policy makers and industry leaders share their experience and wisdom during the day-long event. The BJDW Forum articulates itself around different themes depending on the year. Past speakers have included Daan Roosegaarde, Masayuki Kurokawa, Marcel Wanders, Min Wang… etc. Every year, BJDW hosts a guest city’s representatives to share their wisdom and experience. The aim is to promote institutional exchange as well as commercial and economic opportunities amongst the two cities. Past participants have been London, Milan, Amsterdam, and in 2014 it will be Barcelona. Beijing design market is the platform for trading design and copyrights, products, talents and services. By integrating resources and improving professional services, it will develop markets at different layers and become an agent for design exchange, consumption and service. The development of Beijing Design Market focuses on two aspects: design trading and market consumption. The design hop is the exhibition component of the BJDW. Located in different areas in Beijing, it showcases projects from renowned designers and companies from around the world. Design hop is one of the most dynamic sections of BJDW, it has events, exhibitions, installations, seminars and lectures. From the Dashilar area traditional hutongs, to the skyscrapers of Sanlitun, the design hop allows the visitor to explore Beijing in a unique manner. Initiated by Beijing Design Week and International Copyright Exchange Center, Design Copyright Service is a website for design copyright registration, which will set pre-existing rules for design marketization. With this initiative, the new rule of the design market will be “first the copyright, then the design.” The features of this service are: electronic notarization for design copyright conducted via internet, complemented with patent registration and the conventional approach of copyright registration, special technology for protection that cannot be reversed, exclusive digital password, database of national standard to ensure secrecy and safety of the documents. Beijing Design Week Beijing Design Week (BJDW) is an annual event, taking place" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (, English: \"The Hanging of the Sigismund bell at the Cathedral Tower in 1521 in Kraków\") is a painting by Jan Matejko finished in 1874. It depicts the installation of the Sigismund Bell in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków in 1521. The bell was installed in the Sigismund Tower and rung for the first time on 13 July 1521. The bell is considered to be one of the national symbols of Poland. This painting is one of a number of historical paintings by Matejko. It shows a crowd of people, with a number of identifiable figures of historical importance. It conveys the Golden Era of the Polish Renaissance, and the power of the Kingdom of Poland. There are several alternative names for the painting. They include \"The consecrating of the Sigismund bell...\" (\"Poświęcenie dzwonu Zygmunta...\"), as proposed by Mieczysław Treter, \"The raising of the Sigismund bell...\", \"King Sigismund's Bell\", or just \"Sigismund Bell\" (\"Dzwon Zygmunta\"). The \"Sigismund Bell\" painting was created in 1874. During his work, Matejko commissioned craftsmen to create a replica of a scaffolding that was used to move the bell, and he identified its likely original location, in order for it to be portrayed realistically. There are numerous anecdotes associated with this painting. Matejko used his family for models, and likely the painting contains nearly all the members of his family. The painting was well received by contemporaries, and Stanisław Tarnowski published an extensive and positive review in 1875 in \"Przegląd Polski\". The work was displayed in Paris in 1875, and probably contributed to Matejko's recognition by the Académie française; three years later it was displayed there again, during the Exposition Universelle (1878), and (together with two other paintings – the \"Unia lubelska (Union of Lublin)\" and \"Wacław Wilczek\") yielded him an honorary golden medal. The painting is in the collection of the National Museum, Warsaw. Matejko was deeply interested in the era of the Renaissance in Poland, and this painting is one of a number of historical paintings that he set in that period. The composition is very colorful, yet realistic. It conveys the Golden Era of Polish Renaissance, and the power of the contemporary Kingdom of Poland, both its elites and the common people. The left side of the painting is focused on the richness and glory of the era, while the right notes the hard work of ordinary people that made this greatness possible. Although the painting is usually known as \"The hanging of the Sigismund bell..\", in fact it shows not the moment of hanging but the moment of the bell's emergence from the mold in which it was cast. The painting shows a crowd, with a number of identifiable figures of historical importance. On the left, there is the royal court, but only the king, Sigismund I, his family (including queen Bona Sforza), and the court jester, Stańczyk, can be identified. Sigismund, the patron of the Sigismund Bell, and his son Sigismund August, were Polish kings that inspired other works of Matejko, including \"The Babin Republic\" (1881) and \"The Founding of the Lubranski Academy in Poznań\" (1886). Sigismund I's portrayal on the \"Hanging...\" painting is the one where Matejko shows him with pride and respect. Other figures in the court include banker Jan Boner, merchant and official Seweryn Bethman, and castellan and voivode Stanisław Kmita. Bishop Jan Chojeński is also shown on the painting, consecrating the bell, with canon Grzegorz Lubrański nearby. Outside the court, master bell-founder Hans Beham is seen above the bell. Between him and the court there are two dark-clad figures. These are the Wawel architect Bartolommeo Berrecci, and a musician, Valentin Bakfark, who according to a legend threw a string from his instrument into the melted bronze (in fact, he arrived in Poland two decades after the bell was cast). In the background, Wawel Castle can be seen. As he would often do, Matejko included people whom he considered significant for the era, but who could not be present in the scene, like Sigismund I's son, Sigismund II August, who would have been only one year old. In 1885 Matejko would paint a sequel-like picture, \"Zygmunt I słuchający Dzwonu Zygmunta\" (Sigismund I listening to the Sigismund Bell), showing an older Sigismund and Stańczyk, contemplating the passing of their era. Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (, English: \"The Hanging of the Sigismund bell at the Cathedral Tower in 1521 in Kraków\") is a painting by Jan Matejko finished in 1874. It depicts the installation of the Sigismund Bell in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków in 1521. The bell was installed in the Sigismund Tower and rung for the first time on 13 July 1521. The bell is considered to be one of the national symbols of Poland. This painting is one of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joseph Bérubé Joseph Edward Bérubé was the longest serving Ombudsman of the province of New Brunswick, Canada, occupying the office from 1976 to 1993. Joseph Bérubé was a native of Edmundston, New Brunswick. Following his graduation in law from the University of New Brunswick, he was called to the New Brunswick Bar in 1957 and to the Ontario Bar in 1958. Prior to assuming the role of Ombudsman in 1976, Bérubé had been a New Brunswick Provincial Court judge since 1965, following a period in private practice. Prior to accepting the appointment as Ombudsman, Bérubé had been the President of the New Brunswick Provincial Court Judges' Association, as well as the President of the Canadian Association of Provincial Court Judges. In 1991, Bérubé and the New Brunswick Ombudsman Office initiated an inquiry into the 1987 collapse of the Principal Group and its effect on residents of New Brunswick. The focus of the inquiry related to the activities in New Brunswick of First Investors Corporation, one of the main operating corporations of the Principal Group. In addition, in its 1991 annual report, released in 1992, the Office of the Ombudsman of New Brunswick disclosed that it had \"investigated a complaint lodged on behalf of 3,252 mostly elderly persons of limited means who suffered severe financial loss following the collapse of First Investors Corporation\". Joseph Bérubé Joseph Edward Bérubé was the longest serving Ombudsman of the province of New Brunswick, Canada, occupying the office from 1976 to 1993. Joseph Bérubé was a native of Edmundston, New Brunswick. Following his graduation in law from the University of New Brunswick, he was called to the New Brunswick Bar in 1957 and to the Ontario Bar in 1958. Prior to assuming the role of Ombudsman in 1976, Bérubé had been a New Brunswick Provincial Court" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aimpoint CompM2 The CompM2 is a battery-powered, non-magnifying red dot type of reflex sight for firearms manufactured by Aimpoint AB. It was first introduced in the U.S. Armed Forces in 2000 , designated as the \"M68 Close Combat Optic\" (M68 CCO; NSN: 1240-01-411-1265). It is also known as the \"M68 Aimpoint\" and is designed to meet United States military standards. The sight is designed for use with the M16/M4 family of rifles, but can be mounted on any weapon fitted with an upper Picatinny rail. It is also NVG-compatible—the aiming dot is still visible through night vision scopes and goggles. The sight is water-tight down to 25 meters and runs on one 3-volt lithium battery type 2L76 or DL1/3N. Aiming dot brightness is adjustable for better visibility or increased battery life. The M68 is parallax-free at around 45.7 m (50 yards), meaning that the red dot will not change position based on eye position at that range. At shorter ranges the point of aim will change position based on eye position with the maximum error being equal to the diameter of the sight's optical window at short range. The CompM2 is used across branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, Sweden, and various NATO countries, among them Norway. A variant known as the ECOS-N (NSN: 1240-01-495-1385) is also issued as part of the U.S. SOPMOD kit. The sight is also available on the civilian market and is employed by various law enforcement organizations (especially for SWAT type situations that involve close quarters work) and by recreational shooters. By August 2011, the U.S. Army had bought 1,000,000 M68 Close Combat Optics. Some 85 percent of Army M4s are issued with the CCO, though optics can vary depending on unit. The sight allows soldiers to engage targets out to 300 meters while keeping both eyes open for situational awareness. Post combat surveys show an 85 percent acceptance rate of the CCO as an effective optic and for its value for close quarters fighting. Remaining Army rifles are issued with the M150 Rifle Combat Optic. Aimpoint CompM2 The CompM2 is a battery-powered, non-magnifying red dot type of reflex sight for firearms manufactured by Aimpoint AB. It was first introduced in the U.S. Armed Forces in 2000 , designated as the \"M68 Close Combat Optic\" (M68 CCO; NSN: 1240-01-411-1265). It is also known as the \"M68 Aimpoint\" and is designed to meet United States military" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mocsa Mocsa is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary. The village has existed for at least 770 years; it is first mentioned in 1237-1240 under the name of Mocha in the notes of \"Albeus\", dean of Nitra, who had been asked by Béla IV of Hungary to catalogue the territories of the villages in the area. During the Árpád Dynasty, the village was a property of the King; income from the land was used to maintain the Queen's court. The King's hunters and falconers lived in Mocsa. In 1291, Fennena of Kujavia, the first wife of Andrew III of Hungary, granted the village's territory to Lodomer, the Archbishop of Esztergom. From this point on, the land was largely the property of the bishops. During the reign of Béla IV, Mocsa had about four hundred and fifty residents. The villages in the area were mostly razed to the ground during the Tatar invasions, but the survivors helped to repopulate Mocsa by grouping together. Through the centuries the village was attacked on more than one occasion. Its survival is due to its location: a swampy, weedy, low-lying land that was unattractive to the invaders who preferred to travel over hilly lands that gave them a wide view of the places below. Mocsa's location also provided plenty of hiding places for the people and their animals. In times of draught, the residents survived because of their close proximity to water. After the Battle of Mohács, the country suffered with years of taxation and occupation by the Ottoman Turks. Many villages died out entirely, and their territories were connected to the surviving villages—Mocsa being one of the survivors. Nowadays Mocsa have a great football team (Mocsa FC) with the famous defender László Dobai Five hundred and thirty soldiers from Mocsa took part in World War I. Out of them sixty-one lost their lives. In World War II, there were seven hundred and forty soldiers from the village, two hundred and fifteen who were killed. Between March 18–26, 1945, Mocsa was liberated by Soviet troops after a bloody battle. The left-over grenades, bombs, and landmines caused troubles for the village in the years to follow. Over twenty people suffered serious injuries from grenade and landmine explosions. Four people were killed in such accidents, including a ten-year-old boy. Mocsa's Roman Catholic church was built in 1756 in the Baroque style. It was burned down along with the village in 1903, but was restored the next year. The Protestant church was built in 1783. It was irrecoverably damaged by cannon blasts during World War II, and so a new church had to be built in 1955. • Gutai István (1988). \"Mocsai Mozaik.\" Komárom: Komárom Megyei Nyomda Vállalat. Mocsa Mocsa is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary. The village has existed for at least 770 years; it is first mentioned in 1237-1240 under the name of Mocha in the notes of \"Albeus\", dean of Nitra, who had been asked by Béla IV of Hungary to catalogue the territories" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Elvira Casazza Elvira Casazza (15 November 1887 – 24 January 1965) was an Italian mezzo-soprano opera singer (also known as Elvira Mari-Casazza). One of Toscanini's favourite singers, she was considered an outstanding interpreter of Mistress Quickly in Verdi's \"Falstaff\" during the 1920s and created several roles in Italian operas of the early 20th century. Casazza was born Elivra Mari in Ferrara and studied in Milan with Adele Borghi before making her operatic debut as Azucena in \"Il trovatore\" in Sanremo in 1910. During the course of her stage career, she sang throughout Italy as well as in Latin America and Spain. Amongst the roles she created were Dèbora in Pizzetti's \"Dèbora e Jaéle\" (1922) and the Commandant in Zandonai's \"I cavalieri di Ekebù\" (1925). Known for the extension of her lower register with an almost baritonal quality to her low notes, she has been described as a contralto in some sources. She was married to Umberto Casazza, a violinist from Busseto and a distant relative of the conductor, Giulio Gatti-Casazza. The couple had one son, Girolamo, who was killed in a plane crash at the outset of World War II. Following the death of her husband a few years later, Casazza retired from the stage with a final performance at the Teatro Verdi in Trieste in 1947 as Mother in Charpentier's \"Louise\". She devoted her later years to teaching singing at the Rossini Conservatory in Pesaro and then at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome. Elvira Mari-Casazza died in Milan at the age of 80. Elvira Casazza Elvira Casazza (15 November 1887 – 24 January 1965) was an Italian mezzo-soprano opera singer (also known as Elvira Mari-Casazza). One of Toscanini's favourite singers, she was considered an outstanding interpreter of Mistress Quickly in Verdi's \"Falstaff\" during the 1920s and created" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Heath Hall Heath Hall (formerly East Weald) is a Grade II listed large detached house at 59 The Bishop's Avenue in Barnet, North London. Built in 1910, Heath Hall remained a residential property until the post-war period. After various owners it fell into dilapidation before being bought and renovated in recent years. Heath Hall was built in 1910 as East Weald, the London residence of William Park Lyle, son of sugar magnate Abram Lyle. English Heritage's listing for East Weald noted it as \"...one of the best houses in the Bishop's Avenue, a notable area of opulent suburban development, and embodies the affluent domestic taste of the Edwardian period.\" Designed by Henry Victor Ashley and Winton Newman, their designs for East Weald were exhibited at the Royal Academy exhibitions of 1910 and 1911. The house is made from red brick with a green slate roof, built in an 'H' shape. The brick voussoirs within the \"Romanesque-inspired arched hood\" surrounding the front door of East Weald were particularly noted by English Heritage in their detailed description of the house. The architectural style of Heath Hall is influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and references Scottish Baronial architecture. It is 27,000 sq ft in size, located in 2.5 acres of grounds. It has 14 en-suite bedrooms. Amenities include indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a home cinema, and an internal leisure complex with a gym, steam room and sauna. Heath Hall also possesses a wine cellar with storage for more than 600 bottles. Security features include a panic room. The \"Daily Telegraph\" visited Heath Hall in November 2011 with two elderly daughters of Louis Bolton, an underwriter at the insurance market Lloyd's, who had owned East Weald from 1923 to 1947. The women had lived at East Weald as children, and recalled that the present home cinema was a scullery during their time, and that the metal gates were commandeered during the Second World War. Surprisingly, East Weald was sold by their father after the war for the same price that he had paid for it in 1923. East Weald was a home for blind people before its purchase in the 1950s by the Bank of China to house its London employees. English Heritage designated it a Grade II listed building in November 2001. In 2006, it was bought by property developer Andreas Panayiotou for £5 million; his subsequent seven year renovation cost an estimated £40 million. Panayiotou renamed the house Heath Hall, and his renovation expanded the size of the house by a third. Heath Hall was placed on sale for £100 million in 2012, with its asking price subsequently reduced by £35 million to £65 million in March 2013. The house eventually sold for £25 million in March 2015. In October 2016, Justin Bieber rented the 15-bedroom North London estate for £108,000 a month, using it as his London home whilst performing in the UK. Heath Hall Heath Hall (formerly East Weald) is a Grade II listed large detached house" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ruda, Staszów County Ruda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rytwiany, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Rytwiany, south-east of Staszów, and south-east of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 353. According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 340 people residing in Ruda village, of whom 49.7% were male and 50.3% were female. In the village, the population was spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 31.8% from 18 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. <br> Ruda, Staszów County Ruda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rytwiany, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Rytwiany, south-east of Staszów, and south-east of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 353. According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 340 people residing in Ruda village, of whom 49.7% were male and 50.3% were female. In the village, the population was spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 31.8% from 18 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Olita Rause Olita Rause (born November 21, 1962 in the Soviet Union) is a Latvian Woman Grandmaster (1993), International Master (1995), International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1998). Rause won the silver medal in Latvian Chess Championship for women third times: 1981 (tournament won Astra Goldmane), 1984 (tournament won Anda Šafranska), 1994 (after lost additional match against Anda Šafranska - 1½:2½). In 1986, Rause played for Latvia in Soviet Women's Team Chess Championship in Minsk at second board. Rause played for Latvia in Chess Olympiads: Rause is one of strongest world's correspondence chess players. She won the ICCF World Cup VI tournament. Rause graduated from the University of Latvia with a Master of Philology degree. From December 2001 to February 2017 she worked as the editor in chief for Janis Roze Publishers in Riga. Rause was married with chess Grandmaster Igors Rausis. Olita Rause Olita Rause (born November 21, 1962 in the Soviet Union) is a Latvian Woman Grandmaster (1993), International Master (1995), International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1998). Rause won the silver medal in Latvian Chess Championship for women third times: 1981 (tournament won Astra Goldmane), 1984 (tournament won Anda Šafranska), 1994 (after lost additional match against Anda Šafranska - 1½:2½). In" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Messali Hadj Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj, commonly known as Messali Hadj, , was an Algerian nationalist politician dedicated to the independence of his homeland from French colonial rule. He is often called the \"father\" of Algerian nationalism. He co-founded the \"Étoile nord-africaine\", and founded the \"Parti du peuple algérien\" and the \"Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques\" before dissociating himself from the armed struggle for Independence in 1954. He also founded the \"Mouvement national algérien\" to counteract the ongoing efforts of the \"Front de libération nationale\". Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj was born in Tlemcen in 1898. His father Hadj Ahmed Messali was of Turkish origin and his mother Ftéma Sari Ali Hadj-Eddine belonged to a family of seven daughters, raised in Muslim traditions by their father, a cadi, a member of the Darqawiyya brotherhood. He was educated in a local French primary school and also received a religious education influenced by the Darqawiyya Sufi order. Messali Hadj served in the French army from 1918 to 1921; having trained in Bordeaux and then promoted as sergeant in 1919. By October 1923, at the age of 25, Messali Hadj went to Paris to find work; upon his arrival, he sold bonnets and Tlemceni handicrafts, and he also enrolled in Arabic-language university courses. During his time in Paris, Messali Hadj met his French wife, Émilie Busquant, a worker revolutionary’s daughter. His time in Paris also corresponded with the first meetings of Maghribi workers in France which called for the independence of all colonies. Abdelkader Hadj Ali recruited Messali Hadj to the French Communist Party (PCF) colonial commission in 1925. In 1926 Messali Hadj founded the \"\"Étoile Nord-Africaine\"\" (ENA). Consequently, he became one of the most prominent Algerian nationalists seeking to remove all French forces and to end French colonial rule in Algeria. Messal Hadj went to Brussels in 1927 to outline the ENA’s demands for the abolition of the \"Indigénat\" and amnesty for all those convicted under it; moreover, he listed several other demands including: the right to form trade unions, education for all, and social welfare and representational legislation. By 1929 the ENA was banned in France once its links with the French Communist Party were severed. Thereafter, Messali Hadj rebranded the ENA several times in the 1930s and 1940s; hence, he would find himself frequently jailed or exiled. By 1935 Messali Hadj reorganised the \"\"Étoile Nord-Africaine\"\" (ENA) party and distanced it from the French communists by presenting it as an Algerian nationalist organisation called the \"\"Union Nationale des Musulmans Nord-Africains\"\". However, whilst he was in temporary exile in Geneva, Switzerland, Messali Hadj met Shakib Arslan and reoriented from Marxism to Pan-Arabism and Islamism. Consequently, Messali Hadj reorganised his nationalist movement as the \"\"Parti du Peuple Algérien\"\" (PPA) in March 1937. However, in March 1941 Messali Hadj was tried by a Vichy court and sentenced to 16 years of hard labour. He was confined first to southern Algeria and then in Brazzaville in French Equatorial Africa. Nonetheless, he continued to be active in the Algerian nationalist movement. Once World War II came to an end, he was amnestied and returned to Algeria. However, straining relations between the \"\"Parti du Peuple Algérien\"\" and the \"\"Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté\"\" (AML), as well as the decision to arrest and deport Messali Hadj, contributed to the outbreak of riots in Sétif and Constantinois on May 8, 1945. The death of some one hundred Europeans during the riots saw the French authorities ruthlessly suppress the Algerian nationalists and the army and police killed approximately 10,000 Muslims. By 1946 Messali Hadj founded the \"\"Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques\"\" (MTLF) to replace the PPA, which had been outlawed by the French authorities. However, the MTLF was often referred to as the \"MTLD-PAA\" because, whilst the MTLD pursued public political strategies, the PPA continued to press for independence. By the end of 1947 the PPA-MTLD approved the creation of the Organisation spéciale to accelerate the independence movement. The party achieved considerable success in the elections for the Algerian Assembly. However, Messali Hadj's assertion of Arabism alienated the Kabyles and contributed to the Berberist crisis in 1949. Once the Algerian War of Liberation began, Messali Hadj sought to compete with the Front de Libération Nationale by mobilising the Mouvement National Algérien (MNA) in December 1954. After the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence in 1954 which was started against his wishes, Messali created the Mouvement National Algérien, or MNA (French \"Algerian National Movement\"). Messali's followers clashed with the FLN; his was the only socialist faction not absorbed into the Front's fight for independence. The FLN's armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) wiped out the MNA's guerrilla apparatus in Algeria early on in the war; the infighting then continued in France, during the so-called \"café wars\" over control of the expatriate community. In 1958, Messali supported the proposals of President Charles de Gaulle, and France probably attempted to capitalize on the internal rivalries of the nationalist movement. During negotiation talks in 1961 the FLN did not accept the participation of the MNA, and this led to new outbursts of fighting. In 1962, as Algeria gained independence from France, Messali tried to transform his group into a legitimate political party, but it was not successful, and the FLN seized control over Algeria as a one-party state. He was married to Émilie Busquant, a French feminist, anarcho-syndicalist and anti-colonial activist. His daughter, Djanina Messali-Benkelfat, published a book about her father called \"\"Une vie partagée avec Messali Hadj, mon père\"\" (\"A Life Shared with Messali Hadj, my Father\"). Messali Hadj was in exile in France when he died in 1974. His body was buried in his native Tlemcen. Messali Hadj Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj, commonly known as Messali Hadj, , was an Algerian nationalist politician dedicated to the independence of his homeland from French colonial rule. He is often called the \"father\" of Algerian nationalism. He co-founded the \"Étoile nord-africaine\", and founded the \"Parti du peuple" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Amanullah Khan (Herat renegade) Amanullah Khan is a citizen of Afghanistan and a tribal leader from Afghanistan's Pashtun ethnic group. He is from Ghurian district in Herat Province. The first Governor of Herat President Hamid Karzai appointed was Ismail Khan, a powerful leader from Herat's Tajik ethnic group, who Amanullah Khan had once served under. Fighters loyal to Amanullah Khan challenged Governor Ismail Khan's authority; officials with Ismail Khan said that Amanullah Khan enjoyed some tacit support from Afghan's capital Kabul, who wanted to use his opposition to curb Ismail Khan's power. The \"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\" reported in 2004 that just prior to the Presidential elections Amanullah Khan had won what local reports called a \"major victory\" over the Governor's own local militia. The ABC report repeated one theory about the civil war—that Amanullah Khan's attacks secretly had backing from the central government in Kabul, which hoped the attacks would erode the strength of Ismail Khan's own militia—estimated to number as many as 30,000 fighters. In 2006, in Shindand District, Amanullah Khan killed members of a neighboring tribe and was assassinated in response. Amanullah Khan (Herat renegade) Amanullah Khan is a citizen of Afghanistan and a tribal leader from Afghanistan's" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Francesco Di Carlo Francesco Di Carlo (born February 18, 1941 in Altofonte) is a member of the Mafia who turned state witness (pentito - a mafioso turned informer) in 1996. He has been accused of being the killer of the Roberto Calvi – nicknamed \"God's banker\" because he was in charge of Banco Ambrosiano and his close association with the Vatican Bank. Di Carlo was initiated in the Altofonte Mafia family in 1966 by the boss at the time, Salvatore La Barbera (not to be confused with the Palermo Centro boss who was killed in 1963). He became \"capo famiglia\" in the mid 1970s. Altofonte was part of the mandamento of San Giuseppe Jato, headed by Antonio Salamone and Bernardo Brusca. According to the pentito Giuseppe Marchese, Di Carlo was an influential mafioso and a very competent drug trafficker connected with the Corleonesi. Di Carlo is described as an elegant and intelligent mafioso who received an education at the prestigious Jesuit college of Gonzaga in Palermo where he met the prince Alessandro Vanni Calvello, who would be best man at his marriage. Di Carlo and Vanni Calvello were partners in the nightclub \"Il Castello\" in San Nicola Arena, just outside Palermo on the highway to Messina. The club was popular with the \"beau monde\" of Palermo, visiting concerts of Ray Charles and Amanda Lear. However, during the day the Mafia used it as a meeting place. Di Carlo was expelled (\"posato\") from Cosa Nostra, because of a conflict about a lost shipment of heroin or an unpaid consignment of hashish. Because of his useful contributions for the Mafia he was not killed, but had to leave Italy. He moved to London. His brother Andrea Di Carlo took over the command of the Mafia family and became a member of the Sicilian Mafia Commission. According to Di Carlo he was expelled in 1982 because he refused to betray some members of the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan (Pasquale Cuntrera and Alfonso Caruana) – during the Mafia war in the province of Agrigento that ran parallel to the Second Mafia War in Palermo. Mafia boss Carmelo Colletti, connected with the Corleonesi, had taken over the command after killing Giuseppe Settecasi and his lieutenant Leonardo Caruana. He wanted the other Cuntrera’s and Caruana’s out of the way as well. However, it was Colletti who was killed in 1983. In the United Kingdom Di Carlo was involved in hashish and heroin trafficking. He bought a mansion in Woking, in Surrey, in the stockbrokers-belt near London. In the UK he teamed up with Alfonso Caruana. Di Carlo created an infrastructure to facilitate the smuggling operations: he owned a hotel, travel agencies and import-export companies. In June 1985 British Custom & Excise and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) seized 60 kilograms of heroin in a controlled delivery. In the UK, Di Carlo was arrested with three others. In March 1987 Di Carlo was convicted to a 25-year prison sentence for heroin trafficking. In June 1996 Di Carlo decided to collaborate with the Italian authorities. He was transferred from his UK prison to Rome. He was hailed as the \"new Buscetta\". Di Carlo mentioned several politicians to be members of Cosa Nostra, among others: the Christian Democrat politician Bernardo Mattarella, the former president of Sicily Giovanni Provenzano, and Giovanni Musotto, father of Francesco Musotto, former president of the Province of Palermo who has been accused of Mafia association. He also testified about the murder of journalist Mauro De Mauro. The investigative reporter had been kidnapped and killed by the Mafia in 1970. Di Carlo testified in 2001 that De Mauro was killed because he had learned that one of his former fascist friends, Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, was planning a coup d'état (the so-called Golpe Borghese) with like-minded army officers determined to stop what they considered as Italy's drift to the left. Di Carlo became an important witness in numerous antimafia trials and also testified in the trials against former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti and Silvio Berlusconi’s right hand man Marcello Dell'Utri. He wanted to move to Canada as part of an international agreement that allows him to be relocated almost anywhere in the world. In an exclusive interview with W-FIVE, Di Carlo confirms the allegation that the Sicilian Mafia considers Canada to be the best place in the world to conduct their criminal businesses. In November 2000, Di Carlo spoke to W-FIVE in hopes of sending a message to Alfonso Caruana. During his interview he revealed that the high council of the Mafia had ordered Di Carlo to murder Caruana, who had fallen out of favour. Di Carlo refused, saving Alfonso's life, but putting his own in danger. Di Carlo wants the Caruana's to remember this life-saving favour. In July 1991 the pentito Francesco Marino Mannoia claimed that Di Carlo had killed Roberto Calvi – nicknamed \"God's banker\" because he was in charge of Banco Ambrosiano, in which the Vatican Bank was the main share-holder. Calvi had been killed because he had lost Mafia funds when Banco Ambrosiano collapsed. The order to kill Calvi had come from Mafia boss Giuseppe Calò. When Di Carlo became state witness in June 1996, he denied that he was the killer, but admitted that he had been approached by Calò to do the job. However, Di Carlo could not be reached in time, and when he later called Calò, the latter said that everything had been taken care of already. According to Di Carlo, the killers were Vincenzo Casillo and Sergio Vaccari, who belonged to the Camorra from Naples and have been killed since. Francesco Di Carlo Francesco Di Carlo (born February 18, 1941 in Altofonte) is a member of the Mafia who turned state witness (pentito - a mafioso turned informer) in 1996. He has been accused of being the killer of the Roberto Calvi – nicknamed \"God's banker\" because he was in charge of Banco Ambrosiano and his close association with the Vatican Bank. Di Carlo was initiated in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Uroob P. C. Kuttikrishnan, popularly known by his pen name Uroob (; 1915 – 1979) was a famous Malayalam writer from Kerala state, South India. He, along with writers like Basheer, Thakazhi, Kesavadev, and Pottekkatt, formed the progressive writers in Malayalam during the twentieth century. Uroob is a recipient of Kendra Sahithya Academy Award (Malayalam) for his novel \"Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum\". Uroob (or Oroob) is the pen name of P. C. Kuttikrishnan. The word \"Uroob\" means \"eternal youth\" in Persian language and \"dawn\" in Arabic. Uroob was a prominent member of the literary circle that had formed in the 1930s in Ponnani. Others in the group are the eminent critic Kuttikrishna Marar, young poets Edasseri Govindan Nair, Akkitham, Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan, and Moothedath Narayanan Vaidyar. Uroob had spent the best years of his creative life in Kozhikode where he was working in All India Radio. He, later went to Thiruvananthapuram as editor of Kunkumam magazine and from there to Kottayam to work as editor of \"Bhashaposhini\" published by Malayala Manorama group. He has also worked as the editor of \"Mangalodhayam\" magazine and \"Malayala Manorama\" weekly. He has also held the post of the president of Sahitya Akademi. One of the most progressive novels in Malayalam, \"Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum\" (\"The Beautiful and the Handsome\") was authored by Uroob. His other notableworks include \"Ummachu\" (translated as \"The Beloved\") and \"Aniyara\". Uroob Memorial Literary Museum at the Kiliyanad School in Kozhikode is named in his honor. Uroob P. C. Kuttikrishnan, popularly known by his pen name Uroob (; 1915 – 1979) was a famous Malayalam writer from Kerala state, South India. He, along with writers like Basheer, Thakazhi, Kesavadev, and Pottekkatt, formed the progressive writers in Malayalam during the twentieth century. Uroob is a recipient of Kendra Sahithya Academy Award (Malayalam) for his novel \"Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum\"." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Angela DeMontigny Angela DeMontigny is a native Canadian fashion designer of Cree-Métis heritage. She is known for her use of leather and suede in her clothing and handbags, as well as cultural motifs from her background including fringe, beadwork and cutwork in a style she describes as \"indigenous luxury.\" DeMontigny has exhibited her collections internationally, including at the 2017 South African fashion week and London Fashion Week 2018. She also speaks about and advocates for indigenous designers and models, producing shows of Aboriginal fashion and serving on the World Indigenous Fashion Council as the Head for North America. DeMontigny first opened a storefront in Vancouver at the age of 24. In 1993 DeMontigny received an Internship Award from the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business in Toronto that helped start her path in fashion. Inspired by fellow indigenous designers like Dorothy Grant, she began to bring more of her personal heritage into her work and launched her own line in 1995. DeMontigny also began working more with leather, saying, \"I love leather; it's in my DNA. I'm from a line of trappers and furriers.\" She currently runs a studio for her made-to-order clothing in Hamilton, Ontario. Additionally, DeMontigny has worked in wardrobing for events like the Aboriginal Music Awards and Fashion Television. Angela DeMontigny Angela DeMontigny is a native Canadian fashion designer of Cree-Métis heritage. She is known for her use of leather and suede in her clothing and handbags, as well as cultural motifs from her background including fringe, beadwork and cutwork in a style she describes as \"indigenous luxury.\" DeMontigny has exhibited her collections internationally, including at the 2017 South African fashion week and London Fashion Week 2018. She also speaks about and advocates for indigenous designers and models, producing shows of Aboriginal fashion and serving on the World" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Margarodidae The Margarodidae (illegitimately as Margodidae) or ground pearls (cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, giant scale insects) are a family of scale insects within the superfamily Coccoidea. Members of the family include the Polish cochineal and Armenian cochineal (genus \"Porphyrophora\") and the original ground pearl genus, \"Margarodes\". Beginning in 1880, a number of distinct subfamilies were recognized, with the giant coccis (the Monophlebidae) being the first. Although Maskell proposed a new family, many continued to regard the monophlebids as a mere subfamily for many years, and the Margarodidae classification continued to be polyphyletic through the 20th Century. Since then, taking the advice of Koteja several subfamilies and tribes have been elevated into their own families such as Matsucoccidae and Xylococcidae. The pared-down family of Margarodidae (Margarodidae \"sensu stricto\" or Margarodidae s. s.) is monophyletic. <br> Margarodidae The Margarodidae (illegitimately as Margodidae) or ground pearls (cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, giant scale insects) are a family of scale insects within the superfamily Coccoidea. Members of the family include the Polish cochineal and Armenian cochineal (genus \"Porphyrophora\") and the original ground pearl genus, \"Margarodes\". Beginning in 1880, a number of distinct subfamilies were recognized, with the giant coccis (the Monophlebidae) being the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Springfield Splendor \"Springfield Splendor\" is the second episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 620th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 8, 2017. This episode is dedicated in memory of Tom Petty who guest appeared in \"How I Spent My Strummer Vacation\". After Lisa has a recurring dream involving the lockers at Springfield Elementary, Homer and Marge decide to seek a therapist. Due to Homer having used all their insurance covered counseling sessions for a stupid reason, they take her to see a shrink-in-training at Springfield Community College. There, a therapist student suggests that Lisa draw her typical day. Back home, Lisa is frustrated at her bad drawings, so Marge helps her drawing while she explains her feelings. Lisa takes the drawings to the college, but loses them on the steps. Comic Book Guy's unhappy wife Kumiko collects them and sells them at The Android's Dungeon & Baseball Card Shop as a graphic novel called \"Sad Girl.\" Lisa and Marge complain to Comic Book Guy and Kumiko. But when they see that people are buying the books, Lisa is happy and stops Kumiko from burning them. Marge and Lisa get commissioned by Kumiko to do a sequel and they bond. At the Bi-Mon-Sci-Fi-Con, a panel is held by Roz Chast, with Alison Bechdel and Marjane Satrapi, but the public lauds Lisa and hurts Marge's feelings by not wanting to listen to her talk about her drawing work. When Marge tells Lisa she wants more credit, Lisa becomes defensive and they have an argument which ends with them dissolving their partnership. Soon thereafter, they meet a theatrical director named Guthrie Frenel who has come by the house and wants to make an avant garde Broadway show of the books. When the play opens, the play developed by Guthrie focuses Marge's work and makes a point of giving Lisa/Sad Girl little mention. Lisa is upset and talks to the therapist about it, getting an analogy on parenting that's inspired by the therapist having just had a baby after an affair with her faculty advisor. At the premiere of Frenel's play, Marge finally notices that the play is terrible and also insulting to Lisa, and feels bad about it. She draws Lisa's face on a spotlight and shines it on the stage, enraging Guthrie, which causes a chain reaction that ruins the show. During the end credits, Marge presents Maggie her comic \"The Adventures of Sad Girl's Mom.\" Marge still thinks it's good, but Maggie is disappointed with it. Dennis Perkins of \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a B+ stating, \"'Springfield Splendor'’s journey has a lot along the way to perk up the eyes and ears of the jaded Simpsons viewer. The plot, about Lisa and Marge teaming up to tell Lisa’s American Splendor-esque miserablist life story in graphic novel form, allows for an arresting visual style in those scenes where Marge’s pencils are animated to illustrate their comic vision. Accompanied as the stylized images are by a melancholy jazz score (as any real Lisa narrative would be), these sequences have a life of their own that suggests how well the mother-daughter team has captured what’s going on in Lisa’s head every damned day in the yahoo-infested halls of Springfield Elementary. The sequences’ lovely and evocative mix of the internal and external are impressive without being flashy, less a gimmick than an expansion of the show’s capabilities. They’re super.\" \"Springfield Splendor\" scored a 2.2 rating with an 8 share and was watched by 5.25 million people, making it Fox's highest rated show of the night. Springfield Splendor \"Springfield Splendor\" is the second episode of the twenty-ninth season of the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and the 620th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on October 8, 2017. This episode is dedicated in memory of Tom Petty who guest appeared in \"How I Spent My Strummer Vacation\". After Lisa has a recurring dream involving the lockers at Springfield Elementary, Homer and Marge decide to seek a therapist. Due to Homer having used all their insurance covered counseling sessions for a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Robert Schatten Robert Schatten (January 28, 1911 – August 26, 1977) was a Polish American mathematician. Robert Schatten was a Polish Jewish born in Lwów, then in Poland. His intellectual origins were at Lwów School of Mathematics, particularly well-known for fundamental contributions to functional analysis. His entire family was murdered during World War II, he himself emigrated to the United States. In 1933 he got \"magister\" degree at Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów, and in 1939 he got Master degree at Columbia University. Supervised by Francis J. Murray, he got doctorate degree in 1942 for the thesis \"\"On the Direct Product of Banach Spaces\"\". Shortly after being appointed to a junior professorship, he joined the United States army where during training he suffered a back injury which affected him for the remainder of his life. In 1943 he was appointed to an assistant professorship at University of Vermont. At National Research Council, by two years he worked with John von Neumann and Nelson Dunford. In 1946, he went to Kansas University, first as extraordinary professor until 1952 and then as ordinary professor until 1961. He stayed at Institute for Advanced Study in 1950 and 1952-1953, at University of Southern California in 1960-1961, and at State University of New York in 1961-1962. In 1962 he became professor at Hunter College, where he stayed until his death. Schatten widely studied tensor products of Banach spaces. In functional analysis, he is the namesake of the Schatten norm and the Schatten class operators. His doctoral students included Elliott Ward Cheney, Jr. at University of Kansas, and Peter Falley and Charles Masiello at City University of New York. Schatten died in New York City in 1977. Robert Schatten Robert Schatten (January 28, 1911 – August 26, 1977) was a Polish American mathematician. Robert Schatten was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Elio Modigliani Elio Modigliani (13 June 1860 – 6 August 1932) was an Italian anthropologist, zoologist, explorer, and plant collector. The son of a Florentine banker, he first made his name in the Italian scientific community at the age of 20, when he explored a cave near Genoa, discovering Neolithic remains of exceptional value. He thus was introduced to eminent scientists and explorers such as Odoardo Beccari (who had explored Malaysia and Sumatra in 1872), Giacomo Doria, and Arturo Issael. Modigliani was also a disciple of Cesare Lombroso, an eminent anthropologist, criminologist and jurist, who was the Italian herald of physiognomy. Between 1886 and 1894, Modigliani explored Sumatra and a number of islands off its western coast. His first trip, in 1886, was to the island of Nias, of which he explored the southern region (Nias Salatan), travelling among head-hunting tribes. He came back unscathed, and wrote his first book, \"Un viaggio a Nias\". Nias Salatan at the time was forbidden territory for all foreigners, and Dutch military and naval expeditions had failed time and again to impose colonial rule in this region, populated by redoutable head hunters. Moreover, the head hunters' villages were at war with each other at the time of his visit, and Modigliani was travelling with the sole company of four Javanese tracker hunters, i.e., virtually undefended; and he personally clashed with high-ranking members of Nias society, including the redoutable Siwa Sahilu, who commanded some 2,000 warriors out of his village of Hili Simaetano. Yet, Elio Modigliani managed to save his own head and that of his men, and bring back a formidable collection of Nias artefacts for the Ethnographic Museum of Florence, where they are presently on display. During his exploration, Modigliani was faced on several occasions with highly dangerous situations, and yet he never had to fire a shot nor even to level his weapons against a warrior. He managed to resolve any conflict through a mixture of psychological warfare and empathy. Likewise, his main opponent, Chief Siwa Sahilu, was a subtle strategist and his equal at this game. Their dueling was reconstructed through the research of Vanni Puccioni, who in 2010 collected the memories of the warriors' descendants in Nias Salatan. Modigliani visited Enggano Island between April 25 and July 13, 1891. He detailed the apparently dominant role of women in Enggano culture in \"L'Isola delle Donne\" (\"The Island of Women\"), first published in 1894. Elio Modigliani is honored in the scientific names of five species of Indonesian reptiles: \"Cnemaspis modigliani\", \"Draco modiglianii\", \"Harpesaurus modiglianii\", \"Pseudorabdion modiglianii\", and \"Sphenomorphus modiglianii\". Elio Modigliani Elio Modigliani (13 June 1860 – 6 August 1932) was an Italian anthropologist, zoologist, explorer, and plant collector. The son of a Florentine banker, he first made his name in the Italian scientific community at the age of 20, when he explored a cave near Genoa, discovering Neolithic remains of exceptional value. He thus was introduced to eminent scientists and explorers such as Odoardo Beccari (who had explored Malaysia and Sumatra" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Horia Damian Horia Damian (Bucharest, 27 Feb 1922 - Paris 14 May 2012) was a Romanian painter and sculptor. Damian enrolled at the School of Architecture in Bucharest in 1941. In that same year he made his debut at the Salonul Official de Pictura at Sala Dalles in Bucharest. His first one-man show took place at the Ateneul Roman in Bucharest in 1942. He was awarded the Anastase Simu Prize for painting. In 1946, he won a scholarship to Paris, where he later settled. After a few months with André Lhote he worked with Daniel Lager in 1949-50 and then studied with Auguste Herbin, becoming acquainted with Piet Mondrian's work through Felix del Marle (1889–1952). This encounter with abstract art led to his first truly original paintings, such as Starry Night, which consists of a geometric arrangement of white dots. He destroyed most of the works he produced during the second half of the 1950s, an experimental period for him. His works of the early 1960s, executed in oil on a polyester base, are in a gestural, impasto style close to Tachism, as in Constellation. By the late 1960s, his work had become increasingly geometric and sculptural, as exemplified by the Throne series; these are not free-standing sculptures, but rather set against plain backgrounds. The first of his large-scale monuments, \"'Galaxy'\", a project for a Monument at Houston, Texas, was designed in 1972 and constructed in 1974 at the Neue Galerie in Aachen. Several further monuments in the Galaxy series were constructed, others remaining as maquettes. His fascination with the monumental continued in \"'The Hill\"', constructed for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York from styrofoam covered with tiny paper spheres and then painted yellow. This was followed by similar monuments, such as that for San Francisco, which is illustrated in the gouache Project for San Francisco. Horia Damian Horia Damian (Bucharest, 27 Feb 1922 - Paris 14 May 2012) was a Romanian painter and sculptor. Damian enrolled at the School of Architecture in Bucharest in 1941. In that same year he made his debut at the Salonul Official de Pictura at Sala Dalles in Bucharest. His first one-man show took place at the Ateneul Roman in Bucharest in 1942. He was awarded the Anastase Simu Prize for painting. In 1946, he won a scholarship to Paris, where he later settled. After a few months with André Lhote he" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dead like Me: Life After Death Dead like Me: Life After Death is a 2009 direct-to-video film directed by Stephen Herek. The film is based on the short-lived 2003 television series \"Dead Like Me\" created by Bryan Fuller. In the film, the \"reapers\" have a new boss, Kane, who leads them astray from the rules they followed (mostly) in the TV series. Lead character \"George\" is fired from her job at \"Happy Time\" and ends up revealing her identity to her sister, Reggie. George's fellow reapers confront Kane and find that he knows and doesn't care that their departure from the job rules is causing misfortune elsewhere. Unhappy with his leadership, they try various ways to end his existence. George gets her Happy Time job back, and then learns who the new boss of the reapers is. Laura Harris was unavailable to return for her role as Daisy Adair, and Sarah Wynter played the part. The rest of the returning cast was portrayed by the same actors as in the TV series, with new character Cameron Kane played by Henry Ian Cusick. The film was released on February 17, 2009 after a month-prior debut on Canada's SuperChannel. A crew of \"reapers\", whose job is to extract the souls of people who are about to die, find themselves confronted by change as their habitual meeting place (Der Waffle Haus) burns down on the same day that their boss and head reaper (Rube) disappears (having \"gotten his lights\"). They soon meet their new boss, Cameron Kane (Henry Ian Cusick), a slick businessman who died falling from the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. He outfits them with color-coordinated smartphones and treats them to luxurious accommodations – teaching them, as Roxy (Jasmine Guy) puts it later, that \"nothing we do here matters.\" This tutelage leads the reapers to perform such misdeeds as saving those they were to Reap (Roxy), abusing immortality for financial gain (Mason, played by Callum Blue), letting a soul wander, instead of showing him \"his lights\" (Daisy, now played by Sarah Wynter), and otherwise selfishly focusing on their wants. Georgia \"George\" Lass (Ellen Muth), the movie's narrator, is fired from Happy Time (a temp agency) after she loudly chews out an employee for delivering a report late. The employee quits and later sues for harassment. George ends up revealing her identity to her sister Reggie (Britt McKillip). George finds herself reminiscing with Reggie, helping her prepare for the death of her boyfriend Hudson (Jordan Hudyma). Her fellow reapers confront Kane and learned that he had realized (and didn't care) that the \"pebbles\" of their misdeeds would cause \"waves\" of misfortune elsewhere. Unhappy with his style of management, they find themselves trying to figure out how exactly a fellow reaper can be killed as they shoot, drown, and finally dismember and cremate Kane. His ashes are then shot into orbit along with those of Murray, the cat belonging to George's boss Delores. At the launch, Delores tells George that the employee who had sued her for harassment had done so at several of the employee's previous jobs, and George is reinstated, now with a corner office. The reapers walk away from the launch, wondering who their new boss is; the movie closes with George who finds herself suddenly showered with Post-Its falling from the sky, like the Post-Its their former leader Rube had used to deliver their reaping assignments. Realizing she's been selected as the group's new leader, she says \"I am so fucked\" as the camera pulls away from the Earth into orbit. In June 2007, a casting call was posted on an entertainment industry website for the role of Daisy Adair, formerly played by Laura Harris, who was unable to reprise the role due to commitments with \"Women's Murder Club\". It noted that John Masius wrote the film and also confirmed that Mandy Patinkin, who starred in the original series, was not in the film. In August 2007, it was confirmed that Sarah Wynter would take over the role of Daisy Adair from Laura Harris. Harris and Wynter previously played sisters in the second season of \"24\". Henry Ian Cusick would play a new character named Cameron Kane. The film's release date was set for July 2008 and later rescheduled and released on February 17, 2009. An exclusive television debut occurred on January 16, 2009 on SuperChannel in Canada. It has also been shown in the United States on Syfy. Dead like Me: Life After Death Dead like Me: Life After Death is a 2009 direct-to-video film directed by Stephen Herek. The film is based on the short-lived 2003 television series \"Dead Like Me\" created by Bryan Fuller. In the film, the \"reapers\" have a new boss, Kane, who leads them astray from the rules they followed (mostly)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "North West Secondary School North West Secondary School is a secondary school in Mabaruma, in the Barima-Waini region in northern Guyana. It was established in 1965 and was the only secondary school in the region until Santa Rosa school was set up in 1992. There were classes from Form one to five until 2015 when the Transitional classes were added to accommodate the rising population of the schools in Mabaruma and the surrounding areas. It can be found at the Broomes S-turn (Philbert Peirre Avenue). The school was run by a headmaster/mistress until 2005 when it was changed to be run by a school board. Students entering have to have at least 350 marks at their National Grade Nine Examinations (NGNE). The school has around 700 students. In 2005 it produced more than 75% passes at the CXC exams. The school motto is \" Excellence-Together we build\". The school song is \"Bless this school,Oh Lord we pray\". The School's mission statement: The mission of North West Secondary School is to equip all students with the knowledge and skills; both numeracy and literacy which are vital to the development of our nation and region; values, attitudes and acceptable moral behavior that would demonstrate quality education in society. Objectives: - ensure that all teachers employed are either qualified or fully qualified for entry into teachers training institutions or university. - ensure that all students are exposed equally to the learning process regardless of racial origin, political beliefs, social or economic status or religious persuasion, etc. - ensure that each student, upon leaving the school, is equipped with life skills and values through participation in all curricular and co-curricular activities activities offered by the school . North West Secondary School North West Secondary School is a secondary school in Mabaruma, in the Barima-Waini" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "GSAT-10 GSAT-10 is an Indian communication satellite which was launched by Ariane-5ECA carrier rocket in September 2012. It has 12 KU Band, 12 C Band and 6 lower extended c band transponders, and included a navigation payload to augment GAGAN capacity. Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in Geosynchronous orbit at 83.0° East, from where it will provide communication services in India. GSAT-10, with a design life of 15 years was operational by November 2012 and will augment telecommunication, Direct-To-Home and radio navigation services. At 3,400 kg at lift-off, at the time, it was the heaviest satellite built by the Bangalore-headquartered Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was ISRO's 101st space mission. Arianespace's heavy lifting Ariane-5 ECA rocket launched the satellite about 30 minutes after the blast off from the European launch pad in South America at 2.48 am, prior to which it injected European co-passenger ASTRA 2F into orbit. GSAT-10 carries 30 transponders (12 Ku-band, 12 C-band and six Extended C-Band), which will provide vital augmentation to INSAT/GSAT transponder capacity. The GAGAN payload will provide improved accuracy of GPS signals (of better than seven metres which will be used by Airports Authority of India for civil aviation requirements. This is the second satellite in INSAT/GSAT constellation with GAGAN payload after GSAT-8, which was launched in May 2011. GSAT-10 is the second satellite in INSAT/GSAT constellation with GAGAN payload after GSAT-8, launched in May 2011.The satellite was successfully launched on 29 September 2012 at 2:48 am (IST) on board Ariane-5 rocket from Europe's spaceport in French Guiana. The satellite and launch fee cost the agency Rs.750 crores. GSAT-10 GSAT-10 is an Indian communication satellite which was launched by Ariane-5ECA carrier rocket in September 2012. It has 12 KU Band, 12 C Band and 6 lower extended c" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rosebel gold mine The Rosebel gold mine is jointly owned by Iamgold (70%) and the government of Suriname (30%).. The mine is located in the mineral-rich Brokopondo District in northeastern Suriname, South America. The Rosebel property lies approximately 85 kilometers south of the capital city of Paramaribo. The mining concession covers 170 square kilometers. Gold was first discovered in the Rosebel area in 1879 when small-scale miners were reported to have been working on the concession. Since its discovery, the land has been both publicly and privately owned and operated. Notable private owners have included Placer Development of Vancouver from 1974 to 1977, the Grasshopper Aluminum Company from 1979 to 1985 and Golden Star Resources Ltd. from 1992. In October 2001, Cambior acquired Golden Star's interest in the Rosebel property. Commercial production commenced in February 2004. Iamgold acquired Rosebel as part of its acquisition of Cambior in late 2006. In 2008 total employment at the mine was 1199 people. The property is accessible via paved and all-weather gravel roads from Paramaribo, a drive of about 110 kilometers. There is a small airstrip located onsite approximately 2 kilometers from the mill operations. The Rosebel concession owns this Gross Rosebel Airstrip, which is 1 kilometer long and security personnel is responsible for airstrip maintenance and lighting. Rosebel's power is sourced from the nearby Afobaka Dam and from a diesel generation plant. In June 2013, IAMGOLD and the government of Surinam signed the agreement extending the lease until 2042. On May 28, 2014, IAMGOLD began installation of what will be the largest solar panel project in Suriname. The project will cost $14 million and, will increase the power available to the mine. In a press release dated July 26, 2017, Iamgold disclosed that they had increased their reserves by 80% and that the ounces they were adding would extend the life of the mine to 2028. Recent production figures of the mine were: Rosebel gold mine The Rosebel gold mine is jointly owned by Iamgold (70%) and the government of Suriname (30%).. The mine is located in the mineral-rich Brokopondo District in northeastern Suriname, South America. The Rosebel property lies approximately 85 kilometers south of the capital city of Paramaribo. The mining concession covers 170 square kilometers. Gold was first discovered in the Rosebel area in 1879 when small-scale miners were reported to have been working on the concession. Since its discovery, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Central American Championships in Athletics The Central American Championships in Athletics (Campeonatos Centroamericanos Mayores) is an athletics event organized by the Confederación Atlética del Istmo Centroamericano CADICA (Central American Isthmus Athletic Confederation) open for athletes from member associations. There is an overall winner in the team ranking based on points awarded for the athlete's placings. Moreover, there are winners in team ranking in the men's and women's categories. The point system changed over the years. In the early years, points were awarded for athletes on the first 6 places (6 points for the 1st place, 5 points for the 2nd place, ..., 1 point for the 6th place). Starting in the mid 70ths, points were awarded for athletes on the first 8 places (9 points for the 1st place, 7 points for the 2nd place, ..., 1 point for the 8th place). From 2009 on, points were only awarded for athletes on the first 4 places (5 points for the 1st place, 3 points for the 2nd place, 2 points for the 3rd place, and 1 point for the 4th place). The following list was compiled from the CADICA website, and from a variety of articles from the archive of Costa Rican newspaper La Nación, and Guatemalan newspaper Prensa Libre. Central American Championships in Athletics The Central American Championships in Athletics (Campeonatos Centroamericanos Mayores) is an athletics event organized by the Confederación Atlética del Istmo Centroamericano CADICA (Central American Isthmus Athletic Confederation) open for athletes from member associations. There is an overall winner in the team ranking based on points awarded for the athlete's placings. Moreover, there are winners in team ranking in the men's and women's categories. The point system changed over the years. In the early years, points were awarded for athletes on the first 6 places (6" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William M. Hadley William Moore (Bill) Hadley (March 21, 1917 – June 29, 1992) is credited as being one of the primary early proponents of the middle school movement in the United States, and one of the first such schools carries his name. Bill Hadley, the youngest child of Joseph William and Pauline Elizabeth Simmons Hadley, was born in Summerdale, Alabama, on March 21, 1917. He married Wilma (Polly) Funchess of Mobile, Alabama. Both Bill and Polly were students at öDaphne Normal School in Baldwin County, Alabama at the time of their marriage. They both completed their teaching training and began their teaching careers in Baldwin County. Bill began teaching in 1937 and Polly in 1938. In 1942, he joined the Merchant Marines and served until the end of World War II. Polly continued to teach in the Baldwin and Mobile school systems and raised their two daughters. At the end of the War, Bill joined his family in Mobile where he and his wife resumed their teaching careers. In 1948, he returned to the University of Alabama where he completed his B.S. and M.A. degrees. His wife was a principal and teacher in Tuscaloosa County, providing the means for her husband to complete his graduate degree in 1949. William Hadley accepted a position as State Supervisor of Education in the Alabama State Department in Montgomery, Alabama in the Spring of 1949. Through the State Department of Education he was recommended for and received a full fellowship by the General Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation to Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, New York in the fall of 1949. He was employed as a full-time instructor on the staff of Teachers College during the academic year of 1950-51. He also completed his Doctoral Dissertation during that year. Bill and Polly had three children: Carol Joan Hadley, born September 17, 1937 in Foley, Alabama; Rita Mable Hadley, born August 8, 1939 in Mobile, Alabama; and John William Hadley, born February 13, 1951 in New York City, New York. In June 1951 Bill accepted an Associate Professorship at the University of Texas at Austin, and he moved his family there. After 13-1/2 months at the University, he accepted the Superintendency of Schools in Alice, Texas and two years later moved to Midland, Texas as Superintendent of Schools there. The University of Alabama offered William the opportunity to make a study of the professional teaching personnel in Jefferson County, Alabama (including the city of Birmingham) on a contract basis. He accepted, completed the study, and then accepted his last professional post as Superintendent of Schools, Dist. #41, in Glen Ellyn, Illinois (1956-1974). William Hadley underwent open heart surgery in 1973 and retired on total disability in June, 1974. He was honored at his retirement by having an annual (perpetual) scholarship given in his name by the Glen Ellyn Schools, and a multimillion-dollar experimental middle or junior high school named in his honor, William M. Hadley School, located in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. The school is credited with being one of the first of its kind in the United States. Bill and Polly moved to their retirement home in Magnolia Springs, Alabama on July 1, 1974, where he lived until his death on June 29, 1992. William M. Hadley William Moore (Bill) Hadley (March 21, 1917 – June 29, 1992) is credited as being one of the primary early proponents of the middle school movement in the United States, and one of the first such schools carries his name. Bill Hadley, the youngest child of Joseph William and Pauline Elizabeth Simmons Hadley, was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bhuleshwar Bhuleshwar is a neighbourhood in Mumbai. (Old spelling Bholeśvar) situated in South Mumbai north of the Fort area. It is known for being home to over 100 temples including Mumba Devi Temple of Mumbai, the patron goddess of the city of Mumbai, and Swaminarayan Mandir. The area is also known for the Bhuleshwar Market for fruit and vegetable and is surrounded a number of old markets, like the Crawford Market for fruits and vegetables, Mangaldas Market for silk and cloth, Zaveri Bazaar, the famous jewellery and diamond market, and Chor Bazaar, a noted market for antiques and furniture. Its near by areas are Kalbadevi, Girgaon, Princess Street and Mandvi. The former residence of Dhirubhai Ambani and family is also in Bhuleshwar, where they lived till the 1960s. The guide and historical study book, \"Alice in Bhuleshwar\" about the locality was published in 2009. bhuleshwar is cheapest market Bhuleshwar Bhuleshwar is a neighbourhood in Mumbai. (Old spelling Bholeśvar) situated in South Mumbai north of the Fort area. It is known for being home to over 100 temples including Mumba Devi Temple of Mumbai, the patron goddess of the city of Mumbai, and Swaminarayan Mandir. The area is also known for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Amédée-Dominique Dieudonné Amédée Dominique Dieudonné (6 August 1890 – 1 February 1960) was a French luthier. His instruments sold in Europe and the United States. The son of the luthier Albert Dieudonné, Amédée Dominique Dieudonné was born on 6 August 1890 in Mirecourt in the Vosges department. Amédée Dominique Dieudonné was formed by Gustave Bazin and then at the Darche workshop in Brussels. After the First World War, he established himself as a luthier in Mirecourt in the 1920s. Specializing in the copies of the Cremona masters, he excelled in the rendering of varnishes, going from red to bright red. Amédée Dominique Dieudonné died on 1 February 1960, in Mirecourt. Among his numerous pupils were Charles René Bazin, Jacques then Alfred-Eugène Holder, Pierre Vogelweith, Rambert Würlizer, Victor Aubry, Philippe Coornaert, William Mönig, Jean Striebig, Étienne Vatelot. Amédée-Dominique Dieudonné Amédée Dominique Dieudonné (6 August 1890 – 1 February 1960) was a French luthier. His instruments sold in Europe and the United States. The son of the luthier Albert Dieudonné, Amédée Dominique Dieudonné was born on 6 August 1890 in Mirecourt in the Vosges department. Amédée Dominique Dieudonné was formed by Gustave Bazin and then at the Darche workshop in Brussels. After" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cão Fila de São Miguel The Cão Fila de São Miguel (Portuguese: )(translated literally as: Catch Dog of São Miguel Island) is a dog breed of molosser type originating on São Miguel Island in the Azores, an island chain which is one of the autonomous regions of Portugal. The breed was originally used for working with cattle. A large dog, but not oversize; up to a maximum of 60 cm (23.6 ins) at the withers and 35 kg (77 lbs) in weight, with females slightly smaller. The general appearance is of a normally proportioned, deep chested, muscular dog with a broad head and medium length neck, straight back, and long legs. The tail is held up and is slightly curved. Ears are drop unless they are cropped. The coat is a brindle of brown (pale brown is described as fawn) or grey, with black; it is short, smooth and harsh to the touch, with a short fringe on the tail (if undocked) and on the backs of the rear legs. The breed is named for São Miguel Island in the Azores, settled by the Portuguese, beginning in 1439. Another of the Azores, Terceira Island, is known for bullfights and cattle raising; large dogs used on cattle there were brought to São Miguel Island and contributed to the development of the breed. According to the original breed standard, the existence of the Cão Fila de São Miguel has been documented since the early 19th century. A breed standard was developed in the breed's area of origin and first published in 1984. This standard was recognised internationally in 1995, when the standard was published by the FCI. Although described (and formerly used) as a cattle dog, the Cão Fila de São Miguel is actually a Molosser, and is so recognised by the FCI in Group 2, Section 2, Molossoid breeds (number 340.) Today it is primarily used as a companion. Traditionally, the tail is docked, although this practice is now illegal in many areas. In addition, the ears were traditionally cropped short. The ears are cropped short and rounded off on top. The reasons for these traditions are unknown but believed to ensure tails and ears cannot be bitten by cattle when herding. Today, dogs from São Miguel are exported to North America and other areas of the world where they are bred and promoted for the rare breed market. Minor kennel clubs and registries maintained by individual breeders write their own versions of the breed standard, which may vary from the breed standard developed on the island of São Miguel and recognised internationally by the FCI. Dogs of the breed may be sold under the original breed name, Cão Fila de São Miguel, or any of the many translations and versions of the name. A medium-sized working dog. As with all working dogs, it must be given regular training and a job to do. Temperaments of individual dogs may vary greatly. These dogs are family friendly and loving dogs, they like to cuddle and be near their owners. Suitability of an individual dog for a particular kind of work may depend on the quality of early training. This breed creates a deep bond with its owner, being very gentle, loving and receptive. When trained well, these dogs make fantastic family pets as they are highly intelligent and docile. Cão Fila de São Miguel can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. \"Azores Cattle Dogs\" exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials. Cão Fila de São Miguel from Portugal have no documented health problems, but dogs bred elsewhere are often bred to be very oversize (over 60 cm/23.6 in and 35 kg/77 lb) and may suffer and other ailments particular to deep-chested oversize dogs, such as bloat. Life expectancy of the Cão Fila de São Miguel is approximately 15-years. Cão Fila de São Miguel The Cão Fila de São Miguel (Portuguese: )(translated literally as: Catch Dog of São Miguel Island) is a dog breed of molosser type originating on São Miguel Island in the Azores, an island chain which is one of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Matt Winn Colonel Martin J. \"Matt\" Winn (June 30, 1861 – October 6, 1949) was a prominent personality in American thoroughbred horse racing history and president of Churchill Downs racetrack, home to the Kentucky Derby race that he made famous. In 2017, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame as a Pillar of the Turf. A Louisville, Kentucky, businessman, Matt Winn had been a racing enthusiast since the day his father brought him to see the first running of the Kentucky Derby in 1875. In 1902, Matt Winn was operating as a merchant tailor. He was asked by one of his clients, William E. Applegate, (who, at that time, owned over eighty percent of the New Louisville Jockey Club) to become involved in the reorganization and management of Churchill Downs. Winn came on board as vice president to run the catering operation and summer entertainment and in 1914 he was listed as general manager of the new Louisville Jockey Club. A skilled marketer, in his first year running the racetrack, his promotions for the event saw the business make its first-ever annual profit. A few years later, Winn was involved in changing the wagering from bookmaker betting to a Parimutuel betting system and in 1911 increased business substantially by reducing the wager ticket from $5 to $2. Matt Winn used his understanding of marketing to weave an aura of romance around the Kentucky Derby. In 1915, he convinced the multimillionaire sportsman Harry Payne Whitney to ship his highly rated filly Regret from New Jersey to Louisville to compete in the Derby. Whitney agreed, and Winn's effort paid off with nationwide publicity surrounding the first filly to ever win the Derby. Winn called Regret's victory a turning point, and he worked to create an event of exotic grandeur that women soon flocked to, coming from both fashionable society and the ordinary working classes. Under Winn, the Kentucky Derby became the preeminent thoroughbred horse race in America and in recognition of his accomplishments, the Governor of Kentucky bestowed on him the honorary title of Kentucky Colonel. In 1937, Winn and the Derby made the cover of the May 10th issue of \"Time magazine\". In 1944, Colonel Winn collaborated with Frank G. Menke to publish \"\"Down The Stretch: The Story of Col. Matt J. Winn\".\" He died a few years later in 1949 in Louisville. The Matt Winn Stakes for three-year-olds held each May at Churchill Downs was named in his honor. He is buried in his family plot in St. Louis Cemetery, 1215 Barret Avenue, Louisville Kentucky. Matt Winn Colonel Martin J. \"Matt\" Winn (June 30, 1861 – October 6, 1949) was a prominent personality in American thoroughbred horse racing history and president of Churchill Downs racetrack, home to the Kentucky Derby race that he made famous. In 2017, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame as a Pillar of the Turf. A Louisville, Kentucky, businessman, Matt Winn had been" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glenn Falkenstein Glenn Jacob Falkenstein (February 3, 1932 – July 4, 2010) was a world-renowned magician and mentalist, and partner to Frances Willard from 1978 to 2010. As a mentalist, Falkenstein was at the top of his profession for more than three decades and featured internationally on stage, TV and radio. He was the opening act for many stars, including Ann-Margret at the Las Vegas Hilton and Marty Robbins in Lake Tahoe. He was a guest star on Hilly Rose' talk show in the 1970s, and eventually was given his own talk shows on KMPC and KFI. When Falkenstein performed his mental feats on KGBS Radio Star Theatre, which broadcast from Universal Studios, the switchboard reflected ten thousand incoming calls per day. Mr. Falkenstein appeared on \"The Tonight Show\", \" That's Incredible!\", \"The Merv Griffin Show\", \"ABC's Wide World of Entertainment\", \"The Best of Magic\" - Thames TV, \"The Paul Daniels Magic Show\" - BBC, Mandrake's Award - Paris, Magic Olympics - Asahi TV Tokyo, Magicians' Favorite Magicians - CBS and was featured on his own special on SBS television in Seoul, Korea to a viewing audience of over ten million. Falkenstein and his partner/wife, Frances Willard, have been consecutive award-winners at the world-famous Magic Castle in Hollywood, California where they were Honorary Life Members. The Academy of Magical Arts voted Falkenstein Stage Magician of The Year two consecutive years. In 1978, Glenn joined forces with Frances Willard, daughter of legendary tent showman Harry \"Willard the Wizard\". Together,the couple presented Glenn's signature blindfold act followed by the classic Willard Spirit Cabinet. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Falkenstein & Willard entertained countless film stars, socialites, and national leaders with their classic feats of mentalism. In 1990, Frances Willard & Glenn Falkenstein received the prestigious Jack Stuart \"DRAGON Award\" presented to couples who integrated drama, romance, artistry, glamour, originality and necromancy into their acts. Glenn and Frances also received \"The Dunninger Award\" and \"Milbourne Christopher Award\" for outstanding feats in mentalism. In 1994, Glenn Falkenstein was inducted into The Society of American Magicians' Hall of Fame as a living legend. Perhaps his greatest feat was balancing two separate careers, and many people were unaware that he successfully wore two professional hats. He earned his master's degree from Pepperdine University and worked for years at the Los Angeles County Office of Education as a Speech Pathologist. The careers complimented the other, and he used his magic skills to aid young people overcoming speech defects. He was constantly amazed at the positive impact that magic had on special children. Among his most memorable shows were performing for President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan, at the inaugural dinner for President George W. Bush, and at Her Majesty's Theatre in London's West End. Falkenstein brought his ESP Act and Spirit Theatre to countless charitable organizations; along with magic colleagues David Copperfield and Lance Burton, Glenn helped Children's Village, USA raise enough funds to pay off its mortgage. On Sunday July 11, 2010, the Palace of Mystery stage at the Magic Castle was the setting for Falkenstein's memorial service, a perfect tribute to a gentleman who fascinated countless spectators with his dynamic style. The showroom was filled with devoted friends, family, and fans, including the William Larsen family, who created the Magic Castle. This magician's wake included a broken wand ceremony and a standing ovation worthy of this Wizard of ESP. Glenn Falkenstein Glenn Jacob Falkenstein (February 3, 1932 – July 4, 2010) was a world-renowned magician and mentalist, and partner to Frances Willard from 1978 to 2010. As a mentalist, Falkenstein was at the top of his" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ben Davis (basketball) Ben Jerome Davis (born December 26, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player who played with the NBA's Phoenix Suns and New York Knicks. Davis attended Oak Hill Academy, Kansas University, the University of Florida, Hutchinson Community College, and the University of Arizona and played collegiately at all, except for Florida. In his one season at Hutchinson in 1994, Davis led team to the NJCAA championship. Davis was selected 43rd overall in the 1996 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns but played in the CBA in 1996-97 instead. As well as playing with the Suns and the New York Knicks during his short NBA career, Davis was also signed by the Miami Heat and Houston Rockets, but never played a game for either. Davis last played in 2009 for Lechugueros de León in Mexico. Ben Davis (basketball) Ben Jerome Davis (born December 26, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player who played with the NBA's Phoenix Suns and New York Knicks. Davis attended Oak Hill Academy, Kansas University, the University of Florida, Hutchinson Community College, and the University of Arizona and played collegiately at all, except for Florida. In his one season at Hutchinson in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana) The Ministry of Works and Housing (MWH) is tasked with the conceptualisation and classification of policies and programs for the systematic growth of the country's infrastructure. The offices of the Ministry is located in Accra. The functions of the Ministry are to pioneer and develop policies to meet the needs and expectations of the people in the country. The Ministry works collaboratively with the National Development Planning Commission to serve as a check on the performance of the sector. As part of its functions, the Ministry provides assistance in the form of training and research works in productions and endorse the use of local building materials. These are the departments and agencies that work collaboratively with the Ministry: Works Sector Agencies: Housing Sector Agencies: Ministry of Works and Housing (Directorates) Water supply and sanitation in Ghana Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana) The Ministry of Works and Housing (MWH) is tasked with the conceptualisation and classification of policies and programs for the systematic growth of the country's infrastructure. The offices of the Ministry is located in Accra. The functions of the Ministry are to pioneer and develop policies to meet the needs and expectations" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Control loading system A Control Loading System (CLS, also known as Electric Control Loading), is used to provide pilots with realistic flight control forces in a flight simulator or training device. These are used in both commercial and military training applications. The history of control loading systems starts with the history of flight simulation. The first flight simulator was the Link Trainer, also known as the Blue Box. This was developed in the 1920s and used pumps, valves and bellows to provide the flight control forces. The next development in control loading systems was the use of hydraulic actuators to provide the forces required on the flight controls. These were utilized for around 20 years in the simulator industry until the development of electric actuators. The main concept is to provide forces to the pilot using an actuator (hydraulic or electric). The approach used in high fidelity applications is to connect this actuator via a linkage to the pilot controls. The actuator is then controlled with a servo controller to control the torque or current of the motor. An outer-loop control then controls the torque provided to the pilot using a control loop around a force sensor. The control loading system must take in inputs from the simulator and pilot and provide outputs for the pilot and simulator. Inputs are application of force and aircraft states and outputs are flight control position and forces. An aircraft with reversible controls needs to have all of the complex components modeled within the control loading system. These include cables, rods, aero forces from the control surface, centering springs and trim actuators. As the control system gets more complicated they have to simulate effects such as bob-weights and feel units. Fly-by-wire systems are disconnected from the control surfaces and so do not need the complex features but add other functionality which is simulated. The high fidelity architecture has centralized control, individual analog signals to the control module, a brushless DC motor with low gear ratio and linkages to the pilot controls. The modular designs have localized control and digital reporting over a field bus to the central control module. The control loading systems are designed to allow situating the actuators closer to the pilot. This is necessary for mission training systems that can be easily deployed and moved around the world. Control Loading Systems are similar in design to active sidesticks. These provide cues to pilots during the flight via actuation systems. Some examples of active sidesticks used in aircraft are for the F-35 Lightning II and the T-50 Golden Eagle jet trainer developed by KAI in partnership with Lockheed Martin Corporation. The regulations governing control loading systems for civil simulators are the Federal Aviation Administration regulations in North America and EASA (formerly JAA) in Europe. The FAA documents are AC 120-40B for airplane simulator qualification, Advisory circular 120-45A for Airplane Flight Training Device Qualification and AC 120-63 for helicopter Simulator Qualification. The EASA regulations are similar to the FAR's. Between 2006 and 2008 the International Working Group of the RAeS's Flight Simulation Group met on several occasions to redefine the standards applicable to flight simulation. This resulted in the release of a draft standards document to ICAO. This will be released by ICAO in 2009 and at this time the FAA and EASA should incorporate this into the regulations. The changes behind the standards will define different levels of simulator training devices which define what training requirements can be trained on with particular levels of simulators. Control loading system A Control Loading System (CLS, also known as Electric Control Loading), is used to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lyddie Lyddie is a 1991 novel written by Chinese-born American Katherine Paterson. Set in the 19th century, this is a story of determination and personal growth. When thirteen-year-old Lyddie and her younger brother are hired out as indentured servants to help pay off their family's debts, Lyddie is determined to find a way to reunite her family. Lyddie, a 13-year-old girl, and her family are in their cabin when a bear enters. Lyddie saves the family by staring down the bear long enough for her family to escape to the loft. The bear leaves with no one harmed, but some of their possessions broken. Throughout the rest of the book, Lyddie's troubles are often represented as \"bears\". Lyddie must perform her parents' duties, as her father left for the gold rush and her mother is insane. Lyddie's mother sees the bear as the devil and moves in with her sister, Clarissa, and her husband, Judah. She takes Lyddie's younger siblings Rachel and Agnes with her; Lyddie and her brother Charlie refuse to leave because they believe their father will return. While at the house, they receive a letter from their mother, who tells them she signed them up for jobs in the village and they have been hired out as indentured servants. Charlie jokes about her horrible spelling, which becomes an inside joke, \"We can stil hop\" instead of \"We can still hope\". She learns how to weave and other similar tasks. Lyddie is sent to work at Cutler's Tavern as a housemaid, and Charlie is sent to work at the Baker's mill. They are now both indentured servants. They are driven there by the Stevenses, a Quaker family; Luke Stevens is very kind to Lyddie and Charlie. At the tavern, Lyddie is treated almost as a slave. The mistress there is cruel, but the cook, Triphena, is kind to Lyddie, and they become friends. At the inn, she meets a fancily dressed guest who notices how hard Lyddie works. She tells Lyddie about high-paying jobs working on looms at mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. But she does not take the job, because her mother signed her up for the tavern job. When the mistress is away on a trip, Lyddie goes home. In her house, she finds a runaway slave named Ezekiel Freeman, an ex-preacher who educated himself by using the Bible. Before she leaves, she lends him the money she and Charlie received for a calf they sold. When she returns to the tavern, she is fired. Triphena gives her five dollars, and Lyddie insists she will pay her back. Lyddie then works at a textile mill to pay the debt on her family's farm. She is taken under the wing of Diana, a woman who is involved in the struggle for better conditions. She stays with her roommates at a company boarding house. Amelia Cate, one of her roommates, is like a mother to them. Betsy, another roommate, reads \"Oliver Twist\" to Lyddie. Wanting to reread it, Lyddie checks it out of the library but struggles to read it. Gradually, she becomes a better reader and speller. Her mother sends her a letter saying her sister, Agnes, has died. Lyddie works very hard, and so when the Overseer picks up the pace of the looms, she stays when others are fired or quit. Betsy stays on because she needs money to go to college like her brother. She wants to go to Oberlin college in Ohio, a college for girls. But, because of the bad factory conditions, she develops a horrible cough . The doctor has declared her too weak to go see her uncle so she has to go to the hospital, which uses up most of her money. After that, she leaves. Luke delivers a letter from Ezekial Freeman that pays off his debt. With all her roommates gone, Lyddie is now alone in her room, but her uncle, Judah, drops off her sister Rachel. Also, he tells Lyddie that her mother is institutionalized and they need to sell the farm to pay for this. Lyddie tries to stop him, but he remains firm. Lyddie convinces the boarding house's mistress to allow Rachel to stay for two weeks. She writes to Charlie and tells him of Rachel and the farm but is upset when he does not reply. Luke proposes marriage to her, but she is revolted by the letter and nearly rips it up, when she stops as she almost tears Charles' name. Rachel takes up a job at the mill as a doffer but soon gets sick with a cough like Betsy's. Charlie visits Lyddie and offers to take Rachel with him to the Phinney family, who owns the mill where Charlie works and treats him like family. Lyddie reluctantly agrees. Lyddie tries to sign a petition for better working conditions, but is too late as the petition had already been sent in and declined. When she is fired from the company for \"moral turpitude\" – catching Mr. Marsden trying to assault a young Irish worker – she writes a letter to her supervisor, Mr. Marsden. She returns home briefly, considers marrying Luke Stevens, but chooses instead to attend Oberlin College, known for accepting women. Lyddie’s struggles begin with her need to obtain money and security for her and her family. For much of the novel, all of her actions are geared toward this end, with the devastating results of working in the factory pushing Lyddie further and further away from humanity. Eventually, Lyddie is able to fight for what she believes in. She seeks to educate herself, to read and write, and to better the lives of others as well, including the Irish factory worker she eventually helps, Brigid. Paterson’s novel paints a grim picture of early nineteenth-century work life. And yet it also reveals how individuals can grow from trials and tribulations that are placed in one’s path. If Lyddie had simply given up, so many in her life might be worse off, including Ezekial, the former slave she helped, and Brigid. Lyddie’s story reveals how tenacity and focus can lead to greater rewards, and that the desire for freedom is stronger than oppression. \"Lyddie\" was made into a film in 1996, directed by Stefan Scaini. The cast includes Tanya Allen, Danielle Brett and Andrea Libman. Michele Landsberg of \"Entertainment Weekly\" rated it A and wrote of the title character's troubles, \"The rewards are all the more cheering for being so hard won.\" Dark Water Rising Lyddie Lyddie is a 1991 novel written by Chinese-born American Katherine Paterson. Set in the 19th" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shades of Deep Purple Shades of Deep Purple is the debut studio album by the English rock band Deep Purple, released in July 1968 on Tetragrammaton in the United States and in September 1968 on Parlophone in the United Kingdom. The band, initially called Roundabout, was the idea of former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis, who recruited Jon Lord and Ritchie Blackmore before leaving the project. The Mk. I line-up of the band was completed by vocalist/frontman Rod Evans, along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Ian Paice, in March 1968. After about two months of rehearsals, \"Shades of Deep Purple\" was recorded in only three days in May 1968 and contains four original songs and four covers, thoroughly rearranged to include classical interludes and sound more psychedelic. Stylistically the music is close to psychedelic rock and progressive rock, two genres with an ever-growing audience in the late 1960s. The album was not well received in the UK, where it sold very little and did not chart. In the US, on the other hand, it was a success and the single \"Hush\", an energetic rock track written by Joe South and originally recorded by Billy Joe Royal, became very popular at the time, reaching number 4 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The good sales of the album and the intense radio play of the single contributed largely to the attention Deep Purple would get in their early US tours and also during the 1970s. Modern reviews of the album are generally positive and consider \"Shades of Deep Purple\" an important piece in the history of Deep Purple. When Deep Purple's first line-up came together in 1967, there was a moment of transition for the British music scene. Beat was still popular, especially in dance halls and outside the capital, but the tastes of young people buying records and filling up the clubs was rapidly changing in favour of blues rock, progressive rock and psychedelic rock. New bands like The Moody Blues, Procol Harum, and The Nice were pioneers in combining classical music with rock, using complex and daring arrangements. At the same time, psychedelia was making strides in the hedonistic swinging London society, where bands like Pink Floyd, The Pretty Things, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Traffic and Cream experimented with different forms of drug-induced rock music, in line with the hippie subculture coming from the USA. Many well-known acts, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Who, were influenced by the changing feel and added many elements of progressive and psychedelic rock to their albums of that period. During this time of great creativity for the British musical scene in the summer of 1967, Chris Curtis, former drummer of the beat band The Searchers, contacted London businessman Tony Edwards to find financing for a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. The name meant that the group would contain a revolving cast of non-permanent members getting on and off the stage like a musical roundabout, with only Curtis as mainstay and singer. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance and manage the venture with two business partners, Ron Hire and John Coletta, and the three of them founded Hire-Edwards-Coletta (HEC) Enterprises. In September 1967, the first successful Roundabout recruitment was Curtis' flatmate, the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord; he had most notably played with The Artwoods, a band led by Art Wood, brother of future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood, and featuring Keef Hartley. At that time, Lord was playing in a band backing the successful pop vocalists The Flower Pot Men called The Garden, which also included bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little. Simper and Little were alerted by Lord of the Roundabout project and remained in standby for an eventual involvement. They recommended to Lord the guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, whose playing Chris Curtis had appreciated when his band The Searchers had played at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany. Blackmore had been a member of The Outlaws and had played as session and live musician with many beat, pop and rock acts, including Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages, where he had met Little. Curtis contacted Blackmore to audition for the new group and persuaded him to move from Hamburg, where he was hanging out in local clubs. The guitarist came back to England for good to join the group in December 1967. Meanwhile, Curtis' erratic behaviour and his sudden loss of interest in the project he had started slowed down any development, forcing his financiers, HEC Enterprises, to drop him and entrust Lord and Blackmore with the task of filling out the rest of the band. Lord signed up as bassist his friend Simper, whose fame at the time came from his membership in the rock and roll group Johnny Kidd & The Pirates and for having survived the car crash in 1966 that killed Kidd. The line-up of Roundabout was completed by drummer Bobby Woodman, recruited by Blackmore. Dave Curtiss, an acquaintance of Woodman, was at first considered as singer, but he left to fulfill previous commitments. According to Simper, Ian Gillan, the singer of the band Episode Six, was also contacted for an audition, but declined the offer. Roundabout moved into Deeves Hall, a rented old farmhouse near the village of South Mimms, Hertfordshire in late February 1968. There, while waiting for the arrival of new musical instruments and equipment, they continued the search for a singer through an advertisement in the British music paper \"Melody Maker\". Rod Stewart was among the dozens of aspiring vocalists that were considered for the auditions, but was not up to the standards the band required. They chose Rod Evans instead, who was already the singer of the club band The Maze. Evans brought along after the audition his 19-year-old bandmate Ian Paice, a drummer whom Blackmore recognised from his days in Hamburg. They quickly improvised an audition for Paice and he was chosen on the spot to replace Woodman behind the drum kit. Woodman was unhappy with the direction the band was heading and the other members thought that he was not suited for their sound. The first rehearsals of what would be known as the Mk. I line-up of Deep Purple involved mostly jamming and some work on the instrumentals \"And the Address\" and \"Mandrake Root\", which Blackmore and Lord had written earlier that year. Mandrake Root was also the name of an earlier band that Blackmore had been trying to form in Germany, before being contacted by Roundabout's management. After the two instrumentals, the first proper song to be arranged was \"Help!\", a Beatles cover that Chris Curtis wanted to include in an eventual album. Evans wrote some lyrics for \"Mandrake Root\" and reduced to one the number of instrumental tracks. Having arranged and rehearsed the first three songs, the musicians focused their attention on \"I'm So Glad\", a song by Skip James which had earlier been covered by Cream and The Maze. The next addition during rehearsals was \"Hey Joe\", a song originally, but disputably, written by Billy Roberts and mistakenly credited to Deep Purple on original releases of the album. The main inspiration for the new arrangement of the song was the 1966 hit version by American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, but the track length was stretched with the inclusion of classical-influenced instrumental sections. The band also selected a pop rock song called \"Hush\", written by Joe South for Billy Joe Royal the previous year, which Blackmore had heard while in Germany. With a possible set list shaping up during rehearsals, Blackmore convinced a friend of his, Derek Lawrence, to be the band's producer. They had met years before, when both worked for producer Joe Meek and Lawrence ran an independent production company that recorded singles for release in the United States. Lawrence had many contacts in the US and was present at some of Roundabout's sessions, remaining impressed. Through Lawrence, HEC Enterprises", "new arrangement of the song was the 1966 hit version by American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, but the track length was stretched with the inclusion of classical-influenced instrumental sections. The band also selected a pop rock song called \"Hush\", written by Joe South for Billy Joe Royal the previous year, which Blackmore had heard while in Germany. With a possible set list shaping up during rehearsals, Blackmore convinced a friend of his, Derek Lawrence, to be the band's producer. They had met years before, when both worked for producer Joe Meek and Lawrence ran an independent production company that recorded singles for release in the United States. Lawrence had many contacts in the US and was present at some of Roundabout's sessions, remaining impressed. Through Lawrence, HEC Enterprises contacted the new American record label Tetragrammaton Records, which was looking for a British band to work with. HEC arranged for the band to cut some demos for the American label in late March and early April at Trident Studios in London. They taped two of their previously developed songs, \"Hush\" and \"Help!\", as well as two new songs: \"Love Help Me\" had already been developed before Evans and Paice joined, while \"Shadows\" was quickly written and arranged by the band for those recording sessions. Lawrence also played the demo of \"Help!\" to the British recording company EMI, which offered a deal for distribution in Europe with its sub-label Parlophone. All the demos, with the exception of \"Shadows\", were sent to Tetragrammaton for approval. The recording of the demos was followed by a short promotional tour of eight dates in Denmark and Sweden through April and May, booked as Roundabout by a friend of Lord. The band name was changed at this time, after Blackmore suggested the title of his grandmother's favourite song, \"Deep Purple\" by Peter DeRose. Deep Purple played their first gig at the Park School in the district of Vestpoppen, Tastrup, Denmark on 20 April 1968 and the live set comprised all the new songs and the cover of \"Little Girl\", originally by John Mayall and Eric Clapton. When they returned to England, Tetragrammaton confirmed the decision to sign the band. This was a saving grace, because HEC had spent nearly all their budget for promotion and equipment. The band relocated to Highleigh Manor, in Balcombe, West Sussex, because Deeves Hall was no longer available. While the band was on tour, some studio time had been booked and on Saturday, 11 May 1968, Deep Purple went into Pye Studios at ATV House in London. There, with Lawrence producing and Barry Ainsworth acting as engineer, they recorded the recently gigged material using a four-track tape machine. It was custom in those years, especially for debut bands, to have small production budgets, which allowed very limited time in the recording studio. Under these conditions it was difficult to do many overdubs and the songs were recorded live in one or two takes. \"And the Address\" and \"Hey Joe\" were cut first, followed by \"Hush\" and \"Help!\" later the first day. On Sunday, \"Love Help Me\", \"I'm So Glad\" (with a classical music prelude entitled \"Happiness\") and \"Mandrake Root\" were recorded. Finally, on Monday, 13 May, \"One More Rainy Day\" was cut, completing the recording of the album. Sound effects extracted from a BBC album were added as transitions between songs during mixing, which was completed later the same day. The finished album was taken to Tetragrammaton's representatives in London, who approved its release. After the final approval, the band members were dressed in fashionable costumes at the Mr. Fish Emporium, where they did a photo-shoot. The resulting shots were shipped with the master tapes to America where Tetragrammaton began production and distribution of the album. The cover design by Les Weisbrich allegedly cost half million dollars. The single \"Hush\" was released overseas in June 1968 and it turned out to be a huge success, garnering the band considerable attention and peaking at No. 4 on the US charts and at No. 2 on the Canadian charts. The label's reluctance to release \"Help!\" as the promotional single and instead go for \"Hush\", proved ingenious. Widely distributed and hyped, the song was played on radios all over the US, particularly the West Coast, and the band's fame grew considerably. The album was released in the United States in July 1968 and reached No. 24 on the Billboard Pop Chart. \"Hush\" was released in the UK in late July, but it did not attract much interest. In August, an appearance on British TV at the \"David Frost Show\" to lip-sync the song was shot with the roadie Mick Angus standing in for an unavailable Blackmore. However, their presence on TV did not help the sales of the single in the UK and made Parlophone postpone the release of the album. The band recorded some radio sessions for the John Peel's \"Top Gear\" radio show on BBC, but otherwise, England in general was not their priority. Those recordings recently resurfaced and are included in the compilation album \"BBC Sessions 1968–1970\". \"Shades of Deep Purple\" was finally released in the United Kingdom with much simpler cover art in September 1968 and went almost unnoticed there. Jon Lord, in an interview with the magazine \"Beat Instrumental\", reflected on the scarce receptivity of England to his group and on how lucky the band was to be signed to an American label that gave Deep Purple \"far greater freedom both financially and artistically\" than they \"could ever have got with a British company\", which \"as a rule won't spend any time or effort with you until you're an established name\". A monaural pressing of the album was released in the UK and Europe, which was simply a fold-down of the stereo mix. \"Shades of Deep Purple\" was reissued many times all over the world, often in a set with the two following albums recorded by the Mk. I line-up. Besides the original issues, the most significant version of the album is the Remastered CD edition released in 2000 by EMI, which contains as bonus tracks previously unreleased recordings from the first demos in April 1968 and from TV show appearances. All the songs were digitally remastered and restored by Peter Mew at Abbey Road Studios in London, cutting off the sound effects used as transitions in the original edition. Deep Purple's members were experienced musicians with different musical backgrounds: Lord had trained in classical music and had played in jazz and blues rock ensembles, Blackmore and Simper came from session work in pop rock, Paice and Evans from beat bands. However, no one was an accomplished songwriter. The only one with experience in musical composition was Lord, who treated the arrangements and wrote the bulk of the music for the first album, with some guitar riffs added by Blackmore. The album shows the potential of the band but does not focus on a distinct sound. Clearly identifiable on the album are the musical styles which were developing in the UK in that period and that influenced the young musicians in Deep Purple, a mix of psychedelic rock, progressive rock, pop rock and hard rock, the latter mostly evident in Blackmore's guitar parts. Traces of the heavy sound that would mark the production of Deep Purple's \"Mk. II\" line-up (when Evans and Simper were replaced by Gillan and Roger Glover) can already be heard in the opening instrumental \"And the Address\" and in \"Mandrake Root\". The main riff of the latter is very similar to the one in the song \"Foxy Lady\", a testimony of Blackmore's admiration for Jimi Hendrix. The other original compositions, the ballad \"One More Rainy Day\" and \"Love Help Me\", are pop rock songs that enhance the commercial appeal of the album, but are considered by critics less interesting than the cover songs. The use of so many cover songs to fill up the album was a common feature at the time, because of the short time given to bands for songwriting and for the rushed schedules of production. The songs covered in the", "sound that would mark the production of Deep Purple's \"Mk. II\" line-up (when Evans and Simper were replaced by Gillan and Roger Glover) can already be heard in the opening instrumental \"And the Address\" and in \"Mandrake Root\". The main riff of the latter is very similar to the one in the song \"Foxy Lady\", a testimony of Blackmore's admiration for Jimi Hendrix. The other original compositions, the ballad \"One More Rainy Day\" and \"Love Help Me\", are pop rock songs that enhance the commercial appeal of the album, but are considered by critics less interesting than the cover songs. The use of so many cover songs to fill up the album was a common feature at the time, because of the short time given to bands for songwriting and for the rushed schedules of production. The songs covered in the album were all treated with new arrangements to be considerably longer and sound more grandiose than the originals, in an attempt to emulate the American rock band Vanilla Fudge, which many Deep Purple members admired. \"Hush\" and \"Help!\" are clear examples of the \"Vanilla Fudge style of slowing a song down and bluesing it up\" to get a more psychedelic sound. The sound of the band was also heavily influenced by classical music: \"I'm So Glad\" is introduced by \"Prelude: Happiness\", featuring an electric arrangement inspired by the first movement of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's symphonic suite \"Scheherazade\"; the cover of \"Hey Joe\" was arranged inserting parts taken from the Miller's Dance, suite no. 2, part 2 of \"El sombrero de tres picos\" ballet by Manuel de Falla, on a rhythm reminiscent of the \"Boléro\" by Maurice Ravel. Deep Purple's live shows were from the start very loud and hard rocking and their stage set included stacks of custom purple vinyl Marshall amps and fancy dresses. The dualism between Blackmore's flamboyant guitar playing, which he had honed in many years of daily practice and experimented on tour with Sutch, and Lord's rocking Hammond solos was still in an embryonic stage, but it would soon become an integral part of the band's dynamics. Deep Purple debuted at The Roundhouse Theatre in London on 6 July 1968, opening for The Byrds, before The Gun and The Deviants. Their performance was badly received by the audience and by other attending musicians, including Mick Jagger. In spite of this, the band went on playing their live set in local pubs and festivals, but were received coldly and ignored by the press. In an interview with \"Melody Maker\", Ian Paice explained that their lack of touring and promotion in England was due to the low wages they were offered and to the fact that they had very few danceable numbers to attract audience. He stressed that \"we make a point of warning promoters that we are not a dancing group.\" Waiting to start their first US tour and in need of new material to be offered on the American market and to beef up their live show, the band returned in studio with producer Derek Lawrence to record their second album, \"The Book of Taliesyn\" in August 1968. The new album was recorded before the release of \"Shades of Deep Purple\" in the UK. By October, Deep Purple set off to the States to start their US tour. The success of \"Hush\" was a giant boost in America and from their first gigs they received all the attention they had not been given in England. The first dates were at The Inglewood Forum on 18 and 19 October 1968, supporting Cream in their farewell tour. A recording of those live performances was released in 2002 with the title \"Inglewood – Live in California\". The band played at many different locations, including festivals, bars and even at the \"Playboy After Dark\" TV show, alongside Hugh Hefner and a bunch of dancing women. The songs of this album were performed regularly by the Mk. I formation of Deep Purple, but only \"Hush\", \"Help!\" and \"Hey Joe\" found space for a limited time in the live shows of the Mk. II line-up in 1969. On the contrary, \"Mandrake Root\", in an expanded and mainly instrumental version, was a staple in Mk. II live shows up until 1972, and the instrumental sections of the song survived even longer, being annexed to live versions of the \"Machine Head\" recording \"Space Truckin'\". The opening chords of \"And the Address\" were used into the Mk. II era as an introduction to the song \"Speed King\". \"Hush\" was re-recorded in 1988 and is still an integral part of the live set of the current formation of the band. Reception of the album and the band in their home country was generally negative. Despite being presented as a \"polished commercial group\" in their radio appearances, Deep Purple's stage excesses and success in the US did not make a good impression on British audiences. The Deviants frontman and later journalist Mick Farren described Deep Purple's music as \"a slow and pompous din, somewhere between bad Tchaikovsky and a B-52 taking off on a bombing run\". They were also criticised for being too American and the \"poor man's Vanilla Fudge\". As Brian Connolly of Sweet recalled, \"they were so out of place that you really felt sorry for them.\" By contrast, in the US the band was often introduced as \"the English Vanilla Fudge\" and massive radio coverage of their songs granted success for both the album and tour. Ian Paice said of their success in the US versus their lack of it back home, \"We have been given proper exposure over there. The Americans really know how to push records.\" Decades later, modern critical reviews of the album are generally positive. Bruce Eder of AllMusic considers \"Shades of Deep Purple\", despite some flaws, \"a hell of an album\" and praises the \"infectious ... spirit of fun\" of the disc, which has \"much more of a '60s feel than we're accustomed to hearing from this band\". Blogcritics contributor David Bowling states that \"Shades of Deep Purple\" \"was a creative and very good debut album\", which combines \"psychedelic music with hard rock and early progressive rock into a pleasant but disjointed whole\". PopMatters review of the three albums of the Mk. I line-up considers them \"both respectable and consistent\", although Evans' voice is \"perhaps more suited to heavy pop rather than heavy rock\". Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described this early incarnation of Deep Purple as a \"hard psych band\", more committed to the music than other contemporaries and already capable of creating \"a noise that definitetly foretold of things to come.\" In an \"Observer Music Monthly\" Greatest British Albums poll, keyboard player Rick Wakeman chose \"Shades of Deep Purple\" as his favourite British record of all time. All credits adapted from the original releases. Shades of Deep Purple Shades of Deep Purple is the debut studio album by the English rock band Deep Purple, released in July 1968 on Tetragrammaton in the United States and in September 1968 on Parlophone in the United Kingdom. The band, initially called Roundabout, was the idea of former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis, who recruited Jon Lord and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Phan Thị Hà Thanh Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 16 October 1991) is a Vietnamese artistic gymnast from Haiphong. In 2011, she became the first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam, winning the bronze on vault at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Phan made her international debut at the 2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in London. She competed in the qualifications round but did not score high enough to make any finals. On 16 November 2010, she competed at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou and finished fifth on the vault. She won silver medals on vault and balance beam at the 2010 World Cup in Porto, Portugal. In 2011, Phan won the bronze medal on vault at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Tokyo, thus qualifying as an individual competitor at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Later in 2011, she won the women's all-around competition at the Southeast Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia (just ahead of Vietnamese teammate Đỗ Thị Ngân Thương), as well as gold medals on vault and floor exercise and a bronze on balance beam. She went on to win the vault title at the 2011 Toyota Cup in Tokyo. At the 6th Doha FIG World Challenge Cup in Doha, Qatar, on 28 March 2013, Phan placed first in the vault final, ahead of Romania's Larisa Iordache and Switzerland's Giulia Steingruber, with an average score of 14.825. She went on to compete at the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Antwerp, Belgium, and qualified to the individual vault final. In the final, she attempted a more difficult vault, the Amanar, but fell and finished seventh. Phan began 2014 by winning a World Cup title on the balance beam in Osijek. At the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea, she qualified to three event finals: vault, balance beam and floor exercise. She finished third on vault, behind Oksana Chusovitina of Uzbekistan and Hong Un-Jong of North Korea, the reigning world champion; second on balance beam, behind Kim Un-Hyang of North Korea; and eighth on floor exercise. Two weeks later, she competed at the 2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Nanning, China. She qualified for the vault final but finished eighth with major errors. In the spring of 2015, she won the balance beam titles at two World Cup events (Doha and Varna, Bulgaria). Under pressure to medal in the team event at the Southeast Asian Games in Singapore, she led a minimal team of four gymnasts (full teams consisted of six gymnasts) with Đỗ Thị Vân Anh, Đỗ Thị Thu Huyen and newcomer Long Thị Ngọc Huỳnh. The team was plagued with injuries and finished fourth, but Phan qualified for all of the individual events. She went on to win the most gold medals of any gymnast at the competition (individual all-around, vault and balance beam), as well as a bronze on floor exercise. At the 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Glasgow, she finished 85th in the all-around in qualifications with a total score of 51.033: 14.400 on vault (47th), 10.233 on uneven bars (193rd), 13.300 on balance beam (58th) and 13.100 on floor exercise (84th). Because of injuries, she opted not to attempt a second vault to qualify for the vault final. Phan finished 41st in the all-around competition at the 2016 Olympic Test Event to qualify for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. Competing with an injury, she scored 14.300 on vault, 11.600 on uneven bars, 13.800 on balance beam and 13.000 on floor exercise. One month later, she competed on vault and balance beam at the World Challenge Cup in Varna and finished second on both events (14.400 average on vault and 14.367 on balance beam). At the 2016 Olympics, Phan competed on two events in the qualification round: vault and balance beam. For her first vault, she performed a double-twisting Yurchenko and scored 14.700. Her second vault, a handspring pike front with a half twist, was much less difficult and scored 13.766. With an average score of 14.233, Phan was 17th out of 19 competitors who performed two vaults. On the balance beam, she scored 13.800 and finished 36th out of 82 competitors. Phan Thị" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ban Naoyuki , also known as , was a Japanese samurai general of the late Sengoku and early Edo periods. He first served as a retainer of Katō Yoshiaki, one of the \"Seven Spears of Shizugatake\", who went on to become lord of the Aizu domain, in Mutsu. Naoyuki served Lord Katō as a gunnery commander (\"teppō-taishō\"). Naoyuki followed his lord during the invasion of Korea in the 1590s, and for his actions in combat there he was given a stipend of 350 \"koku\". However, at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he opposed Yoshiaki's orders and subsequently left his service. After that, he served several lords, including Kobayakawa Hideaki, Matsudaira Tadayoshi, and Fukushima Masanori; however, as his former lord Yoshiaki was a hindrance, Naoyuki entered the priesthood for a time. He served the Toyotomi clan at the Osaka Winter Campaign in 1614. However, during the next year's Summer Campaign, he was killed in action fighting Asano Nagaakira's forces in Izumi province. Ban Naoyuki , also known as , was a Japanese samurai general of the late Sengoku and early Edo periods. He first served as a retainer of Katō Yoshiaki, one of the \"Seven Spears of Shizugatake\", who went" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "System G (supercomputer) System G is a cluster supercomputer at Virginia Tech consisting of 324 Apple Mac Pro computers with a total of 2592 processing cores. It was finished in November 2008 and ranked 279 in that month's edition of TOP500, running at 16.78 teraflops and peaking at 22.94 teraflops. It now runs at a \"sustained (Linpack) performance of 22.8 TFlops\". It transmits data between nodes over Gigabit Ethernet and 40Gbit/s Infiniband. Each of the 324 Mac Pro machines contains two quad-core 2.8 GHz Xeon processors and 8 gigabytes of RAM. System G's name stems from its homage to System X and to its focus on green computing—the cluster has thousands of power and thermal sensors to test high performance computing at low power requirements and is the largest power-aware research system in the world. System G (supercomputer) System G is a cluster supercomputer at Virginia Tech consisting of 324 Apple Mac Pro computers with a total of 2592 processing cores. It was finished in November 2008 and ranked 279 in that month's edition of TOP500, running at 16.78 teraflops and peaking at 22.94 teraflops. It now runs at a \"sustained (Linpack) performance of 22.8 TFlops\". It transmits data between" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aermacchi AL-60 The Aermacchi AL-60 is a light civil utility aircraft of the late 1950s and early 1960s, originally designed by Al Mooney of Lockheed in the United States. After the company decided not to build the aircraft in the US, it was manufactured in small quantities in Mexico, and a few were assembled in Argentina (Santa Isabel, Córdoba, by Aviones Lockheed-Kaiser Argentina. It was also built in quantity under licence by Aermacchi in Italy and Atlas Aircraft Corporation in South Africa. Lockheed flew only two prototypes of the AL-60 (in 1959) before deciding that it would be unprofitable in the US marketplace. Instead, the company chose to manufacture it under a joint venture in Mexico as Lockheed-Azcarate (LASA). 18 were produced in 1960 for the Mexican Air Force, as the LASA-60. In Italy, Aermacchi purchased a licence to produce the type, first in its original configuration as the AL-60B, then in a modified version for various African customers as the AL-60C. This latter version changed from the original tricycle undercarriage to a taildragger arrangement. The AL-60C version was built under license by Atlas Aircraft Corporation in South Africa. This aircraft was known as Atlas C4M Kudu. Over 40 aircraft were built and served the South African Air Force between 1974 and 1991. A number of C4M Kudu aircraft are still flying privately and have proven well in the role of skydive release aircraft. There is currently a project underway to re-engine the Kudu with turbine engines. This design known as the Atlas Angel or Turbine Kudu. In 1968 Macchi sold the rights to the aircraft to Northwest Industries of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and the design was developed into the Northwest Ranger, with development continuing until 1972. Aermacchi AL-60 The Aermacchi AL-60 is a light civil utility aircraft of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charles Lewis (bookbinder) Charles Lewis (1786–1836) was a prominent English bookbinder. Born in London, Lewis was fourth son of Johann Ludwig, a political refugee from Hanover, and brother of Frederick Christian Lewis and of George Robert Lewis. In 1800, he was apprenticed to the leading bookbinder Henry Walther. After he had spent five years in the forwarding department, Walther refused his request to enter the finishing shop, and so Lewis practised fine work on his own account, into the small hours. On leaving Walther, Lewis worked as a journeyman in several other shops, finally setting up in business on his own account in Scotland Yard. He later moved to premises in Denmark Court, and on to Duke Street, St. James's. With C. Kalthoeber he was employed by William Beckford on the Fonthill Abbey library. Thomas Frognall Dibdin was an admirer of his work and character, and recommended him to other bibliophiles. Lewis died of apoplexy on 8 January 1836. He was succeeded by his eldest son. Francis Bedford had lived with Lewis for some time, and carried on Lewis's style, which was in contrast to the more ornate school of Robert Rivière. According to Dibdin Lewis combined the taste of Roger Payne with \"a freedom of forwarding and squareness of finish very peculiar to himself\"; he was also successful in book restoration. His main colours were buff or subdued orange for Russia bindings, and French grey for Morocco. Attribution Charles Lewis (bookbinder) Charles Lewis (1786–1836) was a prominent English bookbinder. Born in London, Lewis was fourth son of Johann Ludwig, a political refugee from Hanover, and brother of Frederick Christian Lewis and of George Robert Lewis. In 1800, he was apprenticed to the leading bookbinder Henry Walther. After he had spent five years in the forwarding department, Walther refused his" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chalvey Chalvey is a former village, which is now a suburb of Slough, in the unitary authority of Slough in Berkshire, England. It was transferred to Berkshire from Buckinghamshire in 1974. It was first recorded in 1217 by an Old English word meaning \"Calf Island\", from \"Cealf\" meaning calf. As the name implies, Chalvey lies low on the plain of the River Thames, and there may have been enough of a rise for an island to stand above the slough from which the later town takes its name. Chalvey has never formed a parish on its own, being twinned with Upton in the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey. As Slough developed, Chalvey developed as a working-class community of small terraced houses. Nonconformist churches were established starting with the Congregationalists in 1806. In 1849, the Slough to Windsor railway was built, passing through the middle of Chalvey. A halt was opened by the Great Western Railway in 1929 but closed the following year. At some point between 1850 and 1880, a local legend developed about the \"Chalvey Stab Monkey\" involving an organ grinder and a stabbed monkey; the first person to get blind drunk on the anniversary of the monkey's funeral is declared \"Mayor of Chalvey\". Traditionally, residents of Chalvey have been known as \"stab-monks\". A long-standing local joke suggests that Chalvey's main industry is in the Treacle Mines. On occasion, this has been taken to be a reference to the local sewage works. It was stated on the \"Immigration - How We Lost Count\" edition of the BBC1 documentary \"Panorama\" on 23 July 2007 that Chalvey is severely overcrowded, and that most of its residents are immigrants and members of ethnic minorities. Chalvey has a large Asian population. The first recorded Lord of the Manor of Chalvey was recorded in the year 1502. The current Lord of Chalvey, Christopher Johnson, lives in the United States. Chalvey Chalvey is a former village, which is now a suburb of Slough, in the unitary authority of Slough in Berkshire, England. It was transferred to Berkshire from Buckinghamshire in 1974. It was first recorded in 1217 by an Old English word meaning \"Calf Island\", from \"Cealf\" meaning calf. As the name implies, Chalvey lies low on the plain of the River Thames, and there may have been enough of a rise for an island to stand above the slough from which the later town takes its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Keith Stewart Thomson Keith Stewart Thomson (born 1938; B.SC. Birmingham, AM, PH.D. Harvard) was from 2003–2012 a senior research fellow of the American Philosophical Society and is, starting in 2012, the Executive Officer of the American Philosophical Society and is an emeritus professor of natural history at the University of Oxford. He was appointed director of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in July 1998. In 1987 he was appointed president of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He had earlier been a dean at Yale University and director of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. He is the author of several books and essays that deal with paleontology, the history of science and evolution. Keith Stewart Thomson Keith Stewart Thomson (born 1938; B.SC. Birmingham, AM, PH.D. Harvard) was from 2003–2012 a senior research fellow of the American Philosophical Society and is, starting in 2012, the Executive Officer of the American Philosophical Society and is an emeritus professor of natural history at the University of Oxford. He was appointed director of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in July 1998. In 1987 he was appointed president of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He had earlier" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2013–14 Football League Cup The 2013–14 Football League Cup (known as the Capital One Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 54th season of the Football League Cup, a knock-out competition for the top 92 football clubs played in English football league system. Swansea City were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Birmingham City in the 3rd round. Numbers within brackets represented a team's league level in the 2013–14 season, level 1 being the Premier League, level 2 the Championship, and so on. On 16 December 2013, it was announced that goal-line technology would be used in three of the four quarter-finals and any subsequent matches in the Capital One Cup. The system was used the very next day, in the Sunderland – Chelsea quarter-final, in which an own-goal from Lee Cattermole was allowed. The cup was won by Manchester City who defeated Sunderland 3–1 in the final. This was their first League Cup trophy since 1976 and their third win overall. The draw for the first round took place on 17 June 2013 at 09:30 BST. Ties were played during the week commencing 5 August 2013. The draw for the second round took place on 8 August 2013 at 12:30 BST. All the Premier League clubs that were not partaking in European competition (UEFA Champions League or Europa League) entered in this round along with Reading who were one of the two best relegated teams from the prior season. Wigan Athletic, who were the other of the two best relegated teams did not enter in this round, due to winning the FA Cup and thus a place in the UEFA Europa League. They entered in the third round. All ties were played during the week commencing 26 August 2013. The draw for the third round took place live on Sky Sports on 28 August 2013. All the clubs partaking in European competition (holders Swansea City, Manchester United, Manchester City, Chelsea, Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur and Wigan Athletic) entered here, as well as the winning teams from the second round. Only Crystal Palace from the Premier League failed to make it to the third round, and only Bristol City, Swindon Town, Peterborough United and Tranmere Rovers remained from League One. The draw for the fourth round took place on 25 September 2013 live on Sky Sports. All ties were originally to be played during the week commencing 28 October 2013, but the game between Sunderland and Southampton was later moved to 6 November 2013. Birmingham City, Burnley and Leicester City were the only teams outside of the Premier League left in the competition, all three compete in the Championship. The draw for the fifth round took place on 30 October 2013. All ties were played during the week commencing 16 December 2013. Leicester City, who compete in the Championship, were the only team outside of the Premier League left in the competition. The draw for the semi-finals took place on 18 December 2013 after the televised game between Stoke City and Manchester United. The domestic broadcasting rights for the competition were held by the subscription channel Sky Sports, who have held rights to the competition since 1996–97. During this season Sky had exclusive live broadcasting rights. These matches were broadcast live by Sky Sports on television: 2013–14 Football League Cup The 2013–14 Football League Cup (known as the Capital One Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 54th season of the Football League Cup, a knock-out competition for the top 92 football clubs played in English football league system. Swansea City were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Birmingham City in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "PDE3 inhibitor A PDE3 inhibitor is a drug which inhibits the action of the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE3. They are used for the therapy of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Amrinone, milrinone and enoximone are used clinically for short-term treatment of cardiac failure in the presence of cardiogenic shock. PDE3 inhibitors are indicated as inotropics for the therapy of acute heart failure if catecholamines are ineffective. Well controlled studies have shown that these drugs generally increase mortality, when used for the therapy of acute heart failure, so they have to be applied under close observation. Cilostazol is used for the treatment of intermittent claudication. This drug has a much weaker positive inotropic effect than those drugs used for the therapy of acute heart failure, and lacks significant adverse cardiac effects. Contraindications are severe obstructive cardiomyopathy, hypovolemia, tachycardia, and ventricular aneurysm. Breast feeding is prohibited during treatment. The most important adverse effects when used for the therapy of acute heart failure are arrhythmia, thrombocytopenia and increased transaminase levels. Approved PDE3 inhibitors include the following: PDE3 inhibitors are a type of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Inhibition of the PDE isoenzyme 3 leads to an increase of intracellular concentrations of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP mediates the phosphorylation of protein kinases, which in turn activates cardiac calcium channels. An increased calcium influx from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during phase 2 (the plateau phase) of the cardiac action potential leads to a positive inotropic effect of PDE3 inhibitors: they increase the force of cardiac contraction. Increased reflux of calcium into the SR following the plateau phase is responsible for their positive lusitropic effect: they increase relaxation speed. Additionally, PDE3 inhibitors act as vasodilators. Recognition that the knowledge about PDE could be used to develop drugs that were PDE inhibitors led to extensive research. Most studies used analogues of the nucleotide substrates or derivatives of natural product inhibitors such as xanthine (e.g. theophylline) and papaverine. The active site of PDE3 can be considered as a summary of ideas about receptor topography resulting from the first generation inhibitors. The model of the Wells \"et al.\" version as cited in Erhardt and Chou (1991) includes the following: Since selective PDE3 inhibitors were recognised to be cardiotonic drugs there has been great interest in developing new drugs in this category. A large number of heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized during related research. These compounds constitute a second generation of PDE inhibitors. Although they have been directed mostly at PDE3, they present significant structure-activity relationship for the PDEs in general. A “heterocycle-phenyl-imidazole” (H-P-I) pattern has been considered to be necessary for positive inotropic activity in cardiac muscle and many second generation inhibitors fit this pattern. The heterocycle region: Within each heterocycle there is the presence of a dipole and an adjacent acid proton (an amide function). These atoms are believed to mimic the electrophilic center in the phosphate group in cAMP and are confirmed as the primary site of binding. The heterocycle is a transition state analogue inhibitor of PDE. Alkyl groups, limited to either methyl or ethyl, on the heterocyclic ring usually enhance potency, with occasional exceptions. The phenyl region: It seems that an electron rich centre, such as phenyl, needs to be present. The beneficial effects of small alkyl groups on the heterocycle could be to twist the central ring away from exact coplanarity with the heterocyclic ring. There is a similar twist in cAMP and there is general agreement that high affinity PDE3 inhibitors should adopt an energetically favoured planar conformation that mimics the anti conformation of cAMP. The imidazole region: Various substituents have been placed at the para-position of the central phenyl ring. They are electron rich moieties and apparently a positively charged moiety cannot be tolerated in this region of the PDE receptor. There is general agreement about this inhibitor potency: lactam ≥ alkyl-CONH- ≥ imidazoyl = pyridine in place of the central phenyl with its nitrogen in the analogous 4 position ≥ alkyl-S- > simple ether > halide = amine > imidazolium (which is totally inactive). Identification of features common to the most selective inhibitors has led to a “five-point model” with: Theophylline is a non-selective agent. In contrast, meribendan is a highly selective inhibitor. Also, meribendan has a higher level of selectivity in comparison with the parent compound CI-930 because, beside the basic nitrogen adjacent to the lactam moiety it possesses another basic nitrogen (benzimidazole ring), opposite to the primary binding site. RPL-554 is an analog of trequinsin, and like trequinsin, is a dual inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzymes PDE-3 and PDE-4. As of October 2015, inhaled RPL-554 delivered via a nebulizer was in development for COPD and had been studied in asthma. PDE3 inhibitor A PDE3 inhibitor is a drug which inhibits the action of the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE3. They" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within, released in Japan as Clock Tower: Ghost Head, is a horror-themed adventure game developed by Human Entertainment and released for the PlayStation in 1998. It is the third game in the \"Clock Tower\" series. The story follows 17-year-old Alyssa Hale who suffers from multiple personality disorder with an alter ego named Mr. Bates. The player must guide Alyssa through various environments, altering between her normal and twisted personality, to uncover the secrets of her and her family's past. \"Clock Tower II\" was met with negative reviews. Journalists heavily criticized the gameplay which they found to be poor due to its slow and dated point-and-click interface, as well its reliance on trial-and-error mechanics. The story was criticized by some but found to be mature and creepy by others. Critics ultimately did not recommend the game except to those looking for an experience similar to \"Clock Tower\" (1996) and those looking for a game that, like a cult film, is flawed conventionally but redeemed by its willingness to stray from the mainstream. Following its predecessors, \"Clock Tower II\" is a point-and-click adventure game with 3D graphics and survival horror elements. The player can use either a standard PlayStation controller or the PlayStation mouse to control the protagonist, Alyssa Hale, through the game. The cursor will change shape when placed over certain objects, which the player can click to interact with. Clicking in any location will guide the Alyssa in that direction. Moving the cursor to the top of the screen will reveal the player's inventory. Clicking an item and then clicking an object on the screen will use the item on that object or in that location. Alyssa starts the game with an amulet which keeps her alter ego, Mr. Bates, from emerging and controlling her. However, the amulet can be placed within cases or other containers. Without the amulet, Alyssa will become Mr. Bates if provoked with fear. To change back to Alyssa, the player needs to simply retrieve the amulet back. Some events can only be cleared as Mr. Bates and likewise some only as Alyssa. The choices the player makes as both Alyssa and Mr. Bates will change the scenario development and lead to one of 13 possible endings. When Alyssa is being chased or is in danger, the cursor will flash red. During this panic mode, the player must rapidly tap a button to escape. When escaping enemies, click points will appear on items or objects that Alyssa can use to fight back or hide from the enemy. Escape mode will not end until the enemy is repulsed or successfully evaded. If playing as Mr. Bates, the player may use weapons such as pistols and shotguns against the enemies. When equipped with a weapon, the cursor becomes a crosshair used to aim and shoot. The cursor will change color during panic mode from white, to yellow, and finally red to indicate the Alyssa's stamina. First aid kits can be used to improve stamina by one level. If Alyssa's stamina reaches zero or the player fails a panic scenario, the screen will read \"game over\" and provide the player the option to restart from the last room they entered with one extra stamina level. In the Japanese release, the game is set in Osaka. This was changed to California for the North American release. Alyssa Hale is a 17-year-old high school girl who is traveling to visit her father's friend, Phillip Tate, during the spring of 1999. Alyssa suffers from a multiple personality disorder shared with a soul inside her named Mr. Bates. She holds an amulet to keep Mr. Bates from taking over her mind. When Alyssa arrives at the Tate's residence she discovers her cousin Stephanie who attacks her with a knife and stalks her around the house. Alyssa finds Philip, who gives her a statue and tells her to burn it because of the \"Maxwell Curse\". Alyssa manages to throw the statue into a burning fireplace but loses consciousness. She later wakes up in a zombie-infested hospital and meets a detective named Alex Corey, who saved Alyssa from the house. She explores the hospital, only to become overrun by zombies and faint again. When Alyssa comes to, she finds that Alex took her to a pharmaceutical lab. As she explores the lab, a man armed with a hatchet and wearing an oni mask begins to stalk her about. She later finds her father, Allen, speaking with the stalker. Allen explains that Alyssa is not his daughter, but rather, the daughter of the man in the oni mask, George Maxwell. He continues, saying how every few generations there are cursed twins born into the Maxwell family; the family must immediately bury the twin babies alive and leave them to die to protect their family. Allen, jealous of George's wealth, dug up the children with Philip to spite him. Alyssa was one of these twins and the other twin suffocated to death. Alyssa realizes that her twin was Mr. Bates, who transplanted his soul into her body. Allen shoots George and demands Alyssa escape before the building explodes. Alyssa escapes and watches the building burn from the hillside. \"Clock Tower II\" was the last \"Clock Tower\" game developed by Human Entertainment. It was also the first in the series not directed by series creator Hifumi Kono. Kono was asked by Human to make a sequel to the first two games, but he felt he was out of material and could not make it. Yutaka Hirata stepped in and offered to direct the game. It was not given a numbered title in Japan because it moves away from the story and setting in the two previous \"Clock Tower\" title. The game supports enhanced rumble features in DualShock controllers. The game was released on March 12, 1998 in Japan, and in late October 1999 in North America. A drama CD based on the game was released in 1998. The game was rereleased on the PlayStation Store in Japan on May 9, 2012. According to review aggregator Metacritic, \"Clock Tower II\" was met with \"generally unfavorable\" reviews. The gameplay was found to be flawed due to the dual personality mechanic and poor storytelling methods. Joe Fielder of \"GameSpot\" described the puzzles as counter-intuitive, like being stuck on a Rubik's Cube and coming back later to find the cube solved. In the same vein, he noted how sometimes events are triggered or areas become accessible only after spending time exploring other unrelated areas. Mark MacDonald writing for \"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine\" shared these sentiments, saying the player spends most of their time wandering around, hoping to trigger the next event. The point-and-click interface was also criticized as slow and inaccurate. Fielder criticized the graphics as \"pure first-generation PlayStation\" and believed the sound design was also poor. Marc Nix of IGN argued the sound design was good and the graphics were clear and sharp but the scenery was ultimately lifeless. The story was criticized by some, but MacDonald found it to be more adult and \"out there-spooky\" than any other PlayStation title yet. Mark Kanarick of AllGame heavily criticized the voice acting, describing it as the worst aspect of the game. Ultimately, Fielder could not recommend \"Clock Tower II\" as an adventure or horror game, saying \"leave this one for the antique collectors.\" Nix felt the game fell considerably short of its potential. He found the rumble feature the \"sole perfect feature of the game.\" MacDonald called the game \"seriously flawed, but unique.\" He described it as a terrible game in a conventional sense, but like a cult film, it is redeemed by its willingness to take risks and stand apart from the mainstream and therefore is \"strictly for hardcore niche gamers.\" Kanarick called it a poor attempt at a survival horror game, but that fans of \"Clock Tower\" (1996) may enjoy it. Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within, released in Japan as Clock Tower: Ghost Head, is a horror-themed adventure game developed by Human Entertainment and released for the", "or horror game, saying \"leave this one for the antique collectors.\" Nix felt the game fell considerably short of its potential. He found the rumble feature the \"sole perfect feature of the game.\" MacDonald called the game \"seriously flawed, but unique.\" He described it as a terrible game in a conventional sense, but like a cult film, it is redeemed by its willingness to take risks and stand apart from the mainstream and therefore is \"strictly for hardcore niche gamers.\" Kanarick called it a poor attempt at a survival horror game, but that fans of \"Clock Tower\" (1996) may enjoy it. Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within, released in Japan as Clock Tower: Ghost Head, is a horror-themed adventure game developed by Human Entertainment and released for the PlayStation in 1998. It is the third game in the \"Clock Tower\" series. The story follows 17-year-old Alyssa Hale who suffers from multiple personality disorder with an alter ego named Mr. Bates. The player must guide Alyssa through various environments, altering between her normal and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aden Adde International Airport Aden Adde International Airport (, ) , Aden Abdulle International Airport, formerly known as Mogadishu International Airport, is an international airport serving Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. It is named after Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, the first President of Somalia. Originally a modest-sized airport, the facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after numerous successive renovation projects. With the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, Aden Adde International's flight services experienced routine disruptions. However, with the security situation in Mogadishu greatly improved in the late 2010–2011 period, large-scale rehabilitation of the grounds' infrastructure and services once again resumed. By early 2013, the airport had restored most of its facilities and introduced several new features. Mogadishu airport was established in 1928 with the name \"Petrella-Mogadiscio aeroporto\", the first such facility to be opened in the Horn of Africa. It served as the main military airport for Italian Somaliland. In the mid-1930s, the airport began offering civilian and commercial flights. A regular Asmara-Assab-Mogadishu commercial route was started in 1935, with an Ala Littoria Caproni 133 providing 13-hour flights from the Mogadishu airport to Italian Eritrea. The aircraft had a maximal capacity of 18 passengers, which at the time was a record. In 1936, Ala Littoria launched an intercontinental connection between Mogadishu-Asmara-Khartoum-Tripoli and Rome. The voyage lasted four days and was one of the first long range flights in the world. During the post-independence period, Mogadishu International Airport offered flights to numerous global destinations. In the mid-1960s, the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers, with the state-owned Somali Airlines providing regular trips to all major cities. By 1969, the airport's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B-type aircraft. In the 1970s, Somalia's then ruling socialist government enlisted its Soviet allies for major renovations to the ground's facilities. The airport's capacity to cater to both civilian and military needs was in the process significantly enlarged. The Somali Air Corps (SAC) also used the airport at this time, and had an airlift wing stationed in the capital. The SAC maintained a military academy at the airport that was used by all air force members. In the 1980s, the Somali federal government recruited the U.S. Navy, its new Cold War partner, to further enlarge the Mogadishu airport. The project included the construction of a modern control tower equipped with state-of-the-art navigational technology. The Somali Civil Aviation Authority (SOMCAA), which then regulated the national aviation industry, also signed a contract with the Italian firm Selenia worth an estimated 17 billion Italian lire ($2.5 million). The agreement stipulated that the company would build a second terminal for international routes as well as a new control tower. The Italian firm was also tasked with supplying air traffic control equipment. With the collapse of the Siad Barre regime and the ensuing civil war, the airport's ongoing renovations came to a halt. Aviation operations also routinely experienced disruptions and the airport's grounds incurred significant damage. On 3 August 2006, African Express Airways became the first international airline to resume regular flights to Mogadishu International Airport. On 8 June 2007, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) announced that the airport would be renamed in honor of the first President of Somalia, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, who had died earlier in the day. The following year, due to security risks brought on by the resumption of fighting in the wake of the Ethiopian intervention, most civilian aircraft opted to land and depart from K50 Airport, situated about 50 km from Mogadishu in Lower Shabelle. However, in the late 2010 period, the security situation in Mogadishu had significantly improved, with the federal government eventually managing to assume full control of the capital by August of the following year. On 20 August 2012, the Aden Adde International Airport hosted the swearing in ceremony for many legislators in the nation's new Federal Parliament. The event also saw the appointment of General Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle as interim President and Parliamentary Speaker. In 2013, the International Civil Aviation Organization officially removed the airport from its Zone 5 list of airports deemed security risks. In June 2014, Minister of Air Transportation and Civil Aviation Said Jama Qorshel announced that additional up-to-date technology earmarked for the Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu would be delivered. In late 2010, SKA Air and Logistics, a Dubai-based aviation firm that specializes in conflict zones, was contracted by the Transitional Federal Government to manage operations over a period of ten years at the re-opened Aden Adde International Airport. The company was assigned the task of running security screening, passenger security and terminals. The Ministry of Transport officially announced the partnership in May 2011, with the domestically registered firm SKA-Somalia starting operations in July of the year. Among its first initiatives, worth an estimated $6 million, SKA invested in new airport equipment and expanded support services by hiring, training and equipping 200 local workers to meet international airport standards. The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations, restored a dependable supply of electricity, revamped the baggage handling facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges, put into place electronic check-in systems, and firmed up on security and work-flow. Additionally, SKA connected the grounds' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency (SCAMA) and immigration, customs, commercial airlines and Somali Police Force officials to the internet. By January 2013, the firm had introduced shuttle buses to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal. It also provided consultancy on support services in other airports around the country, and invested in logistical redevelopment solutions. In December 2011, the Turkish government unveiled plans to further modernize the airport as part of Turkey's broader engagement in the local post-conflict reconstruction process. Among the scheduled renovations are new systems and infrastructure, including a modern control tower to monitor the airspace. In September 2013, the Turkish company Favori LLC began operations at the airport. The firm announced plans to renovate the aviation building and construct a new one, as well as upgrade other modern service structures. A $10 million project, it will increase the airport's existing 15 aircraft capacity to 60. In April 2014, Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed laid the foundation stone for a new national Aviation Training Academy at the Aden Adde International Airport. The new institution would serve to enhance the capacity of aviation personnel working in Somalia's airports, and would focus training within the country. Construction of a new terminal was scheduled to take six months, and is expected to improve the airport's functionality and operations. In November 2014, Favori announced that the modernization of the airport was almost finished, and was predicted to be completed by the end of 2015. Among the facilities being renovated are transit hubs and runways. In January 2015, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan officially inaugurated the airport's new terminal. The facility was built by Kozuva, a private Turkish construction firm. It will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60, with a throughput of 1,000 passengers per hour. In January 2013, a new airport immigration building was opened. With", "within the country. Construction of a new terminal was scheduled to take six months, and is expected to improve the airport's functionality and operations. In November 2014, Favori announced that the modernization of the airport was almost finished, and was predicted to be completed by the end of 2015. Among the facilities being renovated are transit hubs and runways. In January 2015, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan officially inaugurated the airport's new terminal. The facility was built by Kozuva, a private Turkish construction firm. It will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60, with a throughput of 1,000 passengers per hour. In January 2013, a new airport immigration building was opened. With assistance provided by Japan through the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), it features offices, training facilities, and staff accommodation for early shift workers. Additionally, the IOM has helped firm up on airport security by training 84 civil aviation, immigration, finance and customs department officers on proper border management and immigration protocol. It also installed its patented Personal Registration and Identification System at both Aden Adde and the capital's seaport. As of June 2014, the largest services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali-owned private carriers Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways and African Express Airways, in addition to UN charter planes, and Turkish Airlines. The airport also offers flights to other Somali cities such as Baidoa, Galkayo, Berbera and Hargeisa, as well as international destinations like Djibouti, Jeddah, and Istanbul. According to Favori, there were 439,879 domestic and international passengers at the airport in 2014, an increase of 319,925 passengers from the previous year. As of November 2014, the airport accommodates more than 40 flights each day, up from 3 flights in 2011. Aden Adde International Airport Aden Adde International Airport (, ) , Aden Abdulle International Airport, formerly known as Mogadishu International Airport, is an international airport serving Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. It" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ruth Kattumuri Ruth Kattumuri is Co-Director of the India Observatory (IO), a Distinguished Policy Fellow and Founder of the IG Patel Chair and IO at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). She is actively engaged in transdisciplinary evidence based research, as well as influencing and impacting policy making and business leadership at the highest levels. She has developed several innovative international leaderships training programmes and is strongly involved in capacity building and knowledge exchange. She grew up in the Indian Air Force and went to School in Kendriya Vidhyalaya in Madras. Her Professor and Mentor in University was Gift Siromoney, who had been fondly called the Grandfather of Computer Science in India. Kattumuri founded the IG Patel Chair and the LSE India Observatory in 2007 and became Co-Director of the LSE India Observatory following from her position as LSE-India Head during 2004 - 2006. She was Co-Director of the LSE Asia Research Centre during 2007 – 2016. She became a Cambridge Commonwealth Fellow in 1999. She was elected as Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in 2016. During 1997 – 2004, she lectured in advanced research methods for Masters and PhD students across various departments of LSE including the Methodology Institute and Departments of Statistics, Economics, Social Policy and Public Administration. Throughout her career she has effectively managed to interphase between teaching, research, academic leadership and management, influence and impact with policy makers and business leaders globally. Prior to joining the LSE, she was Professor of Computer Science and Statistics at Madras Christian College, University of Madras. Her multi-disciplinary research includes: Kattumuri is actively engaged in various charitable activities including as advisor and committee member with several global non-governmental organisations. Ruth Kattumuri Ruth Kattumuri is Co-Director of the India Observatory (IO), a Distinguished Policy Fellow and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra The Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra (sometimes spelled in a Hindicised way as \"Vigyan Bhairav Tantra\") is a key Tantra text of the Trika school of Kashmir Shaivism in Sanskrit language. Cast as a discourse between the god Bhairava and his consort Bhairavi, it briefly presents 112 Tantric meditation methods or centering techniques (\"dharana\"). These include several variants of breath awareness, concentration on various centers in the body, non-dual awareness, Mantra chanting, imagination and visualization and contemplation through each of the senses. A prerequisite to success in any of the 112 practices is a clear understanding of which method is most suitable to the practitioner. The text is a chapter from the \"Rudrayamala Tantra\", a Bhairava Agama. Bhairavi, the goddess, asks Bhairava to reveal the essence of the way to realization of the highest reality. In his answer Bhairava describes 112 ways to enter into the universal and transcendental state of consciousness. References to it appear throughout the literature of Kashmir Shaivism, indicating that it was considered to be an important text in the monistic school of Kashmir Shaiva philosophy. Trika and Kashmiri Shaiva tradition names the Absolute Reality as Bhairava. Combination of three alphabets bha + ra + va form the word ‘’Bhairava”. Each of these three alphabets means three different acts of God. ‘bha’ means sustenance of the universe, ‘ra’ means dissolution of the universe and ‘va’ means manifestation of the universe. Vijnana Bhairava Tantra is the knowledge about the highest state of consciousness. It describes methods to merge the human consciousness with the divine consciousness or the individual consciousness with cosmic consciousness. The text appeared in 1918 in the Kashmir Series of Text and Studies (\"KSTS\"). The Kashmir Series published two volumes, one with a commentary in Sanskrit by Kshemaraja and Shivopadhyaya and the other with a commentary, called \"Kaumadi\", by Ananda Bhatta. In 1957, Paul Reps brought the text to wide attention by including an English translation in his popular book \"Zen Flesh, Zen Bones\". Reps' translation was the subject of a voluminous commentary by Osho. Several other translations and commentaries have since become available: Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra The Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra (sometimes spelled in a Hindicised way as \"Vigyan Bhairav Tantra\") is a key Tantra text of the Trika school of Kashmir Shaivism in Sanskrit language. Cast as a discourse between the god Bhairava and his consort Bhairavi, it briefly presents 112 Tantric meditation" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "7th Wonder \"7th Wonder\" (occasionally rendered as \"Seventh Wonder\") was the Maltese entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, performed in English by Ira Losco. The song is composed by Philip Vella and written by Gerard James Borg. The song is a dramatic ballad, with Losco singing about how she feels about \"the man\" - her lover. She begins by singing that she is waiting for him to put her \"under his spell\", and that she is very happy when he arrives at \"Seven o' five\". As she enjoys his company, she wonders what the basis of their love is, and whether he is in fact real in the first place. The title comes from her description of him as having \"the makings of my seventh wonder\". The song was performed twentieth on the night, following Turkey's Buket Bengisu and Group Sapphire with \"Leylaklar soldu kalbinde\" and preceding Romania's Monica Anghel and Marcel Pavel with \"Tell Me Why\". At the close of voting, it had received 164 points, placing 2nd in a field of 24. The result was Malta's best Eurovision finish at the time, although Chiara would equal it at the 2005 Contest. The score was also Malta's second-highest (Chiara having scored 165 in 1998) at the time, although it has subsequently become the country's third-highest score. To the joy of home audience, Malta had asked five highly popular Estonian singers to join Ira Losco on stage in Tallinn and provide backing vocals for her. They were Kaire Vilgats, Liisi Koikson, Dagmar Oja, Airi Allvee and Jelena Juzvik. It was succeeded as Maltese representative at the 2003 Contest by Lynn with \"To Dream Again\". 7th Wonder \"7th Wonder\" (occasionally rendered as \"Seventh Wonder\") was the Maltese entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, performed in English by Ira Losco." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Somerset County Vocational and Technical School District The Somerset County Vocational and Technical School District is a comprehensive vocational public school district serving the vocational and training needs of high school students in ninth through twelfth grades along with adults from Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 329 students and 56.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 5.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Somerset County Vocational and Technical High School is an accredited four-year high school located on an campus in Bridgewater Township (329 students in grades 9-12) Core members of the district's administration are: Somerset County Vocational and Technical School District The Somerset County Vocational and Technical School District is a comprehensive vocational public school district serving the vocational and training needs of high school students in ninth through twelfth grades along with adults from Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 329 students and 56.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis)," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sidney Municipal Airport (Ohio) Sidney City Airport , formerly known as Sidney Municipal Airport, is a city-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Sidney, a city in Shelby County, Ohio, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Sidney City Airport covers an area of 265 acres (107 ha) at an elevation of 1,044 feet (318 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 10/28 is 5,013 by 75 feet (1,528 x 23 m) and 5/23 is 2,981 by 50 feet (909 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending August 1, 2014, the airport had 20,500 aircraft operations, an average of 56 per day: 99% general aviation, 1% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 37 aircraft based at this airport: 87% single-engine, 8% jet, and 5% multi-engine. Sidney Municipal Airport (Ohio) Sidney City Airport , formerly known as Sidney Municipal Airport, is a city-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Sidney, a city in Shelby County, Ohio, United" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Arthur Pomeroy, 1st Viscount Harberton Arthur Pomeroy, 1st Viscount Harberton (16 January 1723 – 9/11 April 1798) was an Anglo-Irish politician. He was born in Cork, the eldest son of the Rev John Pomeroy, Archdeacon of Cork, and his wife Elizabeth Donnellan of Cloghan, County Roscommon. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for County Kildare from 1761 until he was raised to the Irish House of Lords as Baron Harberton in the Peerage of Ireland on 10 October 1783. He was further created Viscount Harberton on 5 July 1791. He married Mary Colley, daughter of Henry Colley of Castle Carbury, great uncle of the 1st Duke of Wellington, by his wife Lady Mary Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn. They had seven children, including Henry, 2nd Viscount, Arthur, 3rd Viscount and John, 4th Viscount Harberton. His youngest daughter, Mary, married Sir John Craven Carden, 1st Baronet of Templemore, County Tipperary. Another daughter, Henrietta, married James Hewitt, 2nd Viscount Lifford, but died after only two years of marriage. Two other children, George and Elizabeth, died unmarried. He was an ancestor of General George Colley (1835–81). Arthur Pomeroy, 1st Viscount Harberton Arthur" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Felipe Maíllo Salgado Felipe Maíllo Salgado (Born in Monforte de la Sierra, Salamanca in 1954). Philologist, historian and Spanish Novelist. Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Salamanca University, accredited as Professor by the Spanish University Council in 2008. Awarded the \"María de Maeztu\" prize to research excellence by Salamanca University, in 2010. He lived in several countries since his early teens: France, USA, Central America and Singapore. After working as a merchant seaman for many years he returned to Spain around the time of the Spanish transition to democracy. Graduated in Spanish Philology and Geography & History by Salamanca University (1978) and in Semitic Philology by University of Granada (1979), earning a doctorate in Spanish Philology at Salamanca University by 1981. Later he studied Arabic Language and Islamic Law at Cairo University (between 1983 and 1986). While teaching both at Salamanca University and at National University of Tres de Febrero in Buenos Aires, his research activities are centered in three different fields: 1- The study of Language as an essential tool for historical analysis. 2- The translation of historical sources, as well as other texts from Classical Arabic to Spanish. 3- Islamic Law. Starting in 1990 he entered the fiction field publishing since then five novels with the publishing house Editorial Cálamo (AKA Cálamo de Sumer) in Buenos Aires. Historical Discourse Analysis (Theoretical Methodological Lesson). Arabic Expressions in Castillian Spanish during the Late Middle Ages (Historical and Philological Considerations). Basic Vocabulary of Islamic History. Zamora and its People in Medieval Arabic Sources. Salamanca and its People in Arabic Sources (Critical Considerations concerning the Arab Domination, Population and the Frontier). Vocabulary of Arabic and Islamic History. Why did Al-Andalus Disappear?. The Extinction of Al-Andalus. Dictionary of Islamic Law. About Arab Historiography. About Arab conquest of Hispania. Imprecisions, mistakes and nonsense. Dictionary of Arabic and Islamic History. Through the East (Ibn Jubayr’s Rihla). Study, Translation, Notes and Indexes. Anonymous Chronicle of the Petty Kings. Study, Translation and Notes. The Fall of the Cordoba Caliphate and the Petty Kings (Al-Bayan al-Mugrib II by Ibn Idhari). Study, Translation, Notes and Indexes. The book of the Categories of Nations (Tabaqat al-umam by Said Al-Andalusi. Study, Translation, Notes and Indexes). Spain, Al-Andalus, Sefarad: Synthesis and New Perspectives. Diego of Guadix, Compilation of some Arabic Names that the Arabs put to some cities and many other things. José Tamayo y Velarde, \"Memoirs of captivity, Costumes, Rites and Governments of Berberia, As related by a 17th Century Jesuit.\" He is the author to the whole or part of the following Catalogues: The Jews and Science in the Spanish Peninsula during the Middle Ages. The Country of the Queen of Sheba. Treasures of Ancient Yemen. The Journey to the East of the Andalusian Ibn Jubayr. Relationships of the Peninsular Western Hispanic Kingdoms and the Maghreb during Medieval Times. He is an author whose novels have narrative strength and efficacy. “When I write, I try to make the story entertaining. My intention is not to shock people, regardless of how risqué is what I am putting across. If it makes you laugh or cry, like it or not, that is up to the reader. Simply, what I try to do is to tell a story that hooks you up, not to bore you”. The \"Trilogy of the Uprooted\", is a set of independent novels brought together by the common denominator of the uprootedness. \"Uncertain Defeats, or Uncertain Courses\", narrates about the long initiation of the main character. It deals really with a double journey: the outer journey with its adventures and the inner journey, of memory and reflection. It is the drifting of a marginal and vitalistic man, obsessed with the passage of time. He talks and thinks in first person, giving a certain intimate tone to the story. It is an adventure narration; a man losing his way with no direction and no God. In a tireless search for someone and its subsequent loss. The best about this novel is the dramatic progression, which enthralls the reader. \"The Impassive Silence of the Gods\", is a story of characters battered by life and circumstances, trying desperately to cling to somebody and settle down hoping to belong somewhere (The topic of solitude is a constant in this author). The ethics of the real life adventurer, an almost amoral being are predominant; even so, rude and vulgar words are dignified as they merge with easiness within the narration. It is a harsh novel, with intimate touches, specially when characters nostalgically recall better situations from past times or when, trapped by feelings in an existence with no way out, imagine and chase a final redeeming reward. \"Fabled Oblivion\", Thanks to an original structure with various intermingled genres, the author gives an account of an investigation about the life of a man who, due to the circumstances protects a defenseless elderly woman. Throughout the novel both lives are intertwined, in a narration filled with reflection and wanderings. This story is ultimately about the big topics of life, and therefore Love, Loneliness, Old age and Death are profusely discussed. In addition to the \"Trilogy of the Uprooted\", The author as published a novel called \"The Mornings of the Salamander\". It is a reflection of the History of Spain by means of a family saga spanning from the end of the 19th century to the first decade of the 21st century (great-grandparents, grandparents, parents, children and grandchildren). It is a collection of the ups and downs of its members, happening both in the mountains and in the city, as well as social and generational changes taking place in the country during the century. The tale is presented in two planes: one set in the present and the other in the past. Past and present unfold thanks to the parade of characters from different generations, fusing with as time passes by. In the meantime the reflections of a hundred-year-old man act as a chorus. The action takes place alternating the city with the hamlet. In certain passages an omniscient narrator whose voice joins with that of the characters, which adds to the variety of the different points of view. It is the story of a middle age sailor desperatedly fighting against the unfolding events of his existence. During this work, the word \"nothing\" becomes a recurring theme, implying to the reader the futility of making efforts to revert destiny. The author displays throughout the whole work a wide variety of uses of the first person while the main character reflects on life. Felipe Maíllo Salgado Felipe Maíllo Salgado (Born in Monforte de la Sierra, Salamanca in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "# \| Title \| Director \| Writer \| Original air date \n---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| \"Frankie\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nAfter confessing his feelings to Evie, Dylan has a flashback to a disastrous weekend camping with Frankie (Antonia Clarke) six months ago. \n\| \"Agata\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nIn the present, Dylan begins seeing Abigail. In a flashback to six and a half years ago, Dylan first meets Evie at a house party with his German girlfriend Agata (Katrine De Candole) who does not speak a word of English. Meanwhile, Luke's girlfriend Jo (Laura Aikman) breaks up with him shortly before he is about to propose to her. \n\| \"Amy\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nIn a flashback to six years ago, Dylan sleeps with Amy (Jade Ogugua) before subsequently finding out that she is Evie's sister. In the present, Angus' friends encourage him to start dating, while Luke struggles with his feelings after learning of Phoebe's death. \n\| \"Liv\" \| Elliott Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nIn a flashback to three and a half years, Angus and Helen are at each other's throats while checking out the potential hotel for the wedding with Dylan, Evie, and Luke. Meanwhile, Dylan struggles to communicate with his girlfriend Liv. In the present, Luke starts to discuss his problems with Cleo, who is now a therapist. \n5 \| \"Isabel\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nIn a flashback to two and a half years ago, Evie, Dylan and Luke attend a drunken awards ceremony, with Luke determined to beat Jonno to an award in order to impress his boss Alexander (David Westhead) and to keep his friends jobs. Meanwhile, Evie drunkenly kisses Dylan, who engages with workaholic Isabel (Jenny Bede). \n6 \| \"Emma\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nIn a flashback to fifteen months ago, Dylan finds himself conflicted between his girlfriend Emma (Cassie Layton), and his co-worker Cara (Sara Vickers) on Valentine's Day. Meanwhile, Luke struggles with his feelings when he meets Jo, and Evie makes a mistake when cooking a birthday meal for Mal. In the present, Luke continues to discuss his feelings with Cleo, while Abigail moves into her new apartment, and keeps a drawer for Dylan's clothes \n7 \| \"Jonesy?\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge, Ed Macdonald & Andy Baker \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nDylan meets with Jonesy (Yasmine Akram) in the present, who claims to have not slept with him. In a flashback to three months before, Dylan meets Jonesy during a night out. After going to a strip club, Angus sleeps with a stripper named Holly (Klariza Clayton). Meanwhile, Evie struggles with her feelings after Mal's parents inform her that the wedding won't be in her preferred location. \n8 \| \"Abigail (Again)\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17) \nThe episode flashes back and forth between the present and the previous night where Angus is celebrating his divorce. During the celebration, Abigail learns that Dylan has slept with Evie. Holly locates Angus, and tells him she is pregnant with his baby. Angus announces their engagement to everyone. In the present, Dylan finds an upset Abigail, while Evie confesses her feelings for Dylan to Luke. \n Lovesick \n--- \nGenre \| Sitcom \nCreated by \| Tom Edge \nWritten by \| Tom Edge \nDirected by \| Elliot Hegarty Gordon Anderson \nStarring \| Johnny Flynn Antonia Thomas Daniel Ings \nCountry of origin \| United Kingdom \nOriginal language (s) \| English \nNo. of series \| \nNo. of episodes \| 14 (list of episodes) \nProduction \nExecutive producer (s) \| Murray Ferguson Andy Baker Ed Macdonald Tom Edge \nProducer (s) \| Charlie Leech \nRunning time \| 21–27 minutes \nProduction company (s) \| Clerkenwell Films \nRelease \nOriginal network \| Channel 4 (2014) Netflix (2016–present) \nPicture format \| HDTV 1080i \nAudio format \| Stereo \nOriginal release \| 2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)–present \nExternal links \nWebsite \| www.netflix.com/title/80041601 \nProduction website \| www.clerkenwellfilms.com/scrotal-recall/ \n # \| Title \| Director \| Writer \| Original air date \n---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| \"Abigail\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 2 October 2014 (2014-10-02) \nDylan (Johnny Flynn) must contact all the girls he has ever slept with to inform them that he has chlamydia. He casts his mind back three years ago to Abigail (Hannah Britland), the first girl on his alphabetical list of exes, whom he met at Angus's (Joshua McGuire) wedding. A flashback reveals a defining moment he'd previously tried to forget. Dylan attended the wedding with Jane, who breaks up with him. \n\| \"Anna\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 9 October 2014 (2014-10-09) \nIn a flashback to 18 months ago, Luke (Daniel Ings) is enjoying the best sex of his life with psychology student Cleo (Riann Steele), but he's keen to avoid deep conversation in case she realises that he is actually quite shallow. When Dylan gets dragged along on their date he takes a shine to mature student Anna (Nikki Amuka-Bird). To Luke's dismay, Dylan invites the girls over for a proper dinner party where he hopes to impress. \n\| \"Cressida\" \| Elliot Hegarty \| Tom Edge \| 16 October 2014 (2014-10-16) \nIn a flashback to 10 months earlier, Luke drags Dylan and Evie (Antonia Thomas) to a posh party in the country. Luke is desperate to sleep with childhood crush Ilona McLeod (Cara Theobold), who holds a prominent position on his' things to do before I die' list. Meanwhile, a bored Dylan and Evie amuse themselves by attempting some of the unchecked items on Luke's bucket list, with disastrous and unexpected results, including a liaison between Dylan and Evie. \n\| \"Jane\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 23 October 2014 (2014-10-23) \nIn a flashback to three years and one month ago, it's Evie's birthday and she plans to tell Dylan about her feelings for him over a quiet meal, but before she has a chance, all their friends jump out to surprise her, including Dylan's new girlfriend Jane (Jessica Ellerby) and Jonno (Stephen Wight), a horribly incompatible date that Luke has brought along for Evie. \n5 \| \"Bethany\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 30 October 2014 (2014-10-30) \nIn a flashback to four years ago, Dylan has been seeing Bethany (Rosalie Craig) for several months, but when she invites her protective big brother over to dinner a terrifying thought occurs to him that he has fallen into a serious relationship with her. Meanwhile, Luke drags Evie away from a photo assignment to a work bowling night in order to find out why his new boss Diana (Clare Wille) has turned all the women in the office against him. \n6 \| \"Phoebe\" \| Gordon Anderson \| Tom Edge \| 6 November 2014 (2014-11-06) \nDylan sets about tracking down Phoebe (Susannah Fielding) who hasn't returned any of his messages. This prompts a flashback to five years ago when the gang are at a pub quiz, when Evie was dating Angus, but is planning to break up with him. Dylan is dating Phoebe, but they break up. In the present, things take an unexpected turn for everyone. \n The show revolves around a group of English friends living in Scotland and their romantic lives. Dylan (Johnny Flynn) is diagnosed with chlamydia and must contact all of his previous sexual partners to inform them that he has the disease. Dylan's best friends are Luke (Daniel Ings), and Evie (Antonia Thomas), who for years has harboured a secret crush on Dylan but has now moved on and has become recently engaged. The majority of each episode of the show is told through a flashback, showing Dylan's encounters with a number of women, as well as the changes his friends go through.", "The show revolves around a group of English friends living in Scotland and their romantic lives. Dylan (Johnny Flynn) is diagnosed with chlamydia and must contact all of his previous sexual partners to inform them that he has the disease. Dylan's best friends are Luke (Daniel Ings), and Evie (Antonia Thomas), who for years has harboured a secret crush on Dylan but has now moved on and has become recently engaged. The majority of each episode of the show is told through a flashback, showing Dylan's encounters with a number of women, as well as the changes his friends go through. \n The first series was made available on Netflix in the United States in April 2015 and was billed as a \"Netflix Original\". The show found enough success on the site that Netflix went on to commission a second series of 8 episodes, without Channel 4's involvement, which was made available globally on the streaming network in November 2016. The series is filmed in Glasgow. After its transfer from Channel 4 to Netflix, the show was renamed from Scrotal Recall to Lovesick. Antonia Thomas (Evie) noted that while the former name technically made sense, it completely mis-sold the tone of the show. Thomas admitted to being pleased with the name change, and noted that the second series would continue to follow the same format as the first, but would go into more depth. \n Lovesick (formerly known as Scrotal Recall) is a British sitcom created by Tom Edge which was first broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2014. A second series was released on Netflix globally on 17 November 2016. The show has been renewed for a third series, which will be released on January 1, 2018. \n * Johnny Flynn as Dylan Witter, the protagonist of the show. He is a vaguely inept romantic who goes from one casual relationship to another, usually expecting more than there is to offer. He works in landscaping, as a garden designer. \n * Antonia Thomas as Evie Douglas, Dylan's best friend. She is barbed, sarcastic and usually single. She appears to have underlying feelings for Dylan, although these are confused by the situation between them. \n * Daniel Ings as Luke Curran, a friend and flatmate of Dylan. He is feckless, irresponsible and shallow. In season 2 we learn he works for an app developer. \n * Joshua McGuire as Angus, the henpecked friend of the group. (season 2, recurring season 1) \n * Hannah Britland as Abigail, the barmaid at Angus and Helen's wedding, and one of Dylan's former lovers. After he contacts her to inform her of his diagnosis they resume their casual relationship. (season 2, recurring season 1) \n * Richard Thomson as Mal, Evie's fiance. (season 2, recurring season 1)", "* Riann Steele as Cleo, a short-term girlfriend of Luke's, who goes on to become his therapist. \n * Laura Aikman as Jo, Luke's ex-girlfriend whose break-up with him deeply affected him. \n * Klariza Clayton as Holly, a stripper who sleeps with Angus. \n * Stephen Wight as Jonno, one of Luke's former co-worker. \n * Jessica Ellerby as Jane, a short-term, sexually permissive former girlfriend of Dylan's three and a half years before his diagnosis. \n * Aimee Parkes as Helen, the domineering wife of Angus. She is abrupt and aggressive or as Luke describes her:' absolutely fucking terrifying' . \n\n\n Paste Magazine said \"This honest approach is refreshing in a world of sitcoms focusing on wealthy lads and ladies moving from their college dorms straight into Manhattan lofts and prosperous careers. Lovesick is all about keeping it real.\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jaffa Light Jaffa Light () is a lighthouse in Jaffa, Israel. It is located on a hilltop above the old Jaffa Port. It operated between 1865 and 1966, although it is still used as a daylight navigation aid. Jaffa Light was built by French engineers in 1865. It was built as part of operations carried out by the Ottoman authorities to improve the port facilities, mainly due to the increase in export of citrus fruit, and especially oranges, the well known \"Jaffa oranges\". In 1936 the British expanded the port and rebuilt the lighthouse. In 1965 Port of Ashdod was built, replacing Jaffa Port. In 1966 the crystal glass was taken to be used in the Ashdod Light, and the lighthouse was shut down. Jaffa Port become a small craft port. The lighthouse keeper from 1875 was an Armenian who came from Jerusalem. He was trained by the same French company who built the lighthouse. Around 1938 his son was trained by the same French company and replaced him, probably as result of the lighthouse being rebuilt. His grandson, Abu George, was the \"technician\", responsible for keeping the lamp lit. The son was the official keeper until the lighthouse was shut down in 1966. The lamp on the 1936 lighthouse was a Carbide lamp. The lighthouse appeared on a stamp issued on 26 November 2009 in Israel. Jaffa Light Jaffa Light () is a lighthouse in Jaffa, Israel. It is located on a hilltop above the old Jaffa Port. It operated between 1865 and 1966, although it is still used as a daylight navigation aid. Jaffa Light was built by French engineers in 1865. It was built as part of operations carried out by the Ottoman authorities to improve the port facilities, mainly due to the increase in export of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "On 18 June 2012, Samsung announced that the S III would have a version with enterprise software under the company's Samsung Approved For Enterprise (SAFE) program, an initiative facilitating the use of its devices for \"bring your own device\" scenarios in workplace environments. The enterprise S III version would support AES-256 bit encryption, VPN and Mobile Device Management functionality, and Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync. It was scheduled to be released in the United States in July 2012. The enterprise version was expected to penetrate the business market dominated by Research in Motion's BlackBerry, following the release of similar enterprise versions of the Galaxy Note, Galaxy S II and the Galaxy Tab line of tablet computers. \n In April 2014, following the release of its new flagship, the Galaxy S5, Samsung released a refreshed version called the \"Galaxy S3 Neo\", which has a quad-core Snapdragon 400 processor clocked either at 1.2 or 1.4 GHz. It has 1.5 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage and ships with Android 4.4.4 \"KitKat\". \n Because of overwhelming demand and a manufacturing problem with the blue variant of the phone, there was an extensive shortage of the S III, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, the S III was well-received commercially and critically, with some technology commentators touting it as the \"iPhone killer\". In September 2012, TechRadar ranked it as the No. 1 handset in its constantly updated list of the 20 best mobile phones, while Stuff magazine likewise ranked it at No. 1 in its list of 10 best smartphones in May 2012. The handset also won the \"European Mobile Phone of 2012–13\" award from the European Imaging and Sound Association, as well as T3 magazine's \"Phone of the Year\" award for 2012. It played a major role in boosting Samsung's record operating profit during the second quarter of 2012. As of November 2012, the S III is part of a high-profile lawsuit between Samsung and Apple. In November 2012, research firm Strategy Analytics announced that the S III had overtaken Apple's iPhone 4S to become the world's best-selling smartphone model in Q3 2012. \n The S III can access and play traditional media formats such as music, movies, TV programs, audiobooks, and podcasts, and can sort its media library alphabetically by song title, artist, album, playlist, folder, and genre. One notable feature of the S III's music player is Music Square, which analyses a song's intensity and ranks the song by mood so that the user can play songs according to their current emotional state. The device also introduced Music Hub, an online music store powered by 7digital with a catalogue of over 19 million songs. \n After inviting reporters in mid-April, Samsung launched the Galaxy S III during the Samsung Mobile Unpacked 2012 event at Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, United Kingdom, on 3 May 2012, instead of unveiling their products earlier in the year during either the World Mobile Congress or Consumer Electronics Show (CES). One explanation for this decision is that Samsung wanted to minimize the time between its launch and availability. The keynote address of the hour-long event was delivered by Loesje De Vriese, Marketing Director of Samsung Belgium. \n Design work on the S III started in late 2010 under the supervision of Chang Dong-hoon, Samsung's Vice President and Head of the Design Group of Samsung Electronics. From the start, the design group concentrated on a trend which Samsung dubs \"organic\", which suggests that a prospective design should reflect natural elements such as the flow of water and wind. Some of the results of this design were the curved outline of the phone and its home screen's \"Water Lux\" effect, where taps and slides produce water ripples. \n In addition to the 4.8-inch (120 mm) touchscreen, the S III has several physical user inputs, including a home button located below the screen, a volume key on the left side and a power/lock key on the right. At the top there is a 3.5-millimetre (0.14 in) headphone jack and one of the two microphones on the S III; the other is located below the home button. The S III is advertised as having an MHL port that can be used both as a micro-USB On-The-Go port, and for connecting the phone to HDMI devices. However, a retailer later discovered that Samsung had made a modification to the electronics of the port such that only the adapter made specifically for this model by Samsung could be used. \n Model \| GT-I9300 (T) \| GT-I9305 (N/T) \| SHV-E210K/L/S \| SGH-T999/L (v) \| SGH-I747 (m) \| SGH-N064 (SC-06D) \| SGH-N035 (SC-03E) \| SCH-J021 (SCL21) \| SCH-R530 \| SCH-I535 \| SCH-S960L \| SCH-S968C \| GT-I9308 \| SCH-I939 \| GT-I9301I (Galaxy S III Neo) \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nCountries \| International \| South Korea \| Canada, United States \| Japan \| United States \| China \| China, Taiwan \| International \nCarriers \| International \| International (LTE) \| KT, LG U+, SK Telecom \| Mobilicity, T-Mobile, MetroPCS, Wind, Videotron \| AT&T;, Bell, Rogers, Telus, Koodo, SaskTel, Virgin, Fido \| NTT DoCoMo \| au \| Cricket Wireless, U.S. Cellular, MetroPCS \| Verizon \| Sprint, Straight Talk, Net 10, \| Straight Talk \| China Mobile \| China Telecom \| International \n2G \| 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE \| 850, 1900 MHz CDMA \| 800, 850, 1900 MHz CDMA \| ? \| 900, 1800, 1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE \| 800, 1900 MHz CDMA900, 1800, 1,900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE \| 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE \n3G \| 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+CDMA/EVDO Rev-A/Rev-B \| WCDMA 850, 900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+ \| 850, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+CDMA/EVDO Rev-A/Rev-B \| 850, AWS (Band IV), 1900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+/ DC-HSPA+ \| 850, 1900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+ \| 800, 1700 (Band IX), 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+ \| CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev-A 800 MHz, 2100 MHz \| CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev-A \| 850/1900 MHz EVDO \| 1880, 2010 MHz TD-SCDMA \| CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev-A 2100 MHz WCDMA \| 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA+ \n4G LTE \| No \| GT-I9305:800, 1800, 2600 MHz GT-I9305N:900, 1800, 2600 MHz GT-I9305T:1800, 2600 MHz \| SHV-E210K:900, 1800 MHz SHV-E210L:850, 2100 MHz SHV-E210S:800 MHz \| T999L Model Only:700 (Band 17) 1700 (Band 4) MHz \| 700 (Band 17), 1700 (AWS) MHz \| 2100 MHz \| 1500 (Band 11), 800 (Band 18) \| 700 (Band 12), 1700 (AWS) MHz \| 700 (Band 13) MHz \| 1900 (Band 25) MHz \| No \nMax network speed \| 21 Mbit/s HSPA+ \| 100 Mbit/s LTE \| 42 Mbit/s DC-HSPA+T999L Model Only:100 Mbit/s LTE \| 100 Mbit/s LTE \| 75 Mbit/s LTE \| 100 Mbit/s LTE \| 75 Mbit/s LTE \| 100 Mbit/s LTE \| N/A \| 2.8 Mbit/s TD HSDPA \| N/A \| 21 Mbit/s HSPA+ \nBroadcast receiver \| FM radio \| No \| T-DMB \| No \| 1seg \| \| FM radio \nDimensions \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 9.0 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.35 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.7 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 137 mm × 71 mm × 9 mm (5.39 in × 2.80 in × 0.35 in) \| 139 mm × 71 mm × 9.4 mm (5.47 in × 2.80 in × 0.37 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.7 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.99 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.35 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \nWeight \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 138.5 g (4.89 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 139 g (4.9 oz) \| 141 g (5.0 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 141 g (5.0 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz)", "Broadcast receiver \| FM radio \| No \| T-DMB \| No \| 1seg \| \| FM radio \nDimensions \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 9.0 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.35 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.7 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 137 mm × 71 mm × 9 mm (5.39 in × 2.80 in × 0.35 in) \| 139 mm × 71 mm × 9.4 mm (5.47 in × 2.80 in × 0.37 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.7 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.99 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.35 in) \| 136.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 8.6 mm (5.38 in × 2.78 in × 0.34 in) \nWeight \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 138.5 g (4.89 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 139 g (4.9 oz) \| 141 g (5.0 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \| 141 g (5.0 oz) \| 133 g (4.7 oz) \nOperating system \| Android 4.0.4 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface \| Android 4.1.1 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface (OTA upgrade to 4.3 available, and now shipping with 4.4.4) \| Android 4.0.4 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface \| Android 4.1.1 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface \| Android 4.0.4 (or Android 4.1.2 on Straight Talk), with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface (OTA upgrade to 4.3 available, and now shipping with 4.3) \| Android 4.0.4 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX\" graphical user interface \| Android 4.4.2 with TouchWiz \"Nature UX 2.0\" graphical user interface \nSoC \| Samsung Exynos 4 Quad (Exynos 4412) \| Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Mallepally \| Samsung Exynos 4 Quad (Exynos 4412) \| Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 MSM8960 \| Samsung Exynos 4 Quad (Exynos 4412) \| Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 MSM8228 \nCPU \| 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 \| 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm Krait \| 1.6 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 \| 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm Krait \| 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 \| 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 \nGPU \| ARM Mali-400 MP4 \| Qualcomm Adreno 225 \| ARM Mali-400 MP4 \| Qualcomm Adreno 225 \| ARM Mali-400 MP4 \| Qualcomm Adreno 305 \nRAM \| 1 GB \| 2 GB \| 1 GB \| 1.5 GB \nStorage \| 16/32/64 GB \| 16/32 GB \| 16/32/64 GB \| 16/32 GB \| 32 GB \| 16/32 GB \| 16 GB \n Samsung estimated that by the end of July 2012, the S III would have been released by 296 carriers in 145 countries, and that more than 10 million handsets would have been sold. Shin Jong-kyun, president of Samsung's mobile communications sector, announced on 22 July that sales had exceeded 10 million. According to an assessment by Swiss financial services company UBS, Samsung had shipped 5–6 million units of the phone in the second quarter of 2012 and would ship 10–12 million handsets per quarter throughout the rest of the year. An even more aggressive prediction by Paris-based banking group BNP Paribas said 15 million units will be shipped in the third quarter of 2012, while Japanese financial consultant company Nomura placed the figure for this quarter as high as 18 million. Sales of the S III were estimated to top 40 million by the end of the year. To meet demand, Samsung had hired 75,000 workers, and its South Korean factory was running at its peak capacity of 5 million smartphone units per month. \n Following the launch of the Galaxy S4 in June 2013, Samsung was reportedly retiring the phone earlier than planned because of low sales numbers and to streamline manufacturing operations. \n In October 2013, Samsung acknowledged swelling and overheating issues with the Li-ion batteries in many S III phones, and offered replacement batteries for affected devices. \n According to an anonymous Samsung official speaking to the Korea Economic Daily, the S III received more than 9 million pre-orders from 100 carriers during the two weeks following its London unveiling, making it the fastest-selling gadget in history. In comparison, the iPhone 4S received 4 million pre-orders prior to its launch, while Samsung's previous flagship phone, the S II, had 10 million handsets shipped within five months. Within a month of the London unveiling, auction and shopping website eBay noted a 119-percent increase in second-hand Android phone sales. According to an eBay spokesperson, this was \"the first time anything other than an Apple product has sparked such a selling frenzy.\" \n The Samsung Galaxy S III (or Galaxy S3) is a multi-touch, slate-format smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics that runs the Android OS by Google. Launched in 2012, it had sold about 70 million units by 2015. \n Following an 18-month development phase, Samsung unveiled the S III on 3 May 2012. The device was released in 28 European and Middle Eastern countries on 29 May 2012, before being progressively released in other major markets in June 2012. Prior to release, 9 million pre-orders were placed by more than 100 carriers globally. The S III was released by approximately 300 carriers in nearly 150 countries at the end of July 2012. More than 20 million units of the S III were sold within the first 100 days of release and more than 50 million until April 2013. \n The S III initially shipped with Android version 4.0.4, named \"Ice Cream Sandwich\", which became commercially available in March 2012 with the Nexus S and Galaxy Nexus. Ice Cream Sandwich has a refined user interface, and expanded camera capabilities, security features and connectivity. In mid-June 2012, Google unveiled Android 4.1 \"Jelly Bean\", which employs Google Now, a voice-assistant similar to S Voice, and incorporates other software changes. Samsung accommodated Jelly Bean in the S III by making last-minute hardware changes to the phone in some markets. Jelly Bean updates began rolling out to S IIIs in selected European countries, and to the T-Mobile in the United States in November 2012. Samsung started pushing Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean to the international version of the S III in December 2012. In December 2013, Samsung began rolling out Android 4.3 for the S III, adding user interface features back ported from the Galaxy S4, and support for the Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch. In March 2014, Samsung started the rollout of 4.4.2 KitKat for the 2 GB variant of the S III. \n The S III comes in two distinct variations that differ primarily in the internal hardware. The international S III version has Samsung's Exynos 4 Quad system on a chip (SoC) containing a 1.4 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 central processing unit (CPU) and an ARM Mali-400 MP graphics processing unit (GPU). According to Samsung, the Exynos 4 Quad doubles the performance of the Exynos 4 Dual used on the S II, while using 20 percent less power. Samsung had also released several 4G LTE versions–4G facilitates higher-speed mobile connection compared to 3G–in selected countries to exploit the corresponding communications infrastructures that exist in those markets. Most of these versions use Qualcomm's Snapdragon S4 SoC featuring a dual-core 1.5 GHz Krait CPU and an Adreno 225 GPU. The South Korean and Australian versions are a hybrid of the international and 4G-capable versions. \n The S III was the first Android phone to have a higher launch price than the iPhone 4S when the Apple product was released in 2011. With the S III, Tim Weber, business editor of the BBC, observed, \"With the new Galaxy S3 they (Samsung) have clearly managed to move to the front of the smartphone field, ahead of mighty Apple itself.\"", "The S III was the first Android phone to have a higher launch price than the iPhone 4S when the Apple product was released in 2011. With the S III, Tim Weber, business editor of the BBC, observed, \"With the new Galaxy S3 they (Samsung) have clearly managed to move to the front of the smartphone field, ahead of mighty Apple itself.\" \n Conversely, reviewers have opined on the design and feel of phone, calling its polycarbonate shell \"cheap\" and having a \"slippery feel\". The S Voice was described as \"not optimised\" and \"more rigid than Siri\" with its poor voice-recognition accuracy, with instances when it would not respond at all. Another usage problem was a microphone malfunction that resulted in difficulty communicating during a call. Reviewers have noted the somewhat abrupt auto-adjustment of display brightness, which tends to under-illuminate the screen; however, it has twice the battery life compared to the HTC handset, achieved partly through the dim display. Others say the numerous pre-installed apps make the S III feel \"bloated\". \n It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique from its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S II. The \"S III\" employs an intelligent personal assistant (S Voice), eye-tracking ability, and increased storage. Although a wireless charging option was announced, it never came to fruition. However there are third party kits which add support for wireless charging. Depending on country, the 4.8-inch (120 mm) smartphone comes with different processors and RAM capacity, and 4G LTE support. The device was launched with Android 4.0.4 \"Ice Cream Sandwich\", was updated to Android 4.3 \"Jelly Bean\", and can be updated to Android 4.4 \"KitKat\" on variants with 2 GB of RAM. The phone's successor, the Samsung Galaxy S4, was announced on 14 March 2013 and was released the following month. \n Samsung Galaxy S III \n--- \nGalaxy S III in white \nCodename \| 572489579 \nManufacturer \| Samsung Electronics \nSlogan \| \"Designed for humans, inspired by nature\" \nSeries \| Galaxy S \nCompatible networks \|", "2G GSM/GPRS/EDGE:850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz 3G UMTS/CDMA2000/HSPA+:850, 900, 1700, 1800 (Korean Pcs LG U+), 1900, 2100 MHz \n\n4G LTE:700, 800, 850, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2500, 2600 MHz TD-SCDMA (China Mobile Variant) \nFirst released \| May 29, 2012; 5 years ago (2012-05-29) \nAvailability by country \| 145 countries (July 2012) \nUnits sold \| 9 million orders before release; 70 million total (as of 2015) \nPredecessor \| Samsung Galaxy S II \nSuccessor \| Samsung Galaxy S4 \nRelated \| Samsung Galaxy Note II Samsung Galaxy S III Neo Samsung Galaxy S III Mini Samsung ATIV S \nType \| Touchscreen smartphone \nForm factor \| Slate \nDimensions \| 136.6 mm (5.38 in) H 70.6 mm (2.78 in) W 8.6 mm (0.34 in) (9.0 mm ( 0.35 in) on S. Korea model ) D \nWeight \| 133 g (4.69 oz) \nOperating system \| \n\nOriginal:Android 4.0.4 \"Ice Cream Sandwich\" Current:Android 4.3 \"Jelly Bean\", Android 4.4 \"KitKat\" (2 GB RAM variants and GT-I9301I Neo only) \n\n * Up to Android 7.1.2 \"Nougat\" with LineageOS \n\n \nSystem on chip \| Samsung Exynos 4 Quad (GT-I9300) Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 MSM8960 (U.S & Canada & Japan variants) Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 MSM8228 (GT-I9301I Neo) \nCPU \| 1.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A9 (GT-I9300) 1.3 GHz dual-core Krait (U.S. & Canada & Japan variants) 1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (GT-I9301I Neo) \nGPU \| Mali-400 MP4 (GT-I9300) Adreno 225 (U.S. & Canada & Japan variants) Adreno 305 (GT-I9301I Neo) \nMemory \| 1 GB RAM (international version) 2 GB RAM (LTE versions, selected markets) 1.5 GB RAM (GT-I9301I Neo) \nStorage \| 16, 32, or 64 GB flash memory \nBattery \| 2,100 mAh, 7.98 Wh, 3.8 V Li-ion User replaceable \nData inputs \| List (show) \n\n * Multi-touch capacitive touchscreen \n * 3 push buttons \n * aGPS \n * GLONASS \n * Barometer \n * Gyroscope \n * Accelerometer \n * Digital compass \n\n \nDisplay \| \n\n4.8 in (120 mm) HD Super AMOLED (720 × 1280) \n\nList (show) \n\n * 4.8 in (120 mm) diagonal with 16:9 aspect ratio widescreen \n * HD Super AMOLED touchscreen \n * 720 × 1280 pixels (306 ppi) and RGBG-Matrix (PenTile) \n * Contrast ratio:infinite (nominal)/3.419:1 (sunlight) \n * 16M colors \n\n \nRear camera \| \n\n8 megapixel \n\nList (show) \n\n * 8.0 megapixels back-side illuminated sensor \n * LED flash \n * HD video (1080p) at 30 frames/s \n * Aperture f/2.6 \n * Autofocus \n * Zero shutter lag \n * Simultaneous HD video and image recording \n * Smile and face detection \n\n \nFront camera \| 1.9 megapixels Zero shutter lag HD video (720p) at 30 frames/s \nConnectivity \| List (show) \n\n * 3.5 mm TRRS \n * Bluetooth 4.0 \n * DLNA \n * Micro-USB On-The-Go with MHL link \n * Miracast \n * NFC \n * Samsung Kies \n * Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n) \n * Wi-Fi Direct \n\n \nOther \| List (show) \n\n * Wi-Fi hotspot, AllShare, Damage-resistant Gorilla Glass 2 \n * Online services Google Play, GALAXY Apps \n\n \nDevelopment status \| Discontinued \nSAR \| \n\n * Int'l version:0.490 W/kg 1 g (head) 1.02 W/kg 1 g (body) 1.02 W/kg 1 g (hotspot) \n * U.S. version:0.55 W/kg (head) 1.49 W/kg (body)", "The S III has a plastic chassis measuring 136.6 mm (5.38 in) long, 70.7 mm (2.78 in) wide, and 8.6 mm (0.34 in) thick, with the device weighing 133 grams (4.7 oz). Samsung abandoned the rectangular design of the Galaxy S and Galaxy S II, and instead incorporated round corners and curved edges, reminiscent of the Galaxy Nexus. The device has been available in several color options:white, black, grey, blue-grey, red, and brown. A \"Garnet Red\" model was made available exclusively to US carrier AT&T; on 15 July 2012. \n A separate \"Developer Edition\" of the S III was made available from Samsung's Developer Portal. It came with an unlockable bootloader to allow the user to modify the phone's software. \n Apart from S Voice, Samsung has directed the bulk of the S III's marketing campaign towards the device's \"smart\" features, which facilitate improved human-device interactivity. These features include:\"Direct Call\", or the handset's ability to recognise when a user wants to talk to somebody instead of messaging them, if they bring the phone to their head; \"Social Tag\", a function that identifies and tags people in a photo and shares photos with them; and \"Pop Up Play\", which allows a video and other applications to occupy the screen at the same time. In addition, the S III can beam its screen to a monitor or be used as a remote controller (AllShare Cast and Play) and share photos with people who are tagged in them (Buddy Photo Share). \n As of mid-2013, two S III explosions were reported. The first involved a man from Ireland, while the more recent incident occurred when a Swiss teenager was left with second and third degree burns in her thigh caused by her phone's explosion. \n A manufacturing flaw resulted in a large portion of the new smartphones having irregularities with the \"hyper-glazing\" process. The mistake caused an undesirable finish on the blue back covers and resulted in the disposal of up to 600,000 plastic casings and a shortage of the blue model. The issue was later resolved; however, Reuters estimated that the shortage had cost Samsung two million S III sales during its first month of release. \n On 5 June 2012, Apple filed for preliminary injunctions in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against Samsung Electronics, claiming the S III had violated at least two of the company's patents. Apple requested that the court include the phone in its existing legal battle against Samsung (see Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.), and ban sales of the S III prior to its scheduled 21 June 2012 US launch. Apple claimed the alleged infringements would \"cause immediate and irreparable harm\" to its commercial interest. Samsung responded by declaring it would \"vigorously oppose the request and demonstrate to the court that the Galaxy S3 (sic) is innovative and distinctive\", and reassured the public that 21 June release would proceed as planned. On 11 June, Judge Lucy Koh said that Apple's claim would overload her work schedule, as she would also be overseeing the trial of Samsung's other devices; consequently, Apple dropped its request to block 21 June release of the S III. \n In mid-July 2012, Samsung removed the universal search feature on Sprint and AT&T; S III phones with over-the-air (OTA) software updates to disable the local search function as a \"precautionary measure\" prior to its patent court trial with Apple, which began on 30 July 2012. Although Apple won the trial, the S III experienced a sales spike because of the public's belief that the phone would be banned. On 31 August 2012, Apple asked the same federal court to add the S III into its existing complaint, believing the device has violated its patents. Samsung countered with the statement:\"Apple continues to resort to litigation over market competition in an effort to limit consumer choice.\" \n The reception of the S III has been particularly positive. Critics noted the phone's blend of features, such as its S Voice application, display, processing speed, and dimensions as having an edge over its competition, the Apple iPhone 4S and HTC One X. Vlad Savov of The Verge declared it a \"technological triumph\", while Natasha Lomas of CNET UK lauded the phone's \"impossibly slim and light casing and a quad-core engine\", calling it the \"Ferrari of Android phones\", a sentiment affirmed (\"a prince among Android phones\") by Dave Oliver of Wired UK and (\"king of Android\") Esat Dedezade of Stuff magazine. Gareth Beavis of TechRadar noted that the S III is \"all about faster, smarter and being more minimal than ever before while keeping the spec list at the bleeding edge of technology.\" Matt Warman of The Daily Telegraph said, \"On spending just a short time with the S3, I'm confident in saying that it's a worthy successor to the globally popular S2\". \n The S III's Li-ion 2,100 mAh battery is said to have a 790-hour standby time or 11 hours of talk time on 3G, compared to 900 hours in standby and 21 hours of talk time on 2G. Built into the battery is near field communication (NFC) connectivity, which allows users to share map directions and YouTube videos quickly using Wi-Fi Direct (through Android Beam), and perform non-touch payments at shops that employ specially equipped NFC cash registers. The battery can be wirelessly charged using a special charging pad (sold separately) that utilizes magnetic resonance to produce a magnetic field through which electricity could be transferred. \n The S III is powered by Android, a Linux-based, open source mobile operating system developed by Google and introduced commercially in 2008. Among other features, the software allows users to maintain customized home screens which can contain shortcuts to applications and widgets for displaying information. Four shortcuts to frequently used applications can be stored on a dock at the bottom of the screen; the button in the center of the dock opens the application drawer, which displays a menu containing all of the apps installed on the device. A tray accessed by dragging from the top of the screen allows users to view notifications received from other apps, and contains toggle switches for commonly used functions. Pre-loaded apps also provide access to Google's various services. The S III uses Samsung's proprietary TouchWiz graphical user interface (GUI). The \"Nature\" version used by the S III has a more \"organic\" feel than previous versions, and contains more interactive elements such as a water ripple effect on the lock screen. To complement the TouchWiz interface, and as a response to Apple's Siri, the phone introduces S Voice, Samsung's intelligent personal assistant. S Voice can recognize eight languages including English, Korean, Italian and French. Based on Vlingo, S Voice enables the user to verbally control 20 functions such as playing a song, setting the alarm, or activating driving mode; it relies on Wolfram Alpha for online searches. \n CNET TV torture-tested an S III by cooling it to 24 ° F (− 4 ° C), placing it in a heat-proof box and heating it to 190 ° F (88 ° C), and submerging it in water–the S III survived all three tests. The phone also did not exhibit any scratches when a key was repeatedly scraped against the display. However, Android Authority later carried out a drop test with the purpose of comparing the S III and the iPhone 5. The screen on the S III shattered on the second drop test, while the iPhone received only minor scuffs and scratches on the metal composite frame after three drop tests.", "CNET TV torture-tested an S III by cooling it to 24 ° F (− 4 ° C), placing it in a heat-proof box and heating it to 190 ° F (88 ° C), and submerging it in water–the S III survived all three tests. The phone also did not exhibit any scratches when a key was repeatedly scraped against the display. However, Android Authority later carried out a drop test with the purpose of comparing the S III and the iPhone 5. The screen on the S III shattered on the second drop test, while the iPhone received only minor scuffs and scratches on the metal composite frame after three drop tests. \n The S III was the first smartphone to support Voice Over LTE with the introduction of HD Voice service in South Korea. The phone enables video calling with its 1.9 MP front-facing camera, and with support for the aptX codec, improves Bluetooth-headset connectivity. Texting on the S III does not embody any new significant features from the S II. Speech-to-text is aided by the Vlingo and Google's voice-recognition assistant. Not unlike other Android devices, there are a multitude of third-party typing applications available that could complement the S III's stock keyboard. \n In December 2012, two hardware issues were reported by users of the S III:A vulnerability of the Exynos SoC allowed malicious apps to gain root privileges even on unrooted devices, and a spontaneous bricking of the unit, called the \"sudden death vulnerability\", that occurs about six months after activation. Samsung has been replacing the mainboards of affected units under warranty. In January 2013, Samsung released a firmware update that corrected both issues. \n In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's 16.2 million units. Analysts deduced that the slump in iPhone sales was due to customers' anticipation of the iPhone 5. \n By May 2014, the S III had sold approximately 60 million units since its 2012 release. In April 2015, the total sales number was reported as 70 million. \n The S III has helped Samsung consolidate its market share in several countries including India, where Samsung expected to capture 60 percent of the country's smartphone market, improving on its previous 46 percent. Within a month of release, Samsung had a 60-percent market share in France, while the company controlled over 50 percent of the German and Italian smartphone markets. Over a similar period the S III helped increase Samsung's market share in the United Kingdom to over 40 percent, while eroding the iPhone 4S's 25 percent to 20 percent in the country. The S III was scheduled to be released in North America on 20 June 2012, but because of high demand, some US and Canadian carriers delayed the release by several days, while some other carriers limited the market at launch. The S III's US launch event took place in New York City, hosted by Twilight actress Ashley Greene and attended by dubstep artist Skrillex, who performed at Skylight Studios. \n The S III has an 8-megapixel camera similar to that of the Galaxy S II. It can take 3264 × 2448-pixel resolution photos and record videos in 1920 × 1080-pixel (1080p) resolution. Samsung improved the camera's software over that of its predecessor to include zero shutter lag, and Burst Mode and Best Shot, which work together to quickly take numerous photos before the best-judged frame is selected. The phone can also take pictures while recording videos. The rear-facing camera is complemented by a 1.9-megapixel front-facing camera that can record 720p videos. The phone has LED flash and autofocus. \n The S III was released in 28 countries in Europe and the Middle East on 29 May 2012. To showcase its flagship device, Samsung afterwards embarked on a global month-long tour of the S III to nine cities, including Sydney, New Delhi, and cities in China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. \n On 11 October 2012 Samsung unveiled the Galaxy S III Mini, a 4-inch (100 mm) smartphone with lower specifications compared to the S III. \n On 19 September 2012, security researchers demonstrated during Pwn2Own, a computer hacking contest held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, that the S III can be hacked via NFC, allowing attackers to download all data from the phone. \n On 6 September 2012, Samsung revealed that sales of the S III had reached 20 million in 100 days, making it three and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. \n The S III's HD Super AMOLED display measures 4.8 inches (120 mm) on the diagonal. With a 720 × 1280-pixel (720p) resolution, its 306 pixel per inch (PPI, a measure of pixel density) is a relatively high, which is accommodated by the removal one of the three subpixels–red, green and blue–in each pixel to create a PenTile matrix-display; consequently, it does not share the \"Plus\" suffix found on the S II's Super AMOLED Plus display. The glass used for the display is the damage-resistant corning Gorilla Glass 2, except for S3 Neo variant. The device's software includes a feature known as \"Smart Stay\", which uses the device's front camera to detect whether the user's eyes are looking at the screen, and prevents the screen from automatically turning off while the user is still looking at it. \n Upon release, a number of critics and publications have made references to the S III, Samsung's 2012 flagship phone, as an \"iPhone killer\", responding perhaps to Apple's favourable customer perception. The label owes itself to the S III's use of the Android OS–the chief rival of Apple's iOS–as well as its design and features that rival the iPhone 4S such as Smart Stay, a large display, a quad-core processor, Android customizability, and a multitude of connectivity options. \n The S III comes with a multitude of pre-installed applications, including Google Apps like Google Play, YouTube, Google+, Gmail, Google Maps, Voice Search and Calendar, in addition to Samsung-specific apps such as ChatON, Game Hub, Music Hub, Video Hub, Social Hub and Navigation. To address the fact that iPhone users are reluctant to switch to Android because the OS is not compatible with iTunes, from June 2012 Samsung offered customers of its Galaxy series the Easy Phone Sync app to enable the transfer of music, photos, videos, podcasts, and text messages from an iPhone to a Galaxy device. The user is able to access Google Play, a digital-distribution multimedia-content service exclusive to Android, to download applications, games, music, movies, books, magazines, and TV programs. \n In late-September 2012 TechRadar ranked it as the No. 1 handset in its constantly updated list of the 20 best mobile phones; Stuff magazine also ranked it at No. 1 in its list of 10 best smartphones in May 2012. The S III won an award from the European Imaging and Sound Association under the category of \"European Mobile Phone\" of 2012–2013. In 2012, the S III won T3's \"Phone of the Year\" award, beating the iPhone 4S, the Nokia Lumia 900, the Sony Xperia S and others and was voted Phone of the Year by readers of tech website S21. In February 2013, the S III won the \"Best Smartphone\" award from the GSMA at Mobile World Congress. \n The S III has a maximum of 2 GB of RAM, depending on model. The phone comes with either 16, 32, or 64 GB storage; additionally, microSDXC storage offers a further 64 GB for a potential total of 128 GB. Moreover, 50 GB of space is offered for two years on Dropbox–a cloud storage service–for purchasers of the device, doubling rival HTC's 25 GB storage for the same duration.", "The S III has a maximum of 2 GB of RAM, depending on model. The phone comes with either 16, 32, or 64 GB storage; additionally, microSDXC storage offers a further 64 GB for a potential total of 128 GB. Moreover, 50 GB of space is offered for two years on Dropbox–a cloud storage service–for purchasers of the device, doubling rival HTC's 25 GB storage for the same duration. \n Speculation in the general public and media outlets regarding the handset's specifications began gathering momentum several months before its formal unveiling in May 2012. In February 2012, prior to the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Spain, there were rumors that the handset would incorporate a 1.5 GHz quad-core processor, a display of 1080p (1080 × 1920 pixels) resolution, a 12-megapixel rear camera and a HD Super AMOLED Plus touchscreen. More accurate rumored specifications included 2 GB of RAM, 64 GB of internal storage, 4G LTE, a 4.8-inch (120 mm) screen, an 8-megapixel rear camera, and a 9-millimetre (0.35 in) thick chassis. Samsung confirmed the existence of the Galaxy S II's successor on 5 March 2012, but it was not until late April 2012 that Samsung's Senior Vice-President Robert Yi confirmed the phone to be called \"Samsung Galaxy S III\". \n Throughout the eighteen-month design process, Samsung implemented stringent security measures and procedures to maintain secrecy of the eventual design until its launch. Designers worked on three prototypes concurrently while regarding each of them as the final product. Doing so required a constant duplication of effort, as they had to repeat the same process for all three prototypes. The prototypes, of which taking photos was forbidden, were locked in a separate laboratory, accessible only by core designers. They were transported by trusted company employees, instead of third-party couriers. \"Because we were only permitted to see the products and others weren't,\" explained Principal Engineer Lee Byung-Joon, \"we couldn't send pictures or drawings. We had to explain the Galaxy S III with all sorts of words.\" Despite such security measures, specifications of one of the three units were leaked by Vietnamese Web site Tinhte, although it was not the selected design." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dennis Farina Dennis Farina (February 29, 1944 – July 22, 2013) was an American film and television actor, TV presenter and a former Chicago police officer. He was a character actor, often typecast as a mobster or police officer. He is known for roles such as mobster Jimmy Serrano in the comedy \"Midnight Run\" and Ray \"Bones\" Barboni in \"Get Shorty\". He starred on television as Lieutenant Mike Torello on \"Crime Story\" and as NYPD Detective Joe Fontana on \"Law & Order\". From 2008-2010, he hosted and narrated the television program \"Unsolved Mysteries\" on Spike TV. His last major television role was in HBO's \"Luck\", which premiered on January 29, 2012. Farina was born in a leap year on February 29, 1944 in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood. He was the fourth son and youngest of the seven children of Joseph and Yolanda Farina. Farina's father, who was from Villalba, Sicily, was a Chicago-area doctor, and his mother a homemaker. The Farinas raised their children in a North Avenue home in Old Town, a working-class neighborhood with a broad ethnic mixture, with Italians and Germans being the two predominant ethnicities. Before becoming an actor, Farina served three years in the United States Army during the Vietnam Era, followed by 18 years in the Chicago Police Department's burglary division from 1967 to 1985. Farina began working for director Michael Mann as a police consultant, which led Mann to cast him in a small role in the 1981 film \"Thief\". Farina moonlighted as an actor in Chicago-based films (like \"Code of Silence\", a 1985 Chuck Norris film) and theater before Mann chose him for his \"Crime Story\" series, which aired on NBC from 1986 to 1988. Farina played mobster Albert Lombard in Mann's previous hit television show, \"Miami Vice\". He later starred as the title character in \"Buddy Faro\", a 1998 private-detective series on CBS. Sticking to the stereotype roles in which he had frequently been cast, Farina played Jimmy Serrano, the mob boss from \"Midnight Run\", and Ray \"Bones\" Barboni, a rival criminal to Chili Palmer in \"Get Shorty\". Farina also played FBI Agent Jack Crawford in the first Hannibal Lecter crime film, Michael Mann's \"Manhunter\". Other movies Farina was cast in include Steven Spielberg's \"Saving Private Ryan\", \"Striking Distance\", \"Another Stakeout\", \"Snatch\", \"The Mod Squad\", \"Reindeer Games\", \"Men of Respect\", \"Big Trouble\" and \"Out of Sight\". He played a baseball manager in \"Little Big League\" and a nemesis basketball coach in \"Eddie\". In a leading-man role and a departure from his usual parts, Farina co-starred in 1997 with Bette Midler in a romantic comedy, \"That Old Feeling\", directed by Carl Reiner. In 1998's \"Saving Private Ryan\", Farina plays the battalion commander who advises Capt. John Miller (Tom Hanks) of the mission which forms the basis of the film's plot. Farina won an American Comedy Award for his performance in \"Get Shorty\" and starred in a television sitcom, \"In-Laws,\" from 2002 until 2003. He appeared in the 2002 \"Stealing Harvard\", a comedy in which he played a tough-talking, overprotective father-in-law. He also had a comic role opposite Ed Harris and Helen Hunt in the HBO production of \"Empire Falls\" in 2005 and opposite Alan Rickman in the 2008 \"Bottle Shock\". Working as a voice-actor beginning in early 2005, Farina provided the voice of aging boxer-turned-superhero Wildcat on \"Justice League Unlimited\". In early 2013, he voiced the father of Daffy Duck's girlfriend on \"The Looney Tunes Show\", and played himself in an April 13, 2014, episode of the animated series \"Family Guy\" called \"The Most Interesting Man in the World,\" aired posthumously, one of his final acting roles. In 2004, the producers of the television series \"Law & Order\" hired Farina as Detective Joe Fontana; following the departure of longtime cast member Jerry Orbach. Farina stayed on the show for two seasons. In May 2006, it was announced Farina was leaving \"Law & Order\" for other projects, including the 2007 \"You Kill Me\" opposite Ben Kingsley and the 2008 \"What Happens in Vegas\" with Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher. His role of Detective Lt. Mike Torello on \"Crime Story\" was as a Chicago police officer, who was assigned to the U.S. Justice Department. Farina's \"Law & Order\" character, Detective Fontana, worked for Chicago Homicide before his transfer to the NYPD. Fontana shared a number of other characteristics with the actor who played him; they came from the same Chicago neighborhood, attended the same parochial school, and had the same tastes in clothes and music and were fans of the Chicago Cubs. Farina appeared in two television network miniseries' based on Joe McGinniss's true-crime books, \"Blind Faith\" (1990) and \"Cruel Doubt\" (1992). He made a rare western, portraying legendary lawman Charlie Siringo in a 1995 television movie, \"\", a followup to the hit 1960s series. In October 2008, he became the new host of \"Unsolved Mysteries\" when it returned to television with a new five-season, 175-episode run on Spike TV. Farina replaced Robert Stack, who had hosted the series for its prior 15-year run. This version featured re-edited segments from previous incarnations on NBC, CBS, and Lifetime. Farina played the title role in a 2011 independent film, \"The Last Rites of Joe May\", written and directed by Joe Maggio, shot on location in Chicago. He was among the stars of a 2014 release, \"Authors Anonymous\", playing a wanna-be novelist with a fantasy of becoming another Tom Clancy. Again on television, Farina co-starred in the 2012 HBO horse-race gambling series \"Luck\", with Dustin Hoffman, directed by Michael Mann. He had a recurring guest role in 2013 in the television comedy series \"New Girl\", though his character was killed off prior to his death. Farina was married to Patricia Farina from 1970 until their divorce in 1980. They have three sons: Dennis Jr., Michael and Joseph. His youngest son, Joseph, is also an actor. He has two granddaughters, Brianna and Olivia, and four grandsons: Michael, Tyler, Matthew and Eric. He lived with his longtime girlfriend Marianne Cahill in Chicago and Scottsdale, Arizona. A lifelong Chicago Cubs fan, Farina played the role of a Cubs fan in a 1988 revival of the successful 1977 Organic Theater Company stage play \"Bleacher Bums\". The play was written by and starred fellow Chicago actors Joe Mantegna and Dennis Franz. Farina was arrested on May 11, 2008, for carrying a loaded .22-caliber pistol through Los Angeles International Airport security. Farina was taken to the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division and booked on suspicion of carrying a concealed weapon, and bail was set at $25,000. He claimed he had simply forgotten the weapon was still in his briefcase and had never intended to take it on a plane. After police determined the weapon was unregistered, the charges were upgraded to a felony and bail was increased to $35,000. After reaching a plea agreement with prosecutors, Farina pleaded no contest and was sentenced to two years' probation on July 17, 2008. Farina died on July 22, 2013, in a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital as the result of a pulmonary embolism. Farina is buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois. Dennis Farina Dennis Farina (February 29, 1944 – July 22, 2013) was an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Water and religion Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Some faiths use water especially prepared for religious purposes (holy water in most Christian denominations, \"amrita\" in Sikhism and Hinduism). Many religions also consider particular sources or bodies of water to be sacred or at least auspicious; examples include Lourdes in Roman Catholicism, the Jordan River (at least symbolically) in some Christian churches, the Zamzam Well in Islam and the River Ganges (among many others) in Hinduism. Faiths that incorporate ritual washing (ablution) include Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, Shinto, Taoism, and the Rastafari movement. Immersion (or aspersion or affusion) of a person in water is a central sacrament of Christianity (where it is called baptism); it is also a part of the practice of other religions, including Judaism (\"mikvah\") and Sikhism (\"Amrit Sanskar\"). In addition, a ritual bath in pure water is performed for the dead in many religions including Judaism and Islam. In Islam, the five daily prayers can be done in most cases (see \"Tayammum\") after completing washing certain parts of the body using clean water (\"wudu\"). In Shinto, water is used in almost all rituals to cleanse a person or an area (e.g., in the ritual of \"misogi\"). In Hinduism, statues of Durga and Ganesh are immersed in rivers at the final stages of the festivals Durga Puja and Ganesh Chaturthi respectively. In Christianity the baptism of Jesus is an important moment in Christian theology and is the third most important feast of the Church, following Easter and Pentecost. Its feast, called Epiphany or Theophany, is celebrated on January 6. Water deities are usually a focus of worship at specific springs or holy wells, but there are also more abstract ocean deities, and deities representing \"water\" as an abstract element, such as Aban in Zoroastrianism. Example for local tutelary water deities include Celtic Sulis, worshipped at the thermal spring at Bath, or Ganges in Hinduism, personified as a goddess. The Hindu goddess Saraswati originated as a personification of the Saraswati River in the Rigveda, but became a more abstract deity of wisdom in Hinduism. African examples include the Yoruba river goddess Oshun, the Igbo lake goddess Ogbuide (Uhammiri), the Igbo river goddess Idemili and Agulu Lake (Achebe). Water and religion Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Some faiths use water especially prepared for religious purposes (holy water in most" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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