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"Esther Neira de Calvo Esther Neira de Calvo (1890-1978) was a teacher, women's rights activist and suffragette, and Constituent Assemblywoman of Panama. She was the first woman deputy to serve the National Assembly as a national delegate. She was founder and president of the League of Patriotic Feminists and actively worked as a suffragette for Panamanian women's enfranchisement. From 1949-1965 she served as executive secretary of the Inter-American Commission of Women and from 1966-1968 she was Panama's ambassador and alternate representative to the Organization of American States. Esther Neira Laffargue was born on 1 May 1890 in Penonomé, Coclé Province, Panama to Rafael Neira Ayala and Julia Laffargue. She began her studies in Penonomé, and the attended secondary school in Taboga finishing in Panama City. In 1903 the Government of Panama offered her a scholarship to study education in Europe and she spent the next nine years studying at the Institut Pédagogique de Wavre-Notre Dame, of Belgium, earning degree to teach administration, French and English languages, hygiene and first aid, music and physical education. She spent 1912 in the United States studying at the College of Mount Saint Vincent and at Columbia University in New York. In 1913, she returned to Panamá and began her teaching career. After a decade of teaching, Neira became the Inspector General of Education and after four years, in 1927, she left to become the director of the Normal School, Panama's only teachers' training school for women. In addition to running the organization, she taught comparative education, languages, pedagogy and psychology. In 1938, she left the Normal School and founded the Liceo de Señoritas (Lyceum for girls), a preparatory school for women, that she directed until 1945 when she was elected Assemblywoman to the Constitutional Convention. Neira had been involved in Panama's feminist movement for many years, founding the National Society for the Advancement of Women in 1923. When in July, 1941 a series of laws were passed which effectively took away Panamanian liberties, including women's citizenship a coup d'état against Arnulfo Arias Madrid was staged. The current constitution was suspension and a need for a new constitution to be drafted arose. Neira began working with other feminists to ensure that women's issues were included in the negotiations. The feminist movement of the time was organized into two primary camps: The National Union of Women, led by lawyer Clara González de Behringer, who obtained the backing of the Partido Liberal Renovador (Liberal Renewal Party) and League of Patriotic Feminists headed by Neira and Gumercinda Páez. González de Behringer promised that their members would vote in block for any party supporting their candidates, but the Patriotic Feminists took the approach of seeking supporters from multiple parties. After intense campaigning, when the votes were counted on May 6, only two women were elected to the 51 member Constituent Assembly—Neira de Calvo as a National Delegate, and Páez as the Delegate for Panamá Province. Not only were she and Páez the first two women to serve in the National Assembly, but Neira de Calvo was following in the footsteps of her father, who had served in the First Panamanian Constitutional Assembly. As Assemblywoman, she proposed laws that focused on women's issues and education. After securing recognition of women's rights, Neira de Calvo helped draft laws including creation of juvenile courts, labor codes, regulations establishing a social work school, and sanitation legislation, among other issues. During this same period, she assisted servicemen and coordinated cultural activities for US troops stationed in Panama as part of the war effort. In 1949, Neira de Calvo, her husband Raul J. Calvo, and their daughter Gloriela Calvo, moved to Washington, D.C., where she took up a position as the executive secretary to the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM). Though the organization had been formed in 1928, it was reorganized after the 9th Pan-American Conference, which authorized the creation of the Organization of American States and brought the CIM under the OAS' umbrella. Neira de Calvo served as executive secretary to the organization until 1965, when she accepted a position as the ambassador and alternate representative of Panama to the OAS Council. She retired in 1968. Esther Neira de Calvo died in Washington, D.C. on 24 March 1978. She was buried in the Garden of Peace, in Panama City on 28 March 1978, but was exhumed in 1992. At that time, her remains joined those of her mother and husband in the National Shrine of the Heart of Mary, Panama City, Panama. Esther Neira de Calvo Esther Neira de Calvo (1890-1978) was a teacher, women's rights activist and suffragette, and Constituent Assemblywoman of Panama. She was the first woman deputy to serve the National Assembly as a national delegate. She was founder and president of the League of Patriotic Feminists and actively worked as"
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"Solitoki Esso Solitoki Magnim Esso is a Togolese politician who has served in the government of Togo as Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since September 2013. He served in the government as Minister of Communication and Culture during the 1990s; later, he was Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform from May 2010 to August 2012 and Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education from August 2012 to September 2013. He was elected as Secretary-General of the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) in December 2006. On September 11, 1979, Esso was appointed as Director of Television by President Gnassingbé Eyadéma. He was elected to the National Assembly in the March 1985 parliamentary election, winning the seat for Binah Nord constituency in Binah Prefecture with 62.24% of the vote. Esso was appointed to the government as Minister of Communication and Culture on November 29, 1995. Later, he was appointed as Vice-President of the National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption and Economic Sabotage on September 14, 2001. On August 27, 2002, the National Assembly voted to replace Dahuku Péré, who had called for reform in the RPT, with Esso in the ECOWAS Parliament. However, the ECOWAS Parliament objected to the National Assembly's move, saying that there was no valid basis for unilaterally replacing Péré with Esso. Esso was elected to the National Assembly in the October 2002 parliamentary election from the First Constituency of Binah Prefecture. In the National Assembly, he served as President of the Commission of Constitutional Laws and General Administration Legislation. When the Pan-African Parliament began meeting in March 2004, Esso became one of Togo's five members. Esso was one of three parliamentary deputies who accompanied Bonfoh Abbas, the President of the National Assembly, during his visit to the Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliaments in September 2005. On November 2, 2005, Esso was elected by the National Assembly as one of Togo's five members of the ECOWAS Parliament, receiving 62 votes from the 68 deputies present. Esso subsequently became one of the 16 members of the National Commission of the Modernization of Legislation, which was installed on June 23, 2006. At the RPT's Ninth Ordinary Congress, Esso was elected as Secretary-General of the RPT for a three-year term on December 18, 2006. He was proposed for that position by President Faure Gnassingbé. At the time of Esso's election, he was Technical Advisor to the Presidency. Esso is a member of the RPT Political Bureau and a member of the RPT Central Committee from Binah Prefecture as of the Ninth Ordinary Congress. In the 31-member government appointed by President Gnassingbé on 28 May 2010, Esso was brought back into the government as Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform; he became the second ranking member of the government, after Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo. After two years in that post, Esso was instead appointed as Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education in August 2012. He was moved to the post of Minister of State for Presidential Affairs on 17 September 2013. Solitoki Esso Solitoki Magnim Esso is a Togolese politician who has served in the government of Togo as Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since September 2013. He served in the government as Minister of Communication and Culture during the 1990s; later, he was Minister of State for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform from May 2010 to August 2012 and Minister of State for Primary and Secondary Education from August 2012 to September 2013. He was elected as Secretary-General of the Rally of the Togolese"
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"Shane Harte Shane Harte is a Canadian actor, singer and songwriter born in Brampton, Ontario. He attended St. Roch Catholic Secondary School. He plays the series lead, Luke, in the Family Channel series \"Lost & Found Music Studios\". He also plays Luke in the hit children's TV program \"The Next Step\". In 2013, Harte was a member of hip hop artist Classified's \"Inner Ninja\" children's choir, appearing on the MuchMusic Video Awards and on MuchMusic’s New Music Live In 2015 he released two singles called \"Let You Know\" and \"Left Standing\". He is also a part of the soundtrack from \"Lost & Found Music Studios\". Shane Harte Shane Harte is a Canadian actor, singer and songwriter born in Brampton, Ontario. He attended St. Roch Catholic Secondary School. He plays the series lead, Luke, in the Family Channel series \"Lost & Found Music Studios\". He also plays Luke in the hit children's TV program \"The Next Step\". In 2013, Harte was a member of hip hop artist Classified's \"Inner Ninja\" children's choir, appearing on the MuchMusic Video Awards and on MuchMusic’s New Music Live In 2015 he released two singles called \"Let You Know\" and \"Left Standing\". He is also a"
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"You Got Me! You Got Me! is a 2007 Filipino romantic-comedy film that tells a love story between three people, the strong aggressive police woman played by actress-host Toni Gonzaga, the shy-type police man played by actor-singer Sam Milby, and the bad boy played by model-actor Zanjoe Marudo. It was produced by Star Cinema, ABS-CBN Film Productions. Insp.Amor \"Moe\" Santander (Toni Gonzaga) is a tough chick who's used to going after crooks. But there's also one thing she's running away from ever since her mother died: falling in love. Insp.Kevin Robles (Sam Milby) is daunted by most things, but most especially coming clean with the girl he's been loving from afar for a time now. Meanwhile, Caloy (Zanjoe Marudo) is a counterfeit DVD vendor whom Moe captures, along with his heart. Things get complicated when Caloy enlists Kevin's help to win Moe, just when Moe and Kevin's friendship gets deeper. Who does Moe really love? Will she even surrender to her feelings in the first place? Suddenly her life as one of the best performers in the service suffers. You Got Me! You Got Me! is a 2007 Filipino romantic-comedy film that tells a love story between three people, the"
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"Australian Rugby League (video game) Australian Rugby League is a 1995 rugby league video game developed by I-Space Interactive and published by EA's EA Sports label for the Sega Mega Drive only in European and Australian markets. It is based on Rugby World Cup '95 by Creative Assembly, but using the rugby league rules instead of rugby union. In addition to the league that names the game, the Australian Rugby League, the game also includes the State of Origin, Super League (eleven English teams plus one French) and international mode. While the ARL has all correct team names, player names are fictitious. Due to the limitations of the console, \"ARL\" presents a simplified version of the game, yet allowing a wide variety of moves. Running is done with the C button, and while holding allows a player to accelerate, while it is mashed, it allows to break a tackle. Passing is done by pressing the B button with a direction; if no direction is entered, the player fakes a pass. the A button, if pressed inside the try area (or in jump distance), grounds the ball, if far and pressed in combination of the direction of the attack attempts a drop goal or kicks for touch, if pressed in combination with a direction \"against\" the attack, performs a grubber kick. The A and B buttons pressed at the same time perform a bomb kick (referred as \"Up and Under\" in the manual), and an A plus C combination is mostly a defensive kick, which clears the ball as far away as possible into touch. Without the ball, controls are simpler: the A button tackles, the B changes player and C increases player speed. The game has a few criticisms; it is very undisciplined as far as tactics go, it is very hard to pull good kicks during play (which forces players to, and the lack of a difficulty level slider makes the game too easy for expert players. There are also some bugs regarding ball possession (occasionally, the ball can change from one team to another in the middle of a play for no reason at all) and the engine often flickers players when there are too many of them in an area. The lack of physical difference between forwards and backs is also often mentioned. \"ARL\" allows several options to be tweaked, such as half length (from two minutes to 40), temperature (hot temperatures wear out the players quicker, while colder affects ball handling) and pitch condition (a dry pitch hurts tackled players more and bounces the ball more, while drenched affects running). All game modes output a Password which allows the player to play a league in several sittings. Each player is individualized, and is rated in each key aspect of the game. The Australian Rugby league is a 20 team competition composed by a 20 team league, then followed by an eight team playoff, which is far from being straight forward. There are two sets of quarter finals, where the winners of the \"major\" quarterfinals go through the semi finals, while the winners of the \"minor\" quarterfinals have to play against the losers of the \"majors\", and only then the remaining two semi-finalists are known. It is also possible to start from the playoffs. State of Origin is a three match series between New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League, where the winner is the first team to win two matches. Even if a team beats the other in the first two matches, the third is always played. European leagues are unlicensed, which means they only carry the city name and a patterned flag, which in most cases fits the actual equipments of the teams. After the all vs all league, the best four teams enter a playoff to determine the champions. The International tournament is a one-legged eight team knockout competition. While the focus of \"RWC'95\" was on national teams, \"ARL\" downplays it to the point of only including eight teams. Australian Rugby League (video game) Australian Rugby League is a 1995 rugby league video game developed by I-Space Interactive and published by EA's EA Sports label for the Sega Mega Drive only in"
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"Defence Equipment and Support Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) is a trading entity and joint-defence organisation within the UK Ministry of Defence. It began operating on 2 April 2007 following the merger of the MoD's Defence Procurement Agency and the Defence Logistics Organisation, under the Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support. The organisation had a civilian and military workforce of around 29,000 (77 per cent civilian and 23 per cent military), in the UK and abroad. DE&S operates as a single Top Level Budget. As of 2008 the DE&S workforce was around 24,500, further reducing under the 'PACE' business improvement programme to around 21,000 by 2012. Of this, around 8,000 posts have been housed at Abbey Wood since 2012. Defence Equipment and Support was established on 2 April 2007. DE&S is overseen by the Minister of State for Defence Procurement. The organisation supports Joint Forces Command and the subsidiary individual armed services thorough Headquarters Air Command, Army Headquarters and Navy Command, Includes: The Board provides strategic governance for DE&S and a robust forum for independent, non-executive support and constructive challenge to the Chief Executive and the Executive Committee. The DE&S Board delegates some activities to sub-committees of the Board, namely the Audit, Remuneration, Programme Review and Nomination Committees. The Chairman ensures that the Board receives feedback on these sub-Committees and that it is able to consider their recommendations. Includes: DE&S is led on a day-to-day basis by the Executive Committee, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Director General Resources as Chief Finance Officer, the Director General Commercial and six Chiefs of Materiel who lead the delivery of the programme of work in their respective domains. Note:Vice-Admiral, Lister is currently on a sabbatical from his Royal Navy Career to be Managing Director of the Aircraft Carrier Alliance. Includes: The following subordinate Committees provide specialised support to the Executive Committee. The organisation is under the leadership of a civilian Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support since 2015. After the restructuring in 2011 there are four three-star posts under the Chief of Defence Materiel. These are the positions of Chief of Materiel (Fleet), a Royal Navy Vice Admiral, and Chief of Materiel (Land), a British Army Lieutenant General (who also holds the appointment of Quartermaster-General to the Forces), Chief of Materiel (Air), a Royal Air Force Air Marshal and Chief of Materiel (Joint Enablers). The Chief of Corporate Performance (CCP) was responsible for managing the business effectively and setting policy in key corporate functional areas. The post was discontinued as at 1 June 2011. The Chief Operating Officer (COO) was responsible for project and programme delivery across DE&S. This includes supporting the equipment through life, and the performance of the industrial supply chain. The post was discontinued 1 June 2011. The Chiefs of Materiel (CofMs) are responsible for managing key relationships with the Capability Sponsor and User. They work at the strategic level to make sure that the operational readiness and sustainability needs of the User are met. The CofMs ensure an ethos of support to operations is in place to the User, throughout all DE&S activity. DE&S manages a variety of defence procurement and support projects inherited from the DLO and DPA for all three services. Examples of current and future procurement projects include: As of 2016 the main locations (with staff numbers) were: Responsibility for 'Logistics, Commodities and Services' (including storage and delivery of non-weaponry equipment, such as food and clothing, to soldiers) was contracted out to the private sector in 2015 under an arrangement that included the transfer of 1,100 staff and construction of a new 'Defence Fulfilment Centre' at MoD Donnington. This article contains text from this source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526950/DES_Corporate_Plan_201619-20160526.pdf. © Crown copyright, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0 Defence Equipment and Support Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) is a trading entity and joint-defence organisation within the UK Ministry of Defence. It began operating on 2 April 2007 following the merger of the MoD's Defence Procurement Agency and the Defence Logistics Organisation, under the Chief Executive Officer of Defence Equipment and Support. The organisation had a civilian and military workforce of around 29,000 (77 per cent civilian and 23 per cent military),"
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"E-readiness E-readiness refers to a country's capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the electronic world. The state of maturity is commonly measured by the country's information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and the ability of its government and citizens to utilize the positive impacts of ICT for sustainable development. The measures to evaluate the electronic preparedness may vary from country to country or even depending on the level of analysis to which one is interested (micro, meso or macro) considering not only the need to recognize the electronic preparedness of the country but also some specific environments/areas. The common factors that are taken into consideration for measuring e-readiness of a country are: E-readiness E-readiness refers to a country's capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the electronic world. The state of maturity is commonly measured by the country's information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and the ability of its government and citizens to utilize the positive impacts of ICT for sustainable development. The measures to evaluate the electronic preparedness may vary from country to country or even depending on the level of analysis to which one is interested (micro, meso or macro) considering not only the need"
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"Killarney Station Killarney Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory of Australia. The property is situated approximately south east of Timber Creek and south of Darwin. Killarney Station was established by Eric Izod with managing partner Ivor Hall in 1953. Bill Tapp purchased Killarney following talks with Izod and Hall about buying Killarney Station in 1960. Tapp paid £90,000, a Northern Territory record price for a cattle station at that time. He received title to Killarney in 1962. The Tapp family properties, including Killarney Station went into receivership in 1991. Brian Oxenford's Western Grazing Company purchased the property. Wallco acquired Killarney in 2001 from Western Grazing Company. The property was being run in conjunction with neighbouring Birrimba Station forming an aggregation with an area of that was supporting a herd of 41,000 Brahman cattle. In 2012 the property was run by Wallco Pastoral Company until it was placed in receivership by the National Australia Bank before a refinancing. Killarney was sold in 2014 to the Jumbuck Pastoral Company for about 35 million. At the time it occupied an area of . Most of Birrimba and a small portion of Killarney were burnt out by a bushfire in 2014. Killarney Station Killarney Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory of Australia. The property is situated approximately south east of Timber Creek and south of Darwin. Killarney Station was established by Eric Izod with managing partner Ivor Hall in 1953. Bill Tapp purchased Killarney following talks with Izod and Hall about buying Killarney Station in 1960. Tapp paid £90,000, a Northern Territory record price for a cattle station at that time. He received title to Killarney"
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"Robin Follman Robin Follman-Otta (born December 9, 1969) is an American business executive at multiple private companies, an international operatic soprano and a philanthropist. She is president and chief executive officer (CEO) at Markall, Inc., an MBE certified woman and minority-owned sales and marketing distribution company for its manufacturing arm R.A. Industries, LLC, an engineering and manufacturing completion center specializing in complex precision components and assemblies for the aerospace, defense, commercial, energy, entertainment (animatronics) and medical industries. She is president and CEO of the latter company as well. Her father Robert Follman, a longtime engineer is R.A. Industries’ founder and chairman of the board. Both serve as owners and executives of the adventure fishing resort, Katmai Lodge Alaska where Follman-Otta is the chief operating officer. Heritage Born and raised in Orange County, California, Follman-Otta is a fifth-generation Orange County resident of heritage originating from both Europe and Mexico. She is the daughter of Carole Ann Follman (née Hyland) and Robert Follman. Her heritage is 37.5 percent of Hispanic origin, and 62.5 percent of both Irish and Austrian heritages. The Follman patriarchal surname is of Austrian descent. However, Follman-Otta’s matriarchal great-grandmother Teodora Paez de Hyland is of 100 percent Hispanic origin from El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico. She married Thomas Patrick Hyland who is 100 percent of Irish origin. During the Spanish rule of Baja California in the 19th century, Teodora’s father, Ramon Paez was exclusively brought as a mining engineer from Spain to the town of El Rosario, most likely under the real estate development by Luis Huller and George H. Sisson to search for mineral and Boleo Copper deposits. In her patriarchal lineage, Follman-Otta’s grandmother was Dorothea Derrfuss, mother to Robert Follman . In southeastern Germany bordering Austria, Derrfuss was raised by Bavarian nuns who taught her how to sing, which became her calling later in life. After immigrating to the U.S., Derrfuss married a German baron with whom she had twin daughters. When her husband deserted the family, and she could no longer care for her daughters, Derrfuss turned to an orphanage for the care of the twins, and sung opera across the U.S. Her success eventually led to her performing contralto on Chicago’s NBC-WCFL evening radio shows in the early 1930s. Derrfuss’ inherent vocal gift carried on to generation after generation as the twin girls embraced singing, and Follman-Otta made professional opera her early career. Derrfuss’ inherent vocal gift carried on to generation after generation as the twin girls embraced singing, and Follman-Otta made professional opera her early career. \"Ever since, all the women in the family could sing,\" Follman said. Early Life Follman-Otta’s desire to sing and perform started when she was 5-years-old, impressing her family by singing “silent night.” By the age of 10, her parents started singing lessons; the encouragement gave the young budding opera singer the dream to make it her career. By 16 years old, her voice matured. Through this change, it led professional performances in local Orange County musical theaters. After a couple of years of studying business at nearby Saddleback College, Follman-Otta, 20, went on to live and work in Tokyo, Japan for a year singing in a musical called \"Fairy Land\" at the Sanrio Puroland. It was one of the first animatronic shows, with live performers and singing mechanical creatures. It was at this time, she claimed, \"that was really the beginning of my opera career.\" When Follman-Otta was in between productions, she put the same powerful voice to work by answering phones at her family’s business which would eventually serve the infancy of her career in manufacturing. While at R.A. Industries, she worked part-time at the family company offices learning all the major functions of the business. Both, Carole her mother, and father Robert encouraged Follman-Otta to pursue her operatic career, and once again in her life, asking her to accept the CEO role in the family businesses. She credits her family and the arts for most of her success. “I learned from my mother that nothing should hold you back from your dreams,” she said. Follman has appeared in many of the world's best opera houses and concert halls in operas, oratorios, concerts, and recitals. Her opera credits include performances with Houston Grand Opera, Los Angeles Opera, New York City Opera, Washington National Opera, Michigan Opera Theater, Opera Pacific, Florentine Opera, Singapore Lyric Opera, Lyric Opera Malaysia, Hawaii Opera, and Opera Carolina among others. Her concert work includes performances with the English Chamber Orchestra, the Saint Louis Symphony, the Pacific Symphony Orchestra, the Richmond Symphony, the International Italian Orchestra, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and the Alabama Symphony among others. Robin Follman Robin Follman-Otta (born December 9, 1969) is an American business executive at multiple private companies, an international operatic soprano and a philanthropist. She is president and"
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"Lubomirski Palace (Opole Lubelskie) The Lubomirski Palace (pl:\"Pałac Lubomirskich\") in Opole Lubelskie, Lublin Voivodship, Poland (formerly the Slupecki Palace - pl:\"Pałac Słupeckich\"), is a much-altered 18th-century palace formerly belonging to the Słupecki and Lubomirski families. From the 16th century onwards the palace housed a growing collection of books - many of them theological - and also a collection of fine art paintings. The library and pictures were dispersed in the mid-nineteenth century, when ownership of the palace passed to the Russian tsarist government. The building was stripped of its baroque architectural features and used as a military barracks and hospital. It currently houses a high school named for Adam Mickiewicz. The present form of the palace is a reconstructed barracks, carried out after 1854. The earlier reconstructions have been obliterated. Today it is a large, three-storey building on a rectangular plan with prominent projections at the ends of the façade. The interior layout is two-bay, partly changed during the subsequent reconstructions and repairs. The interior décor has not survived. In the basement the vaults are preserved, with lunettes and barrel vaulting. The northern façade looking over the courtyard has thirteen bays, separated by pilasters with Ionic capitals (finials). The middle window (slightly wider than the others) on the first floor of the façade is a remnant of the eighteenth century main entrance door, approached by flights of stone steps. The south elevation - formerly overlooking the formal garden has fifteen bays with pilasters, but with Tuscan capitals. The ground floor is rusticated, creating a base for the building. There have been no archaeological excavations, and little is known about the former buildings which used to form a courtyard around the palace. Only an outbuilding to the south-east survives, which was turned into a hospital. It was one of Four buildings built in the eighteenth century to form a surrounding courtyard. On the foundations of outbuildings to the south-west one of the hospital buildings rises. There are no traces left of the northern outbuildings - the north-western one was demolished in 1996, the north-eastern much earlier. To the west of the palace a few old buildings the farm remain; and the granary from the late eighteenth century was converted into a cinema. A field hospital, built in the second half of the nineteenth century by the tsarist army and located south of the palace, was demolished in 2001. Also preserved is an eighteenth-century statue of St. John of Nepomuk, now in the hospital; it probably originally stood on a circular island in the ornamental pond on the north side of the palace. A medieval castle with a moat formerly stood on the site, which was further surrounded by ponds including a fish pond on the eastern side. Sięgniew Słupczy was the owner of Opole in 1368. Opole was granted civic rights at the end of the fourteenth century, perhaps coinciding with the construction of the castle. The exact date is not known - documents were burned in the fifteenth century. King Casimir IV of Poland renewed the privilege in the years 1450 and 1478. The influence of the Słupecki family increased through the sixteenth century, and Stanislaw Słupecki, Castellan of Lublin, began collecting fine art paintings, and a large library. Work on the reconstruction of the medieval mansion into the modern Opole palace began not long after 1600, when Felix Słupecki (c1571-1616), Castellan of Lublin, and Barbara Leszczynski—the sister of Rafal Leszczynski of Baranow Sandomierski—were married in the Baranowski mansion. The building was finished by 1613 - the date is testified on a ceiling beam rediscovered during the renovation in the 1930s. The beam is now located in the old bell tower at the parish church in Opole. There are no other surviving remains of the old medieval building. It is possible that reconstruction was carried out by Santi Gucci from the court of Jan III Sobieski, who designed of reconstructions of castles in Janowiec and Baranow, both associated with related with Firleja and Słupecki families and Rafal Leszczynski. Felix Słupecki was a Calvinist, unlike the majority of Poles who were Catholic (\"see\" Religion in Poland) although, and members of his family studied in Nuremberg, Heidelberg, Strasbourg, Basel and Leiden, rather than, for example, the University of Padua favoured by other Poles. The Słupeckis maintained lively contacts with Western European thinkers and hosted many of them in Opole. From the sources it is known among others that Felix Słupecki corresponded with the Dutch Protestant jurist Hugo de Groot (Grotius) who, as an Arminian, was involved on the other side of the Calvinist–Arminian debate. Słupecki's extensive library contained a number of theological works, and he founded a Reformed Church school in Opole Lubelskie in 1598, with as its first head. George Słupecki, the last male descendant of the family, died in 1664. Opole passed into the hands of the Anglo-Irish-German , the Dunin-Borkowski, and then Tarłó families by about 1690. The palace was rebuilt in the Baroque style in the years 1737-1743 for Jan Tarło, the voivode of Lublin Voivodeship, under the direction of Tylman of Gameren, the architect of the court in Puławy. The contract committed him to \"transform the old palace in Opole and new pavilions at the corners, with stonemasons.\" Jan Tarło brought the Order of Piarists to Opole in 1743, a still-existing educational Catholic order. The Piarists opened the first vocational school of craft in Poland in 1761 in Opole, based on modern principles of teaching. Many books from the house were given to the seminary when the great library was dispersed in the 19th century. The Piarists were ejected from Opole after the January Uprising in 1863. Jan Tarłó's widow, Sophia Krasinski Lubomirska, created a park around the palace and continued to enlarge the library and art collection. The house was acquired in 1754 by Prince Antoni Lubomirski, and remodelled between 1766 and 1773 by (among others) Domenico Merlini and the royal architect, Jacob Fontana. The palace was inherited in 1782 by his nephew Prince Alexander Lubomirski, who wanted to create a cultural residential park similar to the Czartoryski palace in Puławy (the 'Polish Athens') a few miles away. Alexander Lubomirski also built a Palladian villa for entertaining guests in Niezdowie, about 1 km west of the palace, in 1785-1787. He married Rozalia Czartoryski, and they had a daughter Princess Alexandra Francis Lubomirska. Rozalia was in Paris (with Alexandra, aged 7) during the Reign of Terror. She was arrested several times in Paris on espionage charges and was guillotined in 1794 aged 23. Alexandra was freed from the same prison where she had been held with her late mother, and returned to Opole. However, Polish discontent after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 led to the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. The Russians quelled the uprising, and after the Third Partition of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as a country for 123 years. The nearby palace in Puławy belonging to Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski was plundered utterly and burnt by the Russians for his part in the uprising. Alexandra's tutor in Opole around 1800 was Jean Vesque de Puttelange, an exiled former government official from the Hapsburg Netherlands; his son Johann Vesque von Püttlingen (the composer 'J. van Hoven') was born in the palace. In 1804 she and her father moved to Hapsburg-ruled Vienna where she married the orientalist, Count \"Emir\" Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski. In 1847, Alexandra Rzewuska sold the Niezdowie grand villa to a judge, Kazimierz Wydrychiewicz. In 1854 she disposed of (or sold) the house and its contents to the Russian general Ivan Paskyévich, the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland since 1831. Many of the books in the library were donated to the Piarist seminary in Opole; after the Order was suppressed",
"was plundered utterly and burnt by the Russians for his part in the uprising. Alexandra's tutor in Opole around 1800 was Jean Vesque de Puttelange, an exiled former government official from the Hapsburg Netherlands; his son Johann Vesque von Püttlingen (the composer 'J. van Hoven') was born in the palace. In 1804 she and her father moved to Hapsburg-ruled Vienna where she married the orientalist, Count \"Emir\" Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski. In 1847, Alexandra Rzewuska sold the Niezdowie grand villa to a judge, Kazimierz Wydrychiewicz. In 1854 she disposed of (or sold) the house and its contents to the Russian general Ivan Paskyévich, the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland since 1831. Many of the books in the library were donated to the Piarist seminary in Opole; after the Order was suppressed after the January Uprising, some of the collection ended up in the Hieronim Łopaciński public library in Lublin. After 1854 the Lubomirski palace was converted into a Russian military barracks, undergoing a severe redesign which included the loss of the mansard roof and the removal of the balustrades and tympanums; the third storey was heightened. The outbuildings were turned into a hospital, the last being demolished c2001. The former interior décor no longer survives. Further rebuilding took place in the 1940s and 1960s. The Lubomirski palace is currently used as a high school named after the national poet of Poland, Adam Mickiewicz. Lubomirski Palace (Opole Lubelskie) The Lubomirski Palace (pl:\"Pałac Lubomirskich\") in Opole"
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"Regents of the University of Colorado The Regents of the University of Colorado comprise the governing board of the University of Colorado system. Established under Article IX, Section 9 of the Constitution of Colorado, the Board of Regents has 9 voting members. One regent is elected to represent each of Colorado's seven congressional districts, with two others elected by the state at large. They serve six-year terms, which are staggered so not all are elected at the same time. The Regents oversee the University's budget, they hire the University's president and other top University officials, and they set tuition and priorities. They select a chair and vice-chair from their own membership. The four campuses in the University of Colorado system are: Regents of the University of Colorado The Regents of the University of Colorado comprise the governing board of the University of Colorado system. Established under Article IX, Section 9 of the Constitution of Colorado, the Board of Regents has 9 voting members. One regent is elected to represent each of Colorado's seven congressional districts, with two others elected by the state at large. They serve six-year terms, which are staggered so not all are elected at the same time."
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"New York State Route 429 New York State Route 429 (NY 429) is a north–south state highway located entirely within Niagara County, New York, in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with NY 265 and NY 384 in North Tonawanda to a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) on the border between the towns of Cambria and Lewiston. Although it is relatively minor in length, the route is regionally important nonetheless as it connects North Tonawanda to some of the county's interior regions. About midway between North Tonawanda and Ridge Road, NY 429 serves the hamlet of Sanborn, where it briefly overlaps with NY 31. At Pekin, a community situated between Sanborn and NY 104, NY 429 descends the Niagara Escarpment. The Sanborn–Ridge Road segment of modern NY 429 was originally designated as part of Route 30, an unsigned legislative route, in 1908. In the mid-1920s, the portion of Route 30 west of Rochester became part of the signed NY 31; however, NY 31 was realigned in the late 1920s to follow Ridge Road west from Cambria to the village of Lewiston. NY 31's former alignment from Niagara Falls to Ridge Road via Sanborn became New York State Route 31A at this time. NY 31A was eliminated in 1935 as part of the establishment of U.S. Route 104 (US 104). The portion of its former routing north of Sanborn became part of NY 429, which was extended from its terminus. NY 429 begins on the banks of the Niagara River at a junction with NY 265 and NY 384 in downtown North Tonawanda. The route heads east as Wheatfield Street, crossing the CSX Transportation-owned Niagara Subdivision at a grade crossing that separates an industrialized block of the street from more residential sections to the east. After three blocks, NY 429 turns onto Oliver Street and follows it northwestward through residential and industrial portions of the city, paralleling NY 265 and NY 384 for to a junction with Ward Road. Oliver Street and Ward Road merge here, and the combined street takes on the Ward Road name as it proceeds due northward through the solely residential northern portion of North Tonawanda. NY 429 exits the city near a junction with Ruie Road, at which point maintenance of the route shifts from the city to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). Now in the town of Wheatfield, NY 429 heads across populated but less developed areas on its way to a junction with US 62. North of this point, the closely spaced homes gradually give way to more isolated houses and, eventually, rural farmland. It continues on a north–south line to the town of Lewiston and the hamlet of Sanborn, located adjacent to the Lewiston–Cambria town line. In the small but developed community, NY 429 follows Buffalo Street past three blocks of homes to a junction with NY 31 (Saunders Settlement Road). Buffalo Street ends here; however, NY 429 joins NY 31 for two blocks east to Townline Road, a north–south highway delimiting the boundary between Lewiston and Cambria. NY 429 continues north on Townline Road, passing the sprawling main campus of Niagara County Community College, a stark departure from the rural fields that NY 429 traversed in Wheatfield. Past the college, NY 429 follows the Lewiston–Cambria town line for the rest of its length. In terms of elevation, it reaches a crest of at Upper Mountain Road in Pekin before it begins to descend the Niagara Escarpment, a beach ridge that further west led to the formation of Niagara Falls eons ago. Here, on clear enough days, a wide panorama can be seen of the entire northern half of the county and Lake Ontario. After descending , it crosses a narrow plateau containing Lower Mountain Road. Another drop follows, and NY 429 ends shortly afterward at a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) located above sea level—a descent from Pekin. During this final, mostly undeveloped stretch, NY 429 passes the Buffalo Diocese's Immaculate Conception Catholic Church. The portion of modern NY 429 north of Sanborn was originally designated as part of Route 30, an unsigned legislative route, by the New York State Legislature in 1908. Route 30 entered Sanborn from the west on what is now NY 31 and followed current NY 429 north to Ridge Road, where it turned east toward Rochester. All of legislative Route 30 west of Rochester became part of NY 31 in the mid-1920s, while the remainder of what is now NY 429 outside of North Tonawanda was taken over by the state of New York by 1926. In the late 1920s, NY 31 was realigned between Niagara Falls and the Lewiston–Cambria town line to follow Ridge Road west to the village of Lewiston. Its former routing to Niagara Falls via Sanborn became NY 31A. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the Niagara Falls–Sanborn leg of NY 31A became part of a realigned NY 3, which had followed modern NY 425 from North Tonawanda to Saunders Settlement Road prior to the renumbering. Despite this fact, NY 31A continued to extend west to Niagara Falls, creating an overlap with the cross-state NY 3. The overlap remained in place until when US 104 was assigned across Upstate New York. West of Rochester, it replaced NY 31, which was shifted southward to follow all of NY 3 from Niagara Falls to Rochester. NY 31A, meanwhile, was eliminated and partially replaced with NY 429, a route created that continued south from Sanborn to North Tonawanda via Ward Road and Oliver and Wheatfield Streets. NY 429 has not been substantially altered since that time. New York State Route 429 New York State Route 429 (NY 429) is a north–south state highway located entirely within Niagara County, New York, in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with NY 265 and NY 384 in North Tonawanda to a junction with NY 104 (Ridge Road) on the border between the towns of"
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"Královka Arena Královka Arena or Královka sports Hall (Czech: Sportovní hala Královka) is multipurpose hall located in Prague 7 district Letná, near to the Generali Arena. Sports and cultural events are held there. It has capacity for maximum 2500 people, 1300 without additional tribune. It can host sports as basketball, badminton or floorball. In this complex, training ground with capacity of 200 people is included. Since 2014, it is home to women basketball team USK Praha (since 2014) and VŠ Praha. This arena in Pod Královskou oborou street was built in 1965, by the Czech architect Cyril Mandel. The first reconstruction started in 1985 and ended five years later. Next reconstruction took place in 2004. In 2010, Prague bought this arena for 116 million Czech crowns. Since 2011, the hall is rented by company Sportovní areál Praha. Between 2011 and 2014, another reconstruction took place, at a cost of 240 million Czech crowns. Královka Arena Královka Arena or Královka sports Hall (Czech: Sportovní hala Královka) is multipurpose hall located in Prague 7 district Letná, near to the Generali Arena. Sports and cultural events are held there. It has capacity for maximum 2500 people, 1300 without additional tribune. It can host"
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"James White (RAF officer) Captain James Butler White, DFC, RNAS (7 July 1893 – 2 January 1972) was a World War I Royal Naval Air Service flying ace. White was born on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. He served with No. 8 Naval Squadron RNAS, which was renamed No. 208 Squadron RAF after the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918. He achieved 12 victories in total, his first on 24 January 1918 and his last two on 3 October 1918. All of his victories were scored while flying a Sopwith Camel. The citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross (published in the \"London Gazette\" on 3 December 1918) read: James White (RAF officer) Captain James Butler White, DFC, RNAS (7 July 1893 – 2 January 1972) was a World War I Royal Naval Air Service flying ace. White was born on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. He served with No. 8 Naval Squadron RNAS, which was renamed No. 208 Squadron RAF after the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918. He achieved 12 victories in total, his first"
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"Anser Farooq Anser Farooq is a Canadian defence attorney based in Mississauga, Ontario, who gained notability defending suspects during the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot. Farooq represented two members of the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot: Ibrahim Aboud, and Qayyum Jamal. Aboud and Jamal had their charges stayed in April 2008. In 2007, he represented Ayad Mejid, a Muslim preacher who was suspected of using child pornography. In 2010, charges were dismissed after a judge found that Mejid's rights were violated when he was forced to turn over his computer to investigators. In April 2011, Majid filed a lawsuit against the government, where was again represented by Farooq. Farooq was also counsel for Khurram Sher, who was alleged to have participated in an Ottawa terrorism plot. Sher had auditioned for Canadian Idol. On October 13, 2010, Sher was released on bail. Sher was represented by Michael Edelson at trial, where he was acquitted. Farooq was counsel for Mohamed Hersi, who was arrested on March 31, 2011 at Toronto Pearson International Airport and was alleged to have attempted to join Al-Shabaab. After a two-day hearing Hersi was released on bail April 29, 2011. Hersi changed counsel and was represented by Paul Salansky at trial. He was convicted of the charges and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Anser Farooq Anser Farooq is a Canadian defence attorney based in Mississauga, Ontario, who gained notability defending suspects during the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot. Farooq represented two members of the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot: Ibrahim Aboud, and Qayyum Jamal. Aboud and Jamal had their charges stayed in April 2008. In 2007, he represented Ayad Mejid, a Muslim preacher who was suspected of using child pornography. In 2010, charges were dismissed after a judge found that Mejid's rights were violated when he was forced to turn over"
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"Death and the Sculptor Death and the Sculptor, also known as the Milmore Monument and The Angel of Death and the Young Sculptor is a sculpture in bronze, and one of the most important and influential works of art created by sculptor Daniel Chester French. The work was commissioned to mark the grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, of the brothers Joseph (1841-1886), James and Martin Milmore (1844-1883). It has two figures effectively in the round, linked to a background relief behind them. The right-hand figure represents a sculptor, whose hand holding a chisel is gently restrained by the fingers of the left-hand figure, representing Death, here shown as a winged female. The Milmore brothers immigrated to the United States from Ireland in 1851, Joseph becoming a stone carver and Martin a sculptor. They frequently collaborated on commissions, the most notable one being the granite \"Sphinx\" (1873) that resides in Mount Auburn Cemetery. French's memorial, commissioned in 1889 and dedicated in 1893, depicts the Angel of Death gently taking the hand of a sculptor, or stone carver who is working on a sphinx figure very much like the one the brothers created. When the plaster cast of the work was in Paris to be cast into bronze it was exhibited at several salons, including the Salon de Champs de Mars where it was awarded a third-class medal, \"only the second time an American had been so honored by the Parisian art world.\" The architectural setting was initially designed by architect C. Howard Walker, but this was redesigned by French's frequent collaborator Henry Bacon in 1914, and finally replaced in 1945 by one designed the Boston firm of Andrews, Jones Boscoe and Whitmore, at which time the location of the monument was changed. The bronze portion was cast in Paris by the Gruet Foundry. French and the Milmore family agreed to have four other casts of the piece done, which went to museums in Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and St. Louis. The Chicago plaster was displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition, where it received good reviews. That cast was destroyed in 1949. In 1917, another version of the work was done, this time in marble for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. It was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, who carved virtually all of French's marbles. Death and the Sculptor Death and the Sculptor, also known"
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"César Ham César David Adolfo Ham Peña (born July 23, 1973) is a Honduran politician. He is a leader of the socialist Democratic Unification Party and a member of Parliament. He was the presidential candidate of his party for the 2009 elections in which he gained less than 2% of the votes. He supported President Manuel Zelaya's initiative to form a convention for reforming the Constitution, and was one of the main organizers of the controversial non-binding poll that was scheduled for June 28, 2009, but never took place because Zelaya was ousted from office that day in a coup d'état. On September 16, 2009 he was the sole dissenter at a meeting of Honduran presidential candidates with the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias when he was the only candidate to support the San José Agreement's demand for the reinstatement of Manuel Zelaya. César Ham César David Adolfo Ham Peña (born July 23, 1973) is a Honduran politician. He is a leader of the socialist Democratic Unification Party and a member of Parliament. He was the presidential candidate of his party for the 2009 elections in which he gained less than 2% of the votes. He supported President Manuel Zelaya's"
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"Csaba Sógor Csaba Sógor (born 12 May 1964) is a Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament, representing the Hungarian minority. He is also the member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Currently Sógor is the candidate for the Member of the European Parliament on behalf of the European People's Party (EPP). Besides Hungarian and Romanian, he is fluent in English, German and understands French. He attended Cluj University from 1983 to 1988, graduating with a bachelor's degree in Theology. Sógor also holds master's degrees in Theology from the Universities of Zurich and Basel. He began his political career in 1990 as a member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Since 1995, he has been a member of the Union Representatives. As a member of this party, he was elected for the first time to Congress in Cluj UDMR. He was also a pastor in the Reformed Church in Romania, serving in Ciceu from 1988 to 1999. From 2000 to 2004, he was the UDMR's Senator from Harghita, where he was a member of the Committee for Education, Science and Youth. Sógor was re-elected as Senator from the same party from 2004 to 2008. He was secretary of the UDMR's Parliamentary Group. He resigned from Parliament on 3 December 2007 and was replaced by Senator Vilmos Zsombori. In 2007 he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament from UDMR. Asked by journalists about his goals in Brussels, he said he would push for the Székelys' autonomy and for the Székely Hungarian language as the second language of the state, at least where the Hungarian community represents 20% of the total population. He is a full Member of the LIBE Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and a substitute Member of the EMPL Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. Sógor is also in the DASE Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and a substitute Member of the Delegation for relations with Japan. He is married and has four children. Csaba Sógor Csaba Sógor (born 12 May 1964) is a Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament, representing the Hungarian minority. He is also the member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Currently Sógor is the candidate for the Member of the European Parliament on behalf of the European"
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"Situation Vacant Situation Vacant is an audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". This audio drama was produced by Big Finish Productions. The Doctor is seen to be holding auditions for a new companion. The characters Hugh Bainbridge, Asha Qureshi, Theo Lawson and Juliet Walsh seemingly vie for the position. Big Finish Productions withheld the identity of the companion in the rest of this series until after this story was released. The contenders are described by producer David Richardson in \"Doctor Who Magazine\" issue 421, as: The Meddling Monk is revealed to have placed the ad and arranged the dangerous scenarios in a later story, \"The Book of Kells\". Matt Michael, writing for \"Doctor Who Magazine\", felt that the emulation of television openers such as \"Partners in Crime\" was not entirely successful, and faulted the lack of development of the new companion. Richard McGinlay praised it strongly, giving it a rating of 10/10, and feeling that the satire of \"The Apprentice\" was successful. Situation Vacant was broadcast on digital radio station BBC Radio 4 Extra on 8 Jan 2013 as a single hour-long episode. Situation Vacant Situation Vacant is an audio drama based on"
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"Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics Norway competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 102 competitors, 96 men and 6 women, took part in 72 events in 14 sports. Earlier in the year, Norway had hosted the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km) Five fencers, all male, represented Norway in 1952. Norway had nine male rowers participate in two out of seven rowing events in 1952. Nine shooters represented Norway in 1952. Erling Kongshaug won gold in the 50 m rifle, three positions and John H. Larsen, Sr. won gold in the 100m running deer. Norway at the 1952 Summer Olympics Norway competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 102 competitors, 96 men and 6 women, took part in 72 events in 14 sports. Earlier in the year, Norway had hosted the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km) Five fencers, all male, represented Norway in 1952. Norway had nine male rowers participate in two out of seven rowing events in 1952. Nine shooters represented Norway in 1952. Erling Kongshaug won gold in the 50 m rifle, three positions and John H. Larsen, Sr. won gold in"
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"Anne Killigrew Anne Killigrew (1660–1685) was an English poet. Born in London, Killigrew is perhaps best known as the subject of a famous elegy by the poet John Dryden entitled \"To The Pious Memory of the Accomplish'd Young Lady Mrs. Anne Killigrew\" (1686). She was however a skilful poet in her own right, and her \"Poems\" were published posthumously in 1686. Dryden compared her poetic abilities to the famous Greek poet of antiquity, Sappho. Killigrew died of smallpox aged 25. Anne Killigrew was born in early 1660, before the Restoration, at St Martin's Lane in London. Not much is known about her mother Judith Killigrew, but her father Dr. Henry Killigrew published several sermons and poems as well as a play called \"The Conspiracy\". Her two paternal uncles were also published playwrights. Sir William Killigrew (1606–1695) published two collections of plays and Thomas Killigrew (1612–1683) not only wrote plays but built the theatre now known as Drury Lane. Her father and her uncles had close connections with the Stuart Court, serving Charles I, Charles II, and his Queen, Catherine of Braganza. Anne was made a personal attendant, before her death, to Mary of Modena, Duchess of York. Little is recorded about Anne’s education, but it is known that she kept up with her social class, and she received instruction in both poetry and painting in which she excelled. In their introduction to Anne Killigrew in \"The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women,\" Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar point out that because of her father’s work—he was a clergyman and a playwright, and her uncle was the well-known playwright and theatrical patentee Thomas Killigrew—she was encouraged to pursue her creative talents, unusual for women in the 17th century. Her theatrical background added to her use of shifting voices in her poetry. In John Dryden’s \"Ode To the Pious Memory of the accomplished young lady, Mrs. Anne Killigrew,\" he points out that \"Art she had none, yet wanted none, / For Nature did that want supply\". Killigrew most likely got her education through studying the Bible, Greek mythology, and philosophy. Mythology was often expressed throughout her paintings and poetry. Inspiration for Killigrew’s poetry came from her knowledge of Greek myths and Biblical proverbs as well as from some very influential female poets who lived during the Restoration period: Katherine Philips and Anne Finch (also a maid to Mary of Modena at the same time as Killigrew). Mary of Modena encouraged the French tradition of \"precieuses\" (patrician women intellectuals) which pressed women’s participation in theatre, literature, and music. In effect, Killigrew was surrounded with a poetic feminist inspiration on a daily basis in Court: she was encompassed by strong intelligent women who encouraged her writing career as much as their own. With this motivation came a short book of only thirty-three poems published soon after her death by her father. It was not abnormal for poets, especially for women, never to see their work published in their lifetime. Since Killigrew died at the young age of 25 she was only able to produce a small collection of poetry. In fact, the last three poems were only found among her papers and it is still being debated about whether or not they were actually written by her. Inside the book is also a self painted portrait of Anne and the Ode by family friend and poet John Dryden. Anne Killigrew excelled in multiple media, which was noted by contemporary poet, mentor, and family friend, John Dryden in his dedicatory ode to Killigrew. He addresses her as \"the Accomplisht Young LADY Mrs Anne Killigrew, Excellent in the two Sister-Arts of Poësie, and Painting.\" Scholars believe that Kelligrew painted a total of 15 paintings; however, only four are known to exist today. Many of her paintings display biblical and mythological imagery. Yet, Killigrew was also skilled at portraits, and her works include a self-portrait and a portrait of James, Duke of York. Some of her poetry references her own paintings, such as her poem \"On a Picture Painted by her self, representing two Nimphs of DIANA's, one in a posture to Hunt, the other Batheing.\" Both her poems and her paintings place emphasis on women and nature, suggesting female rebellion in a male-dominated society. Contemporary critics noted her exceptional skill in both mediums, with John Dryden addressing his dedicatory Killigrew is best known for being the subject of John Dryden's famous, extolling ode, which praises Killigrew for her beauty, virtue, and literary talent. However, Dryden was one of several contemporary admirers of Killigrew, and the posthumous collection of her work published in 1686 included several additional poems commending her literary merit, irreproachable piety, and personal charm. Nonetheless, critics often disagree about the nature of Dryden's ode: some believe his praise to be too excessive, and even ironic. These individuals condemn Killigrew for using well worn and conventional topics, such as death, love, and the human condition, in her poetry and pastoral dialogues. In fact, Alexander Pope, a prominent critic, as well as the leading poet of the time, labelled her work \"crude\" and \"unsophisticated.\" As a young poet who had only distributed her work via manuscript prior to her death, it is possible that Killigrew was not ready to see her work published so soon. Some say Dryden defended all poets because he believed them to be teachers of moral truths; thus, he felt Killigrew, as an inexperienced yet dedicated poet, deserved his praise. However, Anthony Wood in his 1721 essay defends Dryden's praise, confirming that Killigrew \"was equal to, if not superior\" to any of the compliments lavished upon her. Furthermore, Wood asserts that Killigrew must have been well received in her time, otherwise “her Father would never have suffered them to pass the Press” after her death. Then, there is the question of the last three poems that were found among her papers. They seem to be in her handwriting, which is why Killigrew’s father added them to her book. The poems are about the despair the author has for another woman, and could possibly be autobiographical if they are in fact by Killigrew. Some of her other poems are about failed friendships, possibly with Anne Finch, so this assumption may have some validity. Killigrew died of smallpox on 16 June 1685, when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in the Chancel of the Savoy Chapel (dedicated to St John the Baptist) where a monument was built in her honour, but has since been destroyed by a fire. Anne Killigrew Anne Killigrew (1660–1685) was an English poet. Born in London, Killigrew"
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"Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the International Psychoanalytical Association, the Division of Psychoanalysis (Division 39) of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, and the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work. Although it is based on current neuroscience and treatment outcome studies, Carey (2006) points out that many of the concepts in the PDM are adapted from the classical psychoanalytic tradition of psychotherapy. For example, the PDM indicates that the anxiety disorders may be traced to the \"four basic danger situations\" described by Sigmund Freud (1926) as the loss of a significant other; the loss of love; the loss of body integrity; and the loss of affirmation by one's own conscience. It uses a new perspective on the existing diagnostic system as it enables clinicians to describe and categorize personality patterns, related social and emotional capacities, unique mental profiles, and personal experiences of the patient. The PDM is not intended to compete with the DSM or ICD. The authors report the work emphasizes \"individual variations as well as commonalities\" by \"focusing on the full range of mental functioning\" and serves as a \"[complement to] the DSM and ICD efforts in cataloguing [sic] symptoms. The task force intends for the PDM to augment the existing diagnostic taxonomies by providing \"a multi dimensional approach to describe the intricacies of the patient's overall functioning and ways of engaging in the therapeutic process.\". This first dimension classifies personality patterns in two domains. First, it looks at the spectrum of personality types and places the person's personality on a continuum from unhealthy and maladaptive to healthy and adaptive. Second, it classifies the how the person \"organizes mental functioning and engages the world\". The task force adds, \"This dimension has been placed first in the PDM system because of the accumulating evidence that symptoms or problems cannot be understood, assessed, or treated in the absence of an understanding of the mental life of the person who has the symptoms\". In other words, a list of symptoms characteristic of a diagnosis does not adequately inform a clinician how to understand and treat the symptoms without proper context. By analogy, if a patient went to her physician complaining of watering eyes and a runny nose, the symptoms alone do not indicate the appropriate treatment. Her symptoms could be a function of seasonal allergies, a bacterial sinus infection, the common cold, or she may have just come from her grandmother's funeral. The doctor might treat allergies with an antihisamine, the sinus infection with antibiotics, the cold with zinc, and give her patient a Kleenex tissue after the funeral. All four conditions may have very similar symptoms; all four condition are treated very differently. Next, the PDM provides a \"detailed description of emotional functioning\" which are understood to be \"the capacities that contribute to an individual's personality and overall level of psychological health or pathology\". This dimension provides a \"microscopic\" examination of the patient's mental life by systematically accounting for their functional capacity to The third dimension starts with the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories; moreover, beyond simply listing symptoms, the PDM \"goes on to describe the affective states, cognitive processes, somatic experiences, and relational patterns most often associated clinically\" with each diagnosis. In this dimension, \"symptom clusters\" are \"useful descriptors\" which presents the patient's \"symptom patterns in terms of the patient's personal experience of his or her prevailing difficulties\". The task force concludes, \"The patient may evidence a few or many patterns, which may or may not be related, and which should be seen in the context of the person's personality and mental functioning. The multi dimensional approach... provides a systematic way to describe patients that is faithful to their complexity and helpful in planning appropriate treatments\". Guilford Press will be publishing a new edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2), which is being developed by a steering committee composed by Vittorio Lingiardi (Editor), Nancy McWilliams (Editor), and Robert S. Wallerstein (Honorary Chair). Guilford Press received a manuscript for PDM-2 in September 2016, and the current release date is set for June 2017. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the"
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"Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every year, the orchestra works with up to 12,000 elementary students and helps them learn core subjects in exciting new ways–through music! Music in the School s is designed specifically for public elementary students of Minneapolis and St. Paul’s diverse population with limited in-school arts opportunities. MIS uses classical music to excite students about math, history, science, social studies and literature, while providing a much-needed part of their arts education. Each MIS program starts with a three-month curriculum, co-developed by the Sinfonia and local teachers. The curriculum combines classical music excerpts with academic concepts drawn from Minnesota state education standards, and focuses on a different subject each year. Past programs include History as Seen Through Music, which used Aaron Copland’s A Lincoln Portrait to introduce President Abraham Lincoln, his speeches and his role in the Civil War. The Magical Mysteries of Math & Music used Joseph Haydn’s “Surprise” Symphony and other well-known classical works to help explain a variety of mathematical concepts. The 2009-2010 program, Music From Other Lands, presented classical music derived from folk songs. The culmination of each Music in the Schools program is ‘Sinfona Day’ — a visit from the entire Minnesota Sinfonia to each participating school. As part of the festivities, classrooms host visits from orchestra musicians, who interact with the students and share their own stories and experience. The Young Artist Competition is an annual competition for musicians up to age 19. Held every spring, the contest attracts residents of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa and Wisconsin, who compete in a friendly environment. Both the junior and senior division winners are awarded solo appearances with the Sinfonia, and the senior division winner also receives the Claire Givens Violins $500 cash prize. The competition is held at the University of St. Thomas campus in St. Paul. 25 young musicians experience a “week in the life” of a professional musician. Students participate in a week of intensive orchestra rehearsals, culminating in a joint concert with the Minnesota Sinfonia. Junior Composers and alumni up to age 19, compose celebratory, high-spirited works that will be part of the Sinfonia’s Young Artists Week, culminating in a performance of the winning entry at the orchestra’s Summer Concert Series. Classical programs performed in Twin Cities neighborhood venues. These concerts feature guest soloists from around the world, orchestral repertoire and new works by American composers. Classical repertoire and award-winning guest soloists. Concerts take place in outdoor settings in St. Paul and Minneapolis. Performed throughout the seven county metro area, these programs contain music from movies, Broadway, favorite waltzes Community festivals provided to under-served Minnesota communities. The festivals include neighborhood children performing with the Minnesota Sinfonia, local music groups and local artist displays as well many other activities. The Minnesota Sinfonia brings educational and concert programs designed especially for communities that have limited access to the arts to out-state Minnesota. In the 1980s, conductor Jay Fishman envisioned a professional, top-quality orchestra that would dedicate its services to the underserved and low-income residents of Minnesota. In 1989, he created the Minnesota Sinfonia, a professional chamber orchestra to serve families, children, inner-city youth, seniors, and those with limited incomes. Early on, the Sinfonia developed policies of free admission and children welcome to all performances. The Sinfonia was the first, and is still the only professional orchestra in the state to have such policies. As one of three professional orchestras in the Twin Cities, the Sinfonia is the only one to offer all concerts free of admission charges, to perform in accessible neighborhood locations year-round and to welcome children to every performance. The Sinfonia is dedicated to community service and education. Each year, the Sinfonia performs more free, in-school concerts than any professional orchestra in the state, allocating over 30 percent of its budget and half its concerts to educational programs. Our guiding values are quality, accessibility and education. Jay Fishman has been the artistic and executive director of the Minnesota Sinfonia since its inception in 1989. Under his leadership, the Sinfonia inaugurated its policies of free admission and welcoming children to all concerts, and created Music in the Schools, the orchestra’s education program for inner-city elementary students. Jay earned a bachelor of science in music education and bachelor of arts in music composition from the University of Minnesota in 1969. In 1974, he earned a master's degree in orchestral conducting from the Indiana University School of Music. Also in 1974, he was a finalist in the Fulbright-Hayes Conducting Fellowship. From 1974 to 1976, Jay served as music director and conductor for the Louisville Chamber Orchestra. He then traveled to London, where he worked with Sir Neville Mariner of the Academy of Saint Martin in the Fields Chamber Orchestra. While in London, he also recorded for BBC Radio. In 1978, Jay Fishman returned to the United States and for 11 years served as the music director of the Minneapolis Chamber Symphony (MCS), which he founded. Under his leadership, the MCS received local, regional and national accolades, including the Award for Excellence from the McKnight Foundation and ongoing support from the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1989, Jay founded the Minnesota Sinfonia and took on the role of executive and artistic director. To date, he has conducted over 1,300 performances, and introduced classical music to 150,000 inner-city elementary students. In 2008, he led a symposium on use of the professional orchestra in music education for the Arts Midwest Regional Conference, and spoke on the same subject to the Association of Wisconsin Orchestras in May 2010. The Minnesota Sinfonia plays at the following venues in the Minneapolis / St. Paul \"Twin Cities\" as well as tours to Greater Minnesota Communities: Winter: The Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis), Metropolitan State University (St. Paul), The University of Minnesota (Minneapolis), Temple Israel (Minneapolis), Temple of Aaron (St. Paul), First Covenant Church (St. Paul), Annunciation Church (Minneapolis), Summer: Como Park, Lake Harriet Bandshell, Lake Phalen Regional Park, Caponi Art Park, Minnesota Zoo, Coon Rapids Regional Dam Park, Roseville Central Park, Camp Courage, John A. Johnson Elementary School, Farnsworth Aerospace Elementary School, Farwell Park, North Commons Park. Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every",
"Zoo, Coon Rapids Regional Dam Park, Roseville Central Park, Camp Courage, John A. Johnson Elementary School, Farnsworth Aerospace Elementary School, Farwell Park, North Commons Park. Minnesota Sinfonia Minnesota Sinfonia is a professional non-profit orchestra in Minnesota. The Sinfonia plays concerts for over 25,000 people each year, and is the only professional orchestra of its kind, offering all concerts free of charge, welcoming children to every performance, and dedicating over half its services to inner-city schools. Founded in 1989 by Artistic Director Jay Fishman, the Minnesota Sinfonia is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by corporate, foundation and individual contributors. Music in the Schools (MIS) is the Sinfonia’s inner-city education program. Every year, the orchestra works with up to 12,000 elementary students and helps them learn"
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"Zhang Liping Zhang Liping (; born 1965) is a Chinese-Canadian soprano, who has sung leading roles in the opera houses of both Europe and North America. She is particularly known for her portrayal of Madama Butterfly. Zhang Liping was born in Wuhan, Hubei (about 650 miles south-west of Beijing) and is the daughter of a classical musician and a dancer. She entered the Wuhan Conservatoire to study voice. As a young student, she was selected to sing with Plácido Domingo in Tian'anmen Square. She then moved to Vancouver to study with Canadian mezzo-soprano Phyllis Mailing at the Vancouver Academy of Music. She later joined Vancouver Opera's Young Artist Program and sang throughout Canada in roles such as Mimi (\"La bohème\"), Leila (\"Les pêcheurs de perles\"), Liu (\"Turandot\"), Marguerite (\"Faust\") and Lucia (\"Lucia di Lammermoor\"). In 1997, she moved to London. Zhang has sung Lucia Ashton with the Royal Opera Covent Garden and the Deutsche Oper Berlin and also Gilda in Verdi's \"Rigoletto\" at the Den Norske Opera and the Teatro Regio di Parma. In 2002, Zhang debuted as Liu (in \"Turandot\") at Covent Garden. Geoff Brown wrote in The Times:With Li Ping Zhang's lovelorn Liu, though, sweet drama and music came rolled into one. Her part's vocal perils left her unscathed; each word struck home in the heart in a way no one else's ever did. Malcolm Hayes, writing in the Sunday Telegraph, remarked that: 'The biggest round of applause went to the Liu of Zhang Liping, whose sumptuous soprano had us hanging on her every note' Writing in The Times, David Cairns remarked that: Above all, Liping Zhang gave us a heroine of exceptional eloquence and intensity, no drooping lily but a vital, suffering, deeply touching creature whose élans and agonies raised the work momentarily to a higher plane. David Fingleton, writing in the British newspaper, the Sunday Express, commented: This soprano, in her early 30s, clearly has great insight and intelligence as well as good looks, and her clearly-drawn, thoughtful performance held the audience in the palm of her hand. When she sang the great aria One Fine Day in Act Two, where the abandoned Butterfly expresses her confidence in her husband's return, you could see the tears being shed. Her performance was a tour-de-force. The Detroit News wrote: In soprano Zhang Liping, the Michigan Opera Theatre production that opened Saturday night at the Detroit Opera House boasts a Butterfly who does more than carry the show; she represents the world standard. This is a singer, indeed a theatrical experience, not to be missed Hugh Canning wrote in Opera Magazine that: I was delighted to encounter her lovely, stylishly sung Mimi here: ... her subtle and idiomatic use of portemento, but this was no carbon copy and she had plenty of vocal swell for 'Il Primo bacio del aprile e mio' from her Act 1 narration and emotional depth in her Act 3 farewell Liping Zhang's debut disc was released by EMI Classics. The recording features arias by Verdi, Puccini, Bellini, and Donizetti. Zhang Liping Zhang Liping (; born 1965) is a Chinese-Canadian soprano, who has sung leading roles in the opera houses of both Europe and North America. She is particularly known for her portrayal of Madama Butterfly. Zhang Liping was born in Wuhan, Hubei (about 650 miles south-west of Beijing) and is the daughter of a classical musician and a dancer. She entered the Wuhan Conservatoire to study voice. As a young student, she was selected to sing with Plácido Domingo in Tian'anmen Square. She then moved to Vancouver to study with Canadian mezzo-soprano Phyllis Mailing"
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"Essex West (electoral district) Essex West was a federal electoral district in the province of Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1968. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Essex North riding. It was initially defined to consist of the city of Windsor, the town of Sandwich and the townships of East and West Sandwich in the county of Essex, including the towns of Ford City and Walkerville, or the villages of Riverside, Tecumseh and St. Clair Shores. In 1933, it was redefined to consist of the township of Sandwich West in the county of Essex including the town of Sandwich and the part of the city of Windsor lying north of Tecumseh Road. In 1947, it was redefined to exclude the part city of Windsor city lying south of Tecumseh Boulevard and east of the line dividing lots facing on Lincoln Road to the east and Gladstone Avenue to the west. The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Essex, Windsor West and Windsor—Walkerville ridings. Essex West (electoral district) Essex West was a federal electoral district in the province of Ontario, Canada, that was"
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"WGFL WGFL is a dual CBS/MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Gainesville, Florida, United States that is licensed to High Springs. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and UHF channel 28 from a transmitter in Newberry. Owned by New Age Media, WGFL is sister to two Gainesville-licensed stations: Class A MeTV affiliate WYME-CD (channel 45) and full-power NBC affiliate WNBW-DT (channel 9). The latter is actually owned by MPS Media, LLC but operated by New Age Media through a local marketing agreement (LMA). All three stations are in turn operated by the Sinclair Broadcast Group under a master service agreement. The stations all share studios on Northwest 80th Boulevard (along I-75/SR 93) in Gainesville. On cable, WGFL can be seen on Cox channel 4 in Gainesville and Altitude Communications channel 4 in High Springs (hence the on-air branding CBS 4). There is a high definition feed offered on Cox digital channel 1004. The Gainesville market is located between several other Florida DMAs. In these areas, local cable systems opt instead for the affiliate for their home market instead of WGFL. This includes Charter Spectrum and Cox in Ocala (part of the Orlando market) that both offer WKMG-TV. In Lake City (part of the Jacksonville DMA), Comcast Xfinity provides WJAX-TV. WGFL signed on September 20, 1997, offering an analog signal on UHF channel 53. It originally served as the WB affiliate for the Gainesville area and was known on-air as \"WB 53\". The station also maintained a secondary affiliation with UPN, carrying its programming at 10 p.m. following WB's regular primetime schedule. WGFL's daytime programming mainly consisted of classic sitcom reruns along with various reality/talk shows such as \"Queen Latifah\". Like most WB affiliates at the time, WGFL carried the afternoon Kids' WB line up along with more youth oriented sitcoms like Sister, Sister during the evenings. In May 2002, WGFL announced its intention to affiliate with the CBS network on July 15, 2002; this came about as an affiliation switch arose involving then-CBS affiliate WJXT and then-UPN affiliate WTEV (now WJAX-TV) in Jacksonville, which led WJXT to drop CBS programming and become an independent. Up until that point, WJXT had served as the default CBS affiliate for Gainesville because its signal offered city-grade coverage into the area. When the switch took place, WGFL gained the CBS affiliation and the station re-branded to \"CBS 4\" (preferring to go by its cable channel number on Cox systems). Now displaced, the UPN programs were moved to late night hours on WGFL while The WB moved over to a new cable-only station branded as \"WB 10\" (again referring to the Cox channel assignment). The UPN programming would later move from WGFL in 2004 (see Translators). The CBS affiliation also brought Florida Gators football as well as the NFL to the station through the network's rights to air SEC and AFC football games. The SEC games have been high ratings draws especially during the Gators' national championship seasons of 2006 and 2008. During the mid 2000s, WGFL went through a couple of ownership changes. In 2004, the station was sold to Pegasus Communications due an earlier time brokerage agreement with then-owner Budd Broadcasting A short time later, WGFL would become part of New Age Media after Pegasus filed for bankruptcy in 2005. On September 25, 2013, New Age Media announced that it would sell most of its stations, including WGFL and WMYG-LP, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group. Concurrently, sister station WNBW-DT was slated to be sold to Cunningham Broadcasting and was to continue to be operated by WGFL. On October 31, 2014, New Age Media requested the dismissal of its application to sell WGFL; the next day, Sinclair purchased the non-license assets of the stations it planned to buy from New Age Media and began operating them through a master service agreement. After WGFL's acquisition by Sinclair, the station retired its 12 year old \"CBS 4\" logo in April 2016 and replaced it with a simplified logo identical to sister station KDBC in El Paso, Texas. The station's digital signal is multiplexed: WGFL discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 53, on July 18, 2008. The station's digital signal broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 28. It was one of very few big three affiliates permitted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to cease analog transmission prior to the national digital switchover on June 12, 2009. The transmitter facility space formerly occupied by WGFL's analog signal on UHF channel 53 is now used for WNBW's transmission. WGFL formerly operated two analog translator stations, which rebroadcast its signal to other parts of the broadcast market: Syndicated programming on WGFL includes \"Jeopardy!\", \"Wheel of Fortune\", \"Extra\", \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", and \"Judge Judy\" among others. WGFL also airs \"The Ilene Silverman Show\", a local public affairs program, on Saturdays at 6:30 a.m. In 2002, WGFL aired a weekly sports-oriented show on Friday evenings called \"Sports Showdown\". The show mainly focused on the Gator sports teams and was hosted by Larry Vettel with Gainesville Sun sports columnist Pat Dooley. When the station became a CBS affiliate in 2002, there were plans to start a local news operation as early as the fall of that year. In 2003, WGFL entered a news-share agreement with nearby CBS affiliate WTEV in Jacksonville and in November began simulcasting their noon, 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. newscasts. While WTEV's newscasts focused on the Jacksonville area, they did cover Gainesville during Gator football season or major news events. After a few years, WGFL quietly dropped the WTEV simulcasts in the fall of 2006 and replaced it with the nationally syndicated \"INN News.\" WGFL later formalized their relationship with INN and on October 27, 2010, the station launched \"GTN News\". Produced from the Independent News Network's studios in Little Rock, Arkansas, the news team is supplemented by local reporters in the Gainesville area. Currently, WGFL simulcasts with WNBW at 6:00 and 11:00 p.m.; the 11:00 p.m. newscast can be delayed on either station due to network obligations. WGFL and WNBW also simulcast local news and weather cut-ins on weekday mornings during their respective national network shows. WGFL also aired a standalone 5:30 p.m. newscast which was canceled a few years later. On April 4, 2016, WGFL began using the Sinclair music and graphics package along with re-branding the newscasts to \"CBS 4 News\". WGFL WGFL is a dual CBS/MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Gainesville, Florida, United States that is licensed to High Springs. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on virtual and UHF channel 28 from a transmitter in Newberry. Owned"
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"Sierra Leonean cuisine Sierra Leonean cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from Sierra Leone. It follows the traditions of other West African cuisines. The most commonly eaten food in Sierra Leone is rice, which is typically served as part of every meal eaten, and is considered so ubiquitous that many Sierra Leoneans consider that a meal is not complete without it. Another popular staple food is cassava, which is pounded to make fufu; the leaves of the cassava are formed into a green stew. Palm oil and peanuts are also widely eaten, and while yams are found in Sierra Leone, they are not a mainstay of the diet as they are in other parts of West Africa. Commonly eaten meats include goats, chickens and beef, and there are also a number of dishes using pork as an added ingredient, for example pig trotter soup. Stews are a fundamental part of Sierra Leone's cuisine, with Cassava leaves having been called the country's national dish. Stew is often served simultaneously with jollof rice, white rice or snacks such as plantain, akara, yam or cassava. Groundnut Stew, for example consists of chicken and vegetables that are flavoured with ground nuts, such as cashews and peanuts. This is often served to families as a large meal. Cassava leaves are an important cooking ingredient in Sierra Leone and considered the primary staple food. In order to prepare them, the tenderest cassava leaves are washed, then either pounded very finely or bruised with a pestle and mortar, and then finely shredded before cooking. The leaves are added to palaver sauce, which is made using red palm oil, mixed with other ingredients, such as onions, pepper, fish, meat, and vegetables to create a stew. The stew is a favorite among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad. To give the dish a more exquisite taste, coconut oil is used instead of palm oil. Ginger beer is typically a homemade non-alcoholic beverage, made out of pure ginger, and sweetened with sugar to taste. Cloves and lime juice are sometimes added for flavor. Sierra Leonean cuisine Sierra Leonean cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from Sierra Leone. It follows the traditions of other West African cuisines. The most commonly eaten food in Sierra Leone is rice, which is typically served as part of every meal eaten, and is considered so ubiquitous that many Sierra Leoneans consider"
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"Simon Marcus Simon Marcus (born 5 November 1986), also known as The One, is a Canadian Muay Thai kickboxer of Jamaican descent, who competes in the light heavyweight and cruiserweight divisions. Marcus took up Muay Thai at sixteen and achieved success as an amateur initially by medaling at three international tournaments as well as capturing the North American Cruiserweight Championship. Having turned professional in 2009, he had a breakout year in 2012 when he beat Kaoklai Kaennorsing for the WPMF World Light Heavyweight title and defeated Joe Schilling twice in a notable rivalry. As of 1 November 2018, he is ranked the #2 middleweight in the world by Combat Press. Marcus, a Jamaican Canadian, was a troublesome child but excelled in sports. He was charged with assault and expelled from school for fighting at the age of fifteen. After moving to a new school, he discovered Ajahn Suchart Yodkerepauprai's Siam No.1 Muay Thai gym nearby and promptly began training there. He would then give up on Muay Thai for two years, however, as he pursued basketball and served three months in a youth detention center. Upon being released from detainment, he returned to the gym with the goal of making it as a professional fighter. Beginning his amateur career in 2006, Simon Marcus came to prominence by taking a gold medal at the 2007 IFMA World Championships at −81 kg/178 lb before finishing runner-up the following year. In 2009, he became the WKA Amateur North American Cruiserweight (−86 kg/189 lb) Champion, and defeated Artem Vakhitov in the finals of the World Combat Games 2010 −81 kg/178 lb Muaythai division to claim gold there. Marcus turned professional in 2009 and won his first pro titles in Thailand the following year by claiming the Thaphae Stadium Light Heavyweight belt and the Northern Thailand Cruiserweight strap. 2010 also saw his take notable wins over Filip Verlinden, Kun Khmer legend Eh Phoutong and Japanese Kyokushin stylist Ryuta Noji. He ended the year with a first round knockout of Chinese sanshou fighter Guo Hang Hang in Foshan, China. Guo and Marcus then rematched at the \"Wushu vs. Muaythai\" event at the Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium in Hefei, China on 11 June 2011 where Marcus once again came out on top, winning on points after battering Guo with low kicks throughout the fight. With his profile now rising, Marcus was scheduled to face former Rajadamnern Stadium champion Kaoklai Kaennorsing in Anaheim, California, United States on 13 August 2011 but the bout fell through. He would then sign with the short-lived Muaythai Premier League, and debuted with a unanimous decision win over familiar foe Artem Vakhitov at the \"Muaythai Premier League: Round 1\" in Long Beach, California, United States, on 2 September 2011. Another big fight then fell through for Marcus as he was expected to go up against L'houcine \"Aussie\" Ouzgni at the \"Muaythai Premier League: Round 3\" in the Hague, Netherlands on 6 November 2011 but Ouzgni pulled out on short notice. In January 2012, he entered the top ten in the world rankings for the first time in his career, coming in at #9. On 25 February 2012, Simon Marcus and Joe Schilling went head to head in a bout to determine North America's top light heavyweight at \"Lion Fight Promotions: Battle in the Desert 5\" in Las Vegas, Nevada. Both men agreed to a \"winner takes all\" scenario, meaning that whoever came out victorious would take 100% of the fight purse, and the fight ended as controversially as it began. In round one, Marcus tripped Schilling, sending his head slamming into the canvas. As Schilling returned to his feet, clearly hurt from the throw, Marcus stormed in and knocked him down with a left hook. He was able to beat the count but Marcus went on the attack again and knocked Schilling out with a right elbow soon after. Following the fight, Schilling's camp made the accusation that the sweep that Marcus used to daze him initially was illegal and appealed to the Nevada State Athletic Commission to have the bout result overturned to a no contest, which was rejected. Having just established himself as the continent's premier \"nak muay\" at his weight class, he then earned his first world title shot and his long-awaited fight with Kaoklai Kaennorsing was set for 16 March 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the vacant WPMF World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) Championship on the line. Marcus dominated the action over five rounds, and walked away with the unanimous decision victory and his first world title at professional level. On 21 April 2012, Marcus defeated two opponents back to back without rest at the \"Qianjiang World Muay Thai King Challenge\" in Beijing, China. He firstly knocked out Green Spangler before beating Li Shuai via decision in his second fight. Due to the controversy surrounding the ending of their first fight, Marcus and Joe Schilling rematched at \"Lion Fight Muay Thai VI\" in Las Vegas on 12 May 2012 in a WBC Muaythai World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) title eliminator. It was close this time, with both men exchanging menacing shots. Marcus' knees and throws from the clinch would be the deciding factor, however, as he was awarded the majority decision (47-47, 48–47, 49–46). Marcus moved up to #6 in the world rankings and was expected to face Artem Levin, widely considered the world's best light heavyweight kickfighter, for the Russian's WBC Muaythai World Light Heavyweight strap at \"Battle for the Belts\" in Bangkok on 9 June 2012. However, Marcus withdrew from the bout for unknown reasons and was replaced by Joe Schilling. Levin would then also withdraw. Levin vs. Marcus was then pencilled in for \"The Battle of Champions 7: School vs. School\" event at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia, for the vacant WMC World Light Heavyweight (−79 kg/175 lb) title on 16 November 2012 but the event was cancelled. He instead returned to action with a third round elbow KO of Sweden's Sadibou Sy at \"Muay Thai in America: In Honor of the King\" in Los Angeles, California, on 1 December 2012 to end the year with a perfect 6–0 record. Marcus once again beat two opponents in one night on 10 January 2013 when he knocked out both Arthit Hanchana and Wang Anying at the \"Foshan China vs. Thailand\" event in Foshan. The much-anticipated fight between Simon Marcus and Artem Levin was scheduled for the third time and set for 21 December 2012 in Ekaterinburg, Russia, and then 23 February 2013, before eventually settling on 15 March 2013 at \"Lion Fight 9\" in Las Vegas with the inaugural Lion Fight Light Heavyweight Championship on the line. Although a closely contested bout, it was Marcus' clinching skills that once again made the difference as he took the unanimous decision win and establish himself as world #1. He had been expected to face Steven Wakeling under Oriental rules at \"\" on 23 March 2013 in London, England, but he was replaced by Eddie Walker in that fight in due to the Levin match coming just a week before. In a close fight, Marcus defeated Dmitry Valent by split decision at \"C3: King of Fighters\" in Chengdu, China, on 27 April 2013. He was initially set to rematch Kaoklai Kaennorsing at \"Muaythai Superfight\" on 13 May 2013 but the event was moved back to 14 June 2013 and Kaoklai was replaced by Suriya Prasathinphimai. He defeated Suriya by unanimous decision to retain his WPMF belt. He fought to a controversial majority draw with Chidi Njokuani on the \"Push Kick Promotions: Muay Thai World Stand Off 5\" card in Las Vegas on 29 September 2013. Njokuani started the fight well, using footwork to control the ring, but Marcus soon got inside and began landing knees and elbows from the clinch. In round two, Njokuani was twice given time to recover from illegal strikes, an elbow to the back of the head and a low blow. Each time the fight continued, Marcus would begin to again work in the clinch and Njokuani repeatedly turned his back, so the referee decided to break the fighters continually. Marcus was docked a",
"but the event was moved back to 14 June 2013 and Kaoklai was replaced by Suriya Prasathinphimai. He defeated Suriya by unanimous decision to retain his WPMF belt. He fought to a controversial majority draw with Chidi Njokuani on the \"Push Kick Promotions: Muay Thai World Stand Off 5\" card in Las Vegas on 29 September 2013. Njokuani started the fight well, using footwork to control the ring, but Marcus soon got inside and began landing knees and elbows from the clinch. In round two, Njokuani was twice given time to recover from illegal strikes, an elbow to the back of the head and a low blow. Each time the fight continued, Marcus would begin to again work in the clinch and Njokuani repeatedly turned his back, so the referee decided to break the fighters continually. Marcus was docked a point by referee Tony Weeks for landing a second low blow in round three and the fight turned into a brawl towards the end. When it went to the judges, the bout was declared a majority draw with two judges scoring the bout a draw and one scoring the bout for Njokuani. Simon Marcus then took to the microphone, calling Chidi Njokuani a \"bitch\" for his unwillingness to fight in the clinch and questioning the judges knowledge of the Muay Thai scoring system. These post-fight comments led to a heated confrontation between Marcus and Chidi's brother Anthony as they scuffled back stage. He outpointed Jiang Chunpeng in Foshan on 25 October 2013. Simon Marcus utilized elbows and knees heavily as he outpointed Damian Bujan en route to a split decision win at \"Ultra Elite Fighters V: Argentina vs. The World\" in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 15 December 2013 in a fight where the referee was often quick to break up the clinch. The match was also briefly halted during the fifth round after both fighters fell through the ropes. He was expected to fight Shifu Yanzi at \"Hero Legends\" in Jinan, China, on 3 December 2014. Shifu was replaced by Li Bei, however, and Marcus defeated him by TKO in round one, scoring two official knockdowns. Marcus won the -80 kg/176 lb tournament at \"Wu Ling Feng: Kunlun Fight 2\" in Zhengzhou, China, on 16 February 2014. His semi-final match with Israel Adesanya was scored a draw after the regulation three rounds and so it went into an extension round to decide the victor, after which Marcus was given the nod by the judges. He then stopped Vehas TopKing with a knee to the body just over two minutes into the first round in the final. He was expected to rematch Artem Levin in a fight for the WMC World Super-Light Heavyweight (-82.5 kg/182 lb) Championship at \"Monte Carlo Fighting Masters 2014\" in Monte Carlo, Monaco, on 14 June 2014. The bout was cancelled, however, in order for fighters to compete at \"\" which was held a week later. It was announced during the \"\" broadcast that Marcus would be one of eight fighters competing in the \"\" middleweight (-84.8 kg/187 lb) tournament in Inglewood, California, US, on 21 June 2014. He drew Joe Schilling for the third time in the quarter-finals and floored his American rival with a flurry of punches in round two. He outworked Schilling for all three rounds however, the judges scored the match a unanimous draw to send it into an extension round to decide the winner. Marcus was docked a point by referee \"Big\" John McCarthy for dropping his mouthpiece numerous times and, now forced to go for the knockout, was caught by a counter right cross from Schilling in the last twenty seconds of the fight which left him unconscious on the mat and with the first loss of his professional career. At Glory 21: San Diego Marcus faced Artem Levin for the Glory Middleweight Title, in a closely contested bout, the result ended in a controversial draw. It was announced during , that Marcus would rematch Levin sometime in 2016. Simon Marcus Simon Marcus (born 5 November 1986), also known"
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"Lee Everett Alkin Lee Everett or Lee Everett Alkin (born Audrey Valentine Middleton; February 14, 1937) is a British spiritual healer and businesswoman who was previously a pop singer and celebrity psychic under the stage name Lady Lee. Born in Sheffield, Audrey Middleton moved to London in 1958 after the breakdown of her first marriage. She was a backing singer for Emile Ford before Larry Parnes became her manager and gave her the stage name \"Lady Lee\". She also attracted media attention as the girlfriend of Billy Fury, one of Parnes's best known artists. In 1964 she got a recording contract and released three singles, none a hit: a cover of \"I'm into Something Good\", recorded around the same time by Herman's Hermits; \"Ninety-Nine Times Out of a Hundred\" by Ivor Raymonde, released in May 1965; and \"My Whole World (Seems to be Tumbling Down)\" by Tony Macaulay and Don Paul, released in October 1965. In 1967 she split up with Fury. In 1969 she married disc jockey Kenny Everett; they separated in 1979 and divorced in 1984. He wrote the foreword to her autobiography, published in 1987, but later criticised it for outing him; the two remained estranged until his death. Katherine Kelly played Lee in \"The Best Possible Taste\", a BBC drama about Kenny Everett shown in 2012 . Lee Everett was a friend of Dusty Springfield, Elton John, and Billie Jean King; the latter two were among those she questioned about supposed past lives for a book she published in 1996. In 1980 the actor John Alkin began collaborating with Lee Everett and in 1982 they opened the \"House of Spirit\", a \"healing centre\" in Bayswater, London. They married in 1985, moved to Berkshire in 1994, and opened the \"Obsidian College\", another \"healing centre\", in 2000. They also started the \"Chilliqueen\" condiments company, which wound down when Everett turned 80 in 2017. Lee Everett Alkin Lee Everett or Lee Everett Alkin (born Audrey Valentine Middleton; February 14, 1937) is a British spiritual healer and businesswoman who was previously a pop singer and celebrity psychic under the stage name Lady Lee. Born in Sheffield, Audrey Middleton moved to London in 1958 after the breakdown of her first marriage. She was a backing singer for Emile Ford before Larry Parnes became her manager and gave her the stage name \"Lady Lee\". She also attracted media attention as the girlfriend"
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"1976 United States presidential election in Delaware The 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Delaware was won by Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 51.98% of the popular vote. Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), who finished with 46.57% of the popular vote. No third-party candidate amounted 1% of the vote, but Eugene McCarthy (Independent–Minnesota) finished third in Delaware with 1.03% of the statewide popular vote. Jimmy Carter went on to become the 39th president of the United States. 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware The 1976 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Delaware was won by Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 51.98% of the popular vote. Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), who finished with 46.57% of the popular vote. No third-party candidate amounted 1% of the vote, but Eugene McCarthy (Independent–Minnesota) finished third"
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"retrieved": [
"Outdoor Voices Outdoor Voices is an American clothing company, founded by CEO Tyler Haney in New York City in 2013. It designs and sells women's and men's athletic apparel. The company's clothing, shoes, and accessories are sold online and at its stores in New York City, Austin, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Aspen, Dallas, Boston and Nashville. Additional stores are set to open in Washington, DC and Chicago in 2018. Tyler Haney grew up in Boulder, Colorado and later moved to New York. Her roots are from Colorado making her spend the majority of her time as a child outdoors. She calls herself the “ultimate tomboy” where she found enjoyment in playing basketball, soccer, and running track. Haney grew up “sports-focused” and initially was planning to run hurdles in college. Instead, she decided after graduation she would take a year off of school and decided to move to the East Coast. She ended up in Boston for the year and eventually enrolled herself in Parson School of Design. Tyler Haney graduated from New York City's Parsons School of Design in 2012 and started Outdoor Voices in 2013. In early 2014, J. Crew selected the Outdoor Voices line for its stores’ \"Brands We Love\" sections. The company's first store opened in Austin in October 2014. Its first pop-up shop opened in Manhattan in 2015. Haney kept the running despite no longer running competitively. She was running along the West Side Highway when she realized that running is no longer a competition but something to keep her “moving [her] body for [her] mind.” This was the beginning of her idea for Outdoor Voices. Haney worked at a fashion startup while starting the beginning stages of Outdoor Voices. She would go to work in the day and come home at night to research all about the materials and fabrics that go into making active apparel. In 2013, she went to an Outdoor Retailer Trade in Utah to expose herself to the market and get to know the materials that were being used in the current market. This was the moment when she realized Outdoor Voices was going to happen. She returned from the retailer trade show and knew she wanted to start to focus on her company. This is when she came up with the criteria she wanted for the active apparel line. She wanted products that were going to be “good with sweat, long-lasting, and comfortable in motion.” She later developed the basis of the kits which contained, compression bottoms, jogging pants, and two tops. They are now known as “OV Kits” which now include a sports bra or an athletic top with leggings. In 2015, Haney decided to pitch Outdoor Voices to a group of investors. She would pitch to a general catalyst and investor David Fialkow. She was going to finally share something she has been working on for the last 2 years to the public. Haney eventually received $7.5 million in investments to start her active apparel line. In 2016, Haney decided to move to Austin, Texas to focus on building a new and a bigger headquarters for the company. In 2016, Tyler Haney was selected to speak at the Forbes “Under 30 Summit” that took place in Boston. She was selected on behalf of Outdoor Voices to discuss her entrepreneurship experience and how her company has been a game-changer in the active lifestyle brand market. Mickey Drexler, the former CEO of Gap Inc. and J. Crew Group, Inc., became the company's chairman of the board in the summer of 2017. The company hosts a running club called “O.V. Joggers Club” where individuals can come together and meet at the Outdoor Voices headquarters and go for a run together. The O.V. Joggers Club encourages community culture outside of the workplace and into the community. The company website under “Our Story” shares the central beliefs and values of the company which are: On April 24 2018, Outdoor Voices launched a running collection that would be launched at the same time as their collaboration with HOKA ONE ONE. Haney was a long-time runner. She ran both track and cross country. The two new materials featured in the active apparel line are LightSpeed and Eco Mesh. In 2018, Outdoor Voices launched their first swimwear collection called “H2Ov”. The swimwear collection is meant for water sports and it is meant for activity. This collection features neon colours; which Outdoor Voices does not do often. Haney stated, “We feel strongly that color, especially bright color, can add energy to your outfit…” The H2Ov Swimwear collection allows individuals to be active and motivate them. Outdoor Voices focuses on e-commerce first with their consumers, retail second, and wholesale third. The company does have an app called O.V. Trail App. The app is in the Apple App Store. The company made the app to allow an all shopping experience while on a run. The app features the nearest Trail Shops where the new running collection can be found. In 2015, the company collaborated with the fashion blog \"Man Repeller\" and ClassPass, a fitness-class booking startup, on two limited-edition lines. In 2016, Outdoor Voices and French fashion label A.P.C. debuted A.P.C.O.V, a joint collection of men's and women's active apparel. In 2018, Outdoor Voices collaborated with HOKA ONE ONE, a running shoe company. Outdoor Voices and HOKA ONE ONE collaborated on a footwear collection. The shoe featured for the collection was the Clifton 4. The collection released in Spring 2018. The collaboration between Outdoor Voices and HOKA ONE ONE features five colours of the Clifton4 which include five colours: Mist Green, Midnight Navy, Pale Blush and their seasonal colours with Lemon Chrome/Goji Berry and Power Blue. As of March 2018, the company had raised roughly $57 million in funding. CNBC lists lead investors as GV (formerly Google Ventures), General Catalyst Partners, and Forerunner Ventures. Outdoor Voices Outdoor Voices is an American clothing company, founded by CEO Tyler Haney in New York City in 2013. It designs and sells women's"
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"Friedrich Lutz (economist) Friedrich August Lutz (29 December 1901, Sarrebourg; 4 October 1975, Zürich) was a German economist who developed the expectations hypothesis. In 1920, Lutz graduated from high school in Stuttgart. He studied economics at Heidelberg University and Humboldt University of Berlin, where he met economist Walter Eucken, and went on to graduate from the University of Tübingen in 1925. Lutz's first job was for the Association of German Engineering Institutions (Verein deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VdMA)) in Berlin. Then in 1929 he took a job as an assistant to Walter Eucken at Albert Ludwig University and lived in Freiburg. In 1934-1935 he had a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in England, after which he returned to Germany to again work for Eucken. However, Lutz was unable to continue his academic work because his liberal ideas were in conflict with those of the Nazi regime. In March 1937 he married Vera Smith, an economist, and they traveled to the United States on another Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, 1937-1938. After the fellowship ended, the couple remained in the United States, and in the Fall of 1938 Lutz took a job as an instructor at Princeton University. During World War II Lutz worked at Princeton and rose to the rank of full professor. His wife worked as an economist at the International Finance Section of Princeton University and then for the League of Nations, also located in Princeton, New Jersey. It was while he was at Princeton that he published his paper explaining the expectations hypothesis. For the 1951-1952 academic year Lutz was a guest professor at Freiburg, after which he left Princeton and in 1953 became a professor at the University of Zurich. In the 1962-1963 academic year he was a visiting professor at Yale University, but he returned to Zürich where he taught until retiring in 1972. He died in Zurich three years later. Lutz and his wife were long-time members of the Mont Pelerin Society, and Lutz was its president from 1964 to 1967. Working under Eucken, Lutz was in the inner circle of the ordoliberal Freiburg School of economics and law, where Eucken, Hans Großmann-Doerth and Franz Böhm were abandoning the traditional German historical and descriptive approach and were beginning work on the basic theoretical issues surrounding a market economy and what makes for a competitive economy. After leaving Freiburg, Lutz continued in this same vein at Princeton. Following the work of Irving Fisher on interest, Lutz publisher his seminal paper \"The structure of interest rates\" in 1940 in which he described the expectations hypothesis. He elaborated on the concept three years later in his paper \"Professor Hayek's theory of interest\". Even before moving to the University of Zürich, through his wife Lutz had become interested in the problems of international monetary policies, and in 1950 he and his wife collaborated on the book \"Monetary and Foreign Exchange Policy in Italy\". In 1962 he summarized his work on these issues in the short book \"The Problem of International Economic Equilibrium\", followed by a second shorter book, \"The Problem of International Liquidity and the Multiple-Currency Standard\", the following year. In those he set out his arguments that the most effective and economical sound method of dealing with the foreign exchange of currencies would be fully flexible exchange rates among currencies. Realizing that this solution was and would be unacceptable to international banking houses, he developed his \"second best\" solution of having a multiple-currency standard, a mix of currencies. Being well aware of the problems with including gold in the mix, he warned that any such inclusion must be coupled with gold liquidity. Friedrich and his wife also collaborated on \"The Theory of Investment of the Firm\"(1951), among other publications. Among the many economists that Lutz influenced was Paul A. Volcker later to be Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Friedrich Lutz (economist) Friedrich August Lutz (29 December 1901, Sarrebourg; 4 October 1975, Zürich) was a German economist who developed the expectations hypothesis. In 1920, Lutz graduated from high school in Stuttgart. He studied economics at Heidelberg University and Humboldt University of Berlin, where he met economist Walter Eucken, and went on to graduate from the University of Tübingen in 1925. Lutz's first"
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"Santiago Comaltepec Santiago Comaltepec is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region. The municipality covers an area of 65.07 km² and is about 2,000 meters above sea level. The region is covered with cloud forests of oak and pine wood. Fruit trees include apple, peach, orange and banana. Wild animals include badger, mountain lion, boar and fox. Trout and crappie are found in the streams. As of 2005, the municipality had 336 households with a total population of 1,386 of whom 1,203 spoke an indigenous language, Chinantec. The roads are unpaved. The main economic activities were agriculture, hunting and fishing. Santiago Comaltepec Santiago Comaltepec is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region. The municipality covers an area of 65.07 km² and is about 2,000 meters above sea level. The region is covered with cloud forests of oak and pine wood. Fruit trees include apple, peach, orange and banana. Wild animals include badger, mountain lion, boar and fox. Trout and crappie are found in the streams. As of 2005, the municipality had 336"
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"Human rights in Yemen Human rights in Yemen are seen as problematic in numerous ways. The security forces have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment and even extrajudicial executions. But according to the Embassy of Yemen, in recent years there has been some improvement, with the government signing several international human rights treaties, and even appointing a woman, Dr. Wahiba Fara’a, to the role of Minister of the State of Human Rights. Other sources state that many problems persist alongside allegations that these reforms have not been fully implemented and that abuses still run rampant, especially in the areas of women's rights, freedom of the press, torture and police brutality. There are arbitrary arrests of citizens as well as arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press and religion are all restricted. Yemen is a party to the following human rights agreements: In spite of the Yemeni Constitution of 1994, which stipulates equal rights for Yemeni citizens, women are still struggling with various constraints and secondary status. Yemen's Personal Status Law in particular, which covers matters of marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance, gives women fewer rights than men, excludes women from decision making, and deprives them of access to, and control over, resources and assets. The right to divorce is not given to women equally. It is far more difficult for a woman to divorce a man. A man may divorce a woman at will. While a man may divorce without justifying his action in court, a woman must present adequate justification. Women face many practical, social, and financial negative considerations in divorce procedure. One significant case to gain worldwide publicity was that of Nujood Ali, who succeeded in obtaining a divorce at age ten, with the help of a prominent female Yemeni lawyer who agreed to represent her. Yemen has one of the worst records of child marriage in the world, with UNICEF recording in 2005 that 48.4% of Yemeni women currently aged 20–24 had been married before they were 18 (and 14% before the age of 15). Prior to the unification of Yemen in 1990, the law set the minimum age of marriage at 16 in South Yemen and 15 in the north. After unification, the law was set at 15. In 1999, the civil status law was amended and the minimum age was abolished. From April 2010, a controversial new law set the minimum age for marriage at 17. The bill was actively opposed by conservative parliamentarians on the basis that fixing a minimum age of marriage contradicts Islam. Other factors contributing to child marriage include embedded cultural traditions, economic pressures on girls' parents, and the value placed on young girls' virginity and consequent desire to protect them from sexual relationships outside of marriage. Other potential factors include older husbands' desire for young, submissive wives, and the belief that young girls are less likely to be carriers of HIV and AIDS. The dangers of early marriage to girls include the increased health risks associated with early pregnancies, social isolation, an increased risk of exposure to domestic violence and a cutting short of girls' education, further contributing to the 'feminisation of poverty'. Women's access to maternal health care is severely restricted. In most cases, husbands decide women's fertility. It is hard for women to obtain contraception, or to take operation for treatment without a husband's permission. Yemen's high child mortality rate and the fourth fastest growing population in the world are attributed to a lack of women's decision-making in their pregnancy and access to healthcare services. Women are vulnerable to sexual assault by prison guards, and there is a lower, if any, punishment for violence against women than men. The law stipulates protection women from domestic violence, but in fact there are few protections for women who suffer from domestic violence and no systematic investigation of such occurrences has been conducted. Spousal abuse or domestic violence is not generally reported to the police because of social norms and customs, meaning that women remain silent under these abuses. In 2005, Yemen ranked 136th of 167 nations in terms of press freedom. The government holds a monopoly on all television and radio and bans journalists for publishing \"incorrect\" information. In 2001, journalists at the newspaper Al-Shura received 80 lashes for defaming Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, the leader of the country's largest Islamist party. The newspaper was also shut down. According to Human Rights Watch, \"Under the regulations for the 1990 Press Law, issued in 1993 and 1998, newspapers have to apply to the Ministry of Information for annual renewal of their license... in mid-2000 only about half of Yemen's 200 publications had been granted a license.\" The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice; however, there were some restrictions. The Constitution declares that Islam is the state religion, and that Shari'a (Islamic law) is the source of all legislation. Government policy continued to contribute to the generally not free practice of religion; however, there were some restrictions. Muslims and followers of religious groups other than Islam are free to worship according to their beliefs, but the Government prohibits conversion from Islam and the proselytization of Muslims. Although relations among religious groups continued to contribute to religious freedom, there were some reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. There were isolated attacks on Jews and some prominent Zaydi Muslims felt targeted by government entities for their religious affiliation. Government military reengagement in the Saada governorate caused political, tribal, and religious tensions to reemerge in January 2007, following the third military clash with rebels associated with the al-Houthi family, who adhere to the Zaydi school of Shi'a Islam. Since the start of the Shia insurgency, many Zaidis accused of supporting Al-Houthi, have been arrested and held without charge or trial. According to the US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2007, \"Some Zaydis reported harassment and discrimination by the Government because they were suspected of sympathizing with the al-Houthis. However, it appears the Government's actions against the group were probably politically, not religiously, motivated\". Homosexuality is illegal in Yemen in accordance with the country's Shari'ah legal system. LGBT persons in Yemen are likely to suffer discrimination, legal, and social challenges. Punishments for homosexuality range from flogging to death. Yemen is one of only seven countries to apply a death penalty for consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex. Gay and lesbian websites are blocked by the government. As of 2007, there was no public or semi-public space for gays as in western countries. The official position is that there are no gays in Yemen. As a result of Sharia, LGBT people are killed in attacks. The government does not protect its gay citizens from violence. The United States Department of State 2013 \"Trafficking in Persons\" report has classified Yemen as a Tier 3 country, meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum standards against human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. Amnesty International denounced the recruitment of young boys under the age of 17 at hands of the Yemen's Houthi armed group to fight as child soldiers on the front lines of the Yemeni Civil War. In mid-February 2017, four boys, aged between 15 and 17, were recruited by Huthis in Sana'a; the total numbers of the boys recruited is unknown. Since the children have been excited to",
"there are no gays in Yemen. As a result of Sharia, LGBT people are killed in attacks. The government does not protect its gay citizens from violence. The United States Department of State 2013 \"Trafficking in Persons\" report has classified Yemen as a Tier 3 country, meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum standards against human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. Amnesty International denounced the recruitment of young boys under the age of 17 at hands of the Yemen's Houthi armed group to fight as child soldiers on the front lines of the Yemeni Civil War. In mid-February 2017, four boys, aged between 15 and 17, were recruited by Huthis in Sana'a; the total numbers of the boys recruited is unknown. Since the children have been excited to shoot Kalashnikovs and guns and wear military uniforms, Houthis have run local centers that hold activities such as prayers, sermons and lectures where they have been encouraged to join front-line battles to defend Yemen against Saudi Arabia. As the report clarified, they always take one recruit from each family because of the few fighters at the front-line combats because of the few fighters at the front lines in the combats ; and when son dies, a monthly salary, estimated between 20,000 and 30,000 Yemeni Riyals, has been given to the family. According to the UN agencies, nearly 1,500 cases of children were recruited by all parties to the conflict since March 2015. The UAE runs secret prisons in Yemen where prisoners are forcibly disappeared and tortured. Human rights in Yemen Human rights in Yemen are seen as problematic in numerous ways. The security"
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"retrieved": [
"Carson Williams Carson Williams is an electrical engineer from Mason, Ohio who is noted for his light shows using Christmas lights affixed to and around his house. The lights are programmed and synchronized to turn on and off with music using a computer application and set of controllers from the Light-O-Rama company. For each minute of animation synchronized to music, he spent approximately one hour to sequence 88 Light-O-Rama channels to control his 16,000 Christmas lights. His notability suddenly increased when a popular clip was widely circulated on the Internet in late 2005 showing a recording of one of his shows from 2004, accompanied by the track \"Wizards in Winter\" by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. An urban legend even developed that it was not a video of an actual light display, but faked on a computer. With permission from both of his neighbors, he put on various displays each year at his home. Typical light shows ran between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. each night. Viewers heard the music on an FM broadcast in their cars. This kept the speaker noise level down for his neighbors. However, on December 6, 2005, Carson closed the light display indefinitely due to immense traffic congestion in his subdivision; there was a car accident in that area and police were unable to reach the site due to the heavy traffic that had built up. Williams's Christmas display proved so popular that it was featured in a Miller Lite beer commercial in December 2005. In fact, the TSO song was so popular that many other individuals have used the same song in their own Christmas display. A light show similar to Williams' \"Wizards in Winter\" was used in a commercial for the UK's National Lottery, although according to a press release the advertising campaign \"was created by Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO\". No mention of Carson Williams' light show was made. He has taken his Internet fame and started a custom animation lighting business. ConsarLights.com is a business to provide custom designed holiday lighting. In November 2006, Williams decided to revive the display and move the show to Heritage Oak Park in Mason, Ohio. The show was converted into a \"drive-through\" style show and admission was charged on a per-car basis. According to a promotional video, officials at the Northfield Stapleton Shopping Center found William's house lights video on the Internet and asked him to design a new show in Denver, Colorado, on a commercial scale. Created with Parker 3D, the show featured over 250,000 LED lights drawing 150 amperes of electric current. It used several Trans-Siberian Orchestra songs, including \"Wizards in Winter,\" \"Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24\" and \"Christmas Canon\". \"Symphony In Lights\" was a free show open to the public that ran through the month of December 2006. For 2007, Consar Lights programmed new light shows designed by Parker 3D for The Promenade Bolingbrook in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, and the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto. Carson Williams Carson Williams is an electrical engineer from Mason, Ohio"
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"London with the Lights On London with the Lights On is the debut studio album by English girl group Stooshe. It was originally set for release on 25 June 2012 under the name of \"Swings and Roundabouts\", but was held back twice; under the new self-titled name and was name changed and released on 27 May 2013. \"Love Me\" was released on 4 March 2012 as the album's lead single, peaking at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Black Heart\" was released as the second single on 15 June 2012 and became the group's highest charting single to date, peaking at number 3. The third single from the album was initially intended to be \"Waterfalls\", a cover of the TLC song, which was released on 11 November 2012; however, Stooshe later revealed that it would not make the cut for the final track list and that they were disowning it. \"Slip\" was released as the album's third single on 12 May 2013, peaking at number 12. Stooshe's début album was announced around the time of the release of the first single \"Love Me\". It was initially titled \"Swings and Roundabouts\" and a release date was set for 25 June 2012. However, Stooshe later announced the album would be self-titled and would be released on 26 November 2012. On 15 November, Robert Copsey from Digital Spy reported that the album's release would be delayed until March 2013. A statement from the group explained \"Following a late rush of creativity which has seen them write some of the best songs of their career, Stooshe have decided to delay the release of their début album until March 2013 so they have time to record these songs for inclusion on the album.\" Stooshe added that they would be going back to the studio soon to record the new songs. Copsey later confirmed that the album would be released on 27 May 2013. The band revealed that they delayed the release of the album to undo their record label's interference. Anderson stated \"It was down to us that our album didn't come out months ago,\" said Anderson. \"It was ready to go, but we was listening to it and realised the label had changed a few mixes, a few structures and even taken off a few songs. We made this album before we got signed so it was important for us to still have control.\" The band also added that their third single, \"Waterfalls\", would not appear on the album and that they were disowning it. On 5 April, Sam Hine from Popjustice reported that Stooshe had renamed their album \"London with the Lights On\". Caroline Sullivan from \"The Guardian\" gave \"London with the Lights On\" four out of five stars and commented \"Listening to the album is akin to eavesdropping on a conversation between funny, trash-talking women who happen to sing like a trio of Beyoncés: it's a noisy, highly entertaining 50 minutes.\" Stephen Unwin, writing for the \"Daily Express\", said \"It feels like we've been waiting a long time for this first album and in no way does it disappoint. A little En Vogue here, a lot of Salt-n-Pepa there, it is a witty, confident, exceptional debut.\" \"The Independent's\" Simon Price also received the album well, saying \"The south London trio's effortlessly assured debut combines classic 1960s soul, streetparty reggae, upfront electro-pop, cackling Night Bus backchat and shameless sexual innuendo. And there is nothing not to love about it.\" However, Price's colleague Andy Gill gave the album one star, explaining that \"London with the Lights On\" \"is pretty thin fare\" and that the majority of songs collapse \"under the weight of excess sass.\" Track listing confirmed by iTunes. London with the Lights On London with the Lights On is the debut studio album by English girl group Stooshe. It was originally set for release on 25 June 2012 under the name of \"Swings and Roundabouts\", but was held back twice; under the new self-titled name and was name changed and released on 27 May 2013. \"Love Me\" was released on 4 March 2012 as the album's lead single, peaking at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Black Heart\" was released as"
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"Enrique Muiño Enrique Muiño (July 5, 1881 in Galicia, Spain – May 24, 1956 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a classic Spanish/Argentine actor who appeared in film between 1913 and his death in 1956. Born in Spain, Muiño moved to Buenos Aires and began a career in film. He made over 20 film appearances in Argentina and the United States playing lead roles in films such as the 1954 film, \"The Grandfather\" with Mecha Ortiz, and \"Su mejor alumno\" (1944) for which he won the Silver Condor Award for Best Actor at the 1945 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards. He died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 74. Enrique Muiño Enrique Muiño (July 5, 1881 in Galicia, Spain – May 24, 1956 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a classic Spanish/Argentine actor who appeared in film between 1913 and his death in 1956. Born in Spain, Muiño moved to Buenos Aires and began a career in film. He made over 20 film appearances in Argentina and the United States playing lead roles in films such as the 1954 film, \"The Grandfather\" with Mecha Ortiz, and \"Su mejor alumno\" (1944) for which he won the Silver Condor Award for Best Actor at the"
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"Dumbbells (film) Dumbbells is a 2014 comedy film directed by Christopher Livingston and starring Brian Drolet, Hoyt Richards, Mircea Monroe, Jaleel White, Taylor Cole, Jay Mohr, Tom Arnold, Laura Ashley Samuels and Andy Milonakis, with a rare film appearance by Nancy Olson (her first film in 17 years). The film saw a limited release on January 10, 2014. The film also marks the film debut of singer Frenchie Davis. Chris Long is an ex-NCAA basketball player turned trainer who finds a new purpose when his gym's new owner, Jack, unleashes a lucrative plan to turn the neglected business into a reality show. When Chris' co-workers resist this new direction, he and Jack form an unlikely alliance that allows them to face the demons of their pasts and ultimately, save the gym's future. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 14% based on reviews from 7 critics. \"Dumbbells\" attracted media attention in France in January 2016, when Netflix released a dubbed version of very low quality. The French version, which had been recorded in South Africa by non-professional actors, was called \"the worst dubbing in history\". Netflix reacted to the negative reception by removing the film from its French platform and ordering a redub by Titrafilm studio. Dumbbells (film) Dumbbells is a 2014 comedy film directed by Christopher Livingston and starring Brian Drolet, Hoyt Richards, Mircea Monroe, Jaleel White, Taylor Cole, Jay Mohr, Tom Arnold, Laura Ashley Samuels and Andy Milonakis, with a rare film appearance by Nancy Olson (her first film in 17 years). The film saw a limited release on January 10, 2014. The film also marks the film debut of singer Frenchie Davis. Chris Long is an ex-NCAA basketball player turned trainer who finds a new purpose when his gym's new owner, Jack, unleashes a lucrative plan"
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"Nida Yasir Nida Pasha, better known as Nida Yasir, is a Pakistani television host, former actress and model known for her role as Saima in the television drama \"Hum Tum\". She also hosted the morning television series \"Good Morning Pakistan\" at ARY Digital. Nida started her career as a producer and model. Later she joined ARY Digital when Shaista Wahidi accepted offer from Geo TV for a morning show and left ARY Digital. She is now hosting the morning show \"Good Morning Pakistan\" on ARY Digital . She also works in drama serials on different TV channels. In 2015, Yasir produced her first feature film \"Wrong No.\", directed and also produced by her husband Yasir. Nida Yasir Nida Pasha, better known as Nida Yasir, is a Pakistani television host, former actress and model known for her role as Saima in the television drama \"Hum Tum\". She also hosted the morning television series \"Good Morning Pakistan\" at ARY Digital. Nida started her career as a producer and model. Later she joined ARY Digital when Shaista Wahidi accepted offer from Geo TV for a morning show and left ARY Digital. She is now hosting the morning show \"Good Morning Pakistan\" on ARY"
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"Raúl Gutiérrez Raúl Erasto Gutiérrez Jacobo (born 16 October 1966), also known as El Potro, is a Mexican football manager and former footballer. At the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, he coached the Mexico U-17 team to their second title. He was a part of the Mexico national team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He was capped in 37 games for the Mexico national football team. He played for Atlante F.C. from 1988 until 1994, and he played for Club América from 1994 until 2001. As the coach of the Mexico U-17 national team, he won the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. This was Mexico's second FIFA U-17 World Cup title, and also became the first team to win the tournament at home. He continued to coach Mexico U-17 in 2013, in which he qualified them to the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Mexico started the U-17 World cup with a 6-1 loss to Nigeria, but recovered with a 3-1 win against Iraq. Mexico would reach the final after beating teams like Italy, Brazil, and Argentina. In the final, Mexico would lose once again with Nigeria 3-0. After the success at U-17 level, it was made official that Raúl Gutiérrez will coach the Mexico U-21 team, which will participate in the Central American and Caribbean Games, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics. On 6 June 2017, Gutiérrez was named the head coach of Atlante FC. On 22 October 2017, Atlante announced they had parted ways with Gutiérrez, after a 4–1 loss against Tampico Madero. Raúl Gutiérrez Raúl Erasto Gutiérrez Jacobo (born 16 October 1966), also known as El Potro, is a Mexican football manager and former footballer. At the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, he coached the Mexico U-17 team to"
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"Emil Fey Emil Fey (23 March 1886 – 16 March 1938) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, leader of the right-wing paramilitary Heimwehr forces and politician of the First Austrian Republic. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria () from 1933 to 1934, leading the country into the period of Austrofascism under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. Fey played a vital role in the violent suppression of the Republikanischer Schutzbund and the Social Democratic Workers' Party during the 1934 Austrian Civil War. A career officer since 1908, Fey in the rank of a Major fought with the Common Army in World War I and was awarded the Military Order of Maria Theresa in 1916. After the war, he joined the Carinthian paramilitary Heimwehr forces against the Yugoslavian troops. In 1927 he founded a local Heimwehr branch in Vienna and became a member of the conservative Christian Social Party. As his political career proceeded, he increasingly rivalled with Heimwehr leader Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg; both commanders backed the rise of Chancellor Dollfuss and his successor Kurt Schuschnigg, only to be largely disempowered after the implementation of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria (\"Ständestaat\"). On 17 October 1932 Fey joined Dollfuss' cabinet in the rank of a state secretary concerned with public security. He immediately had all conventions of the Social Democrats, the Communists and the Austrian Nazis banned. After the chancellor had suspended the sessions of the National Council, Fey on 15 March 1933 concentrated Heimwehr forces to occupy the Austrian Parliament Building, however, any operation was aborted by the Vienna police. During a parade in May 1933, Major Fey reportedly \"knocked three Nazis unconscious with his own ochsenknüttel (square-edged bludgeon)\" and promoted Austrian nationalism. Chancellor Dollfuss made him his deputy on 21 September 1933. Fey continued the persecution of \"Republikanischer Schutzbund\" members; the arrest of several Social Democratic politicians on 12 February 1934 sparked the Austrian Cicil War. Dollfuss mistrusted Fey's capabilities and on 1 May he lost his office of Vice-Chancellor to his bitter rival Starhemberg. During the July Putsch and Dollfuss' assassination he stayed in the background, later accusations of collaboration with the Nazis have never been conclusively established. He once again joined the Schuschnigg cabinet as Minister for Interior until his final disempowerment in 1935, shunt off to the \"Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft\". Upon the \"Anschluss\" annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Fey was interrogated by Gestapo agents on 15 March 1938. Harassed, he returned home, summoned his 46-year-old wife Malvine and his son Herbert, and wrote an appeal for help to the former Vice-Chancellor Edmund Glaise-Horstenau. Without awaiting the answer, he shot his family and himself in the early morning of the following day. Emil Fey Emil Fey (23 March 1886 – 16 March 1938) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, leader of the right-wing paramilitary Heimwehr forces and politician of the First Austrian Republic. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria () from 1933 to 1934, leading the country into the period of Austrofascism under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. Fey played a"
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"Soviet submarine K-33 K-33 was a Soviet nuclear-powered Project 658-class submarine (NATO reporting name Hotel II). She belonged to the Soviet Northern Fleet and carried the identification number 921. In 1977, she was renamed K-54. \"K-33\" was built at Factory No. 902 in Severodvinsk, Soviet Union, as a Hotel I-class submarine, launched on 6 August 1960 and was commissioned on 5 July 1961. In 1964 \"K-33\" was repaired and modernized into 658M-standard (Hotel II), by installing a new missile complex giving her capability to fire missiles while submerged. She was decommissioned in 1990. \"K-33\" was involved in two incidents. On 12 April 1963, \"K-33\" collided with the Finnish merchant vessel in the Kattegat. \"Finnclipper\", owned by Enso Gutzeit, was on her way to the United States with a load of 6,000 tons of paper. When she reached the Kattegat, there was a mist. \"Finnclipper\"s crew heard engine noise on their port side at 11.05 a.m. and a submarine emerged from the mist. \"Finnclipper\" steered sharply to starboard to try to avoid a collision, but to no avail. \"Finnclipper\" immediately stopped and returned to the submarine to see if she needed help. Two Soviet officers on board told the Finnish captain that the submarine′s side had suffered severe structural damage, having been pressed in and deformed. The Soviet officers did not reveal their nationality, but told \"Finnclipper\"s crew that their vessel was a Warsaw Pact submarine. The Finns, however, could read the number 921 clearly on the side of the submarine, identifying her as \"K-33\". According to some Soviet sources, \"K-33\" underwent an wikt:overhaul at a Soviet Northern Fleet base from 25 October 1962 through 29 December 1964 and therefore could not have been involved in the collision, and at the time the Soviets claimed that the submarine involved was not a nuclear submarine, although \"Finnclipper\"s crew had identified \"K-33\" clearly. A 1996 Russian article says \"K-33\" was en route to a patrol in the North Atlantic Ocean when she collided with \"Finnclipper\". \"Finnclipper\" managed to cross the Atlantic Ocean after the collision, although she had sprung a leak. The severely damaged \"K-33\" limped to Murmansk for repairs. The captain of the Finnish vessel, Runar Lindholm, gave a maritime declaration when arriving in New York, but the report was labeled \"secret\" for over 44 years. It has been speculated that the incident was held secret due to the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948, under which the Soviets could forbid the Finns to report the incident in the news media or even to research it. On 4 April 2007, Lindholm and maritime author Jaakko Varimaa, who at the time was second mate on \"Finnclipper\", published the book \"Sukellusvene sumussa\" (\"\"Submarine In The Mist\"\"), revealing the accident to the general public. In 1965, \"K-33\" was involved in a radiation emergency in the Arctic, involving dehermeticity of fuel elements. Soviet submarine K-33 K-33 was a Soviet nuclear-powered Project 658-class submarine (NATO reporting name Hotel II). She belonged to the Soviet Northern Fleet and carried the"
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"retrieved": [
"Technological sovereignty Technological sovereignty is a political outlook that information and communications infrastructure and technology is aligned to the laws, needs and interests of the country in which users located; data sovereignty or information sovereignty sometimes overlaps with technological sovereignty, since their distinctions are not so clear cut, and also refers to subjection of information to the laws of the country in which the data subject is a citizen, or the information is stored or flows through, whatever its form, including when it has been converted and stored in binary digital form. Following revelations by Edward Snowden about the activities of the United States' National Security Agency, and their PRISM surveillance programme, rising concerns about misuse of data led to various proposals to enable citizens and consumers outside of the US to enjoy protection through technological sovereignty. Technological sovereignty Technological sovereignty is a political outlook that information and communications infrastructure and technology is aligned to the laws, needs and interests of the country in which users located; data sovereignty or information sovereignty sometimes overlaps with technological sovereignty, since their distinctions are not so clear cut, and also refers to subjection of information to the laws of the country in which"
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"Formation (association football) In association football, the formation describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the pitch. Association football is a fluid and fast-moving game, and (with the exception of the goalkeeper) a player's position in a formation does not define their role as rigidly as for, for instance, a rugby player, nor are there episodes in play where players must expressly line up in formation (as in gridiron football). Nevertheless, a player's position in a formation generally defines whether a player has a mostly defensive or attacking role, and whether they tend to play towards one side of the pitch or centrally. Formations are typically described by three or four numbers, which denote how many players are in each row of the formation from the most defensive to the most forward. For example, the popular \"4–5–1\" formation has four defenders, five midfielders, and a single forward. Different formations can be used depending on whether a team wishes to play more attacking or defensive football, and a team may switch formations between or during games for tactical reasons. The choice of formation is typically made by a team's manager or head coach. Skill and discipline on the part of the players is needed to implement a given formation effectively in professional football. Formations need to be chosen bearing in mind which players are available. Some formations were created to address deficits or strengths in different types of players. In the early days of football, most team members would play in attacking roles, whereas modern formations almost always have more defenders than forwards. Formations are described by categorising the players (not including the goalkeeper) according to their positioning along (not across) the pitch, with the more defensive players given first. For example, 4–4–2 means four defenders, four midfielders, and two forwards. Traditionally, those within the same category (for example the four midfielders in a 4–4–2) would generally play as a fairly flat line across the pitch, with those out wide often playing in a slightly more advanced position. In many modern formations, this is not the case, which has led to some analysts splitting the categories in two separate bands, leading to four- or even five-numbered formations. A common example is 4–2–1–3, where the midfielders are split into two defensive and one offensive player; as such, this formation can be considered a type of 4–3–3. An example of a five-numbered formation would be 4–1–2–1–2, where the midfield consists of a defensive midfielder, two central midfielders and an offensive midfielder; this is sometimes considered to be a kind of 4–4–2 (specifically a 4–4–2 diamond, referring to the lozenge shape formed by the four midfielders). The numbering system was not present until the 4–2–4 system was developed in the 1950s. The choice of formation is often related to the type of players available to the coach. Teams may change formations during a game to aid their cause: Formations can be deceptive in analysing a particular team's style of play. For instance, a team that plays a nominally attacking 4–3–3 formation can quickly revert to a 4–5–1 if a coach instructs two of the three forwards to track back in midfield. In the football matches of the 19th century, defensive football was not played, and the line-ups reflected the all-attacking nature of these games. In the first international game, Scotland against England on 30 November 1872, England played with seven or eight forwards in a 1–1–8 or 1–2–7 formation, and Scotland with six, in a 2–2–6 formation. For England, one player would remain in defence, picking up loose balls, and one or two players would hang around midfield and kick the ball upfield for the other players to chase. The English style of play at the time was all about individual excellence and English players were renowned for their dribbling skills. Players would attempt to take the ball forward as far as possible and only when they could proceed no further, would they kick it ahead for someone else to chase. Scotland surprised England by actually passing the ball among players. The Scottish outfield players were organised into pairs and each player would always attempt to pass the ball to his assigned partner. Ironically, with so much attention given to attacking play, the game ended in a 0–0 draw. The first long-term successful formation was first recorded in 1880. In \"Association Football\", however, published by Caxton in 1960, the following appears in Vol II, page 432: \"Wrexham ... the first winner of the Welsh Cup in 1877 ... for the first time certainly in Wales and probably in Britain, a team played three half-backs and five forwards ...\" The 2–3–5 was originally known as the \"Pyramid\", with the numerical formation being referenced retrospectively. By the 1890s, it was the standard formation in England and had spread all over the world. With some variations, it was used by most top level teams up to the 1930s. For the first time, a balance between attacking and defending was reached. When defending, the two defenders (full-backs), would zonally mark the opponent forwards (mainly the central trio), while the midfielders (halfbacks) would fill the gaps (usually marking the opposing wingers or inside forwards). The centre halfback had a key role in both helping to organise the team's attack and marking the opponent's centre forward, supposedly one of their most dangerous players. This formation was used by Uruguay national team to win the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Games and also the 1930 FIFA World Cup. It was this formation which gave rise to the convention of shirt numbers increasing from the back and the right. The Danubian School of football is a modification of the 2–3–5 formation in which the centre forward plays in a more withdrawn position. As played by the Austrians, Czechs and Hungarians in the 1920s, it was taken to its peak by the Austrians in the 1930s. It relied on short-passing and individual skills. This school was heavily influenced by the likes of Hugo Meisl and Jimmy Hogan, the English coach who visited Austria at the time. The Metodo was devised by Vittorio Pozzo, coach of the Italy national team in the 1930s. It was a derivation of the Danubian School. The system was based on the 2–3–5 formation; Pozzo realised that his half-backs would need some more support in order to be superior to the opponents' midfield, so he pulled two of the forwards to just in front of midfield, creating a 2–3–2–3 formation. This created a stronger defence than previous systems, as well as allowing effective counter-attacks. The Italian national team won back-to-back World Cups in 1934 and 1938 using this system. It has been argued that Pep Guardiola's Barcelona and Bayern Munich used a modern version of this formation. This formation is also similar to the standard in table football, featuring two defenders, five midfielders and three strikers (which cannot be altered as the \"players\" are mounted on axles). The WM system, known for the shapes described by the positions of the players, was created in the mid-1920s by Herbert Chapman of Arsenal to counter a change in the offside law in 1925. The change had reduced the number of opposition players that attackers needed between themselves and the goal-line from three to two. This led to the introduction of a centre-back to stop the opposing centre-forward, and tried to balance defensive and offensive playing. The formation became so successful that by the late-1930s most English clubs had adopted the WM. Retrospectively, the WM has either been described as a 3–2–5 or as a 3–4–3, or more precisely a 3–2–2–3 reflecting the letters which symbolised it. The gap in the centre of the formation between the two wing halves and the two inside forwards allowed Arsenal to counter-attack effectively. The WM was subsequently adapted by several English sides, but none could apply",
"of Arsenal to counter a change in the offside law in 1925. The change had reduced the number of opposition players that attackers needed between themselves and the goal-line from three to two. This led to the introduction of a centre-back to stop the opposing centre-forward, and tried to balance defensive and offensive playing. The formation became so successful that by the late-1930s most English clubs had adopted the WM. Retrospectively, the WM has either been described as a 3–2–5 or as a 3–4–3, or more precisely a 3–2–2–3 reflecting the letters which symbolised it. The gap in the centre of the formation between the two wing halves and the two inside forwards allowed Arsenal to counter-attack effectively. The WM was subsequently adapted by several English sides, but none could apply it in quite the same way Chapman had. This was mainly due to the comparative rarity of players like Alex James in the English game. He was one of the earliest playmakers in the history of the game, and the hub around which Chapman's Arsenal revolved. In 2016, new manager Patrick Vieira, a former Arsenal player, brought the WM formation to New York City FC. The WW was a development of the WM created by the Hungarian coach Márton Bukovi who turned the 3–2–5 WM into a 2–3–2–3 by effectively turning the M \"upside down\". The lack of an effective centre-forward in his team necessitated moving this player back to midfield to create a playmaker, with a midfielder instructed to focus on defence. This created a 2–3–1–4, which morphed into a 2–3–2–3 when the team lost possession, and was described by some as a kind of genetic link between the WM and the 4–2–4. This formation was successfully used by fellow countryman Gusztáv Sebes in the Hungary national team of the early 1950s. The 3–3–4 formation was similar to the WW, with the notable exception of having an inside-forward (as opposed to centre-forward) deployed as a midfield schemer alongside the two wing-halves. This formation would be commonplace during the 1950s and early 1960s. One of the best exponents of the system was the Tottenham Hotspur double-winning side of 1961, which deployed a midfield of Danny Blanchflower, John White and Dave Mackay. Porto won the 2005–06 Primeira Liga using this unusual formation under manager Co Adriaanse. The 4–2–4 formation attempts to combine a strong attack with a strong defence, and was conceived as a reaction to WM's stiffness. It could also be considered a further development of the WW. The 4–2–4 was the first formation to be described using numbers. While the initial developments leading to the 4–2–4 were devised by Márton Bukovi, the credit for creating the 4–2–4 lies with two different people: Flávio Costa, the Brazilian national coach in the early 1950s, as well as another Hungarian, Béla Guttman. These tactics seemed to be developed independently, with the Brazilians discussing these ideas while the Hungarians seemed to be putting them into motion. The fully developed 4–2–4 was only \"perfected\" in Brazil, however, in the late 1950s. Costa published his ideas, the \"diagonal system\", in the Brazilian newspaper \"O Cruzeiro\", using schematics as the ones used here and, for the first time ever, the formation description by numbers as used in this article. The \"diagonal system\" was another precursor of the 4–2–4 and was created to spur improvisation in players. Guttmann himself moved to Brazil later in the 1950s to help develop these tactical ideas using the experience of Hungarian coaches. The 4–2–4 formation made use of the players' increasing levels of skill and fitness, aiming to effectively use six defenders and six forwards, with the midfielders performing both tasks. The fourth defender increased the number of defensive players but mostly allowed them to be closer together, thus enabling effective cooperation among them, the point being that a stronger defence would allow an even stronger attack. The relatively empty midfield relied on defenders that should now be able not only to steal the ball, but also hold it, pass it or even run with it and start an attack. So this formation required that all players, including defenders, are somehow skilful and with initiative, making it a perfect fit for the Brazilian player's mind. The 4–2–4 needed a high level of tactical awareness, as having only two midfielders could lead to defensive problems. The system was also fluid enough to allow the formation to change throughout play. 4–2–4 was first used with success at club level in Brazil by Palmeiras and Santos, and was used by Brazil in their wins at 1958 World Cup and 1970 World Cup, both featuring Pelé, and Mário Zagallo, the latter of which played in 1958 and coached in 1970. The formation was quickly adopted throughout the world after the Brazilian success. Under the management of Jock Stein, Celtic won the 1966–67 European Cup and reached the final of the 1969–70 European Cup using this formation. The following formations are used in modern football. The formations are flexible allowing tailoring to the needs of a team, as well as to the players available. Variations of any given formation include changes in positioning of players, as well as replacement of a traditional defender by a sweeper. This formation was the most common in football in the 1990s and early 2000s, so well known that it inspired the title of the magazine \"FourFourTwo\". The midfielders are required to work hard to support both the defence and the attack: typically one of the central midfielders is expected to go upfield as often as possible to support the forward pair, while the other will play a \"holding role\", shielding the defence; the two wide midfield players must move up the flanks to the goal line in attacks and yet also protect the full-backs. On the European level, the major example of a team using a 4–4–2 formation was Milan, trained by Arrigo Sacchi and later Fabio Capello, which won three European Cups, two Intercontinental Cups, and three UEFA Super Cups between 1988 and 1995. Under Milan's example, it became very popular in Italy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. More recently, commentators have noted that at the highest level, the 4–4–2 is being phased out in favour of formations such as the 4–2–3–1. In 2010, none of the winners of the Spanish, English and Italian leagues, nor the Champions League, relied on the 4–4–2. Following England's elimination at the 2010 World Cup by a 4–2–3–1 Germany side, England national team coach Fabio Capello (who was notably successful with the 4–4–2 at Milan in the 1990s) was criticised for playing an \"increasingly outdated\" 4–4–2 formation. However, the 4–4–2 is still regarded as the best formation to protect the whole width of the field with the opposing team having to get past two banks of four and has recently had a tactical revival having recently contributed to Diego Simeone's Atlético Madrid, Carlo Ancelotti's Real Madrid and Claudio Ranieri's Leicester City. A variation of 4–4–2 with one of the strikers playing \"in the hole\", or as a \"second striker\", slightly behind their partner. The second striker is generally a more creative player, the playmaker, who can drop into midfield to pick up the ball before running with it or passing to teammates. Interpretations of 4–4–1–1 can be slightly muddled, as some might say that the extent to which a forward has dropped off and separated himself from the other can be debated. The system was most prominently used during the 2009–10 season by Fulham, with midfielder Zoltán Gera playing behind forward Bobby Zamora as they upset many teams across Europe en route to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final. The 4–3–3 was a development of the 4–2–4, and was played by the Brazilian national team in the 1962 World Cup, although a 4–3–3 had also previously been used by the Uruguay national team in the 1950 and 1954 World Cups. The extra player in midfield allows a stronger defence, and the midfield could be staggered for different",
"to pick up the ball before running with it or passing to teammates. Interpretations of 4–4–1–1 can be slightly muddled, as some might say that the extent to which a forward has dropped off and separated himself from the other can be debated. The system was most prominently used during the 2009–10 season by Fulham, with midfielder Zoltán Gera playing behind forward Bobby Zamora as they upset many teams across Europe en route to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final. The 4–3–3 was a development of the 4–2–4, and was played by the Brazilian national team in the 1962 World Cup, although a 4–3–3 had also previously been used by the Uruguay national team in the 1950 and 1954 World Cups. The extra player in midfield allows a stronger defence, and the midfield could be staggered for different effects. The three midfielders normally play closely together to protect the defence, and move laterally across the field as a coordinated unit. The three forwards split across the field to spread the attack, and may be expected to mark the opposition full-backs as opposed to doubling back to assist their own full-backs, as do the wide midfielders in a 4–4–2. When used from the start of a game, this formation is widely regarded as encouraging expansive play, and should not be confused with the practice of modifying a 4–4–2 by bringing on an extra forward to replace a midfield player when behind in the latter stages of a game. This formation is suited for a short passing game and useful for ball retention. A staggered 4–3–3 involving a defensive midfielder (usually numbered four or six) and two attacking midfielders (numbered eight and ten) was commonplace in Italy, Argentina, and Uruguay during the 1960s and 1970s. The Italian variety of 4–3–3 was simply a modification of WM, by converting one of the two wing-halves to a \"libero\" (sweeper), whereas the Argentine and Uruguayan formations were derived from 2–3–5 and retained the notional attacking centre-half. The national team that made this famous was the Dutch team of the 1974 and 1978 World Cups, even though the team won neither. In club football, the team that brought this formation to the forefront was the famous Ajax team of the early 1970s, which won three European Cups with Johan Cruyff, and Zdeněk Zeman with Foggia in Italy during the late 1980s, where he completely revitalised the movement supporting this formation. It was also the formation with which Norwegian manager Nils Arne Eggen won 15 Norwegian league titles. Most teams using this formation now use the specialist defensive midfielder. Recent famous examples include the Porto and Chelsea teams coached by José Mourinho, as well as the Barcelona team under Pep Guardiola. Mourinho has also been credited with bringing this formation to England in his first stint with Chelsea. A variation of the 4–3–3 wherein a striker gives way to a central attacking midfielder. The formation focuses on the attacking midfielder moving play through the centre with the strikers on either side. It is a much narrower setup in comparison to the 4–3–3 and is usually dependent on the \"1\" to create chances. Examples of sides which won trophies using this formation were the 2002–03 UEFA Cup and 2003–04 UEFA Champions League winner José Mourinho's Porto side; Carlo Ancelotti's 2002–03 UEFA Champions League and 2003–04 Serie A champion Milan, and 2009–10 Premier League winner Chelsea. This formation was also adopted by Massimiliano Allegri for the 2010–11 Serie A title-winning season for Milan. It was also the favoured formation of Maurizio Sarri during his time at Empoli between 2012 and 2015, during which time they won promotion to Serie A and subsequently avoided relegation, finishing 15th in the 2014–15 Serie A season. A variation of the 4–3–3 with a defensive midfielder, two central midfielders and a fluid front three. The 4–4–2 diamond (also described as 4–1–2–1–2) staggers the midfield. The width in the team has to come from the full-backs pushing forward. The defensive midfielder is sometimes used as a deep lying playmaker, but needs to remain disciplined and protect the back four behind him. The central attacking midfielder is the creative player, responsible for picking up the ball, and distributing the ball wide to its full-backs or providing the two strikers with through balls. When out of possession, the midfield four must drop and assist the defence, while the two strikers must be free for the counter-attack. Its most famous example was Carlo Ancelotti's Milan, which won the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final and made Milan runners-up in 2005. Milan was obliged to adopt this formation so as to field talented central midfielder Andrea Pirlo, in a period when the position of offensive midfielder was occupied by Rui Costa and later Kaká. This tactic was gradually abandoned by Milan after Andriy Shevchenko's departure in 2006, progressively adopting a \"Christmas Tree\" formation. The 4–1–3–2 is a variation of the 4–1–2–1–2 and features a strong and talented defensive centre midfielder. This allows the remaining three midfielders to play further forward and more aggressively, and also allows them to pass back to their defensive mid when setting up a play or recovering from a counterattack. The 4–1–3–2 gives a strong presence in the forward middle of the pitch and is considered to be an attacking formation. Opposing teams with fast wingers and strong passing abilities can try to overwhelm the 4–1–3–2 with fast attacks on the wings of the pitch before the three offensive midfielders can fall back to help their defensive line. Valeriy Lobanovskiy is one of the most famous exponents of the formation, using it with Dynamo Kyiv, winning three European trophies in the process. Another example of the 4–1–3–2 in use was the England national team at the 1966 World Cup, managed by Alf Ramsey. The 4–3–2–1, commonly described as the \"Christmas Tree\" formation, has another forward brought on for a midfielder to play \"in the hole\", so leaving two forwards slightly behind the most forward striker. Terry Venables and Christian Gross used this formation during their time in charge of Tottenham Hotspur. Since then, the formation has lost its popularity in England. It is, however, most known for being the formation Carlo Ancelotti used on-and-off during his time as a coach of Milan. In this approach, the middle of the three central midfielders act as a playmaker while one of the attacking midfielders plays in a free role. However, it is also common for the three midfielders to be energetic shuttlers, providing for the individual talent of the two attacking midfielders ahead. The \"Christmas Tree\" formation is considered a relatively narrow formation and depends on full-backs to provide presence in wide areas. The formation is also relatively fluid. During open play, one of the side central midfielders may drift to the flank to add additional presence. This formation has three central defenders (possibly with one acting as a sweeper.) This system merges the winger and full-back positions into the wing-back, whose job it is to work their flank along the full length of the pitch, supporting both the defence and the attack. The Brazil team which was runner-up at the 1998 and winner of the 2002 FIFA World Cups employed this formation with their wing-backs Cafu and Roberto Carlos two of the best known proponents of this position. A variant of the 5–3–2, this involves a more withdrawn sweeper, who may join the midfield, and more advanced full-backs. Using a 3–4–3, the midfielders are expected to split their time between attacking and defending. Having only three dedicated defenders means that if the opposing team breaks through the midfield, they will have a greater chance to score than with a more conventional defensive configuration, such as 4–5–1 or 4–4–2. However, the three forwards allow for a greater concentration on attack. This formation is used by more offensive-minded teams. The formation was",
"attack. The Brazil team which was runner-up at the 1998 and winner of the 2002 FIFA World Cups employed this formation with their wing-backs Cafu and Roberto Carlos two of the best known proponents of this position. A variant of the 5–3–2, this involves a more withdrawn sweeper, who may join the midfield, and more advanced full-backs. Using a 3–4–3, the midfielders are expected to split their time between attacking and defending. Having only three dedicated defenders means that if the opposing team breaks through the midfield, they will have a greater chance to score than with a more conventional defensive configuration, such as 4–5–1 or 4–4–2. However, the three forwards allow for a greater concentration on attack. This formation is used by more offensive-minded teams. The formation was famously used by Liverpool under Rafael Benítez during the second half of the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final to come back from a three-goal deficit. Ex-Juventus and Italy coach Antonio Conte successfully implemented the 3–4–3 at Chelsea during the 2016–17 Premier League season, leading the club to the league title and an FA Cup final. In order to properly counteract the additional forward pressure from the wing-backs in the system, other sides, including Ronald Koeman's Everton and Mauricio Pochettino's Tottenham, also used the formation against Chelsea. This formation is similar to 5–3–2 except that the two wingmen are oriented more towards the attack. Because of this, the central midfielder tends to remain further back in order to help prevent counter-attacks. It differs from the classical 3–5–2 of the WW by having a non-staggered midfield. It was used for the first time at international level by the Argentine coach Carlos Bilardo. Terry Venables notably used this formation (along with a diamond midfield) during England's campaign at UEFA Euro 1996, with Gareth Southgate or Paul Ince acting as defensive midfielder. Many teams also use a central attacking midfielder and two defensive midfielders, so the midfielders form a \"W\" formation. Sebastião Lazaroni also used this formation as manager of Brazil during their unsuccessful 1990 World Cup campaign. It was used by Luiz Felipe Scolari as manager of Brazil during the 2002 FIFA World Cup campaign, when Brazil won the tournament. Edmilson acted as a sweeper. Although it had fallen out of favour with most coaches who now prefer four at the back, it had a renaissance in both club and international football in the 2010s. At club level, it has been effectively used by former Juventus coach Antonio Conte, under whom Juventus won three back-to-back \"scudetti\" between 2012 and 2014, or by Louis van Gaal at Manchester United. At international level, it has been used as an alternative formation on two notable occasions to nullify the challenge of possession football used by the Spanish national side. Cesare Prandelli used it for the Italy's 1–1 draw with Spain in the group stage of Euro 2012, with some commentators seeing Daniele De Rossi as a sweeper. The Netherlands used it to greater effect against Spain during the group stage of the 2014 World Cup, completing a 5–1 win. This was successful in minimizing the Dutch weaknesses (inexperience in defence) and maximising their strengths (world-class forwards in Robin van Persie and Arjen Robben). 3–4–1–2 is a variant of 3–5–2 where the wingers are more withdrawn in favour of one of the central midfielders being pushed further upfield into the \"number 10\" playmaker position. Martin O'Neill successfully used this formation during the early years of his reign as Celtic manager, noticeably taking them to the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. This uncommon modern formation focuses on ball possession in the midfield. In fact, it is very rare to see it as an initial formation, as it is more useful for maintaining a lead or tie score. Its more common variants are 3–4–2–1 or 3–4–3 diamond, which use two wing-backs. The lone forward must be tactically gifted, not only because he focuses on scoring but also on playing the ball back towards the own goal to assist with back passes to his teammates. Once the team is leading the game, there is an even stronger tactical focus on ball control, short passes and running down the clock. On the other hand, when the team is losing, at least one of the playmakers will more frequently play in the edge of the area to add depth to the attack. Steve Sampson (for the US in the 1998 World Cup) and Guus Hiddink (for Australia during the 2006 World Cup) are two of the few coaches who have used this formation. 4–5–1 is a defensive formation; however, if the two midfield wingers play a more attacking role, it can be likened to 4–3–3. The formation can be used to grind out 0–0 draws or preserve a lead, as the packing of the centre midfield makes it difficult for the opposition to build up play. Because of the \"closeness\" of the midfield, the opposing team's forwards will often be starved of possession. Due to the lone striker, however, the centre of the midfield does have the responsibility of pushing forward as well. The defensive midfielder will often control the pace of the game. This formation is widely used by Spanish, French and German sides. While it seems defensive to the eye, it is quite a flexible formation, as both the wide players and the full-backs join the attack. In defence, this formation is similar to either the 4–5–1 or 4–4–1–1. It is used to maintain possession of the ball and stopping opponent attacks by controlling the midfield area of the field. The lone striker may be very tall and strong to hold the ball up as his midfielders and full-backs join him in attack. The striker could also be very fast. In these cases, the opponent's defence will be forced to fall back early, thereby leaving space for the offensive central midfielder. This formation is used especially when a playmaker is to be highlighted. The variations of personnel used on the flanks in this set-up include using traditional wingers, using inverted wingers or simply using wide midfielders. Different teams and managers have different interpretations of the 4–2–3–1, but one common factor among them all is the presence of the double pivot. The double pivot is the usage of two holding midfielders in front of the defence. At the international level, this formation is used by the Belgian, French, Dutch and German national teams in an asymmetric shape, and often with strikers as wide midfielders or inverted wingers. The formation is also currently used by Brazil as an alternative to the 4–2–4 formation of the late 1950s to 1970. Implemented similarly to how original 4–2–4 was used back then, use of this formation in this manner is very offensive, creating a six-man attack and a six-man defence tactical layout. The front four attackers are arranged as a pair of wide forwards and a playmaker forward who play in support of a lone striker. Mário Zagallo also considers the Brazil 1970 football team he coached as pioneers of 4–2–3–1. In recent years, with full-backs having ever more increasing attacking roles, the wide players (be they deep lying forwards, inverted wingers, attacking wide midfielders) have been tasked with the defensive responsibility to track and pin down the opposition full-backs. This formation has been very frequently used by managers all over the world in the modern game. One particularly effective use of it was Liverpool under Rafael Benítez, who deployed Javier Mascherano, Xabi Alonso and Steven Gerrard in central midfield, with Gerrard acting in a more advanced role in order to link up with Fernando Torres, who acted as the central striker. Another notable example at club level is Bayern Munich under Jupp Heynckes. A highly unconventional formation, the 4–6–0 is an evolution of the 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 in which the centre forward is exchanged for a player who normally plays as a \"trequartista\" (that is, in the \"hole\"). Suggested as a possible formation for the future of football,",
"with the defensive responsibility to track and pin down the opposition full-backs. This formation has been very frequently used by managers all over the world in the modern game. One particularly effective use of it was Liverpool under Rafael Benítez, who deployed Javier Mascherano, Xabi Alonso and Steven Gerrard in central midfield, with Gerrard acting in a more advanced role in order to link up with Fernando Torres, who acted as the central striker. Another notable example at club level is Bayern Munich under Jupp Heynckes. A highly unconventional formation, the 4–6–0 is an evolution of the 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 in which the centre forward is exchanged for a player who normally plays as a \"trequartista\" (that is, in the \"hole\"). Suggested as a possible formation for the future of football, the formation sacrifices an out-and-out striker for the tactical advantage of a mobile front four attacking from a position that the opposition defenders cannot mark without being pulled out of position. Because of the intelligence and pace required by the front four attackers to create and attack any space left by the opposition defenders, however, the formation requires a very skilful and well-drilled front four. Due to these demanding requirements from the attackers, and the novelty of playing without a proper goalscorer, the formation has been adopted by very few teams, and rarely consistently. As with the development of many formations, the origins and originators are uncertain, but arguably the first reference to a professional team adopting a similar formation is Anghel Iordănescu's Romania in the 1994 World Cup Round of 16, when Romania won 3–2 against Argentina. The first team to adopt the formation systematically was Luciano Spalletti's Roma side during the 2005–06 Serie A season, mostly out of necessity as his \"strikerless\" formation, and then notably by Alex Ferguson's Manchester United side that won the Premier League and Champions League in 2007–08. The formation was unsuccessfully used by Craig Levein's Scotland against Czech Republic to widespread condemnation. At Euro 2012, Spain coach Vicente del Bosque used the 4–6–0 for his side's 1–1 group stage draw against Italy and their 4–0 win versus Italy in the final of the tournament. This is a particularly defensive formation, with an isolated forward and a packed defence. Again, however, a couple of attacking full-backs can make this formation resemble something like a 3–6–1. One of the most famous cases of its use is the Euro 2004-winning Greek national team. The 1–6–3 formation was first used by Japan at the behest of General Yoshijirō Umezu in 1936. Famously, Japan defeated the heavily favoured Swedish team 3–2 at the 1936 Olympics with the unorthodox 1–6–3 formation, before going down 0–8 to Italy. The formation was dubbed the \"kamikaze\" formation sometime in the 1960s when former United States national team player Walter Bahr used it for a limited number of games as coach of the Philadelphia Spartans to garner greater media and fan attention for the struggling franchise. Often referred to as the \"Magic Rectangle\" or \"Magic Square\", this formation was used by France under Michel Hidalgo at the 1982 World Cup and Euro 1984, and later by Henri Michel at the 1986 World Cup and a whole generation, for Brazil with Telê Santana, Carlos Alberto Parreira and Vanderlei Luxemburgo, by Arturo Salah and Manuel Pellegrini in Chile and Francisco Maturana in Colombia. The \"Magic Rectangle\" is formed by combining two box-to-box midfielders with two deep-lying (\"hanging\") forwards across the midfield. This provides a balance in the distribution of possible moves and adds a dynamic quality to midfield play. This formation was used by former Real Madrid manager Manuel Pellegrini and met with considerable praise. Pellegrini also used this formation while with Villarreal and Málaga. The formation is closely related to a 4–2–4 previously used by Fernando Riera, Pellegrini's mentor, and that can be traced back to Chile in 1962 who (may have) adopted it from the Frenchman Albert Batteux at the Stade de Reims of 50s. This formation had been previously used at Real Madrid by Vanderlei Luxemburgo during his failed stint at the club during the latter part of the 2004–05 season and throughout the 2005–06 season. This formation has been described as being \"deeply flawed\" and \"suicidal\". Luxemburgo is not the only one to use this although it had been used earlier by Brazil in the early 1980s. At first, Telê Santana, then Carlos Alberto Parreira and Vanderlei Luxemburgo proposed basing the \"Magic Rectangle\" on the work of the wing-backs. The rectangle becomes a 3–4–3 on the attack because one of the wing-backs moves downfield. In another sense, the Colombian 4–2–2–2 is closely related to the 4–4–2 diamond of Brazil, style different from the French-Chilean trend and is based on the complementation of a box-to box with 10 classic. Emphasises the triangulation, but especially in the surprise of attack. The 4–2–2–2 formation consists of the standard defensive four (right back, two centre backs, and left back), with two centre midfielders, two support strikers, and two out and out strikers. Similar to the 4–6–0, the formation requires a particularly alert and mobile front four to work successfully. The formation has also been used on occasion by the Brazilian national team, notably in the 1998 World Cup final. Bundesliga side RB Leipzig have been using the 4-2-2-2 formation since their promotion in 2016. The 3–3–1–3 was formed of a modification to the Dutch 4–3–3 system Ajax had developed. Coaches like Louis van Gaal and Johan Cruyff brought it to even further attacking extremes and the system eventually found its way to Barcelona, where players such as Andrés Iniesta and Xavi were reared into 3–3–1–3's philosophy. It demands intense pressing high up the pitch especially from the forwards, and also an extremely high defensive line, basically playing the whole game inside the opponent's half. It requires extreme technical precision and rapid ball circulation since one slip or dispossession can result in a vulnerable counter-attack situation. Cruyff's variant relied on a flatter and wider midfield, but Van Gaal used an offensive midfielder and midfield diamond to link up with the front three more effectively. Marcelo Bielsa has used the system with some success with Argentina's and Chile's national teams and is currently one of the few high-profile managers to use the system in competition today. Diego Simeone had also tried it occasionally at River Plate. The 3–3–3–1 system is a very attacking formation and its compact nature is ideally suited for midfield domination and ball possession. It means a coach can field more attacking players and add extra strength through the spine of the team. The attacking three are usually two wing-backs or wingers with the central player of the three occupying a central attacking midfield or second striker role behind the centre forward. The midfield three consists of two centre midfielders ahead of one central defensive midfielder or alternatively one central midfielder and two defensive midfielders. The defensive three can consist of three centre backs or one centre back with a full back either side. The 3–3–3–1 formation was used by Marcelo Bielsa's Chile in the 2010 World Cup, with three centre-backs paired with two wing-backs and a holding player, although a variation is the practical hourglass, using three wide players, a narrow three, a wide three and a centre-forward. The somewhat unconventional 4–2–1–3 formation was developed by José Mourinho during his time at Inter Milan, including in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. By using captain Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso in holding midfield positions, he was able to push more players to attack. Wesley Sneijder filled the attacking midfield role and the front three operated as three strikers, rather than having a striker and one player on",
"can consist of three centre backs or one centre back with a full back either side. The 3–3–3–1 formation was used by Marcelo Bielsa's Chile in the 2010 World Cup, with three centre-backs paired with two wing-backs and a holding player, although a variation is the practical hourglass, using three wide players, a narrow three, a wide three and a centre-forward. The somewhat unconventional 4–2–1–3 formation was developed by José Mourinho during his time at Inter Milan, including in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. By using captain Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso in holding midfield positions, he was able to push more players to attack. Wesley Sneijder filled the attacking midfield role and the front three operated as three strikers, rather than having a striker and one player on each wing. Using this formation, Mourinho won The Treble with Inter in only his second season in charge of the club. As the system becomes more developed and flexible, small groups can be identified to work together in more efficient ways by giving them more specific and different roles within the same lines, and numbers like 4–2–1–3, 4–1–2–3 and even 4–2–2–2 occur. Many of the current systems have three different formations in each third, defending, middle, and attacking. The goal is to outnumber the other team in all parts of the field but to not completely wear out all the players on the team using it before the full ninety minutes are up. So the one single number is confusing as it may not actually look like a 4–2–1–3 when a team is defending or trying to gain possession. In a positive attack it may look exactly like a 4–2–1–3. When a player is sent off (i.e. after being shown a red card) or leaves the field due to an injury or other reason with no ability to be replaced with a substitute teams generally fall back to defensive formations such as 4–4–1 or 5–3–1. Only when facing a negative result will a team with ten players play in a risky attacking formation such as 4–3–2 or even 4–2–3. Formation (association football) In association football, the formation describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the pitch. Association football is a fluid and fast-moving game,"
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"2013–14 British Basketball League season The 2013–14 season was the 27th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league's establishment in 1987. The season featured 12 teams from across England and Scotland, including new entrant Birmingham Knights. East London Royals and Essex Leopards were both due to become the 13th and 14th League members respectively, but after deferring their original entries from the 2012–13 season for a season, both franchises withdrew their applications to join the BBL due to financial constraints. On 12 July it was officially announced that the Mersey Tigers franchise had been withdrawn from the up-coming season by the League due to financial trouble that had plagued the club throughout the previous season, which resulted in the Tigers becoming the first club to complete an entire season without a single victory. The season started on 27 September 2013 and ended on 11 May 2014 with the Play-off Final at Wembley Arena. Newcastle Eagles claimed a record 6th regular season title but were defeated in the Play-off Final by a dominant Worcester Wolves team who were also victorious in the BBL Trophy, beating Glasgow Rocks on their home court in the Final. Leicester Riders were crowned as the BBL Cup winners, defeating Newcastle in the Final at the National Indoor Arena. (1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (8) Durham Wildcats (2) Sheffield Sharks vs. (7) Manchester Giants (3) Worcester Wolves vs. (6) London Lions (4) Leicester Riders vs. (5) Cheshire Phoenix (1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (4) Leicester Riders (2) Sheffield Sharks vs. (3) Worcester Wolves The winners of the four 1st Round matches were joined by Glasgow Rocks, Leicester Riders, Newcastle Eagles and Surrey United in the Quarter-finals, who received byes for finishing in the top four BBL Championship positions last season. The Final was played on 12 January 2014 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. Plymouth Raiders vs. Leicester Riders Sheffield Sharks vs. Newcastle Eagles The 12 BBL clubs were joined by Bristol Flyers, Essex Leopards, Leeds Carnegie and Reading Rockets of the English Basketball League to form a straight knock-out competition. The first two rounds featured one-off games whilst the Semi-finals took place over two legs. The Final was held at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow for the second consecutive year and saw Worcester Wolves win their first silverware since joining the BBL in 2006. Sheffield Sharks vs. Worcester Wolves Cheshire Phoenix vs. Glasgow Rocks For the British Team of the Year and Defensive Team of the Year, six players were announced instead of the usual five due to a deadlock in votes cast by the BBL head coaches. 2013–14 British Basketball League season The 2013–14 season was the 27th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league's establishment in 1987. The season featured 12 teams from across England and Scotland, including new entrant Birmingham Knights. East London Royals and Essex Leopards were both due to become the 13th and 14th League members respectively, but after deferring their original entries from the 2012–13 season for"
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"Elsewhere in nominal Seljuq territory were the Artuqids in northeastern Syria and northern Mesopotamia; they controlled Jerusalem until 1098. The Dānišmand dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the Sultanate of Rum, and Kerbogha exercised independence as the atabeg of Mosul. \n After pillaging the County of Edessa, Seljuqid commander Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121 he went north towards Armenia and with supposedly up to 250 000-350 000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja, he invaded Kingdom of Georgia. David IV of Georgia gathered 40,000 Georgian warriors, including 5,000 monaspa guards, 15,000 Kipchaks, 300 Alans and 100 French Crusaders to fight against Ilghazi's vast army. The Battle of Didgori was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121. As a result, Seljuks routed and fleed from battlefield, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days. Among the various leaders, only Ilghazi and his son-in-law Dubais escaped. A huge amount of booty and prisoners were captured by David's army, which had also secured Tbilisi. \n When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. Malikshāh I was succeeded in Anatolia by Kilij Arslan I, who founded the Sultanate of Rum, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I. In Persia he was succeeded by his son Mahmud I, whose reign was contested by his other three brothers Barkiyaruq in Iraq, Muhammad I in Baghdad, and Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan. When Tutush I died, his sons Radwan and Duqaq inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively and contested with each other as well, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other. \n Alp Arslan authorized his Turkmen generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as atabegs loyal to him. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beghliks (modern Turkish beyliks):the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuqs (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in İzmir (Smyrna). \n Although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the theme of Iberia by the help of Byzantine governor, Gregory Pakourianos, who began to evacuate the region shortly after the disaster inflicted by the Seljuks on the Byzantine army at Manzikert. On this occasion, George II of Georgia was bestowed with the Byzantine title of Caesar, granted the fortress of Kars and put in charge of the Imperial Eastern limits. The Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact with the Seljuqs. Following the 1073 devastation of eastern Georgia by the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan, George II of Georgia successfully repelled an invasion. \n History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century \n--- \nTurkic Khaganate 552–744 \nWestern Turkic \nEastern Turkic \nKhazar Khaganate 618–1048 \nXueyantuo 628–646 \nGreat Bulgaria 632–668 \nDanube Bulgaria \nVolga Bulgaria \nKangar union 659–750 \nTurk Shahi 665–850 \nTurgesh Khaganate 699–766 \nUyghur Khaganate 744–840 \nKarluk Yabgu State 756–940 \nKara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212 \nWestern Kara-Khanid \nEastern Kara-Khanid \nGanzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036 \nQocho 856–1335 \nPecheneg Khanates 860–1091 | Kimek confederation 743–1035 \nCumania 1067–1239 | Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055 \nGhaznavid Empire 963–1186 \nSeljuk Empire 1037–1194 \nSultanate of Rum \nKerait khanate 11th century–13th century \nKhwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 \nNaiman Khanate–1204 \nQarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266 \nDelhi Sultanate 1206–1526 \nMamluk dynasty \nKhalji dynasty \nTughlaq dynasty \nGolden Horde 1240s–1502 \nMamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517 \nBahri dynasty \nOttoman Empire 1299–1923 \nOther Turkic dynasties (show) \n\nin Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Saltuqid dynasty in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Ildenizid dynasty in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty in Fars Salghurid dynasty in The Levant Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty \n \nThis box:\n\n * view \n * talk \n * edit \n\n\n The Seljuq power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuqs. The Seljuq dominion was established over the ancient Sasanian domains, in Iran and Iraq, and included Anatolia as well as parts of Central Asia and modern Afghanistan. The Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization common in Turkic and Mongol nomads and resembled a' family federation' or' appanage state' . Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages. \n During the First Crusade, the fractured states of the Seljuqs were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders. The Seljuqs easily defeated the People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade, which took important cities such as Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds). In 1099 the crusaders finally captured the Holy Land and set up the first Crusader states. The Seljuqs had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders. \n Ahmad Sanjar fought to contain the revolts by the Kara-Khanids in Transoxiana, Ghurids in Afghanistan and Qarluks in modern Kyrghyzstan, as well as the nomadic invasion of the Kara-Khitais in the east. The advancing Kara-Khitais first defeated the Eastern Kara-Khanids, then followed up by crushing the Western Kara-Khanids, who were vassals of the Seljuqs at Khujand. The Kara-Khanids turned to their overlord the Seljuqs for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of Yelu Dashi at the Battle of Qatwan on September 9, 1141. While Sanjar managed to escape with his life, many of his close kin including his wife were taken captive in the battle's aftermath. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuq Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the river Syr Darya, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography. \n Seljuk Empire \n--- \nآلِ سلجوق Āl-e Saljuq \n| | 1037–1194 | \n---|---|--- \nSeljuq Empire at its greatest extent in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I \nCapital | \n\n * Nishapur (1037–1043) \n * Rey (1043–1051) \n * Isfahan (1051–1118) \n * Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153) \n\n\n * Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194) \n\n \nLanguages | \n\n * Persian (official & court language; lingua franca) \n * Oghuz Turkish (dynastic and military) \n * Arabic (language of law, theology and science)",
"* Nishapur (1037–1043) \n * Rey (1043–1051) \n * Isfahan (1051–1118) \n * Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153) \n\n\n * Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194) \n\n \nLanguages | \n\n * Persian (official & court language; lingua franca) \n * Oghuz Turkish (dynastic and military) \n * Arabic (language of law, theology and science) \n\n \nReligion | Sunni Islam (Hanafi) \nGovernment | Sultanate \nSultan | \n| 1037–1063 | Toghrul I (first) \n| 1174–1194 | Toghrul III (last) \nHistory | \n| Tughril formed the state system | 1037 \n| Battle of Dandanaqan | 1040 \n| Battle of Manzikert | 1071 \n| First Crusade | 1095–1099 \n| Battle of Qatwan | 1141 \n| Replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire | 1194 \nArea \n| 1080 est. | 3,900,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi) \n| Preceded by | Succeeded by \n---|--- \n| | Oghuz Yabgu State \n---|--- \n| Ghaznavids \n| Buyid dynasty \n| Byzantine Empire \n| Kakuyids \n| Sultanate of Rûm | \n---|--- \nAnatolian beyliks | \nGhurid Dynasty | \nKhwarezmian Empire | \nAyyubid dynasty | \nAtabegs of Azerbaijan | \nBurid dynasty | \nZengid dynasty | \nDanishmends | \nArtuqid dynasty | \nSaltukids | \nShah-Armens | \nShaddadids | \n show # | Laqab | Throne name | Reign | Marriages | Succession right \n---|---|---|---|---|--- \n| Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین, | Toghrul-Beg | 1037–1063 | 1 ) Altun Jan Khatun (2) Aka Khatun (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Abu Kalijar) (4) Seyyidah Khatun (daughter of Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph) (5) Fulana Khatun (widow of Chaghri Beg) | son of Mikail (grandson of Seljuq) \n| Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah ضياء الدنيا و الدين عضد الدولة | Alp Arslan | 1063–1072 | 1 ) Aka Khatun (widow of Toghrul I) (2) Safariyya Khatun (daughter of Yusuf Qadir Khan, Khagan of Kara-Khanid) (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Smbat Lorhi) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Kurtchu bin Yunus bin Seljuk) | son of Chaghri \n| Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah معز الدین جلال الدولہ | Malik-Shah I | 1072–1092 | 1 ) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Ibrahim Tamghach Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Yaquti ibn Chaghri) (3) Safariyya Khatun (daughter of Isa Khan, Sultan of Samarkand) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Romanos IV Diogenes) | son of Alp Arslan \n| Nasir ad-Dunya wa ad-Din ناصر الدنیا والدین | Mahmud I | 1092–1094 | | son of Malik-Shah I \n5 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Barkiyaruq | 1094–1105 | | son of Malik-Shah I \n6 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah رکن الدنیا والدین جلال الدولہ | Malik-Shah II | 1105 | | son of Barkiyaruq \n7 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Tapar | 1105–1118 | 1 ) Nisandar Jihan Khatun (2) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Isma'il bin Yaquti) (3) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Aksungur Beg) | son of Malik-Shah I \n8 | Mughith ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah مُغيث الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة | Mahmud II | 1118–1131 | 1 ) Mah-i Mulk Khatun (died 1130) (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Amir Siti Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (3) Ata Khatun (daughter of Ali bin Faramarz) | son of Muhammad I \n9 | Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah مُعز الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة | Sanjar | 1118–1153 | 1 ) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Rusudan Khatun (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia) (3) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Isma'il bin Yaquti, widow of Tapar) (4) Fulana Khatun (daughter of Arslan Khan, a Qara Khitai prisoner) | son of Malik-Shah I \n10 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Dawud | 1131–1132 | Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud) | son of Mahmud II \n11 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul II | 1132–1135 | 1 ) Mumine Khatun (mother of Arslan-Shah) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Barkiyaruq) | son of Muhammad I \n12 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Masud | 1135–1152 | 1 ) Gouhar Nasab Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Barkiyaruq, widow of Toghrul II) (3) Mustazhiriyya Khatun (daughter of Qawurd) (4) Sufra Khatun (daughter of Dubais) (5) Arab Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi) (6) Ummiha Khatun (daughter of Amid ud-Deula bin Juhair) (7) Abkhaziyya Khatun (daughter of David IV of Georgia) (8) Sultan Khatun (mother of Malik-Shah III) | son of Muhammad I \n13 | Muin ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مُعين الدنيا و الدين | Malik-Shah III | 1152–1153 | | son of Mahmud II \n14 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Muhammad | 1153–1159 | 1 ) Mahd Rafi Khatun (daughter of Kirman-Shah) (2) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud, widow of Dawud) (3) Kerman Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi) (4) Kirmaniyya Khatun (daughter of Tughrul Shah, ruler of Kerman) | son of Mahmud II \n15 | Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین | Suleiman-Shah | 1159–1160 | 1 ) Khwarazmi Khatun (daughter of Muhammad Khwarazm Shah) (2) Abkhaziyya Khatun (daughter of David IV of Georgia, widow of Masud) | son of Muhammad I \n16 | Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din معز الدنیا والدین | Arslan-Shah | 1160–1176 | 1 ) Kerman Khatun (daughter of Al-Muqtafi, widow of Muhammad) (2) Sitti Fatima Khatun (daughter of Ala ad-Daulah) (3) Kirmaniyya Khatun (daughter of Tughrul Shah, ruler of Kerman, widow of Muhammad) (4) Fulana Khatun (sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq) | son of Toghrul II \n17 | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul III | 1176–1191 1st reign | Inanj Khatun (daughter of Sunqur-Inanj, ruler of Rey, widow of Toghrul III) | son of Arslan-Shah \n18 | Muzaffar ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مظفر الدنیا والدین | Qizil Arslan | 1191 | Inanj Khatun (daughter of Sunqur-Inanj, ruler of Rey, widow of Muhammad ibn Ildeniz) | son of Ildeniz (stepbrother of Arslan-Shah) \n\\-- | Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین | Toghrul III | 1192–1194 2nd reign | | son of Arslan-Shah \n The Seljuqs were allied with the Persian Samanid shahs against the Qarakhanids. The Samanid fell to the Qarakhanids in Transoxania (992–999), however, whereafter the Ghaznavids arose. The Seljuqs became involved in this power struggle in the region before establishing their own independent base. \n In 1118, the third son Ahmad Sanjar took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar. \n * Seljuq-era art:Ewer from Herat, Afghanistan, dated 1180–1210CE. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen. British Museum. \n\n * Section of a Water Jug, Habb, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum \n\n * Bowl with an Enthronement Scene, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum \n\n * Head of male royal figure, 12–13th century, found in Iran. \n\n * Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran in Iran commemorating Tughril Beg. \n\n * The Kharāghān twin towers, built in 1053 in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes. \n\n * Seljuq sultan Barkiyaruq \n\n * Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah",
"* Section of a Water Jug, Habb, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum \n\n * Bowl with an Enthronement Scene, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum \n\n * Head of male royal figure, 12–13th century, found in Iran. \n\n * Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran in Iran commemorating Tughril Beg. \n\n * The Kharāghān twin towers, built in 1053 in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes. \n\n * Seljuq sultan Barkiyaruq \n\n * Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah \n\n\n\n The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian:آل سلجوق ) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and the Levant, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia. \n 1. Khorasani Seljuqs in Khorasan and Transoxiana. Capital:Merv \n 2. Kermani Seljuqs \n 3. Sultanate of Rum (or Seljuqs of Turkey). Capital:Iznik (Nicaea), later Konya (Iconium) \n 4. Atabeghlik of the Salghurids in Iran \n 5. Atabeghlik of Eldiguzids (Atabeg of Azerbaijan) in Iraq and Azerbaijan. Capital:Nakhchivan (1136-1175), Hamadan (1176-1186), Tabriz (1187-1225) \n 6. Atabeghlik of Bori in Syria. Capital:Damascus \n 7. Atabeghlik of Zangi in Al Jazira (Northern Mesopotamia). Capital:Mosul \n 8. Turcoman Beghliks:Danishmendis, Artuqids, Saltuqids and Mengujekids in Asia Minor \n\n\n As the dynasty declined in the middle of the thirteenth century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks. Eventually one of these, the Ottoman, would rise to power and conquer the rest. \n During this time conflict with the Crusader states was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the Crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul, Zengi succeeded Kerbogha as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured Edessa, as the County of Edessa had allied itself with the Artuqids against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade. Nur ad-Din, one of Zengi's sons who succeeded him as atabeg of Aleppo, created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147. \n After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general Shirkuh, who had established himself in Egypt on Fatimid land, was succeeded by Saladin. In time, Saladin rebelled against Nur ad-Din, and, upon his death, Saladin married his widow and captured most of Syria and created the Ayyubid dynasty. \n The Seljuqs founded universities and were also patrons of art and literature. Their reign is characterized by Persian astronomers such as Omar Khayyám, and the Persian philosopher al-Ghazali. Under the Seljuqs, New Persian became the language for historical recording, while the center of Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to Cairo. \n Under Alp Arslan's successor, Malik Shah, and his two Persian viziers, Nizām al-Mulk and Tāj al-Mulk, the Seljuq state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered China in the east and the Byzantines in the west. Malikshāh moved the capital from Rey to Isfahan and it was during his reign that the Great Seljuk Empire reached its zenith. The Iqta military system and the Nizāmīyyah University at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of \"Great Seljuq\". The Abbasid Caliph titled him \"The Sultan of the East and West\" in 1087. The Assassins (Hashshashin) of Hassan-i Sabāh started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizām al-Mulk. \n In 1076, the Seljuk sultan Malik Shah I surged into Georgia and reduced many settlements to ruins. Harassed by the massive Turkic influx, known in Georgian history as the Great Turkish Invasion, from 1079/80 onward, George was pressured into submitting to Malik-Shah to ensure a precious degree of peace at the price of an annual tribute. \n On other fronts, the Kingdom of Georgia began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of Great Seljuk. The same was true during the revival of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Leo II of Armenia in Anatolia. The Abbasid caliph An-Nasir also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah Takash. \n hide",
"* * * \nGreat Seljuq sultans family tree \n--- \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Duqaq Temür Yalığ (b.?–d.?) Commander-in-chief of Oghuz army | | | | | | | | \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Seljuq-Beg (b.?–d.?) Commander-in-chief of Oghuz army | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | Yunus | | Arslan Yabgu (b.?–d. 1032) Chief of Seljuq Dynasty | | Mikail (b.?-d.?) | | Musa Yabgu | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | 1\\. Toghrul I (r. 1037–1063) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Chaghri-Beg (r. 1040–1060) Governor of Khorasan | | Ibrahim Inal | | Er-Dash \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \nQawurd-Beg (r. 1048–1073) Governor of Kirman | | Suleiman Prince | | Bahram-Shah Prince | | Alp Sungur Prince Governor of Azerbaijan | | 2\\. Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Ilyas Prince | | Khadija Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im. | | Uthman Prince | | Jawhar Khatun Princess | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \nTutush (r. 1078–1095) Governor of Damascus | | Toghrul Prince | | Böri-Bars Prince | | Arslan-Shah (r. 1066–1083) Governor of Khorasan | | 3\\. Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Toghan-Shah (r. 1083–1092) Governor of Khorasan | | Aisha Princess married Kara-Khanid khan Nasr Shams al-Mulk. | | Arslan-Argun (r. 1092–1097) Governor of Khorasan | | Mah-i Mulk Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadi. | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n5\\. Barkiyaruq (r. 1094–1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Dawud Prince | | Ahmad Prince | | 4\\. Mahmud I (r. 1092–1094) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 7\\. Tapar (r. 1105–1118) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 9\\. Sanjar (r. 1118–1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Gawhar Khatun Princess married Ghaznavid sultan Mas'ud III. | | Sitara Princess married Kakuyid atabeg Garshasp II. | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n6\\. Malik-Shah II (r. 1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | | | | | 8\\. Mahmud II (r. 1118–1131) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 15\\. Suleiman-Shah (r. 1159–1160) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 12\\. Masud (r. 1135–1152) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 11\\. Toghrul II (r. 1132–1135) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Mu'mine Khatun wife of Toghrul II until 1135 wife of Ildeniz from 1136 | | Ildeniz (r. 1160–1175) de facto ruler Atabeg of Arslan-Shah | | \n| | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | 14\\. Muhammad II (r. 1153–1159) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 10\\. Dawud (r. 1131–1132) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | 13\\. Malik-Shah III (r. 1152–1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | | | | | | | 16\\. Arslan-Shah (r. 1160–1176) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | Muhammad (r. 1175–1186) de facto ruler Atabeg of Toghrul III | | 18\\. Qizil Arslan (r. 1191) Sultan of Great Seljuq | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17\\. Toghrul III (r. 1176–1191, 1192–1194) Sultan of Great Seljuq | \nNotes:\n\n * * \"Family tree of Seljuqs\" (PDF).",
"* * \"Family tree of Seljuqs\" (PDF). \n\n\n The apical ancestor of the Seljuqs was their beg, Seljuk, who was reputed to have served in the Khazar army, under whom, circa 950, they migrated to Khwarezm, near the city of Jend, where they converted to Islam. \n The Seljuqs were educated in the service of Muslim courts as slaves or mercenaries. The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians. \n Alarmed by the Georgian successes, Süleymanshah II, the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm, rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000-400,000. Süleymanshah, joined by his vassal beys, crossed into the Georgian marchlands and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan. Georgian troops under David Soslan and amirspasalar Zacharia Mkhargrdzeli made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the Seljuqid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuq ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians. Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203-1205 Georgians seized the town of Dvin and entered Akhlatshah possessions twice and subdued the emirs of Kars, Akhlatshahs, Erzurum and Erzincan. \n For a brief period, Togrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuq except for Anatolia. In 1194, however, Togrul was defeated by Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire, and the Seljuq Empire finally collapsed. Of the former Seljuq Empire, only the Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia remained. \n The Seljuk empire was founded by Tughril Beg (1016–1063) in 1037. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, Seljuk-Beg, who was in a high position in the Oghuz Yabgu State. Seljuk gave his name to both the Seljuk empire and the Seljuk dynasty. The Seljuks united the fractured political scene of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Persianized in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the progressive Turkicization of those areas. \n In 1153, the Ghuzz (Oghuz Turks) rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. The atabegs, such as Zengids and Artuqids, were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Ahmad Sanjar died in 1157, this fractured the empire even further and rendered the atabegs effectively independent. \n Tughril was the grandson of Seljuq and brother of Chaghri, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids. Initially the Seljuqs were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1037). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories to the Seljuqs. In 1055, Tughril captured Baghdad from the Shi'a Buyids under a commission from the Abbasids. \n Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia. Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia."
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"The Cool World (soundtrack) The Cool World is a 1964 soundtrack album to the film \"The Cool World\" by Dizzy Gillespie and his quintet, composed and arranged by Mal Waldron. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album four stars and said that \"This set is one of Diz's best records of the 1960s (which is saying something), and one of the best jazz film scores period...Waldron's sense of economy in picking both impressionistic and expressionist avenues for blues to speak through jazz in an inspired quintet like this is remarkable -- the temptation would be to excess at every turn, especially given Waldron's gift for sophisticated harmonies and spacy lyrical concerns...Ultimately, the soundtrack to Cool World is an enormous success artistically, standing head and shoulders over virtually every other such effort of the period, and a welcome addition to the Gillespie catalog, offering a very keen and muscular view of his 1964 band\". An AllAboutJazz reviewer commented that the score, \"alternately dark and moody and exhilaratingly brisk, is full of short, resonant tracks [...] one of the great jazz film scores.\" All music composed by Mal Waldron. The Cool World (soundtrack) The Cool World is a 1964 soundtrack"
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"Richard Munson Richard (Dick) Munson is an American author and clean energy advocate. His latest book, \"Tesla: Inventor of the Modern,\" was published by W.W. Norton in May 2018. Author of five other books with topics that range from U.S. government energy policy to profiles of tycoon George Fabyan and oceanographer Jacques Cousteau, Munson is also Director of Midwest Clean Energy for the Environmental Defense Fund, working primarily as a lobbyist for clean energy initiatives in Illinois and Ohio. Born and raised in Southern California, Munson earned a B.A. from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an M.A. from the University of Michigan. He lived in Michigan and Washington, D.C., before moving to Chicago, where he is now based. Munson was first inspired to battle pollution in college, when in early 1969 an oil spill in Santa Barbara, California, blackened beaches, killing thousands of sea birds and other marine life. Munson is the Midwest Director of Clean Energy for the Environmental Defense Fund, a global organization whose mission “is to preserve the natural systems on which all life depends.” EDF works in conjunction with business, government and communities to solve environmental problems affecting climate, ecosystems, oceans and health. Previously, Munson was senior vice president of Recycled Energy Development (RED), an Illinois-based industrial waste-to-energy company. He was also executive director of the Northeast-Midwest Institute and coordinated with the Northeast-Midwest House and Senate Coalitions, bipartisan caucuses that conduct policy research and draft legislation on issues pertaining to agriculture, economic development, energy, the environment, and manufacturing. Other clean energy and environmental groups he has held leadership positions with include the Center for Renewable Resources, Solar Lobby, Sun Day, and the Environmental Action Foundation. Munson currently sits on the boards of Elevate Energy, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Illinois Environment Council and Greenleaf Advisors. Munson is frequently cited in media and serves on panels as an authority on energy policy and electricity markets. He has received public service awards from the Great Lakes Commission, American Small Manufacturers Coalition and the U.S. Clean Heat and Power Association. Munson's latest book, \"Tesla: Inventor of the Modern\" (W.W. Norton, May 2018), follows Nikola Tesla from his childhood in Eastern Europe to the United States, working for titans Edison and Westinghouse and exploring the frontier of electrical transmission, to dying alone in a New York hotel. Munson draws on Tesla's letters, technical notebooks, and other primary sources to piece together the personal life and habits of the enigmatic inventor. A Kirkus starred review calls \"Tesla: Inventor of the Modern\" “A lucid, expertly researched biography,” and affirms that readers “will absolutely enjoy his sympathetic, insightful portrait.” Booklist says it is a “celebratory, comprehensive profile . . . A well-written, insightful addition to the legacy of this still-underappreciated visionary genius.” Munson's first book, \"The Power Makers,\" was hailed as “a sober and thoughtful analysis of the troubled electricity business” by Washington Monthly, and ranked by them as one of the best political books of the year. Richard Munson Richard (Dick)"
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"St Petersburg Ballet Theatre The St. Petersburg Ballet Theatre was founded in 1994 by Russian entrepreneur Konstantin Tachkin, for the purpose of delivering classical Russian ballet to audiences worldwide. They tour extensively, including return visits to Great Britain and South Africa and Grinnell, Iowa. This company is made up mostly of graduates from the famous Vaganova Ballet Academy in St. Petersburg. They travel with their own orchestra under the baton of conductor Alexander Kantorov. The principal dancers include Irina Kolesnikova, Anna Podlesnaya, Dmitri Akulinin, Andrei Stelmakhov, Olga Ovchinnikova and Oleg Harutkin. Swan Lake Sleeping Beauty Nutcracker La Bayadere Don Quixote St Petersburg Ballet Theatre The St. Petersburg Ballet Theatre was founded in 1994 by Russian entrepreneur Konstantin Tachkin, for the purpose of delivering classical Russian ballet to audiences worldwide. They tour extensively, including return visits to Great Britain and South Africa and Grinnell, Iowa. This company is made up mostly of graduates from the famous Vaganova Ballet Academy in St. Petersburg. They travel with their own orchestra under the baton of conductor Alexander Kantorov. The principal dancers include Irina Kolesnikova, Anna Podlesnaya, Dmitri Akulinin, Andrei Stelmakhov, Olga Ovchinnikova and Oleg Harutkin. Swan Lake Sleeping Beauty Nutcracker La Bayadere Don Quixote"
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"15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia) The 15th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in Palestine in 1918, from soldiers that had been serving with the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade. During the war the regiment fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and was awarded fourteen battle honours. During the inter-war years, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. It was later converted to a motor regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in 1944 without having been deployed overseas. In the post war period, the regiment was briefly re-formed, before being amalgamated into the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers in 1956. The 15th Light Horse Regiment was raised in Palestine in June 1918, from Australian soldiers serving in the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiment's rifle strength by a quarter. The Camel Corps were all trained infantrymen, and some of them had previously served with the Australian Light Horse regiments, but all required a period of training in horsemanship. Once formed, the regiment was assigned to the 5th Light Horse Brigade, alongside a French regiment and the 14th Light Horse Regiment. All Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry armed with rifles, not swords or lances, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse. By the time the regiment was ready for service, the war in the Middle East was almost over. The regiment fought in only one major battle at Megiddo in September 1918. Over ten days the 5th Light Horse Brigade advanced destroying road and rail links, and pursuing the retreating Ottoman Army into Syria. They entered Damascus on 1 October 1918. When the war ended the regiment was recalled to Egypt to assist in policing a riot that had broken out, before returning to Australia. The war cost the regiment sixteen killed and only three wounded, but for their service they were awarded fourteen battle honours, most of them inherited from the disbanded Imperial Camel Corps. In 1921, Australia's part-time military forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF following its demobilisation. Through this process, the 15th Light Horse was re-raised as a Citizens Forces unit within the 2nd Military District in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, drawing lineage from the 5th Australian Light Horse Regiment (New South Wales Mounted Rifles), which had been formed in 1903. This unit remained in existence throughout the inter-war years, and in December 1941 it was converted into a motor regiment, adopting the designation of the \"15th Motor Regiment (Northern River Lancers). In 1942, the regiment was re-designated the \"15th Australian Motor Regiment\" and was gazetted as an AIF unit, meaning that it could be deployed outside of Australian territory to fight if necessary. Nevertheless, the regiment was deemed surplus to requirements and on 12 October 1944 it was disbanded without having seen operational service during World War II. During the war years, the regiment was variously assigned to the 1st Armoured and 2nd Motor Brigades. In the post war period, Australia's part-time force was re-raised and in July 1948 the regiment was reformed as a single squadron, with the designation of the \"A Squadron, 15th Amphibious Assault Regiment (Northern River Lancers)\". The following year it was re-designated the \"15th Northern River Lancers\". In 1952, the squadron was expanded into a full regiment due to the influx of national servicemen, but in 1956 the regiment was amalgamated with the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers to form the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers. The 15th Light Horse Regiment was awarded the following battle honours: During the First World War, the regiment was commanded by: 15th Light Horse Regiment (Australia) The 15th Light Horse"
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"Shaver Lake, California Shaver Lake (formerly, Musick Creek and Musick Creek Heights) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fresno County, California, United States. The population was 634 at the 2010 census, down from 705 at the 2000 census. Shaver Lake is on the southwest end of the lake of the same name, east of New Auberry, at an elevation of . The name honors C.B. Shaver, founder of the Fresno Flume and Irrigation Company that built the dam, creating the lake. The lake served as a mill pond for the Shaver Sawmill and the source for a flume that ran to Clovis, CA. The original town of Shaver was buried under the lake when the Thomas A. Edison Company purchased and enlarged the lake in 1919. l According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (6.60%) is water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Shaver Lake had a population of 634. The population density was 18.4 people per square mile (7.1/km²). The racial makeup of Shaver Lake was 611 (96.4%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 5 (0.8%) Native American, 3 (0.5%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 8 (1.3%) from other races, and 7 (1.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44 persons (6.9%). The Census reported that 634 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 292 households, out of which 54 (18.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 184 (63.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 11 (3.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 10 (3.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 72 households (24.7%) were made up of individuals and 28 (9.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17. There were 206 families (70.5% of all households); the average family size was 2.54. The population was spread out with 93 people (14.7%) under the age of 18, 34 people (5.4%) aged 18 to 24, 88 people (13.9%) aged 25 to 44, 266 people (42.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 153 people (24.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males. There were 2,117 housing units at an average density of 61.4 per square mile (23.7/km²), of which 292 were occupied, of which 236 (80.8%) were owner-occupied, and 56 (19.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 12.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 39.3%. 511 people (80.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 123 people (19.4%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 705 people, 303 households, and 229 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 21.8 people per square mile (8.4/km²). There were 1,845 housing units at an average density of 57.1 per square mile (22.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.16% White, 0.43% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.42% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 6.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 303 households out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 2.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.64. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 18.7% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 40.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,250, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $40,956 versus $32,019 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,695. About 10.3% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Shaver Lake, California Shaver Lake (formerly, Musick Creek and Musick Creek Heights) is a census-designated place (CDP) in"
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"Chevrolet Fleetline The Chevrolet Fleetline is an automobile which was produced by US automaker Chevrolet from 1941 to 1952. From 1946 to 1948 it was a sub-series of the Chevrolet Fleetmaster rather than a series in its own right and from 1949 to 1951 it was a sub-series of both the Chevrolet Special and the Chevrolet Deluxe. In its final year it was offered only as a sub-series of the latter. The Fleetline was introduced late in the 1941 model year as a four-door sedan. In 1942, a fastback two-door \"Aerosedan\" was also offered. In 1947, the Fleetline made up 71.26% of Chevrolet's sales. For the years' 1949 through 1952 models, the fastback was the only one offered, and Chevrolet dropped the Fleetline for 1953. Production was indefinitely delayed in 1942 due to World War II, after 110,000 had been made, though several thousand Chevrolet coupes and sedans were produced during the war years for military staff use. In 1945, production for civilians resumed. The original series was produced through 1948. A redesigned Fleetline with reduced body contour and integrated rear fenders was offered for the 1949 through 1952 model years. It was referred to as a \"fastback\" because of its distinct sloping roof which extends through to the trunk lid. The Fleetline during the 1949 to 1950 years also has a lower look than a sedan, with the windshield being one inch shorter in height than a standard contemporary sedan. The 1949 to 1951 models were made in both four-door and two-door models, with only the lower portion of the doors being interchangeable with a sedan door. The Fleetline series is currently highly collectable. Many are made into street rods, with the common Chevrolet 350 small block V8 and the 350 or 400 turbo transmission being used. In the 1941 and 1942 model years, the 216cid inline 6 \"Blue Flame\" engine was the only one offered. It produced 90 horsepower at 3,300 rpm, and in 1950 higher compression bumped it up to 92 horsepower. Also in 1950, a 235.5CID one-bbl.carb six-cylinder engine with was added. A Fleetline of this vintage could easily exceed 80 miles per hour without overdrive. In very early models, the transmission was a manual synchromesh three-speed, with vacuum-assisted shift, in which the \"three-on-the-tree\" shifter was able to be moved between gears by the slightest pressure on the lever. Third gear was direct, meaning the input and output are equal speeds. From 1950 through the 1952 final year of its production, an automatic transmission was offered, which was quite sluggish. Overdrive was a rare option. Connection to the third member rear-end was via an enclosed \"torque tube\" driveshaft. The brakes were hydraulic with all-wheel drums. In 1951, the brakes got larger. The master cylinder was located below the floor connected on the frame rail, beneath the driver. Shock absorbers were of the lever type for the early years only. The windshield for all years was of a split, flat-glass type. The exterior sported smooth curves, chrome and stainless trim. In the earlier models the rear bumper had an optional center bumper guard that had to be ratcheted out of the way so the trunk cover could be lifted. Front and rear bumpers had optional chrome \"tips\", a dress-up item that bolted to the ends of the stock bumper. Not a Chevrolet option but a popular after market feature was a large external sunshade that protected the driver from glare off of the metal dash board. The 1949 to 1952 models were completely different than the earlier years with the fleetline \"fastback\" shape being quite distinct than a normal sedan shape. The interior had cloth bench seats and a metal dash sometimes with a simulated burle woodgrain. The radio was a simple mono vacuum tube type radio with integrated speaker. An ash tray was located in the right side of the dash, close to the clock Depending upon the year there were both choke and throttle cables on the dash. On the right side was the choke lever. In the earlier years the clock was integrated into the glove compartment door and was of a manual-wind seven-day type. In the 1949 and 1950 models the clock was next to the glove box and with the redesigned dash board, the clock was on the top of the dash, in a center pod. Also, this revised dash had two round pods for the speedometer and the other gauges while the 1949 and 1950 models had one large round pod directly in front of the steering wheel on the dash. Chevrolet Fleetline production figures 1946 to 1952 1946 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 57,932 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 7,501 1947 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 159,407 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 1948 total U.S. production: Fleetline Aerosedan - two-door 211,861 Fleetline Sportmaster - four-door sedan 64,217 1949 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 180,251 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 130,323 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 58,514 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 36,317 1950 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 189,509 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 124,287 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 43,682 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 23,277 1951 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 131,910 Fleetline Deluxe - four-door sedan 57,693 Fleetline Special - two-door sedan 6,441 Fleetline Special - four-door sedan 3,364 1952 total U.S. production: Fleetline Deluxe - two-door sedan 37,164 Chevrolet Fleetline The Chevrolet Fleetline is an automobile which was produced by US automaker Chevrolet from 1941 to 1952. From 1946 to 1948 it was a sub-series of the Chevrolet Fleetmaster rather than a series in its own right and from 1949 to 1951 it was a sub-series of both the Chevrolet Special and the Chevrolet Deluxe. In its final year it was offered only as a sub-series of the latter. The Fleetline was introduced late in the 1941 model year as a four-door sedan. In 1942, a fastback two-door \"Aerosedan\" was also offered. In"
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"A Night Full of Rain A Night Full of Rain (; literal English translation: \"The end of the world in our usual bed on a night full of rain\") is an Italian American film directed by Lina Wertmüller and stars Candice Bergen and Giancarlo Giannini. Lina Wertmüller was nominated as best director at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival in 1978. The plot concerns a romantic and heart-breaking relationship between a chauvinist Italian journalist and a feminist American photographer. The film was shot in San Francisco and Rome and was the director's first film with original dialogue in the English language. A Night Full of Rain A Night Full of Rain (; literal English translation: \"The end of the world in our usual bed on a night full of rain\") is an Italian American film directed by Lina Wertmüller and stars Candice Bergen and Giancarlo Giannini. Lina Wertmüller was nominated as best director at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival in 1978. The plot concerns a romantic and heart-breaking relationship between a chauvinist Italian journalist and a feminist American photographer. The film was shot in San Francisco and Rome and was the director's first film with original dialogue in the"
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"Carey Bender Carey Wayne Bender (born January 28, 1972 in Marion, Iowa) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League. He attended Coe College, where he still holds numerous rushing records. He was given an opportunity to play in the NFL by Buffalo Bills head coach Marv Levy, a fellow Coe College graduate. He played with the Buffalo Bills in 1996 as a member of the team's practice squad. After playing well in the NFL pre-season, he appeared in one game of the regular season, but recorded no carries. Bender is one of two Coe College running backs to have played in the NFL. The other is Fred Jackson, former starting running back for the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was also given this opportunity by Marv Levy, who was the Bills general manager at the time. Bender and Jackson are among a select few American football players to have played in the NFL after playing at a Division III college. Carey Bender Carey Wayne Bender (born January 28, 1972 in Marion, Iowa) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League. He attended Coe College, where he still holds numerous rushing records."
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"Operation Wooden Leg Operation \"Wooden Leg\" ( \"Mivtza Regel Etz\") was an attack by Israel on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Hammam Chott, near Tunis, Tunisia, on October 1, 1985. With a target 1,280 miles (2,060 km) from the operation's starting point, this was the most distant publicly known action undertaken by the Israel Defense Forces since Operation \"Entebbe\" in 1976. It has been condemned by the United Nations Security Council. After the 1982 Lebanon War, the PLO had been based in Tunisia. On September 25, 1985, during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, three Palestinian gunmen hijacked an Israeli yacht off the coast of Larnaca, Cyprus, and killed three Israeli tourists on board. In Jerusalem, an anonymous caller told the western agency that the attack was carried out by the PLO's elite Force 17 unit. However, PLO officials denied that. The Israelis were allowed to write down their final thoughts before being shot. The nature of the killings provoked widespread shock in Israel. The PLO claimed that the victims were Mossad agents monitoring Palestinian naval traffic out of Cyprus. The attack was a response for the capture and imprisonment of senior Force 17 commander Faisal Abu Sharah by the Israeli Navy two weeks earlier. Sharah had been sailing on the \"Opportunity\", a small ship that regularly shuttled between Beirut and Larnaca, when it was stopped by an Israeli naval patrol boat with Mossad agents on board. Sharah was arrested, taken to Israel and interrogated. He was then tried and given a heavy prison sentence. Since then, the Israeli Navy and the Mossad had intercepted several other vessels and arrested passengers suspected of terrorist activity. The Israeli cabinet and the Israeli Air Force desired immediate retaliation, and chose the Tunis headquarters of the PLO as their target. Intelligence supplied to Israel by Jonathan Pollard on the Tunisian and Libyan air defense systems greatly facilitated the raid. Following the incident, the Arab press had published numerous warnings of Israeli retaliation. Many of the stories were planted by , the Mossad's department of psychological warfare. On the eve of the attack, Tunisia expressed concern to the United States that it may be attacked by Israel. However, the United States, according to a high-ranking Tunisian official, assured Tunisia there was no reason to worry. The strike was carried out by eight F-15 Eagles. At 07:00 on October 1, the aircraft took off from Tel Nof Airbase. A Boeing 707 heavily modified for refueling operations refueled the F-15s in mid-flight over the Mediterranean Sea in order to allow the operation to be executed over such a distance. The Israeli Navy stationed a helicopter-carrying vessel near Malta to recover downed pilots, but these were never needed. The route was designed to avoid detection by Egyptian and Libyan radars, and United States Navy vessels patrolling the Mediterranean. IAF commander Amos Lapidot saw little chance of resistance from the Tunisian Air Force or from Tunisian air defenses, but believed that on such a long flight, technical problems could arise. The F-15s flew low over the shore, and fired precision-guided munitions on the PLO headquarters, a cluster of sand-colored buildings along the seaside. The planes attacked the southern location first, so that the northern wind would not pull smoke over the northern targets. The attack lasted for six minutes, after which the F-15s flew back to Israel, refueled again by the Boeing 707. The PLO headquarters was completely destroyed, although Yasser Arafat, the head of the organization, was not there at the time and escaped unharmed. Israel claimed that some 60 PLO members were killed, including several leaders of Force 17, and several of Arafat's bodyguards. In addition, the operation resulted in casualties among civilian bystanders. According to other sources, 56 Palestinians and 15 Tunisians were killed and about 100 wounded. Hospital sources put the final count at 47 dead and 65 wounded. Because the attack was conducted so far from Israel, Tunisian sources believed that attack must have been known by the United States, if not actually involving American collaboration. The attack provoked a strong outcry, even in the United States, Israel's strongest ally. Though initially labeling the strike a \"legitimate response to terror,\" the Reagan administration later said the attack \"cannot be condoned.\" The attack also harmed relations between the US administration and the Tunisian president, Habib Bourguiba. Believing the US knew about the attack, and was possibly involved, Tunisia considered breaking diplomatic ties with the US. Egypt suspended negotiations with Israel over the disputed border town of Taba. Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres was quoted as saying \"It was an act of self-defense. Period.\" In the United Nations Security Council Resolution 573 (1985), the Security Council voted (with the United States abstaining) to condemn the attack on Tunisian territory as a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and considered that Tunisia had the right to appropriate reparations. Within Tunisia, there was public outrage. For a week after the attack, the country's small Jewish community found itself the target of individual acts of antisemitism, such as insults and stone-throwing against Jewish shops. On October 8, 1985, on the island of Djerba, a Tunisian police officer who had lost a brother in the attack fired into a synagogue during Simchat Torah services, killing three people. Operation Wooden Leg Operation \"Wooden Leg\" ( \"Mivtza Regel Etz\") was an attack by Israel on the Palestine"
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"Council for At-Risk Academics The Council for At-Risk Academics (CARA) is a charitable British organisation dedicated to assisting academics in immediate danger, those forced into exile, and many who choose to remain in their home countries despite the serious risks they face. Cara also supports higher education institutions whose continuing work is at risk or compromised. Cara offers academics support to continue their studies either by financially and logistically assisting scholars relocate to higher education institutions abroad or by assisting academics in their country of origin. The organisation was founded in 1933 as the Academic Assistance Council (AAC), to assist academics who were forced to flee the Nazi regime. In 1936 it was consolidated and renamed the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). In 1999 it was renamed the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA). It changed to its current name in 2014. The charity is currently based on the premises of London Southbank University and continues to provide support to academics in danger. The Academic Assistance Council (AAC) was founded in April 1933 by William Beveridge. Whilst en route to Vienna he learnt of the dismissal of a number of leading professors from German universities on racial and/or political grounds and was moved to launch a ‘rescue operation’ for the increasing numbers of displaced academics. On his return to Britain Beveridge set about enlisting the support of prominent academics. By May 22, 1933, a founding statement had been produced and it was circulated amongst British universities, politicians and philanthropists. This initial rallying call focused on the need for practical support, assistance escaping persecution and relocating in British universities, and deliberately avoided making any sort of political comment. The council was formed of 41 men and women active in British intellectual activities, and had as assistant secretary, the \"redoubtable\" Esther Simpson, with office accommodation provided by The Royal Society. The Nobel Prize-winning chemist and physicist Lord Rutherford was chosen as the first President. A.V. Hill, another Nobel Prize-winning scientist, and also Cambridge University MP, became Vice-President.The council included J. S. Haldane and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Lord Rayleigh, Sir William Henry Bragg. In October 1933 ten thousand people attended an event at the Albert Hall organised by several organisations including the AAC. Albert Einstein, in his last major public address in Europe before his departure for the United State, spoke on the importance of Academic Freedom. In his address Einstein encouraged his audience to \"resist the powers which threaten to suppress intellectual and individual freedom\" and spoke of our duty to \"care for what is eternal and highest amongst our possessions\". In 1936 the AAC changed its name to the Society for Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). This change reflected the ideological development of the role of the organisation: from assisting individual academics, to the protection of academic freedom itself. Thousands of academics were helped by SPSL in the 1930s and 1940s. Sixteen academics assisted became Nobel Laureates, eighteen were knighted and over a hundred were elected as Fellows of the British Academy or the Royal Society. Notably Ludwig Guttmann went on to found the Paralympics; Max Born was a pioneer of quantum mechanics and one of the most prominent physicists to oppose the development of nuclear weapons; and Ernst Chain would be instrumental in the discovery of penicillin. The SPSL’s work continued past the end of the Second World War. Beveridge would later explain in his \"A Defence of Free Learning\" (1959) how \"although Hitler was dead, intolerance was not\" and \"continued needs and the possible future crises\" rendered the Society’s services as necessary as ever, in Europe and across the world. In the 1940s and 1950s, the SPSL helped many academics seeking refuge from the Stalinist regimes in the USSR and Eastern Europe. As time passed, the SPSL’s focus expanded, to include, among others, those fleeing the apartheid regime in South Africa and juntas in Chile and Argentina. One of the most prominent South African exiles, whom the SPSL helped in 1966 and again in 1988, was the anti-apartheid leader Albie Sachs, later a Justice in the South African Constitutional Court under Nelson Mandela. Sachs describes the \"immense moral and emotional comfort\" which SPSL’s assistance provided and he continues to be a supporter of the charity. Since the 1990s SPSL’s focus has shifted to the Middle East, particularly Iraq and Iran, and to troubled regions of Africa. In 1999 SPSL was renamed Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (Cara). In 2014 Cara was renamed again, but retained its acronym, becoming the Council for At-Risk Academics. This change reflected the fact that Cara helps many who are at great risk but do not see themselves as ‘refugees’, and instead still hope to return to their home countries when conditions allow. Amongst the 1,500 academics assisted in the early years, sixteen went on to win Nobel Prizes, eighteen received Knighthoods, well over a hundred were elected as Fellows of the Royal Society and of the British Academy, and many more became leaders in their respective fields. Cara has a Council of Management of twenty-five, recruited predominantly from the world of academia. The Council of Management meets twice annually whilst the Council’s Finance & General Purposes Committee meets at least quarterly. Professor Sir Malcolm Grant CBE is the President of Cara. Anne Lonsdale is Chair of the Council and Professor Sir Deian Hopkin is Vice-Chair. The Executive Director, Stephen Wordsworth, is charged with the day-to-day management of Cara and its staff. Cara runs several programmes. The Fellowship Programme supports academics, often in immediate danger, to continue their work in safety. Cara works closely with the 112 universities in the Cara Scholars at Risk UK Universities Network, as well as other institutions in the UK and abroad, to secure placements for academics. Cara checks the applicants’ background, qualifications and references and negotiates the details of the higher education placement. Fee waivers and financial and in-kind support are secured by Cara, whilst any additional funding needed is allocated from the organisation's own resources. Cara assists in obtaining the appropriate visas for both the academic and, often, their families as well. Many of the academics supported by Cara are committed to returning to their home country to rebuild their societies when conditions allow, employing the skills and connections they have obtained during their international academic placement. Cara also supports academics unable to return home because of continuing dangers by offering employment advice alongside training and education opportunities that enable academics to rebuild their careers in the UK. Cara’s Country Programmes provide support to academics who are either working on in their country despite the risks or who have been forced into exile in the surrounding region. The Iraq Programme was launched in late 2006 in response to a targeted campaign of assassination and kidnap. Over 350 Iraqi academics were murdered between 2003 and 2012, with thousands driven into exile or internally displaced. At the height of the Iraq Programme, over 75 academics from 16 UK universities and 11 Iraqi universities collaborated on research of direct relevance to Iraq. Research focused on issues as diverse as: the impact of depleted uranium-contaminated soils; bias in primary/secondary school curricula and texts; the development of child mental capacities in the absence of existing services; use of mobile phone technologies to enhance public health services; and the status of female academics post-2003. Cara's Iraq Programme sought to ensure skills and expertise in Iraq and",
"Iraq Programme was launched in late 2006 in response to a targeted campaign of assassination and kidnap. Over 350 Iraqi academics were murdered between 2003 and 2012, with thousands driven into exile or internally displaced. At the height of the Iraq Programme, over 75 academics from 16 UK universities and 11 Iraqi universities collaborated on research of direct relevance to Iraq. Research focused on issues as diverse as: the impact of depleted uranium-contaminated soils; bias in primary/secondary school curricula and texts; the development of child mental capacities in the absence of existing services; use of mobile phone technologies to enhance public health services; and the status of female academics post-2003. Cara's Iraq Programme sought to ensure skills and expertise in Iraq and the wider region were developed rather than lost. The Zimbabwe Programme was launched in 2009 in response to a marked increase in the number of academics fleeing Zimbabwe, amid reports of a dramatic decline in the quality of higher education. The Programme offered grants and fellowships to pay for vital equipment and supplies, and in 2012 established a ‘Virtual Lecture Hall’ at the University of Zimbabwe. This enabled Zimbabwean academics in exile and others to connect in real time with the colleges and faculties of health and veterinary sciences, to plug knowledge gaps, to improve standards of teaching and research and to facilitate increased networking and collaboration. In response to demand, a second, mobile, system was provided in October 2013. The equipment has been formally handed over to the University of Zimbabwe, and continues to be in regular use, providing a long-lasting legacy Council for At-Risk Academics The Council for At-Risk Academics (CARA) is a charitable British organisation dedicated to assisting academics"
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"Rhamphosuchus Rhamphosuchus (\"Beak crocodile\") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial. It inhabited what is now the Indian sub-continent in the Miocene. It is only known from incomplete sets of fossils, mostly teeth and skulls. Traditionally, many palaeontologists estimated that it was one of the largest, if not the largest crocodylian that ever lived, reaching an estimated length of . However, a more recent study suggests that the animal may have been 8–11 m in length, and therefore is not the largest known crocodylian. Another crocodylian, \"Purussaurus\", from the Miocene of Peru and Brazil, is known from an equally incomplete fossil set. It is estimated to have been similar in length to the initial estimates at approximately 12 m. However, this would mean that it would have been somewhat larger in size if the more recent size estimates for \"Rhamphosuchus\" are correct. If the most recent estimate is correct, then several other extinct crocodylians also surpassed \"Rhamphosuchus\" in length, such as the Late Cretaceous alligatoroid \"Deinosuchus\", the Early Cretaceous pholidosaurid \"Sarcosuchus\", the Miocene gavialid \"Gryposuchus\" and the strange planktivorous \"Mourasuchus\" (a contemporary of \"Purussaurus\"), at 12 m, 11–12 m, 10.15 m, and 12 m, respectively. \"Rhamphosuchus\" probably had a more generalized predatory diet than the piscivory of other tomistomines. Rhamphosuchus Rhamphosuchus (\"Beak crocodile\") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial. It inhabited what is now the Indian sub-continent in the Miocene. It is only known from incomplete sets of fossils, mostly teeth and skulls. Traditionally, many palaeontologists estimated that it was one of the largest, if not the largest crocodylian that ever lived, reaching an estimated length of . However, a more recent study suggests that the animal may have been 8–11 m in length, and therefore is not the largest known crocodylian. Another crocodylian, \"Purussaurus\","
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"The Fatal Woman The Fatal Woman () is a 1915 Dutch silent drama film directed by Maurits Binger and Louis H. Chrispijn. \"De vloek van het testament\" can be translated as \"The curse of the testimony\"; the film was a big Dutch movie at the time with 48 copies through Europe and 12 copies crossing to America. It was the last directed movie of Chrispijn; he wanted to get out of movies. The storyline is about a testimony found in an old wooden desk and advocate couple van Dalen claiming the rights of it. After a big manhunt (everybody wants the testimony), it comes back to the finder and rightful owner. The Fatal Woman The Fatal Woman () is a 1915 Dutch silent drama film directed by Maurits Binger and Louis H. Chrispijn. \"De vloek van het testament\" can be translated as \"The curse of the testimony\"; the film was a big Dutch movie at the time with 48 copies through Europe and 12 copies crossing to America. It was the last directed movie of Chrispijn; he wanted to get out of movies. The storyline is about a testimony found in an old wooden desk and advocate couple van Dalen"
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"Woodroffe High School (Ottawa) Woodroffe High School is a secondary school situated in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario. Woodroffe High School hosts an extensive variety of 20 school clubs, organizations and inter-school and intramural athletics. Woodroffe High School is a secondary school with a large athletic program, and a wide range of extra-curricular activities. A number of programs are being developed to better serve the students' interests. These include the development of a number of multi-disciplinary courses, an arts certificate, and an international studies certificate. A variety of school clubs, organizations and inter-school and intramural athletics are offered under the direction and supervision of teacher and community volunteers. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. Woodroffe High School is located at the western end of the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway, near the Lincoln Fields Shopping Centre and Lincoln Fields Station. A section of bike path connects the school to the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway (Formerly called Ottawa River Parkway) running parallel to the Parkway. In turn, this path is interconnect with the network of bike paths stretching throughout the Ottawa Region that make up part of the greater Ontario Trails Council Trails network. A satellite location for Woodroffe High School has been proposed, but was never passed by the school board Woodroffe is noted for its French Immersion and Arts programs, included in which are drama and dance programs. These programs are frequently showcased in Woodroffe's Dance Showcases and annual musicals hosted in the school's auditorium. Woodroffe has a strong athletics program, winning many championships over the years in sports such as basketball, volleyball, rugby, soccer, wrestling, and hockey. Woodroffe High School (Ottawa) Woodroffe High School is a secondary school situated in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario. Woodroffe High School hosts"
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"Bounce (Bon Jovi album) Bounce is the eighth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on October 8, 2002 through Island Records. Produced by Luke Ebbin, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, the album was recorded at Sanctuary II Studio in New Jersey. \"Bounce\" was heavily influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks, owing in part to Jon Bon Jovi's proximity to New York. The title \"Bounce\" was a reference to New York City's and the United States' ability to bounce back from the World Trade Center attacks as a nation. The cover image for the album includes a stylized image of a radio telescope dish at the Very Large Array. The album debuted at #2 on the \"Billboard\" 200, making it Bon Jovi's highest debut in the band's history at that time. In May 2001, during the One Wild Night Tour, Jon Bon Jovi confirmed for the \"Billboard\" that he started to write new songs for the \"Crush\" (2000) follow-up and that the entire band is planning to start recording from January 2002. Also, he confirmed that band is planning to release the boxset in 2003. in conjunction with the band's 20th anniversary. Between June and October 2001, band members wrote 25 songs and demoed totally 12 of them. Many of those songs were written in September and they were influenced by September 11 attacks. Those songs were \"Standing\" and \"Another Reason to Believe\". At the end of July 2001, Bon Jovi finished their Crush world tour with two sold-out shows at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. The band then took a three-week break after which Jon and Richie Sambora started writing songs, first in Los Angeles and later in New Jersey. They have demoed some of those new songs in New Jersey in November 2001. After that, Jon had to fulfill an acting commitment to the TV series \"Ally McBeal\" (1997-2002), so he stayed at Sambora's house in Los Angeles and during that time they continued with the songwriting process and demoing process at Luke Ebbin's house. Songwriting and demoing process went on until March 2002. and between March and June 2002. band recorded the album. By early July 2002. all the songs that ended up on the album were mixed and by the late July of the same year they were mastered. In a period of less than a year, the band wrote approximately 40 songs, 12 songs ended up on the album and several more songs in their demo versions ended up on singles as B-Sides. During the songwriting process, the band also wrote some songs that were written as a cathartic exercise. Those songs were written right after the September 11 attacks and they were mainly of woe from lyrical standpoint because they were influenced by that tragedy. Jon said that those songs were only written and will never be recorded. The lyrics in the song \"Undivided\" were influenced by the September 11 attacks. It simply states that No Man Is an Island and that all people are part of the greater world, that is humanity, that all people are stronger together, than being apart. Song \"Everyday\" was inspired also by September 11 attacks. It reinforces the need to live each day to its fullest and the lyrics acknowledge the harshness of life, but encourage listeners to \"brush themselves off\", get back up on their feet and get on with life. \"The Distance\" is written in a cinematic style. The music serves as a score to the lyrics, which begins as an establishing shot and the \"camera\" draws closer into the story as the song progresses. The lyrics talk about the passion that person feels when there is a goal in sight and the determination shown when person is striving to reach that goal. Song \"Joey\" is influenced and inspired by Elton John's song \"Levon\" (1971) and talks about a character who befriends a simple-minded young man. \"Misunderstood\" is a song about every guy who's said the wrong thing or failed to say the right thing and had to face with the consequences. The song was written after Jon Bon Jovi came home after long period of time and when he realised there were portions of his personal life he had neglected and wrote this song to admit his guiltiness. Song \"All About Lovin' You\" is a love song that talks about appreciating the love of another. It was also influenced by September 11 events and how many people after that tragedy rediscovered that love is most important thing in life. \"Hook Me Up\" is a song that was inspired by a newspaper article about a young Palestinian man in occupied territory who was trying desperately to make contact with people via an old, beat-up ham radio. It was written from the young man's perspective who was trapped in a small corner of the world, amidst horrible events and all he wanted was communication, connection with outside world and other people. \"Right Side of Wrong\" is a modern-day Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid song that talks about good people involved in wrongdoing, but people who have hearts in right place. Song \"Love Me Back to Life\" is about world-weariness and need for someone or something that will breathe the life back into you and allow you to appreciate the world again. \"You Had Me From Hello\" is the song about a committed relationship and ability of someone to constantly see something new and beautiful in the one they love. The title was taken from the phrase made by Cameron Crowe in his movie \"Jerry Maguire\" (1996). The title track \"Bounce\" was originally written near the end of the One Wild Night Tour and it had more sports-oriented lyrics. But after the events of September 11, song became, lyrically, about declaration of strength and defiance. It referres to the city of New York, and the United States as a whole, but also to the band's perseverance over a twenty-year career. Song \"Open All Night\" is dialog between two characters in TV series \"Ally McBeal\" (1997-2002): Ally McBeal and Victor Morrison, plumber and babysitter portrated by Jon Bon Jovi. Jon appeared in nine episodes in role of this character and storyline (especially romantic) between him and Ally took a long time to evolve and Jon admitted that if that happened in real life, he would either never allow it to take so long or he would have move on. It's a dialog between Victor and Ally if Jon had written the teleplay \"Bounce\" received generally favorable reviews from critics. At \"Metacritic\", which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 61 out of 100, which indicates \"favorable reviews\" based on 8 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from \"Allmusic\" gave the album 2 stars out of 5 stating that album \"After all, this is a record where Bon Jovi seems to have consciously decided to avoid everything that gives their music character, melody, and muscle, a move that would have been odd at any point during their career, but is particularly puzzling after they delivered an album that found them growing old gracefully. It's as if they want to undo everything \"Crush\" did for them\". David Browne from \"Entertainment Weekly\" rated the album with C stating that \"Bon Jovi have every right to write and sing topical songs. But the results are sonically grating (the music feels shrill and compressed) and strained, reducing the emotions and situations connected to Sept. 11 to stadium chants\". Natalie Nichols from \"Los Angeles Times\" gave the album 2 stars out of 4 stating that \"This time the music's trademark epic quality comes less from Richie Sambora's sprawling guitar work than from an overdose of strings and piano that reflects singer-actor Jon Bon Jovi's movie and TV interests\". Gavin Edwards from \"Rolling Stone\" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 by saying that \"The title Bounce is meant to be an exhortation to America after 9/11, and if it doesn't exactly offer poetic catharsis, the existence of the eighth Bon Jovi record is reassurance of a different kind: Life goes on\". \"Sputnikmusic\" gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 saying that \"Fueled by an emotional theme, Bon Jovi end up making their best album of the millennium era\". Steven Poole from \"The",
"11 to stadium chants\". Natalie Nichols from \"Los Angeles Times\" gave the album 2 stars out of 4 stating that \"This time the music's trademark epic quality comes less from Richie Sambora's sprawling guitar work than from an overdose of strings and piano that reflects singer-actor Jon Bon Jovi's movie and TV interests\". Gavin Edwards from \"Rolling Stone\" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 by saying that \"The title Bounce is meant to be an exhortation to America after 9/11, and if it doesn't exactly offer poetic catharsis, the existence of the eighth Bon Jovi record is reassurance of a different kind: Life goes on\". \"Sputnikmusic\" gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 saying that \"Fueled by an emotional theme, Bon Jovi end up making their best album of the millennium era\". Steven Poole from \"The Guardian\" gave the album 2 stars out of 5 saying that \"for most of the record Jon Bon Jovi sounds puzzlingly like Elvis Costello or Elton John, and sugary ballads predominate, with Bruce Hornby-like piano intros and tasteful acoustic-guitar lines leading to swollen, meaningless choruses\". The following people contributed to \"Bounce\": Bounce (Bon Jovi album) Bounce is the eighth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on October 8, 2002 through Island Records. Produced by Luke Ebbin, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, the album was recorded at Sanctuary II Studio in New Jersey. \"Bounce\" was heavily influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks,"
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"WR 31a WR 31a, commonly referred to as Hen 3-519, is a Wolf–Rayet (WR) star in the southern constellation of Carina that is surrounded by an expanding Wolf–Rayet nebula. It is not a classical old stripped-envelope WR star, but a young massive star which still has some hydrogen left in its atmosphere. WR 31a was first published in 1952 as one of six peculiar emission line stars, but not given a designation at that time. It was described as having numerous P Cygni type lines with unusually broad emission components. A year later it was listed as being associated with nebulosity, at the time thought to be a planetary nebula. In 1976, it was included in a catalogue of southern emission-line stars, the third catalogue of emission objects compiled by Karl Gordon Henize. The designation , sometimes , was adopted as the most common identifier for this star. In 2001, it was listed in The Seventh Catalogue of Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars as entry 31a, but it is still frequently called . In 1994, WR 31a was first described as a candidate luminous blue variable (cLBV) after a detailed spectrographic study with the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Measurements of its parallax, published in 2017 as a result of the \"Gaia\" mission, suggested a much closer (6,500 light-year; 2,000 parsec) distance to as well as to its neighbor, the luminous blue variable AG Carinae. It was thought that, if this distance was confirmed by \"Gaia\" second data release (DR2) in 2018, this would mean both stars wer much less luminous than previously thought, and both may instead be former red supergiant stars. However, \"Gaia\" DR2 returned a parallax of ; using Bayesian inference, Smith \"et al.\" (2018) calculated its distance to be (). WR 31a is surrounded by a shell of ionised gas nearly wide. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has captured a striking image of the nebula, rendering it as a thin blue bubble. In this false colour image, the blue colours represents red visible light (605 nm), while orange-red colours represent near infrared radiation at 814 nm. Some media sources have wrongly claimed this deep-sky object was recently discovered by the HST, but this nebula was originally found by Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit in 1953 and designated as the planetary nebula Hf 39. Other planetary nebula catalogue names include ESO 128-18 and Wray 15-682. Since 2013, the nebula has been considered not as a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum. The spectral classification WN11 was created for this star and AG Carinae since they did not fit into any existing spectral type and appeared to constitute an extension of the WR nitrogen sequence to cooler temperatures. The progenitor's mass of the central star is estimated to have been about 45 times that of the Sun, and this massive star will likely explode as a supernova in the future. The spectrum of WR 31a shows P Cygni profiles, most strongly on the dominant H, He, and N lines. These profiles may show dramatic changes on a timescale of weeks, with the absorption components of the lines sometimes disappearing completely. No significant brightness changes have been detected in WR 31a, but it has been listed as a candidate luminous blue variable because of its luminosity, temperature, and mass loss properties. Van Genderen catalogued it as a dormant or ex-LBV because of the lack of characteristic LBV variations. Possible small brightness changes have been seen in All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) data, WR 31a is included as a variable star in the International Variable Star Index, although not in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. WR 31a WR 31a, commonly referred to as"
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"Wedge pattern On the technical analysis chart, a wedge pattern is a market trend commonly found in traded assets (stocks, bonds, futures, etc.). The pattern is characterized by a contracting range in prices coupled with an upward trend in prices (known as a rising wedge) or a downward trend in prices (known as a falling wedge). A wedge pattern is considered to be a pattern which is forming at the top or bottom of the trend. It is a type of formation in which trading activities are confined within converging straight lines which form a pattern. It should take about 3 to 4 weeks to complete the wedge. This pattern has a rising or falling slant pointing in the same direction. It differs from the triangle in the sense that both boundary lines either slope up or down. Price breaking out point creates another difference from the triangle. Falling and rising wedges are a small part of intermediate or major trend. As they are reserved for minor trends, they are not considered to be major patterns. Once that basic or primary trend resumes itself, the wedge pattern loses its effectiveness as a technical indicator. The falling wedge pattern is characterized by a chart pattern which forms when the market makes lower lows and lower highs with a contracting range. When this pattern is found in a downward trend, it is considered a reversal pattern, as the contraction of the range indicates the downtrend is losing steam. When this pattern is found in an uptrend, it is considered a bullish pattern, as the market range becomes narrower into the correction, indicating that the downward trend is losing strength and the resumption of the uptrend is in the making. In a falling wedge, both boundary lines slant down from left to right. The upper descends at a steeper angle than the lower line. Volume keeps on diminishing and trading activity slows down due to narrowing prices. There comes the breaking point, and trading activity after the breakout differs. Once prices move out of the specific boundary lines of a falling wedge, they are more likely to move sideways and saucer-out before they resume the basic trend. The rising wedge pattern is characterized by a chart pattern which forms when the market makes higher highs and higher lows with a contracting range. When this pattern is found in an uptrend, it is considered a reversal pattern, as the contraction of the range indicates that the uptrend is losing strength. When this pattern is found in a downtrend, it is considered a bearish pattern, as the market range becomes narrower into the correction, indicating that the correction is losing strength, and that the resumption of the downtrend is in the making. In a rising wedge, both boundary lines slant up from left to right. Although both lines point in the same direction, the lower line rises at a steeper angle than the upper one. Prices usually decline after breaking through the lower boundary line. As far as volumes are concerned, they keep on declining with each new price advance or wave up, indicating that the demand is weakening at the higher price level. A rising wedge is more reliable when found in a bearish market. In a bullish trend what seems to be a Rising Wedge may actually be a Flag or a Pennant (stepbrother of a wedge) requiring about 4 weeks to complete. Wedge pattern On the technical analysis chart, a wedge pattern is a market trend commonly found in traded assets (stocks, bonds, futures, etc.). The pattern is characterized by a contracting"
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"Julia Hwang Julia Hwang (born January 1996) is a South Korean violinist. Hwang gave her professional solo debut with the English National Baroque Chamber Orchestra at the age of nine, performing Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto in A minor, and in the same year performed for legendary violinist Ivry Gitlis in London. Three years later, at the age of 12, she performed Nigel Hess's Ladies in Lavender with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Hwang has been a veteran of the concert stage for many years and her numerous solo appearances with orchestras internationally have led to an ever-increasing schedule of concerts both in the UK and abroad. She has appeared many times on live television and radio through the BBC and ITV, and in 2012, she was featured in a BBC4 documentary about the nation’s favourite composition 'The Lark Ascending' by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Her performance of this work was specifically chosen by the BBC to represent this timeless classic of the great British composer. Among numerous other public performances, Hwang has particularly enjoyed her concerts for charity work and also playing at Clifton College's Proms on the Close, performing alongside world-class musicians Jose Carreras, Oscar Osicki, Lesley Garrett and Russell Watson. Hwang released her debut CD in November 2007. The following year she obtained a Diploma ABRSM with distinction, and released her second CD, 'My Recital'. In 2008 she was the winner of the Gregynog Young Musician competition. and was awarded the honour of \"Jeune Espoir\" (young hope) Laureate at the Concours Internationaux de Musique Academie de Val d'Isère She attended Clifton College, where she was an academic and music scholar. Other public and charity performances have included: Hwang was offered an academic scholarship from St John’s College, Cambridge, to study for a degree in Music and a full scholarship to the Royal College of Music, London. She is now studying Music as an undergraduate at Cambridge. She currently studies with Professor Itzhak Rashkovsky at the Royal College of Music, London. Hwang plays on a Peter Guarnerius of Mantua, c.1698. Julia Hwang Julia Hwang (born January 1996) is a South Korean violinist. Hwang gave her professional solo debut with the English National Baroque Chamber Orchestra at the age of nine, performing Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto in A minor, and in the same year performed for legendary violinist Ivry Gitlis in London. Three years later, at the age of 12, she performed"
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"Springtime in the Rockies (1937 film) Springtime in the Rockies is a 1937 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Polly Rowles. Written by Gilbert Wright and Betty Burbridge, the film is about a ranch owner who brings a flock of sheep into cattle country and faces the opposition of local ranchers with the help of her ranch foreman. Gene Autry (Gene Autry), the Knight Ranch foreman, learns that a neighboring rancher Jed Thorpe (Edward Hearn) is bringing sheep into the area. Gene rushes to Thorpe's ranch, concerned that a hot-headed cattle rancher named Thad Morgan (George Chesebro) may try to kill Thorpe. Morgan was once ruined financially by sheep ranching. Gene is able to stop Thorpe from bringing in the sheep, and Thorpe agrees to send the sheep back. Sometime later, Sandra Knight (Polly Rowles), who inherited the Knight Ranch from her late uncle, arrives in town with three female friends, who studied animal husbandry with her at the agricultural college. Before reaching the ranch, Sandra is approached by Thorpe's partner Briggs (Al Bridge) who sells her the sheep. Continuing on to the ranch with the sheep, Sandra nearly hits Gene and his horse Champion. Learning about the sheep deal, Gene tries to dissuade Sandra from raising sheep, explaining that they eat grass to the root so that it cannot grow back, but Sandra doesn't listen to him. Instead of taking her to her ranch, Gene shows her to his own rocky ground and ramshackle cabin, telling her that it's her ranch. That night, as the girls try to sleep, Gene's friend, Frog Millhouse (Smiley Burnette), makes wild animal noises to scare the girls into leaving the next day. One such noise sends Sandra into Gene's arms, and she asks him to sleep on the porch. The following day, Gene and Sandra go riding and come across the beautiful house and fertile land that is actually hers. Gene, who is falling in love with Sandra, is about to tell her the truth when she says she wants to lease the rocky land (Gene's) for her sheep. When Morgan learns about the sheep on Gene's ranch, he rides there intending to shoot them, but Gene is able to stop him. Gene agrees to the sheriff's demand that he remove the sheep from the area in twenty-four hours. When Gene notices Frog applying Mercurochrome to a wound, he gets the idea to paint the sheep so that they will appear to have hoof-and-mouth disease. After Briggs discovers that Sandra believes she owns Gene's ranch, he offers her $5,000 for her property—a bargain for Gene's ranch, but far below the value of her own ranch, worth an estimated $100,000. When Sandra sees the painted sheep appearing diseased, she accepts Briggs's offer to buy them, and Briggs delivers the sheep to Morgan. That night at the dance, needing to keep Gene from interfering while Sandra signs over her ranch without understanding the legal implications, Briggs tells Sandra about Gene's trick. Angered by the ruse, Sandra fires Gene. Later, when Morgan confronts Gene about the sheep and draws on him, Gene pulls out his gun which fires before Gene pulls the trigger—Thorpe had rigged the gun earlier that evening. Morgan is wounded and Gene is arrested. Sandra decides to accept Briggs' offer to buy the ranch and tells her girlfriends to pack. After informing Gene about the sale, Frog helps him escape by putting up a wrecking company sign in front of the jail and paying a truck driver to pull the wall off the building. Pursued by the sheriff and a mob, Gene rides after Briggs and Sandra. After Sandra signs the deed over to Briggs, Gene pursues Briggs to the county seat and rips up the deed. The sheriff is informed that Morgan, after regaining consciousness, identified Thorpe as the one who shot him. Gene and the sheriff shakes hands, and later, Gene and Sandra go for a romantic ride through her ranch. Springtime in the Rockies (1937 film) Springtime in the Rockies is a 1937 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, and Polly Rowles. Written by Gilbert"
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"N. A. Haris Nalapad Ahmed Haris, popularly known as N. A. Haris, is a businessman, politician of Indian National Congress and member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Shanthinagar constituency. He won the seat by a margin of 19,000 votes in the 2013 Karnataka assembly elections. N. A. Haris's father, N. A. Mohammed, moved from Kasaragod, Kerala to Bhadravati, Karnataka in 1960 to set up a metal scrapping shop. Mohammed later moved to Bengaluru and started working on government construction projects. One of the notable projects was Upper Krishna Project. With the money made in this project, Mohammed established Hotel Bangalore International. Nalpad Ahmed Haris was born in 1967 in Bengaluru. In 1978, Mohammed setup Nalapad Group of Hotels. N A Haris later joined the family business in 1997. N A Haris played a major role in diversifying Nalapad Group's business into Nalapad Pipes, Nalapad Suraksha, Nalapad Infotech and Nalapad Energy. Haris's family also owns Nalapad International School. Through Nalapad family's business Haris came in contact of Indian National Congress leader K. J. George, who also hails from Kerala. In early 2000s, Haris became a trusted aide of K. J. George and former Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy. This helped him elevate his position within the party. At age of 41, He was elected MLA from Shanthinagar assembly constituency in Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2008. He gained popularity through charitable work specially through N A Haris foundation. The foundation provides scholarships to underprivileged children and organizes job fairs. He was reelected as MLA from Shanthinagar assembly constituency in 2013. In 2017, Haris' 28-year-old son, Mohammed, was appointed as the General Secretary of Bengaluru Youth Congress. He was reelected in 2018 from shanti nagar N. A. Haris Nalapad Ahmed Haris, popularly known as N. A. Haris, is a businessman, politician of Indian"
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"Shas Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan Shaista Ahmad Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan is a British politician and life peer. She was nominated for a life peerage by Nick Clegg in August 2015. Sheehan served as councillor for Kew from 2006 to 2010. She has also stood for Wimbledon at the 2010 and 2015 general election, finishing second and third, as well as the London Assembly election, 2012. She lives in Putney. She was created a life peer taking the title Baroness Sheehan, of Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton and of Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth on 2 October 2015. Shas Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan Shaista Ahmad Sheehan, Baroness Sheehan is a British politician and life peer. She was nominated for a life peerage by Nick Clegg in August 2015. Sheehan served as councillor for Kew from 2006 to 2010. She has also stood for Wimbledon at the 2010 and 2015 general election, finishing second and third, as well as the London Assembly election, 2012. She lives in Putney. She was created a life peer taking the title Baroness Sheehan, of Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton and of Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth on 2 October 2015."
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"Bovista pila Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of \"B. pila\" outside North America. \"B. pila\" closely resembles the European \"B. nigrescens\", from which it can be reliably distinguished only by microscopic characteristics. The egg-shaped to spherical puffball of \"B. pila\" measures up to in diameter. Its white outer skin flakes off in age to reveal a shiny, bronze-colored inner skin that encloses a spore sac. The spores are more or less spherical, with short tube-like extensions. The puffballs are initially attached to the ground by a small cord that readily breaks off, leaving the mature puffball to be blown about. Young puffballs are edible while their internal tissue is still white and firm. \"B. pila\" puffballs have been used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and as an ethnoveterinary medicine for livestock farming in western Canada. The species was described as new to science in 1873 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis, from specimens collected in Wisconsin. In their short description, they emphasize the short pedicels (tube-like extensions) on the spores, and indicate that these pedicels—initially about as long as the spore is wide—soon break off. According to the nomenclatural authority MycoBank, taxonomic synonyms (i.e., having different type specimens) include Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1882 \"Bovista tabacina\", Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart's 1885 \"Mycenastrum oregonense\", and Andrew Price Morgan's 1892 \"Bovista montana\". William Chambers Coker and John Nathaniel Couch called \"B. pila\" \"the American representative of \"B. nigrescens\" in Europe\", referring to their close resemblance. \"Bovista pila\" is commonly known as the tumbling puffball, referring to the propensity of detached puffballs to be blown about by the wind. The specific epithet \"pila\" is Latin for \"ball\". \"B. pila\" has an egg-shaped to roughly spherical fruit body measuring up to in diameter. The thin (0.25 millimeter) outer tissue layer (exoperidium) is white to slightly pink. Its surface texture, initially appearing as if covered with minute flakes of bran (furfuraceous), becomes marked with irregular, crooked lines (rivulose). The exoperidium flakes off in maturity to reveal a thin, inner peridium (endoperidium). The color of this shiny inner skin, splotched with darker areas, resembles the metallic colors of bronze and copper. \"Bovista pila\" puffballs are attached to the ground by a small cord (a rhizomorph) that typically breaks off when the puffball is mature. The interior flesh, or gleba, comprises spores and surrounding capillitial tissue. Initially white and firm with tiny, irregularly shaped chambers (visible with a magnifying glass), the gleba later becomes greenish and then brown and powdery as the spores mature. In age, the upper surface of the puffball cracks and tears open. The resilient texture of the inner peridium enables the puffball to maintain its ball-like shape after it has detached from the ground. As the old puffballs get blown around, spores get shaken out of the tears. The spores of \"Bovista pila\" are spherical, smooth (when viewed with a light microscope), and measure 3.5–4.5 μm. They have thick walls and very short pedicels. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 8–10.5 by 14–18 μm. They are usually four-spored (rarely, some are three-spored), with unequal length sterigmata between 4 and 7.4 μm. The capillitia (sterile fibers interspersed among the spores) tend to form loose balls about 2 mm in diameter. The main, trunk-like branches of the capillitia are up to 15 μm in diameter, with walls that are typically 2–3 μm thick. Characteristics typically used to identify \"Bovista pila\" in the field include its relatively small size, the metallic lustre of the endoperidium, and the presence of rhizomorphs. \"B. plumbea\" is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its typically smaller fruit body and the blue-gray color of its inner coat. Unlike \"B. pila\", \"B. plumbea\" is attached to the ground by a mass of mycelial fibers known as a sterile base. Microscopically, \"B. plumbea\" has larger spores (5–7 by 4.5–6.0 μm); with long pedicels (9–14 μm). Another lookalike is the European \"B. nigrescens\", which can most reliably be distinguished from \"B. pila\" by its microscopic characteristics. The spores of \"B. nigrescens\" are oval rather than spherical, rougher than those of \"B. pila\", and have a hyaline (translucent) pedicel about equal in length to the spore diameter (5 μm). The puffball \"Disciseda pila\" was named for its external resemblance to \"B. pila\". Found in Texas and Argentina, it has much larger, warted spores that measure 7.9–9.4 μm. \"Bovista pila\" is found in corrals, stables, roadsides, pastures and open woods. The puffballs fruit singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. It is also known to grow in lawns and parks. The puffball spore cases are persistent and may overwinter. Fruiting occurs throughout the mushroom season. \"Bovista pila\" is widely distributed in North America (including Hawaii). There are few well-documented occurrences of \"B. pila\" outside North America. Hanns Kreisel recorded it from Russia, in what is now known as the Sakha Republic. The puffball has been tentatively identified from the Galápagos Islands, and has been collected from Pernambuco and São Paulo, Brazil. The South American material, however, has grayish-yellow coloration in the gleba, which may be indicative of not yet fully matured specimens. This renders identification of this material tentative, as unripe material may have different microscopic characteristics from mature material. Although the puffball has been reported from both the European part of Turkey as well as Anatolia, and from Morocco, reports without supporting microscopic or macroscopic information are viewed with skepticism. Edible when the interior gleba is still firm and white, \"Bovista pila\" puffballs have a mild taste and odor. The puffball was used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and medicinally as a hemostat. In British Columbia, Canada, it is used by livestock farmers who are not allowed to use conventional drugs under certified organic programs. The spore mass of the puffball is applied to bleeding hoof trimming 'nicks', and then wrapped with breathable first-aid tape. It is also similarly used on bleeding areas resulting from disbudding, and wounds resulting from sternal abscesses. Bovista pila Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of"
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"O. J. Matthijs Jolles Otto Jolle Matthijs Jolles (1911–1968) performed a major service to strategic studies in the United States by providing the first American translation of Carl von Clausewitz's \"magnum opus\", \"On War\". Jolles himself is a bit obscure to students of military affairs, largely because his translation of \"On War\" was his only published effort in that field. Even his nationality has been misidentified—he has been variously identified as Hungarian, Czech, and Dutch. Military historian Jay Luvaas once quoted an unidentified Israeli professor as saying \"whereas the first English translation was by an Englishman who did not know German, the 1943 American translation was by a Hungarian who did not know English.\" There is little in the Jolles translation to warrant such a comment. In the field of German literature, Jolles is quite well known, especially for his work on Friedrich Schiller. Most of his published work, however, is in German. Born in Berlin of a Dutch father and German mother, Jolles was brought up as a German and educated at the Universities of Leipzig, Hamburg, and Heidelberg. He received his doctorate in the philosophy of literature from Heidelberg in 1933. He then served one year as a volunteer in the horse artillery. Although he was not Jewish, his anti-Nazi politics got him into trouble. In 1934 he emigrated to France, where he studied at the Sorbonne. The following year he emigrated to Wales, where he taught German. Offered a teaching position at the University of Chicago, he entered the United States with his new British wife in 1938. He became a professor of German language and literature, obtaining American citizenship in 1945. Leaving Chicago in 1962, he spent the remainder of his life at Cornell. Even before the United States entered the war, the University of Chicago had begun casting about for ways to assist the war effort. These efforts grew out of both patriotism and self-interest: the university's leaders were concerned that unless they established Chicago as a center of military learning and research, the university's considerable assets (particularly in cartography and linguistics) might be hauled off in army trucks, \"to be returned torn and soiled, if at all.\" (31) Courses in preinduction military training began as early as September 1940. A formal Institute of Military Studies was created in April 1941. Since Jolles taught military German and German military organization, and \"On War\" was considered to be a key to German military behavior, he seemed to be the natural man for the job even though he was not familiar with Clausewitz when he set out. His British father-in-law (a retired professor of classics) provided assistance with the English, although he too had little military background and was new to Clausewitz. Jolles quickly developed a good appreciation of \"On War\"'s significance. His purpose in translating it was to argue that what Clausewitz had to say was much more relevant to the Western Allies than to Germany, and that the Germans' one-sidedly offensive interpretation of \"On War\" would prove to be, for them, a fatal error. Jolles's short but penetrating introduction stressed Clausewitz's fundamentally conservative, balance-of-power view of international affairs, finding its most important expression in Clausewitz's argument concerning the power of the defense: Clausewitz's aim was not merely to prove the strategic superiority of Napoleon's lightning attacks as so many writers and strategists--British and American, unfortunately, as well as German--seem to believe. This is but one part of his theory and far from the most important one, for he goes on to show why Napoleon, greatest of all aggressors up to that time, was necessarily in the end completely defeated. More than one third of his work \"On War\" is devoted to Book VI, on \"Defense.\" Jolles's translation of Clausewitz is generally considered to convey more of Clausewitz's subtleties than the older Graham translation did and is certainly clearer on some points than the overrated Howard/Paret translation (1976/84). Oddly, Jolles's translation did not catch on, and the Graham translation continued to serve as the basis for most subsequent condensations. This development was most likely a result of financial considerations rather than of the qualities of the respective versions, since the Jolles translation remains under copyright (Random House) whereas the Graham copyright had lapsed. O. J. Matthijs Jolles Otto Jolle Matthijs Jolles (1911–1968) performed a major service to strategic studies in the United States by providing the first American translation of Carl von Clausewitz's \"magnum opus\", \"On War\". Jolles himself is a bit obscure to students of military affairs, largely because his translation of \"On War\" was his only published effort in that field. Even his nationality has been misidentified—he has been variously identified as Hungarian, Czech, and Dutch. Military historian Jay Luvaas once quoted an unidentified Israeli professor as saying \"whereas the first English translation was"
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"Cyphostemma mappia Cyphostemma mappia (Mapou tree or bois mapou) is a species of caudiciform succulent plant endemic to Mauritius. It is sometimes known as the \"Mauritian baobab\", though it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae) and unrelated to the true Baobabs of Africa. This species is endangered, but is beginning to be propagated in its native Mauritius, as an ornamental landscaping plant. It is a soft-stemmed caudiciform tree, with succulent green leaves on fragile, chunky, elastic, distinctively zig-zag branches. It can eventually reach a height of nearly 10 meters, and develop a vastly expanded, swollen, water-filled trunk. This means that it can resemble a baobab in shape. As a case of \"island gigantism\", it is the only \"Cyphostemma\" species to attain the size of a large tree. It has also lost the vine-like tendrils of its genus, which falls within the greater Vitaceae (grapevine) family. In exposed areas, it tends to be shorter and more robust - only a few meters tall. In more protected environments, it grows up to 10 meters in height. The wood is soft and fleshy, like that of a true baobab. It is therefore sometimes confused both with the Baobab (\"Adansonia digitata\") or with the genera \"Calpidia\" or \"Pisonia\" which all have similar fleshy trunks. It produces flowers from January through May and sometimes they remain for as long as October. The fruits are small, red, velvety grapes. Like many other endemic Mauritian plants, it has heterophyllous leaves, due to having evolved with the presence of grazing giant tortoises. The plants still exhibit this heterophylly, even though the \"Cylindraspis\" giant tortoise species of Mauritius are now extinct. Leaves of young plants are longer, thinner and lighter red-coloured - and are mostly ignored by tortoises. In older plants, where the leaves are out of reach of giant tortoises, the leaves are larger, broader and greener. The leaves are compound, with odd numbers of leaflet segments, and it is typically deciduous. It used to be widespread throughout the dry and semi-dry forests of the island, but especially in more exposed or mountainous areas. It was reported to be extremely common especially on and around Le Pouce and in the north, especially around the town of Mapou (to which it gave its name), although it was already rare there by 1800. It was also reported in large numbers in the hills and mountains around Moka; as well as in the lowland forests across the island. It was exterminated from much of its natural range, but can still occasionally be found on extremely rocky slopes or outcrops in the higher mountains. It can be found on the mountain ranges of Trois Mamelles and Rempart, and in some of the remaining dry forests in the west of the island, especially around Magenta and Yemen. It is relatively slow-growing, but is increasingly used as a decorative ornamental for hotels and public landscaping in Mauritius. It is easily propagated by cuttings, which can be rooted in water, or in a damp, shady environment. It can also be grown from seed. Cyphostemma mappia Cyphostemma mappia (Mapou tree or bois mapou) is a species of caudiciform succulent plant endemic to Mauritius. It is sometimes known as the \"Mauritian baobab\", though it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae) and unrelated to the true Baobabs of Africa. This species is endangered, but is beginning to be propagated in its native Mauritius, as an ornamental landscaping plant. It is a soft-stemmed caudiciform tree, with succulent green leaves on fragile, chunky, elastic, distinctively zig-zag branches. It can eventually reach a height of nearly 10 meters, and"
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"1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 58th annual NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf. The tournament was held at the Honors Course in Ooltewah, Tennessee from May 29 to June 1, 1996. The team championship was won by the Arizona State Sun Devils who captured their second national championship by three strokes over the UNLV Rebels. The individual national championship was won by Tiger Woods from Stanford. This was the first NCAA Division I men's golf championship hosted at the Honors Course in Ooltewah, Tennessee. The tournament would be played at Ooltewah again in 2010. This was the fourth NCAA golf championship played in Tennessee; the others were in 1934 (at the Cleveland Country Club in Cleveland, Tennessee), 1955 (at the Holston Hills Country Club in Knoxville, Tennessee), and 1965 (again in Knoxville). 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship The 1996 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was the 58th annual NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf. The tournament was held at the Honors"
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"MiR-203 In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms, such as translational repression and Argonaute-catalyzed messenger RNA cleavage. miR-203 has been identified as a skin-specific microRNA, and it forms an expression gradient that defines the boundary between proliferative epidermal basal progenitors and terminally differentiating suprabasal cells. It has also been found upregulated in psoriasis and differentially expressed in some types of cancer. MicroRNAs are short (20-22nt), non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by pairing with their 3' UTR and affecting their stability or directing their silencing or degradation. MicroRNAs are likely to play roles in most cellular processes, including proliferation, development, differentiation and apoptosis. They are located in intergenic and intragenic regions, and are transcribed as pri-miRNA by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. They then undergo extensive post-transcriptional modifications, starting with the processing of the pri-miRNA in the nucleus to generate a 70-100 nt long pre-miRNA by ribonucleases Drosha and DGCR8. This pre-miRNA is then transported out of the nucleus by Exportin-5, and is then further processed by Dicer into a mature 18-25 nt long double stranded microRNA. The guide strand of the miRNA is then loaded into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and is then able to pair with its target. The passenger strand, denoted by a star, is commonly degraded, though this is not always the case. MiR-203 is a microRNA that is specifically expressed in keratinocytes (the most abundant cell type in the epidermis) and in normal conditions promotes epidermal differentiation by restricting proliferative potential and inducing cell-cycle exit. It does so by repressing p63, an essential regulator of stem cell maintenance in epithelial stratified tissues. Other proposed targets are suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and ABL1. As is the case with many other microRNAs, miR-203 expression has been found dysregulated in several malignancies, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and carcinogenesis. In mice, miR-203 is located in chromosome 12, within a fragile 7-Mb region that is lost is some hematopoietic malignancies. This region encodes 52 mature miRNAs, ~12% of the mammalian miRNA genome. In humans, this region is conserved and located intergenically in 14q32. Sonkoly et al. found that miR-203 displays a highly organ- and tissue-specific expression across 21 human organs and tissues analyzed. miR-203 was expressed at highest level in skin and in the esophagus, an organ sharing anatomical similarities with skin. Yi et al. performed whole-mouse embryio in situ hybridization detecting miR-203-specific signal from the epidermis and the tongue. Skin-specific expression of miR-203 has been observed in zebrafish indicating that not only the sequence but the tissue specificity of miR-203 is preserved through evolution. Since these findings, a number of studies identified decreased miR-203 expression in various malignancies, mainly of epithelial origin. Sonkoly et al. demonstrated that expression of endogenous miR-203 expression is under the control of protein kinase C pathway in epithelial cells. They demonstrated that c-jun suppresses, while another member of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, JUNB increases miR-203 expression. Growth factors, such as Epidermal growth factor can also suppress miR-203 in epitheilal cells... Multiple mechanisms can suppress miR-203 expression in malignancies: Wellner et al. show that ZEB1 represses expression of miR-203 together with the miR-200-family whose members are strong inducers of epithelial differentiation. They propose that ZEB1 links EMT-activation and stemness-maintenance by suppressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs (miRNAs) and thereby is a promoter of mobile, migrating cancer stem cells. Sonkoly et al. demonstrated that activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, can lead to decreased miR-203 expression in mouse model of basal cell carcinoma. They demonstrate that overexpression of c-jun, a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers suppresses miR-203 expression. Overexpression of c-JUN has been described in basal cell carcinoma in which miR-203 is one of the most downregulated microRNA. McKenna et al. demonstrated that miR-203 expression in keratinocytes is dependent on regulation of p53 levels by E6, which may explain how expression of HPV16 E6 can disrupt the balance between proliferation and differentiation, as well as the response to DNA damage, in keratinocytes. This microRNA was predicted using computational tools by comparison to mouse and tiger blowfish sequences. It has been validated in zebrafish and its expression confirmed in humans by cloning and sequencing, where it was found in the outer layer of epidermis. miR-203 has several validated targets. p63, conserved across vertebrate lineages. p63 is an essential regulator of stem cell maintenance in stratified epithelial tissues. Yi \"et al\". confirmed p63 as a target of miR-203. They showed that miR-203 expression is conspicuous in terminally differentiating epithelial cells, but is not present on their proliferative progenitor compartments, and shows a mutually exclusive pattern of expression with p63. They also report downregulation of proteins downstream of p63, suggesting a mechanistic method for inhibition of proliferative potential of epidermal stem cells. There is some controversy as to whether suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is also targeted by miR-203. In their study, Lena \"et al\". (2008) showed that, despite bioinformatic alignment of miR-203 with SOCS3 3'UTR, the levels of SOCS3 transcripts increased in keratinocytes stimulated to differentiate in vitro, in parallel with miR-203. Then they exogenously expressed miR-203 in mouse keratinocytes and showed that SOCS3 is not repressed by miR-203. In contrast, Wei \"et al\". (2010) validated SOCS3 as a target for miR-203. In their study, they introduced the SOCS3 3'UTR fragment encompassing the putative target site in a luciferase reporter vector, and they observed a significant decrease in luciferase activity when miR-203 was introduced compared to controls. They also generated a mutation in the binding site and reported restoration of luciferase activity, as well as mutually exclusive localization with miR-203. They concluded that SOCS3 is targeted by miR-203, and hypothesize that miR-203 regulation of SOCS3 and thus of STAT3 could have implications in keratinocyte functions. Another validated target of miR-203 is c-jun (AP-1), a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers, including skin tumors. The suppression of miR-203 in BCC tumors was associated with a marked increase of c-JUN expression, evidenced by the intense and uniform distribution in BCC tumor nests. Similar to other miR-203 targets previously identified, such as p63, c-JUN was preferentially expressed in the basal, proliferative layer of healthy human epidermis. Another putative target is ABL1, which is found activated in hematopoietic malignancies where miR-203 is epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In lung cancer cell lines, miR-203 has been shown to target DKK1, a secreted protein which acts as a survival factor in certain conditions. Its survival activity is only conditional because it requires the presence of its transmembrane receptor protein KRM1. KRM1 is a Dependence Receptor and signals for cell death until such signalling is blocked by binding of its survival factor ligand DKK1. miR-203 mediated downregulation of DKK1 appears to make lung cancer cells easier to kill, suggesting that cancer cells upregulate DKK1 for their own survival and this protein would be a good target for downregulation in the treatment of such cancers. DKK1 is",
"putative target is ABL1, which is found activated in hematopoietic malignancies where miR-203 is epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In lung cancer cell lines, miR-203 has been shown to target DKK1, a secreted protein which acts as a survival factor in certain conditions. Its survival activity is only conditional because it requires the presence of its transmembrane receptor protein KRM1. KRM1 is a Dependence Receptor and signals for cell death until such signalling is blocked by binding of its survival factor ligand DKK1. miR-203 mediated downregulation of DKK1 appears to make lung cancer cells easier to kill, suggesting that cancer cells upregulate DKK1 for their own survival and this protein would be a good target for downregulation in the treatment of such cancers. DKK1 is also a well known inhibitor of Wnt signalling and is required for the formation of head structures during embryonic development of most animals. Yi \"et al\". showed that in mice, the expression of miR-203 is significantly upregulated between E13.5 and E15.5, suggesting that it may be absent from multipotent progenitors of single-layered epidermis, but is induced upon stratification and differentiation. It also was expressed at high levels in differentiating cells such as hair follicles, epidermis and sebaceous glands. Wei \"et al\". demonstrated that in humans, miR-203 expression is first detectable at 17 weeks gestation in the suprabasal layers of epidermis, and this localization was conserved in the adult skin. When miR-203 is expressed prematurely, basal cells diminish their proliferative potential; and when it is absent, proliferation is no longer restricted to the basal layer of epidermis. miR-203 has been found overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and shows correlation with poor prognosis in patients that had undergone pancreatectomy, and has been suggested as a new prognostic marker for this disease. Also, miR-203 has been identified as target of human papillomavirus (HPV) protein E7, which causes its downregulation and thus de-repression of p63 and its downstream targets, ensuring proliferative potential on the host cell, required for the virus to replicate. High levels of miR-203 are inhibitory of HPV amplification. miR-203 has also been proposed as a tumour-suppressive microRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hematopoietic malignancies. In their study, Furuta \"et al\". found miR-203, along with miR-124, epigenetically silenced in primary HCC tumours compared with non-tumorous liver tissues. Also, expression of miR-203 in HCC cells lacking their expression inhibited cell growth and downregulated a set of other possible targets. Bueno \"et al\". also found silencing of miR-203 in some leukemias, as well as an inverse correlation between miR-203 and ABL1 levels (sometimes expressed as the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein). Supporting its role as a tumour suppressor, it has also been found upregulated upon UVC irradiation in the squamous cell carcinoma lines, suggesting a connection between miR-203 and the activation of the apoptotic program. miR-203 acts as a tumor suppressor in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in which it forms a double-negative feedback-loop with its verified target c-JUN(AP1). This regulatory circuit provides functional control over basal cell proliferation and differentiation. Its expression was suppressed in K5TreGli1 trangenic mice, due to activated Hedgehog signaling. Further supporting the role of miR-203 as a tumor suppressor, in vivo delivery of miR-203 mimics in a BCC mouse model results in the reduction of tumor growth. Sonkoly \"et al\". identified miR-203, along with miR-146a, miR-21, and miR-125b; as a psoriasis-specific microRNA when compared with healthy human skin or atopic eczema. They also observed downregulation of SOCS3 concurrently with upregulation of miR-203 in psoriatic plaques, potentially having an effect in inflammatory responses. Stanczyk \"et al\". found overexpression of miR-203 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) compared to healthy or osteoarthritis samples; and inforced expression of miR-203 led to higher levels of MMP-1 and IL-6 and thus contributed to the activated phenotype of RASFs. MiR-203 regulation was found to be methylation-dependent. MiR-203 In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other"
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"Russell Hicks Edward Russell Hicks (June 4, 1895 – June 1, 1957) was an American film actor. Born in 1895 in Baltimore, Maryland, Hicks appeared in nearly 300 films between 1915 and 1956. His first appearance was an uncredited role in \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915). He often appeared as a smooth-talking confidence man, as in the W.C. Fields film \"The Bank Dick\" (1940). Distinguished, suave and a consummate actor, Hicks played a variety of judges, corrupt officials, businessmen and attorneys, working in a variety of mediums almost until his death. Hicks appeared once in the syndicated western television series \"The Cisco Kid\" as an uncle of the Gail Davis character, whom he threatens to disinherit if she marries a known gangster. He died in Los Angeles, California, from a heart attack. Russell Hicks Edward Russell Hicks (June 4, 1895 – June 1, 1957) was an American film actor. Born in 1895 in Baltimore, Maryland, Hicks appeared in nearly 300 films between 1915 and 1956. His first appearance was an uncredited role in \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915). He often appeared as a smooth-talking confidence man, as in the W.C. Fields film \"The Bank Dick\" (1940). Distinguished, suave"
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"Susan Alexjander Susan Alexjander is an American sound artist, musical composer and teacher living and working in Portland, Oregon. Finding inspiration in the natural world and in science, she is fascinated by the vibrational frequencies of natural phenomena, ranging widely from the microscopic (elements, DNA) to the macroscopic (body rhythms, water, stars, time). She has created a microtonal system based on the frequencies of DNA, transforming natural vibrational patterns into sounds to create music. She has collaborated with both scientists and artists, and her compositions have been performed both nationally and internationally. Alexjander received a B.A. in English Literature, with teaching credentials, in 1966. She received a master's degree in Theory and Composition from San Jose State University, California in 1982. Although her initial musical training was classical, she became interested in the gamelan and explored Indian classical music, studying and performing with Lou Harrison. Alexjander has taught at San Jose State and Goddard College and has been an adjunct faculty member of Union Institute in Sacramento, California. She also presents workshops on the physics and metaphysics of sound. She is the Director of \"Science & The Arts\", founded in Aptos, California to investigate the frequencies of the universe and their musical properties. In one of her earliest collaborations, with biologist David W. Deamer from the University of California, Alexjander created music based on movements of the atoms and molecules that make up human DNA. An infrared spectrophotometer was used to measure the wavelength of infrared light absorbed by sections of DNA and to identify frequencies for each DNA molecule. The ratios of the light frequencies were then converted into perceptible ratios of sound frequencies, often involving microtonal changes, to create \"strange, beautiful music\". The resulting album \"Sequencia\", a pioneering experiment in sound creation, was recorded on Earth Day, 1990. Its tuning system, a type of Just intonation, is based on the molecular frequencies of the four bases of DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. It includes 60 tones over a range of two-and-a-half octaves, around a spontaneous \"tonal center\". Alexjander's compositions in this tonal system are influenced by the microtonal nature of Indian classical music. Other collaborations include: Susan Alexjander Susan Alexjander is an American sound artist, musical composer and teacher living and working in Portland, Oregon. Finding inspiration in the natural world and in science, she is fascinated by the vibrational frequencies of natural phenomena, ranging widely from"
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"CKRB-FM CKRB-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Saint-Georges, Quebec. Owned and operated by Radio Beauce, a subsidiary of Groupe Radio Simard, it broadcasts on 103.5 MHz with an effective radiated power of 17,000 watts (class B) using an omnidirectional antenna. The station was authorized by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to move to 103.5 MHz and increase its power to 17,000 watts as a class B station in 2005. It moved to 103.5 in January 2009. The station has an adult contemporary music format and identifies itself as \"Cool FM 103,5\". CKRB went on the air on July 22, 1952 as an AM station broadcasting on 1460 kHz; at the time the station only had a power of 250 watts. The station would later increase its power to 10,000 watts (daytime) and 5,000 watts (nighttime). By 1985, CKRB had converted its transmitter to AM stereo. The station moved to FM on March 29, 1999. CKRB-FM CKRB-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Saint-Georges, Quebec. Owned and operated by Radio Beauce, a subsidiary of Groupe Radio Simard, it broadcasts on 103.5 MHz with an effective radiated power of 17,000 watts (class B) using an"
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"Elinore Pruitt Stewart Elinore Pruitt Stewart (born Elinore Pruitt; June 3, 1876October 8, 1933) was a homesteader in Wyoming, and a memoirist who between 1909 and 1914 wrote letters describing her life there to a former employer in Denver, Colorado. Those letters, which reveal an adventurous, capable, and resourceful woman of lively intelligence, were published in two collections in 1914 and 1915. The first of those collections, \"Letters of a Woman Homesteader\", was the basis of the 1979 movie \"Heartland\". Elinore Pruitt was born on June 3, 1876 in White Bead Hill, which was then a settlement in Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory, and is an abandoned township in Garvin County, Oklahoma (founded 1906). Her father died in the late 1870s on Army service near the Mexican border. Shortly afterwards, her mother, Josephine Courtney Pruitt, married her husband's brother, Thomas Isaac Pruitt; and bore eight more children. Elinore was educated for a few years at Pierce Institute near White Bead Hill, until that grammar school closed in 1889. In 1893, her mother died of complications from childbirth; in 1894, her stepfather died in a work accident; leaving the orphaned Elinore responsible for her younger siblings, with only her grandparents available for support. Around 1902, she married Harry Cramer Rupert, then 48 years old. He died in a railroad accident before their daughter, Mary Jerrine, was born (February 10, 1906, reportedly in Oklahoma City). She then relocated to Denver, Colorado, where she worked as a laundress, and then in permanent employment as housekeeper for Mrs. Juliet Coney, a widowed schoolteacher from Boston, Massachusetts. In early 1909, Henry Clyde Stewart (18681948), a Scottish immigrant to U.S.A., and a widower, placed an advertisement in \"The Denver Post\" for a housekeeper to help on his homestead near Burntfork, Wyoming. Elinore answered it (with the agreement of Mrs. Coney), and was accepted. She arrived there in March 1909; in early May, she filed a claim for a quarter section adjoining Clyde's homestead under one of the Homestead Acts; and on May 5, she and Clyde were married. Around that time, she began to correspond with Mrs. Coney, in a series of letters which continued until 1914. Those letters were published in the magazine \"Atlantic Monthly\"; and later collected in the books \"Letters of a Woman Homesteader\" (1914) and \"Letters on an Elk Hunt\" (1915). She concealed the fact of her marriage for several years during her correspondence; according to her, because she wanted to be independent and to claim the land as her own. In 1912, she relinquished her claim in favour of her mother-in-law; rather than risk losing it for breach of the Homestead Acts' provisions for claims by single women. By the early 1920s, she had gained national fame as the \"Woman Homesteader.\" Ever practical, she used the royalties from her writings to buy supplies and equipment for the homestead. in 1928, she was included in Grace Raymond Hebard's \"Map of the History and Romance of Wyoming\", a literary map of the state. Elinore and Clyde had five children: Helen (stillborn, 1910); James Wilber, (FebruaryDecember 1910, died of erysipelas); Henry Clyde, Jr. (born 1911); Calvin Emery (191271); and Robert Clinton (born 1913). Jerrine, Elinore's daughter by her first marriage, died in 1987. Elinore died on October 8, 1933, of a blood clot to the brain following gallbladder surgery, at the hospital in Rock Springs, Wyoming. She is buried in Burntfork Cemetery, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Her husband Clyde is buried by her. According to another, but unsourced, account, insofar as differences are material: Elinore was born at Fort Smith, Arkansas; spent most of her childhood in Indian Territory; her schooling ended when her teacher was lynched; her parents died when she was 14 years old; after her first husband's death and the birth of Jerrine, she trained as a nurse and worked at a hospital in Burnfork while in her spare time writing articles for the \"Kansas City Star\"; found work in Denver as a cook; in 1926, suffered serious injuries from which she never completely recovered, when a horse bolted and she was run over by a hay mower. \"Letters of a Woman Homesteader\" covers the years 190914. \"Letters on an Elk Hunt\" covers two incident-packed months, AugustOctober 1914, on a licensed elk hunt, for both the adventure and the meat. Her letters have been described as \"frank, vivid, eloquent and perceptive\". Her biographer Susanne K. George has remarked that, \"Although largely autobiographical, these works were written for publication, and she was known to have 'never let the facts get in the way of a good story'\". The 1979 movie \"Heartland\", directed by Richard Pearce and starring Rip Torn and Conchata Ferrell, was based on \"Letters of a Woman Homesteader\". In 1985, the Elinore Pruitt Stewart Homestead, where she and her family lived, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Elinore Pruitt Stewart Elinore Pruitt Stewart (born Elinore Pruitt; June 3, 1876October 8, 1933) was a homesteader in Wyoming, and a memoirist who between 1909 and 1914 wrote letters describing her life there to a former employer in Denver, Colorado. Those letters, which reveal an adventurous, capable, and resourceful woman of lively intelligence, were published in two collections in 1914 and 1915. The first of those collections, \"Letters of a Woman Homesteader\", was the basis of the 1979 movie \"Heartland\". Elinore Pruitt was born on June 3, 1876 in White Bead Hill,"
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"Spa Pump Room, Hockley The Spa Pump Room is a Victorian building in Hockley, Essex. It was built to the designs of James Lockyer in 1842 after a medicinal spring was discovered on the site four years earlier. The building closed as a pump room in 1857 and was used for many things, including a Baptist chapel, a billiard hall, and a clothing factory; it is now in private ownership. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1972. Robert Clay and his wife, an ageing couple from Cheltenham, retired to Hockley in Essex, in 1838. The Clays rented a cottage and dug a water well in its gardens. Mrs Clay, a chronic asthmatic, found relief in drinking the waters the well contained and declared it medicinal; they renamed their cottage Hockley Spa Lodge. In order to capitalise on their discovery, and to emulate the kind of success' with the spas at Bath and Royal Tunbridge Wells, they were advised by a local businessman, William Summersall, who later managed the spa, to build a pumping room in order to access larger amounts of water to administer to the wider public. The Clays appointed the architect James Lockyer to design a pumping room which was completed in 1842. The business flourished but by 1857 the spa had fallen out of favour and the Pump Room was used as a Baptist Chapel. By 1880 the spa had been abandoned completeley and the Pump Room became a billiard hall. From 1947 the building was used as a clothing factory before it fell into private ownership. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1972. There is a 20 factory that extends to the rear of the Pump Room and a 19, red brick house adjoining to the eastern side. The nearby Spa Hotel, which is located on the junction of Southend Road, Main Road and Spa Road, was used as a hotel for visitors coming to the spa to use its medicinal waters. It was also designed by Lockyer and was opened simultaneously with the Pump Room in 1842. Spa Pump Room, Hockley The Spa Pump Room is a Victorian building in Hockley, Essex. It was built to the designs of James Lockyer in 1842 after a medicinal spring was discovered on the site four years earlier. The building closed as a pump room in 1857 and was used"
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"Thomas Wilkie Very Rev Thomas Wilkie (1645-1711) was a Scottish minister who was elected moderator of the Church of Scotland twice: once in 1701 and once in 1704. He was the minister at the Kirk of the Canongate. He was born on 6 April 1645 the son of N. N. Wilkie. His uncle Rev Thomas Wilkie (1638-1717) was the minister of Tolbooth Parish, the parish which was the forerunner of Canongate Kirk. He was the first minister of Canongate Kirk following its construction in 1688. He died March 19, 1711. He is buried in Canongate Kirkyard against the east wall of the church. He was married to Rachel Sinclair, widow of William Hog and daughter of Rev John Sinclair of Ormiston. Thomas Wilkie Very Rev Thomas Wilkie (1645-1711) was a Scottish minister who was elected moderator of the Church of Scotland twice: once in 1701 and once in 1704. He was the minister at the Kirk of the Canongate. He was born on 6 April 1645 the son of N. N. Wilkie. His uncle Rev Thomas Wilkie (1638-1717) was the minister of Tolbooth Parish, the parish which was the forerunner of Canongate Kirk. He was the first minister of Canongate"
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"Henry Williams (alias Cromwell) Sir Henry Williams, alias Cromwell (died 1604) was a Knight of the Shire for Huntingdonshire and a grandfather of Oliver Cromwell. His grandfather, Morgan ap William, was the son of a man named William, and also used the name Williams, but he abandoned the Welsh patronymic system completely and adopted the name of Cromwell, in honour of an uncle Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex. The family then constistently used and wrote its name as Williams, alias Cromwell, from the 16th well into the 17th century. Sir Henry Williams, alias Cromwell, was of Welsh descent, the eldest son and heir of Sir Richard Williams, alias Cromwell, and was highly esteemed by Queen Elizabeth I, who knighted him in 1563. He was an important enough man, with a large enough house, for the Queen to do him the honour of sleeping at his seat, Hinchingbrooke House, on 18 August 1564, on her return from visiting the University of Cambridge. Williams, alias Cromwell, was in the House of Commons in 1563, as one of the Knights of the Shire for Huntingdonshire, and was four times appointed Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, by Elizabeth, \"viz.\" in the 7, 13, 22, and 34 years of her reign; and in the 20, she nominated him a commissioner with others, to inquire concerning the draining of The Fens through Cloughs Cross and so to the sea. He made Huntingdonshire the entire place of his country residence, living at Ramsey Abbey in the summer, and Hinchingbrooke in the winter; he repaired, if not built, the manor-house at Ramsey, and made it one of his seats. Mark Noble comments that he had heard that the house of Ramsey was only the lodge of that magnificent pile, and converted by Sir Henry into a dwelling-house. Sir Henry also built Hinchingbrooke House adjoining to the nunnery at Hinchingbrooke, and upon the bow windows there he put the arms of his family, with those of several others to whom he was allied. Sir Henry lived to a good old age, dying in the beginning of the year 1604. He was buried in All Saints' Church, in Huntingdon, on 7 January. An indication of the funeral pomp used at his interment can be found by the charges of the heralds, which were the same as those incurred at the burial of some of the greatest knights of his day. Mark Noble stated that Sir William was called, from his liberality, the \"golden knight\"; and reported that in Ramsey it was said, that whenever Sir Henry came from Hinchingbrooke to that place, he threw considerable sums of money to the poor townsmen. This excellent character is given of him, \"he was a worthy gentleman, both in court and country, and universally esteemed\"; and which his merit justly deserved. By the record of \"inquisitio post mortem\", taken at Ramsey, 2 June, following his death, it appears that he died possessed of these manors in Huntingdonshire, Saltry, Saltry-Moynes, Saltry-Judith, Sawtry-Monastery, all valued at £60 \"per annum\"; Warboys and Whistow, with their rectories, and the New-red-deer Park, valued together at £40 \"per annum\"; Hinchingbrooke, valued at £10 \"per annum\"; Broughton or Broweton, with the rectory, valued at £20 \"per annum\"; Berry and Hepmangrove, and the rectory of Berry, valued at £20 \"per annum\"; the forefts of Waybridge, and Sapley, valued at £6 13s 4d; the farm or grange of Higney, and the messuage called the George, with the land belonging to it, valued at £10 \"per annum\"; and the manor of Ramsey, with the farm of Biggin, valued at £100 \"per annum\". all of which were held of king by military service. except the forests of Waybridge and Sapley, together with the farm, or grange of Higney, the tenures of which were unknown. Sir Henry Williams, alias Cromwell, married twice. His first marriage was to Joan, a daughter of Sir Ralph Warren, twice Lord Mayor of London; she died at Hinchinbrooke and was buried there in All Saints' church in 1584. Some time after the death of Joan, Sir Henry married a lady of the name of Weeks, who bore for her arms azure a lion rampant checky argent and gules. She was buried at All Saints', Huntingdon, 11 July 1592 but no monument remains of either Sir Henry or of his wives, or indeed any of the name of Cromwell in that place as Huntingdon was devastated during the Civil War and all the monuments and brass plates to the dead were either destroyed or looted. Lady Weeks died of a lingering illness, which in that superstitious age was blamed on witchcraft. On 4 April 1593, in the court presided over by justice Fenner, John Samwell, his wife and daughter were found guilty of causing the death of Joan through witchcraft and executed a few days later (see the Witches of Warboys case). By the first marriage, Sir Henry had numerous children; by the latter, none. Sir Oliver, the eldest son, gained the bulk of his fortune, to each of the other sons were given estates of about an annual value of £300. Some of the children of Sir Henry and Joan his first wife were: Henry Williams (alias Cromwell) Sir Henry Williams, alias Cromwell (died 1604) was a Knight of the Shire for Huntingdonshire and a grandfather of Oliver Cromwell. His grandfather, Morgan ap William, was the son of a"
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"Ivar Wickman Otto Ivar Wickman (10 July 1872 in Lund – 20 April 1914 in Saltsjöbaden) was a Swedish physician, who discovered in 1907 the epidemic and contagious character of poliomyelitis Son of a merchant, Wickman began his medical studies at Lund University in 1890, and passed the state medical examination in 1901 at the Karolinska Institute at Solna near Stockholm. In 1905 he published his doctoral thesis on poliomyelitis “Poliomyelitis acuta” in German, and the doctoral exam in 1906 qualified for the post of a docent for neurology at the Karolinska Institute, besides working as a district physician in the Östermalm district in Stockholm from 1907 to 1909. As a pupil of pediatrician Karl Oskar Medin, whom he held in high esteem, Wickman predominantly devoted himself to the studies of infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis). Besides his thesis, his 1907 publication \"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Heine-Medin’schen Krankheit\" has been rated as innovative. In the field of neurology he also published several articles. After 1909 Wickman spent more and more time abroad. He worked at the institute of pathology and anatomy in Helsingfors and did psychiatric studies in Paris. Repeatedly having to cope with financial difficulties, he spent his last two years in Breslau and Straßburg, in both places working as an assistant to Adalbert Czerny, the co-founder of modern pediatrics. At the age of 41 he took his life by a shot in the heart in April 1914. The reasons for his suicide are not known, since Wickman did not leave a farewell letter or any other notes. Colleagues report that the failure of his application for the post of Professor of Pediatrics at the Karolinska Institute, which, until 1914, Medin had held, was a heavy blow for him. . When the position was opened for applicants in 1912, Wickman was convinced that he had great chances of becoming successor to his mentor. The commission of the Stockholm Faculty of Medicine, however, preferred one of his two co-applicants in December 1913. On the one hand the members of the commission blamed Wickman for not having shown sufficient diversity in his research work: as many as half of his 22 scientific publications were dealing with polio. On the other hand there was the serious reproach that he had not given a public audit lecture, which was part of the application procedure. He had reported sick because of his \"insomnia“ and only submitted a sick note by Professor Czerny, who acknowledged his pupil’s good didactic capacities. There is much reason to assume that Wickman eschewed the public lecture because of his stuttering, which considerably hampered his fluency of speech. Wickman became known for his achievements in polio research. As a pupil of Karl Oskar Medin and studying the findings of Jakob Heine and Adolf von Strümpell he made detailed clinical and epidemiological studies to establish the hitherto controversial hypothesis that polio can be transferred through physical contact. He was provided with illustrative evidence mainly from the great Swedish epidemic of 1905 with a total of 1,031 recorded cases. Using the example of the small village Trästena in today’s Töreboda he could show that persons with a large contact surface were infected with polio more easily. Within only six weeks 49 children had contracted the disease. First he observed a spreading of the disease along streets and railway lines. After weeks of field trials Wickman succeeded in establishing the fact that the local school played a prominent role in the spread of the disease which henceforth he named \"Heine-Medin disease\".<br> Wickman published most of his articles and books in German and most of them were quickly translated into English. He came to the conclusion that polio was highly contagious. He suggested taking the so-called abortive and nonparalytic cases as seriously as the grave ones with paralysis, since they were – as he emphasized – instrumental in the spread of the disease. He assumed that the agent could be passed on by presumably healthy persons, and he was the first to find that polio was not exclusively, not even mainly, a disease affecting the central nervous system. Based on his observations he came to the conclusion that the incubation period of polio was three to four days, which had long been disputed but was confirmed in the middle of the twentieth century. When he coined the term Heine-Medin disease he followed a suggestion of Sigmund Freud, who considered the naming of a disease after its discoverer less problematic than naming it after symptoms or agents. Wickman had found out that Heine’s term Spinale Kinderlähmung (spinal infantile paralysis) and Medin’s work on poliomyelitis only referred to parts of the disease. Wickman’s term, however, was not to assert itself in the long run. When in 1908, in Vienna, the discovery of the poliovirus by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper was announced, Wickman did not give up his work as a clinical researcher and pediatrician. Neither did he join the Swedish team of clinical virologists. To him and his findings it did not make much difference, whether the polio agent was a virus or a bacterium. Wickman’s research work received only little immediate recognition outside the world of medical specialists. The obituary of his colleague Arnold Josefsson after Wickman’s early death is an exception: “The death of Ivar Wickman means the loss of an outstanding personality, not only for our country, but for the medical world as a whole.” In the mean time, however, he has become recognized as a pioneer of polio research. In 1958 he was posthumously honoured by being inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame in Warm Springs, Georgia, USA. Third in line after Heine and Medin, followed by Landsteiner and eleven more polio experts and two laymen (one of them US-president Franklin D. Roosevelt), his bronze bust was revealed. Wickman’s classification of the different forms of polio is referred to by the European section of the World Health Organization (WHO) as a “milestone” in polio eradication. On the other hand, as late as 1971 polio expert and author John Rodman Paul still commented on Wickman’s impact: „Considering the importance of the contributions of Ivar Wickman, I do not believe that his work is fully appreciated today.“ Ivar Wickman Otto Ivar Wickman (10 July 1872 in Lund – 20 April 1914 in Saltsjöbaden) was a Swedish physician, who discovered in 1907 the epidemic and contagious character of poliomyelitis Son of a merchant, Wickman began his medical studies at Lund University in 1890, and passed the state medical examination in 1901 at the Karolinska Institute at Solna near Stockholm. In 1905 he published his doctoral"
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"Rogue Valley Transportation District Rogue Valley Transportation District is a transportation district serving the greater Jackson County, Oregon area. The district serves the cities of Medford, Ashland, White City, Phoenix, Talent, Jacksonville, and Central Point. The district also provides paratransit services to older adults and people with disabilities within its route coverage area. The Rogue Valley Transportation District (RVTD) was established May 6, 1975 upon the passing of a special election measure allowing the county to establish a transportation district funded by Oregon tax dollars. Two years later after considerable planning and procurement of funding, the first transit buses took the streets of Medford, with service beginning in July 1977. The need for creating RVTD arose when its predecessor, a private company named Mount Ashland Stage Lines, went bankrupt and ceased operating in 1974 after having served the Rogue Valley since 1965. Area voters approved the creation of a new public transit district in 1975, but funding for operations was not included, and subsequent requests for authorization of a property-tax increase to fund the service were rejected at the ballot box. The district's board scaled back the original plans by about 35 percent before finally gaining voter approval of operations funding. The service that was inaugurated in July 1977, initially operating under the name, \"Rogue Rapids Transit\", comprised just three buses serving six routes. Initial ridership on the fledging system was better than expected, prompting the city of Medford to agree to purchase three vans for RVTD's use, which were used for a new shuttle service in the downtown area starting in November 1977. The district's bus fleet has since grown to 20 vehicles. RVTD currently operates nine bus routes through the cities of Medford, Ashland, Central Point, Jacksonville, Phoenix, Talent and White City with aspirations to add more in the coming future. All buses run Monday through Saturday. RVTD provides no service on Sundays or Holidays. All bus routes begin and terminate at the Front Street Transfer Center located at Front Street between 8th and 10th Street in Downtown Medford. The Greyhound Station is also located here. The Rogue Valley Transportation District operates paratransit service known as Valley Lift. It is offered to senior citizens, people of physical or mental disability, or people who are unable to utilize fixed route buses for other reasons. Service is limited to areas which are no more than 3/4 of a mile by air from any fixed bus route. Such can be seen in their system map. People wishing to utilize the service must apply with RVTD after establishing their eligibility for Valley Lift. There are various methods to pay fares on RVTD buses. The most popular is cash; however, prepaid options are available. These options include tokens, day passes, monthly passes, as well as punch cards for 20 rides each. Passes, tokens, and punch cards can be purchased at any three of these locations: 1. Some individuals may be required to furnish proof of age or a valid Valley Lift ID. 2. Transfers may be used any number of times within the 90-minute timeframe. People holding transfers which have been modified or mutilated in any way may be required to pay a second fare. 1. Usage of one boarding with the noted methods entitles the user to a free 90-minute bus transfer, valid on all buses. 2. Only valid for the groups mentioned, two passes cannot be combined. Some individuals may be required to furnish proof of age or a valid Valley Lift or Reduced Fare ID. Rogue Valley Transportation District operates a fleet of 23 buses, 23 paratransit buses. Roughly 85% of the current transit bus fleet is powered by cleaner-burning compressed natural gas (abbreviated CNG) engines. RVTD was among one of the first transportation districts in the state of Oregon to operate a majority CNG fleet, originally acquiring their first prototype buses, the Blue Bird Q-Bus from Blue Bird Corporation, in 1995. Today RVTD has phased out the Blue Bird CNG vehicles in favor of the 35 foot natural gas coach manufactured by Gillig and New Flyer Industries. These newer buses provide for greater fuel capacity of 3600 psi compared to their predecessors 3000 psi limit (allowing greater range on one fill-up), provide space for more passengers (65 seated and standees compared to 50 seated and standees), a low floor design with fully automated wheelchair ramp (compared to the partially automated wheelchair lift), easier passenger boarding and deboarding, as well as a more powerful engine. In addition to their natural gas buses, the Rogue Valley Transportation District also operates diesel transit coaches in efforts to diversify their fuel usage. This has several key advantages including switching over to primarily diesel usage in the event of a natural gas price hike or vice versa. RVTD runs the diesel New Flyer Low Floor and Low Floor Restyled coach and the Gillig Low Floor exclusively, however that may change as future fleet acquisitions occur. Previously in district history the entire fleet consisted of the New Look with a blue, yellow, and white paint scheme but the coaches have since been phased out. All RVTD buses feature the standard amenities one can come to expect from any transit agency. For example all buses are equipped with front bike racks manufactured by SportsWorks, allowing up to two bicycles to be carried with their corresponding riders ). Each bus is equipped with both forward cabin and rear cabin heating units keeping each bus at a warm, comfortable temperature during the winter. Most of the buses also have air conditioning as well, save for the 4500 series (the GMC New Looks) which do not have A/C. All buses have padded frontal seats for additional comfort, with the 4500 series featuring both front and rear padded seats. In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 all RVTD buses feature some form of wheelchair ramp or lift as well as securement methods for the chairs themselves. The design in all buses allows a maximum of two wheelchairs to be secured safely in the bus at any given time. The majority of the fleet has automated time point stop announcement system on the buses; otherwise stops are called out by the operator. Real time schedule information is also available through Google maps. RVTD is currently working on a smart phone app to make the real-time information easier to access. RVTD's planning department includes a transportation demand management (TDM) program. Primarily funded by Region 3 of the Oregon Department of Transportation, the TDM program uses various techniques to promote alternatives to driving alone. Among these techniques are a group bus pass program, bicycle and pedestrian encouragement and education activities, carpool matching, transit marketing, and outreach to local government jurisdictions. Rogue Valley Transportation District Rogue Valley Transportation District is a transportation district serving the greater Jackson County, Oregon area. The district serves the cities of Medford, Ashland, White City, Phoenix, Talent, Jacksonville, and Central Point. The district also provides paratransit services to older adults and people with disabilities within its route coverage area. The Rogue Valley Transportation District (RVTD) was established May 6, 1975 upon the passing of a special election measure allowing the county to establish a transportation district"
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"Infierno en el Ring (2008) \"Infierno en el Ring\" (2008) (Spanish for \"Inferno in the ring\") was a professional wrestling Pay-Per-View (PPV) produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on June 13, 2008 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The main event was the eponimous \"Infierno en el Ring\" match that CMLL traditionally holds at least once a year. In 2008 the match was given its own event, whereas previously it had been a part of other events. The \"Infierno en el Ring\" match is a multi-man Steel Cage match where all the competitors risked their hair, with the last wrestler in the ring being shaved bald. The 2008 event saw ten men risk their hair: Heavy Metal, El Texano Jr., Damián 666, Mr. Águila, El Terrible, Perro Aguayo Jr., Shocker, Marco Corleone, Negro Casas and Alex Koslov. The event also featured 5 Six-man \"Lucha Libre rules\" tag team match, including the finals of a tournament to determine the next holders of the CMLL World Trios Championship as \"Los Ángleles\" (Spanish for \"The Angels; Héctor Garza, El Hijo del Fantasma and La Máscara faced Blue Panther, Dos Caras Jr. and Místico. The Mexican wrestling company \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) has held a number of major shows over the years using the moniker \"Infierno en el Ring\" (\"Inferno in the Ring\"), all of which were main evented by a multi-man steel cage match, the eponymous \"Infierno en el Ring\" match. CMLL has use the \"Infierno en el Ring\" match on other shows, but will intermittently hold a show billed specifically as \"Infierno en el Ring\", with the first such show held in 2008. It is not an annually recurring show, but instead held intermittently sometimes several years apart and not always in the same month of the year either. All \"Infierno en el Ring\" shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its \"home\". Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, which means the \"Infierno en el Ring\" \" shows replace their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show. The 2008 \"Infierno en el Ring\" show was the first show to use the name. The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as \"rudos\" in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (\"técnicos\" in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Infierno en el Ring (2008) \"Infierno en el Ring\" (2008) (Spanish for \"Inferno in the ring\") was a professional wrestling Pay-Per-View (PPV) produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on June 13, 2008 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The main event was the eponimous \"Infierno en el Ring\" match that CMLL traditionally holds at least once a year. In 2008"
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"2010 Asian Games torch relay The 2010 Asian Games torch relay was held from October 12, 2010 through 21 cities in Guangdong province and 2 cities of Guangdong province before the opening ceremony on November 12, 2010. Prior to the relay, a lighting ceremony was held back on October 9, 2010. Some 2,068 torchbearers are expected to carry the torch with one of the relay was held in indoor arena. The relay in Harbin was held in the main venue of the 1996 Asian Winter Games, the Harbin Ice Hockey Rink, while the relay on October 22, 2010 was affected by Typhoon Megi as it was held under the rain. The relay from November 6–8 acted as a demonstration relay. Two torch designs were short-listed in September 2009 for the 2010 Asian Games. \"\"The Tide\"\"(潮流) was chosen by the organisers as the torch of the Games, defeating the \"\"Exploit\"\" design. \"The Tide\" weighs 98g and is 70 cm long, and is tall and straight in shape, while dynamic in terms of image. The secondary official mark of the torch relay was unveiled on July 15, 2010, featuring a silhouette of a running goat holding a torch. On October 9, 2010, the flame lighting ceremony was held at the Juyongguan at the Great Wall of China in Beijing. A 22-year-old Yunnan Arts University student Kang Chen-chen (康辰晨) was chosen to light the torch. The condition at the time of the lighting was foggy, while she tried to light the torch with a solar mirror with little sunlight. Therefore, it took upwards of 2 minutes before the torch flame could come up. Kang received quite a bit of media attention afterwards. Most of it praised the way she handled the situation. The cauldron was then lit-up by president Hu Jintao. 2010 Asian"
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"2009–10 A.S. Roma season The 2009–10 season was Associazione Sportiva Roma's 77th season in Serie A. The club competed in Serie A, the Coppa Italia, and the UEFA Europa League. Roma finished second in Serie A with 80 points, two points behind Inter. In the previous season, Roma achieved sixth place in Serie A and qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League starting from the third qualifying round. ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Goalkeepers ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Defenders ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Midfielders ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Forwards ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Players transferred out during the season 2009–10 A.S. Roma season The 2009–10 season was Associazione Sportiva Roma's 77th season in Serie A. The club competed in Serie A, the Coppa Italia, and the UEFA Europa League. Roma finished second in Serie A with 80 points, two points behind Inter. In the previous season, Roma achieved sixth place in Serie A and qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League starting from the third qualifying round. ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Goalkeepers ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Defenders ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Midfielders ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"| Forwards ! colspan=14 style=\"background:#B21B1C; color:#FFD700; text-align:center\"|"
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"Tom Timmermann Thomas Henry Timmermann (born May 12, 1940) is a former American baseball player. He played professional baseball for 15 years from 1960 to 1974, including six seasons in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Detroit Tigers (1969–1973) and Cleveland Indians (1973–1974). He compiled a 35–35 win–loss record and a 3.78 earned run average (ERA), and recorded 35 saves and 315 strikeouts, in 228 major league games and 548 innings pitched. After setting a Detroit club record with 61 pitching appearances in 1970, all as a relief specialist, Timmermann was voted \"Tiger of the Year\" by the Detroit chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. During a minor league game in 1968, he tied a professional baseball record by recording the maximum of 27 infield outs in a nine-inning game for the Criollas de Caguas in the Puerto Rican Winter League. Timmermann was born in Breese, Illinois, in 1940. He grew up on a dirt farm on the Illinois prairie, attended Aviston High School and subsequently enrolled in Southern Illinois University Carbondale. While at Carbondale he became a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. Timmermann was signed by the Detroit Tigers as an amateur free agent in 1960 and spent nine-and-a-half years in the Tigers' farm system before making his major league debut. He began his minor league career in 1960 with the Montgomery Rebels and had stints with the Durham Bulls (1960, 1965), Duluth–Superior Dukes (1961), Knoxville Smokies (1962–63), Syracuse Chiefs (1963–66), Hawaii Islanders (1964), and Toledo Mud Hens (1967–1971). In October 1968, while playing for the Criollas de Caguas in the Puerto Rican Winter League, Timmermann pitched eight shutouts, including a five-hitter in which he recorded 12 strikeouts among 27 infield outs. Timmermann was tall — — and weighed 215 pounds. He made his major league debut on June 18, 1969, holding the New York Yankees hitless in 1-1/3 innings as a relief pitcher. As a 28-year-old rookie in 1969, Timmermann had a 2.75 earned run average (ERA), well below the league average 3.74, and a 4-3 win–loss record in 31 games (30 as a reliever). In 1970, and despite being demoted to Toledo for 26 days early in the season, Timmermann finished third in the American League with 27 saves and sixth in the league with 43 games finished. He appeared in 61 games, all as a relief specialist, breaking the Detroit franchise record of 55 pitching appearances set by Larry Sherry in 1966. Timmermann compiled a record of 6-7 with a 4.11 ERA. He was credited with converting a bullpen that manager Mayo Smith had called \"the worst I've ever seen in baseball\" into one that became \"almost unbeatable.\" In one sequence of 11 games in June and July, Timmermann recorded nine saves and two wins. At the end of the 1970 season, Timmermann was voted \"Tiger of the Year\" by the Detroit chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America — garnering 25% of the votes to edge Mickey Stanley and Al Kaline. Detroit sports writer Watson Spoelstra called Timmermann's 1970 performance \"the strongest bullpen job ever achieved in Detroit.\" In 1971, Timmermann appeared in 52 games (two as a starter), compiling a 7-6 record and a 3.86 ERA. In 1972, the Tigers moved Timmermann into the starting rotation, and he started 25 games and made nine relief appearances. He compiled an 8-10 record in 1972 with a 2.89 ERA. On June 15, 1973, the Tigers traded Timmermann to the Cleveland Indians in exchange for Ed Farmer. Timmermann started 15 games for the Indians in 1973 and made 14 relief appearances, finishing with a record of 8-7. Timmermann pitched only four games for the Indians in 1974. He played his final major league game on April 26, 1974. He concluded his professional baseball career in 1974 playing for the Toledo Mudhens and Oklahoma City 89ers. Tom Timmermann Thomas Henry Timmermann (born May 12, 1940) is a former American baseball player. He played professional baseball for 15 years from 1960 to 1974, including six seasons in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Detroit Tigers (1969–1973) and Cleveland Indians (1973–1974). He compiled a 35–35 win–loss record and a 3.78 earned run average"
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"Humphrey Pearson Humphrey Pearson (November 30, 1893 – February 24, 1937) was an American screenwriter and playwright of the 1930s. During his brief career, he penned a Broadway play and 22 screenplays. His promising career was cut short when he was found shot to death, under mysterious circumstances in his home, in early 1937. Pearson was born on November 30, 1893 in Columbus, Ohio. He would break into the film industry in 1929, writing the dialogue and titles to Mervyn LeRoy's \"Hot Stuff\", which was one of the few films Hollywood produced which was a silent film with sound sequences. Pearson's play, \"Shoestring\", would serve as the basis for Robert Lord's screenplay \"On With the Show!\", which in 1929 became the first color sound film. In the next two years Pearson would pen another seven screenplays, including \"Bride of the Regiment\", starring Vivienne Segal and Allan Prior, and featuring Walter Pidgeon and Myrna Loy; Michael Curtiz' \"Bright Lights\" (1930); \"Going Wild\", starring Joe E. Brown, and Walter Pidgeon; and another Mervyn Leroy film, \"Top Speed\", again starring Joe E. Brown. 1930 would also see Pearson's play, \"They Never Grow Up\", be produced. It would be the only play written by Pearson produced on Broadway, having a short run at the Theatre Masque, lasting for 24 performances. Its cast included Florence Auer, and Otto Kruger. Between 1931 and 1936 Pearson would be responsible for another fourteen screenplays. These would include \"Consolation Marriage\", with Irene Dunne and Pat O'Brien; George Archainbaud's \"The Lost Squadron\", starring Richard Dix, Mary Astor, Robert Armstrong, Joel McCrea, and Erich von Stroheim; \"Westward Passage\", starring Ann Harding, Laurence Olivier, and ZaSu Pitts; \"Face in the Sky\", starring Spencer Tracy; 1935's \"Ruggles of Red Gap\", which stars Charles Laughton, Mary Boland, Charlie Ruggles, ZaSu Pitts, Roland Young, and Leila Hyams, which \"The Film Daily\" rated one of the ten best films of 1935; and \"Red Salute\", starring Barbara Stanwyck. Pearson's last screenplay was 1936's \"Palm Springs\". In February 1937, after a night of drinking, Pearson was killed by a gunshot wound to the chest at his home in Palm Springs, California. His death occurred under mysterious circumstances. Initially, it was not clear whether the death was a suicide or at the hand of his wife, Rive King Pearson, but eventually the Palm Springs chief of police ruled it accidental. Humphrey Pearson Humphrey Pearson (November 30, 1893 – February"
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"Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (soundtrack) Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron is a soundtrack album and the ninth studio album by Bryan Adams and Hans Zimmer to the animated feature . The album was released on May 4, 2002 (see 2002 in music) and includes the European hit, \"Here I Am\". Both the English and French versions of the album have Bryan Adams as the singer. The German vocals were provided by Hartmut Engler, lead singer of the German pop band Pur. Spanish vocals in the Latin version of the soundtrack were recorded by Mexican singer Erik Rubin and Italian vocals in the Italian version of the soundtrack were recorded by singer Zucchero. In the Spanish version, Raúl Malo also sings several songs. In Brazil, a Portuguese version of the soundtrack was recorded by Brazilian singer Paulo Ricardo. Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (soundtrack) Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron is a soundtrack album and the ninth studio album by Bryan Adams and Hans Zimmer to the animated feature . The album was released on May 4, 2002 (see 2002 in music) and includes the European hit, \"Here I Am\". Both the English and French versions of the album have Bryan"
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"Paganello Paganello is a beach ultimate event held over the Easter weekend in Rimini, Italy. The sport competitions which take place during Paganello are the World Beach Ultimate Cup and the Acrobatic Freestyle Paganello. It was in Rimini, at Paganello that Beach Ultimate, the beach version of Ultimate, was invented. Held for the first time in 1991, Paganello has become one of the world's biggest Ultimate events and one of the most popular tournaments internationally. Many of the best European teams as well as many competitive American teams attend Paganello. More than 1,200 athletes from 25 countries attend and play a total of almost 500 games. The tournament takes place over the course of four days, ending on Monday afternoon with the finals of the four divisions: juniors, mixed, women's and men's, played in front of about 10,000 spectators. Paganello Paganello is a beach ultimate event held over the Easter weekend in Rimini, Italy. The sport competitions which take place during Paganello are the World Beach Ultimate Cup and the Acrobatic Freestyle Paganello. It was in Rimini, at Paganello that Beach Ultimate, the beach version of Ultimate, was invented. Held for the first time in 1991, Paganello has become one"
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"Mangga Besar, Jakarta Mangga Besar is an administrative village of Taman Sari, West Jakarta, Indonesia.This village is adjacent to Jalan Pinangsia road (Glodok) in the north, Ciliwung River to the west, \"Tankgi\" to the east and Jalan Mangga Besar road in the south. The neighbor-hood is a popular nightlife destination in Jakarta. Historically, the area is one of the first 'lokalisasi' area of the Batavian era. In the past, the Batavian community knew PSK as 'cabo', which was adapted from 'caibo' - a mandarin term for ladies of the night. Visitors were VOC officials and Chinese traders. Population of this neighborhood are predominantly ethnic Chinese Indonesian like the adjacent Chinatown of Glodok. There are at least 3 Chinese temples within the neighborhood. Vihara Avalokitesvara. temple was built in 1936, has altars of Buddha and Guan Yin (Goddess of Mercy). Husada Hospital, which was previously known as Jang Seng Le is located in the area, was established in 1924, making it one of the longest-serving hospitals in Jakarta. Mangga Besar is famous as a notorious nightlife area of Jakarta. Numerous bars, nightclubs, karaoke, cafe, massage parlors and sex-hotel located in the area. \"Lokasari Plaza\" is a shopping mall which also houses many nightclus, bar, karaoke and massage parlor. Not only notorious as the center of nightlife, Mangga Besar is also known for its tempting eateries. A variety of Chinese food and also a variety of food from the Indonesian archipelago under influence of Chinese culture, which is the very unique and interesting about foods of Mangga Besar. Chinese dishes made from dog, turtle, cobras, frogs and lizard meat can be found here. The area is served by TransJakarta corridor 1, Blok M-Kota route. Mangga Besar railway station of Jakarta metro rail is located in the neighborhood. Mangga Besar, Jakarta Mangga Besar"
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"German submarine U-1063 German submarine \"U-1063\" was a Type VIIC/41 submarine of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 17 August 1943 by Germaniawerft in Kiel. She was commissioned on 8 July 1944 with \"Kapitänleutnant\" Karl-Heinz Stephan in command. German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the heavier Type VIIC submarines. \"U-1063\" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . \"U-1063\" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. On her first patrol \"U-1063\" was sunk on 15 April 1945 in the English Channel east of Land's End, south of Bigbury, Devon, in position , by squid depth charges from the British frigate . 29 of the crew were killed, there were 17 survivors. She lies at a depth of . German submarine U-1063 German submarine \"U-1063\" was a Type VIIC/41 submarine of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. Her keel was laid"
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"Kārlis Skrastiņš Kārlis Skrastiņš (July 9, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Latvian professional ice hockey player. Skrastiņš was drafted by the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League in 1998 as a defenceman and spent twelve years in the league playing for the Predators, the Colorado Avalanche, the Florida Panthers, and the Dallas Stars. For the 2011-2012 season, Skrastiņš left the NHL and signed a contract to play in Russia for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). However, he never got to play a game for Lokomotiv as he was killed in the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash that killed almost the entire team on September 7, 2011. Skrastiņš was drafted by Nashville Predators with the 230th pick in the ninth round of 1998 NHL Entry Draft. On October 15, 2002, against the New York Islanders, he scored a 5-on-3 shorthanded goal. He played for Nashville for five seasons until being traded to the Colorado Avalanche in 2003. On February 8, 2007, he played in his 487th consecutive game to pass Tim Horton for the longest playing streak in NHL history for a defenceman. Skrastiņš' streak ended at 495 games, when he missed a February 25, 2007 game against the Anaheim Ducks with a knee injury. He had previously missed only one other game due to injury in his career — against St. Louis on February 18, 2000, with a minor shoulder injury. The streak led to him being given the nickname \"Ironman\". In his fourth season with the Avalanche in 2007–08, he was traded to the Florida Panthers for Ruslan Salei on February 26, 2008. In his first full season with the Panthers in 2008–09, Skrastiņš scored a career high 18 points in 80 games. On October 16, 2008, he played his 600th career NHL game against the Minnesota Wild and on November 1, 2008, he scored his 100th point in his NHL career in a 3–2 loss fittingly against his original club, the Nashville Predators. On July 2, 2009, he was signed by the Dallas Stars to a two-year contract worth $2.75 million. He scored his only two goals of the 2009–10 season, including the game winner, on December 19 in a 4–3 Stars victory over the Detroit Red Wings. On May 17, 2011, after eleven seasons in the NHL, Skrastiņš left to sign a contract with Russian team, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. On September 7, 2011, he was killed, when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, carrying nearly his entire Lokomotiv team, crashed just outside Yaroslavl, Russia. The team was traveling to Minsk to play their opening game of the season, with its coaching staff and prospects. Lokomotiv officials said \"'everyone from the main roster was on the plane plus four players from the youth team.'\" Kārlis Skrastiņš Kārlis Skrastiņš (July 9, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Latvian professional ice hockey player. Skrastiņš was drafted by the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League in 1998 as a defenceman and spent twelve years in the"
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"Yacovelli v. Moeser The Yacovelli v. Moeser case was a result of a summer reading program for new students implemented by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2002 that was objected to by several groups and was referred to by the media as the UNC-Qur'an Controversy. Professor Carl W. Ernst of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) was asked if there was a good translation of the Qur'an that would be suitable for its Summer reading program of 2002. The program amounts to reading a short book, writing a short paper, and participating in small group discussion for two hours. He suggested Ernst noted that if it were not available he couldn't recommend one for the program. The book was adopted and the program set. On May 21, 2002, conservative commentator Brit Hume of Foxnews released the first known news story on the forthcoming program followed by NPR on May 29. Early responses from parents directly to the university were generally negative though others said it was a courageous choice. Initially the ACLU and conservative commentators were concerned that a favoritism in religion was being shown. The then Chancellor of UNC, James Moeser, began to appear in various news outlets reporting some of the negative feedback his office had received but supporting the program noting most of the incoming students were assumed to be Christian or Jewish with a comparative lack of understanding Islam and that part of the mission of the university, its \"great function\", was to help expand understanding of other cultures. In July The O'Reilly Factor covered the controversy followed in August the television shows Good Morning America and Nightline as the time of the reading program approached. Public talking points included whether the effort respected the suffering in light of September 11 attacks or that was an initial approach to the subject of Islam, a natural subject for review in light of 9-11. Under pressure, the university changed the implementation of the program for the incoming class of 4,200 freshmen and transfer students by asking those who objected to reading the book to write a one-page essay explaining their reasons. Ultimately 2,260 freshmen took part on August 19 (after a court case ruled in favor of the university) in some 160 small group discussions led by one or more of 178 faculty and staff. Significant news coverage began in July and continued through November 2002, while further analysis and recall of the experience continue to be published. A conservative-Christian activist group, the Family Policy Network (FPN), filed suit in the U.S. District Court, Middle District of North Carolina, on July 22, 2002, representing several students who were allowed to remain anonymous seeking a preliminary injunction to keep UNC from conducting its summer program, alleging that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and abridged students' rights to free exercise of religion by obliging them to study Islam against their will. The case was entitled \"Yacovelli v. Moeser\" (after James Yacovelli, an FPN spokesman, and James Moeser, the UNC Chancellor). The plaintiffs also asserted that the university through choosing Michael Sells book had misrepresented Islam by not by focusing on its more controversial elements. The university countered that the implementation of allowing students who objected to the reading were allowed to submit a single page report with their reasoning and thereby opt out of reading the book, but still participate in the discussions, insured that there was no violation of the Constitution and sought to continue with the program. The court ruled in favor of UNC, and FPN appealed to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, [\"Yacovelli v. Moeser\", Aff'd, Case No. 02-1889, (4th Cir., Aug. 19, 2002)] but lost again. Between the case and its first appeal North Carolina state government representative J. Sam Ellis was among those that sought to limit funding for the summer reading program when on August 7 the House Appropriations Committee voted to bar public funds for use in UNC's 2002 summer reading program, unless \"all known religions are given equal treatment.\" This proviso was removed when the state budget finally passed in mid-September. The overall conclusion of Chief Judge N. Carlton Tilley, Jr., was that the book was strictly academic, not religious in nature, and therefore did not amount to a religious activity despite claims that listening to the CD exposes students to \"the spell cast by a holy man of Islam\" for example. The judge ended his analysis with an application of the \"Lemon test\" deriving from the \"Lemon vs. Kurtzman\" court case. Chief Judge Tilley said: Approaching the Qur'an\" simply cannot be compared to religious practices that have been deemed violative of the \"Establishment Clause\", such as posting the Ten Commandments, reading the Lord's Prayer, or reciting prayers in school. The book does include surahs, which are similar to Christian Psalms. However, by his own words, the author endeavors only to explain Islam and not to endorse it. Furthermore, listening to Islamic prayers in an effort to understand the artistic nature of the readings and its connection to a historical religious text does not have the primary effect of advancing religion. The university's lawyers observed that the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed the academic study of religion in public schools and universities when Justice Tom C. Clark in 1963 declared, \"one's education is not complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religion and its relationship to the advancement of civilization.\" Based on this as it applies to the Qur'an specifically, university officials then argued that, in addition to being constitutionally permissible, one's education is not complete without a study of the Qur'an (as well as the history of Islam) and its relationship to the advancement of civilization. A revised challenge by the American Family Association's Center for Law and Policy, who had represented FPN all along, was filed in 2004, [\"Yacovelli v. Moeser\", 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9152, (M.D.N.C. May 20, 2004)] which also lost on appeal, [Motion granted by, dismissed by \"Yacovelli v. Moeser\", 324 F. Supp. 2d 760, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12815 (M.D.N.C., July 7, 2004)] addressed various challenges of presenting material online related to the program by ruling it was in fact just focused on presenting the program rather than religious instruction. UNC's own count of news coverage includes some 41 days, with some days having many news stories – for example, August 28 has 31 instances of coverage. On August 27, C-SPAN covered Chancellor Moeser's speech at the National Press Club. He noted many of the objections his office had received. In addition to those already mentioned, many other news outlets covered the controversy, including \"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart\". Yacovelli v. Moeser The Yacovelli v. Moeser case was a result of a summer reading program for new students implemented by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2002 that was objected to by several groups and was referred to by the media as the UNC-Qur'an Controversy. Professor Carl W. Ernst of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) was asked if there was a good translation of the Qur'an that would be suitable for its Summer"
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"Arbeatha Park Arbeatha Park is a sub-neighbourhood of Lynwood Village, which is in turn a sub-neighbourhood of Bells Corners in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Bounded to the west is Moodie Drive, north is Old Richmond Road, east is Lynwood Village and south is a forest owned by the city of Ottawa. The neighbourhood is the second area to be developed in Bells Corners from 1955–1958. Later in the 1970s more townhouses were built on Old Richmond Road. It is home to Arbeatha Park located on Arbeatha Street. A mosque called Jamiatul Muslemeen is on Moodie Drive. It was home to D. Aubrey Moodie Public School, which was Bell Corners' junior high school ranging from grades 6–8. D.A.Moodie Public School was closed in 2017. Arbeatha Park Arbeatha Park is a sub-neighbourhood of Lynwood Village, which is in turn a sub-neighbourhood of Bells Corners in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Bounded to the west is Moodie Drive, north is Old Richmond Road, east is Lynwood Village and south is a forest owned by the city of Ottawa. The neighbourhood is the second area to be developed in Bells Corners from 1955–1958. Later in the 1970s more townhouses"
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"Symphony No. 9 (Myaskovsky) Nikolai Myaskovsky wrote his Symphony No. 9 in E minor, Op. 28, between 1926 and 1927. It was dedicated to Nikolai Malko. The symphony is in four movements: Myaskovsky made the first sketches of the ninth symphony in the summer of 1926 in Tutschkowo. At this time he was not sure whether the work would become a symphony or a suite. He called it an \"undefinable music-beast\". Then in November Myaskovsky undertook his only journey abroad, which led him first to Warsaw to the inauguration of the Chopin monument and afterwards to Vienna. There he met the director of Universal Edition, A. I. Dsimitrowski, in order to sign a contract over the publication of his chamber music. Myaskovsky however ran fast back to Russia, in order to worry his pupils hard and continue working over his compositions. In Moscow he prepared in the summer the sketches to the drafts of a symphony, and afterwards he dedicated himself to the conception of the tenth symphony. Only after he orchestrated the ninth symphony, were both works finished. The relatively large-scale symphony is again in four movements, and again, as with symphonies 6 and 8, the positions of the Scherzo and the slow movement are exchanged from their usual spots. The music harmonically and melodically resembles the seventh symphony, and stands in contrast to the tenth as the seventh does the sixth. The character is predominantly dreamy and lyric, the tensions of the earlier symphonies are missing. Myaskovsky had been occupied in this time more closely with the music of Claude Debussy, and from Sergei Prokofiev had been able from Paris to acquire some scores. In Debussy he admired the manner of representing \"the lovely breathing of nature\" in his music. The topic material is arranged uncomplicated and based to a large extent on folk songs or folk song-like melodies. Myaskovsky used rich polyphony, but nevertheless the music remains always transparent. Some melodies and motives are, further, heard throughout the entire piece, more so than in Myaskovsky's earlier symphonies. The first movement begins with dissonant chords, which create a mysterious atmosphere. Only the last one of these chords has a clear kind of tonality rooted in E minor, and introduces the second theme, which is marked with \"Moderato malinconico\". This melody is contrapuntally varied with the first theme (the theme associated with the dissonant chords). Still later there is a new theme in triplets in the woodwinds. In the middle of the first movement is a sort of trio in C major, which already anticipates the main theme of the second movement. The reprise brings all parts together and ends with a clear calm, in which isolated fragments of the melodies ring out. The second movement, a sort of scherzo, is a sonata form with an altogether brighter tendency than the first movement. Its second theme, which is songful and dance-like, follows the main theme, which was to be heard in the first movement. The remainder of the movement follows the formal example, but towards the end becomes rather bitter and astringent. S. Gulinskaja describes the theme of the third movement as \"of the most beautiful and most intimate melodies of Myaskovsky\". Motives from the first movement are to be heard during its progress. The finale is a rondo with another dance-like second theme, not quite as light of step as that of the second movement; it concludes with its second theme incredibly inflated, the tempo slowed, and a crashing halt. Motives from the first and second movements are repeated during the finale. The ninth and tenth symphonies were premiered on 29 April 1928, the ninth premiered under the direction of Konstantin Saradzhev. (The tenth was premiered by the conductorless orchestra Persimfans.) The symphony was a success, whether or not it is among the composer's more significant works. Myaskovsky had called it from the beginning \"symphonic Intermezzo\" and to the tenth symphony had started to attach more meaning nearly at the same time. The composer was nevertheless very content with this work, according to his opinion it was his first \"for orchestras easily playable and practicable(?)\" work. Nikolai Malko, who had premiered his 5th Symphony, was the dedicatee. Symphony"
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"Santiago Lanzuela Marina Santiago Lanzuela Marina (Teruel, Spain, 27 September 1948) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the People's Party (PP) and who previously served as President of the Government of Aragon, one of the Spanish regional administrations. An economist by profession, Lanzuela is married with two children. In 1974 he became head of the office for Spanish co-operation with Nicaragua and then served as a director in the Spanish Employment Ministry from 1976 to 1981. In 1987 he was elected to the Aragonese Regional Assembly and in 1989 the PP entered a coalition government with the Aragonese Party (PAR) with Lanzuela serving as Economics Minister until 1993. On 28 May 1995 the PP received the most votes in the Aragonese regional elections and as lead PP candidate, he was elected President of Aragon. Although the PP increased their number of votes and seats in the 1999 elections, the PAR instead backed the candidate of the rival Spanish Socialist Workers' Party for President. At the 2000 General Election he was elected to the Spanish Congress, representing Teruel province and was re-elected at the subsequent elections in 2004 and 2008. Santiago Lanzuela Marina Santiago Lanzuela Marina (Teruel, Spain, 27 September"
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"Joan Dingley Joan Marjorie Dingley, (14 May 1916 – 1 January 2008), was one of the pioneer women of New Zealand science. She worked for the DSIR Plant Diseases Division from 1941 to 1976, becoming the head of mycology. She was a major research scientist in New Zealand for both laboratory and field-based plant pathology, and for taxonomic mycology. Her research interests lay with the taxonomy of ascomycetes, especially the Hypocreales. She rapidly became a world authority on these fungi. About 30 species of fungi have \"dingleyae\" as their species name, and the genus \"Dingleya\" was also named after her. She wrote a major, comprehensive list of New Zealand plant diseases, published in 1969. Dingley developed the New Zealand Fungal Herbarium, building specimen numbers from 4,000 to 35,000 by the time she retired. Dingley also had a love for horticulture and gardening. She was a prime mover in the establishment of the Auckland Regional Botanic Gardens, and became an honorary life member of the ‘Friends’ of the gardens. Dingley was awarded an honorary DSc by Massey University in 1994. She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to botany. In 2004, Landcare Research named one of its Auckland laboratories the JM Dingley Microbiology Laboratory in her honour. She attended the naming ceremony. Joan Dingley Joan Marjorie Dingley, (14 May 1916 – 1 January 2008), was one of the pioneer women of New Zealand science. She worked for the DSIR Plant Diseases Division from 1941 to 1976, becoming the head of mycology. She was a major research scientist in New Zealand for both laboratory and field-based plant pathology, and for taxonomic mycology. Her research interests lay with the taxonomy of ascomycetes, especially the Hypocreales. She rapidly became a world"
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"Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad , often shortened to \"Rio Grande\", D&RG or D&RGW, formerly the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, was an American Class I railroad company. The railroad started as a narrow-gauge line running south from Denver, Colorado in 1870. It served mainly as a transcontinental bridge line between Denver, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The Rio Grande was also a major origin of coal and mineral traffic. The Rio Grande was the epitome of mountain railroading, with a motto of \"Through the Rockies, not around them\" and later \"Main line through the Rockies\", both referring to the Rocky Mountains. The D&RGW operated the highest mainline rail line in the United States, over the Tennessee Pass in Colorado, and the famed routes through the Moffat Tunnel and the Royal Gorge. At its height in the mid-1880s, the D&RG had the largest narrow-gauge railroad network in North America with of track interconnecting the states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Known for its independence, the D&RGW operated the \"Rio Grande Zephyr\" until its discontinuation in 1983. This was the last private intercity passenger train in the United States until Brightline began service in Florida in 2018. In 1988, the Rio Grande's parent corporation, Rio Grande Industries, purchased Southern Pacific Transportation Company, and as the result of a merger, the larger Southern Pacific Railroad name was chosen for identity. The Rio Grande operated as a separate division of the Southern Pacific, until that company was acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad. Today, most former D&RGW main lines are owned and operated by the Union Pacific while several branch lines are now operated as heritage railways by various companies. The Denver & Rio Grande Railway (D&RG) was incorporated on October 27, 1870 by General William Jackson Palmer (1836-1909), and a board of four directors. It was originally announced that the new railroad would proceed south from Denver and travel an estimated south to El Paso via Pueblo, westward along the Arkansas River, and continue southward through the San Luis Valley of Colorado toward the Rio Grande. Closely assisted by his friend and new business partner Dr. William Bell, Palmer's new \"Baby Road\" laid the first rails out of Denver on July 28, 1871 and reached the location of the new town of Colorado Springs (then the Fountain Colony) by October 21. Narrow gauge was chosen in part because construction and equipment costs would be relatively more affordable when weighed against that of the prevailing standard gauge. Palmer's first hand impressions of the Ffestiniog Railway in Wales buoyed his interest in the narrow-gauge concept which would prove to be advantageous while conquering the mountainous regions of the Southwest. Eventually the route of the D&RG would be amended (including a plan to continue south from Pueblo over Raton Pass) and added to as new opportunities and competition challenged the railroad's expanding goals. Feverish, competitive construction plans provoked the 1877–1880 war over right of way with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Both rivals hired gunslingers and bought politicians while courts intervened to bring settlement to the disagreements. One anecdote of the conflict recounts June 1879 when the Santa Fe defended its roundhouse in Pueblo with Dodge City toughs led by Bat Masterson; on that occasion, D&RG treasurer R. F. Weitbrec paid the defenders to leave. In March 1880, a Boston Court granted the AT&SF the rights to Raton Pass, while the D&RG paid an exorbitant $1.4 million for the trackage extending through the Arkansas River's Royal Gorge. The D&RG's possession of this route allowed quick access to the booming mining district of Leadville, Colorado. While this \"Treaty of Boston\" did not exactly favor the purist of original D&RG intentions, the conquering of new mining settlements to the west and the future opportunity to expand into Utah was realized from this settlement. By late 1880 William Bell had begun to organize railway construction in Utah that would become the Palmer controlled Denver & Rio Grande Western Railway in mid-1881. The intention of the D&RGW (aka the \"Western\") was to work eastward from Provo to an eventual link with westward bound D&RG in Colorado. This physical connection was realized near Green River, Utah on March 30, 1883, and by May of that year the D&RG formally leased its Utah subsidiary as previously planned. By mid-1883, financial difficulties due to aggressive growth and expenditures led to a shake up among the D&RG board of directors, and General Palmer resigned as president of the D&RG in August 1883, while retaining that position with the Western. Frederick Lovejoy would soon fill Palmer's vacated seat on the D&RG, the first in a succession of post Palmer presidents that would attempt to direct the railroad through future struggles and successes. Following bitter conflict with the Rio Grande Western during lease disagreements and continued financial struggles, the D&RG went into receivership in July 1884 with court appointed receiver William S. Jackson in control. Eventual foreclosure and sale of the original Denver & Rio Grande Railway resulted within two years and the new Denver & Rio Grande Railroad took formal control of the property and holdings on July 14, 1886 with Jackson appointed as president. General Palmer would continue as president of the Utah line until retirement (due to company re-organization) in 1901. The D&RG built west from Pueblo reaching Cañon City in 1874. The line through the Royal Gorge reached Salida on May 20, 1880 and was pushed to Leadville later that same year. From Salida, the D&RG pushed west over the Continental Divide at the Marshall Pass and reached Gunnison on August 6, 1881. From Gunnison the line entered the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River passing the famous Curecanti Needle seen in their famous \"Scenic Line of the World\" Herald. The tracks left the increasingly difficult canyon at Cimmaron and passed over Cerro Summit, reaching Montrose on September 8, 1882. From Montrose, a line was laid north through Delta, reaching Grand Junction in March 1883, which completed a narrow-gauge transcontinental link with the Rio Grande Western Railway to Salt Lake City, Utah. The line from Pueblo to Leadville was upgraded in 1887 to three rails to accommodate both narrow-gauge and standard-gauge operation. Narrow-gauge branch lines were constructed to Crested Butte, Lake City, Ouray and Somerset. The route over Tennessee Pass had steep grades, and it was not uncommon to see trains running with midtrain and rear-end helpers. In 1997, a year after the D&RGW/SP merger with Union Pacific, the UP closed the line. Although it has been out of service for nearly two decades, the rails are still in usable condition, though many of the signals have been ravaged by time and vandals. In 2011, under a federal Beautification Grant, a private contractor removed and scrapped the railroad's overhead signal pole lines. The D&RG also pushed west from Walsenburg, Colorado over La Veta Pass (now \"Old La Veta Pass\") by 1877. At the time the 'Uptop' depot on Veta Pass, rising over in elevation, boasted the highest elevation for a narrow-gauge railroad. The railroad reached Alamosa by 1878. From Alamosa, a line was pushed south through Antonito eventually reaching Santa Fe, New Mexico (the Chili Line) and west as far as Creede, Colorado. A line containing one of the longest tangent tracks in U.S. railroading () also linked Alamosa with Salida to the north. From Antonito a line was built over Cumbres Pass, along the Colorado-New Mexico border, reaching Durango, Colorado in August 1881 and continuing north to the rich mining areas around Silverton in July 1882. A line was also constructed in 1902 as a standard-gauge line, perhaps in anticipation of possible standard gauging of the entire line, south from Durango, Colorado to Farmington, New",
"on Veta Pass, rising over in elevation, boasted the highest elevation for a narrow-gauge railroad. The railroad reached Alamosa by 1878. From Alamosa, a line was pushed south through Antonito eventually reaching Santa Fe, New Mexico (the Chili Line) and west as far as Creede, Colorado. A line containing one of the longest tangent tracks in U.S. railroading () also linked Alamosa with Salida to the north. From Antonito a line was built over Cumbres Pass, along the Colorado-New Mexico border, reaching Durango, Colorado in August 1881 and continuing north to the rich mining areas around Silverton in July 1882. A line was also constructed in 1902 as a standard-gauge line, perhaps in anticipation of possible standard gauging of the entire line, south from Durango, Colorado to Farmington, New Mexico. Originally hauling mainly agricultural products and serving as a deterrent to the Santa Fe building up from the south, the line was converted to narrow gauge in 1923, and later delivered pipe and other construction materials to the local oil and natural gas industry into the 1960s. Portions of the Alamosa-Durango Line survive to this day. The Walsenburg-Alamosa-Antonito line survives as the standard-gauge San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad, with passenger excursion trains service provided by the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad. Two narrow-gauge segments survive as steam railroads, the Antonito-Chama line as the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad and Durango-Silverton as the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad. The D&RG built west from Leadville over Tennessee Pass in an attempt to reach the mining areas around Aspen, Colorado before its rival railroad in the area, the Colorado Midland, could build a line reaching there. The D&RG built a line through Glenwood Canyon to Glenwood Springs, reaching Aspen in October 1887. The D&RG then joined with the Colorado Midland to build a line from Glenwood Springs connecting with D&RG at Grand Junction. Originally considered a secondary branch route to Grand Junction, the entire route from Leadville to Grand Junction was upgraded to standard gauge in 1890, and the original narrow-gauge route via Marshall Pass became a secondary route. The original Denver & Rio Grande Western Railway built a narrow-gauge line from Ogden, Utah via Soldier Summit, Utah to Grand Junction, Colorado. The railroad became the Rio Grande Western Railway in 1889 as part of a finance plan to upgrade the line from narrow gauge to standard gauge, and built several branch lines in Utah to reach lucrative coal fields. It was the railway which Gustaf Nordenskiöld employed to haul boxcars of relics from the Mesa Verde, Colorado, cliff dwellings, in 1891, en route to the National Museum of Finland. In 1901, the Denver & Rio Grande merged with the Rio Grande Western, consolidating in 1908. However, the railroad was weakened by speculators, who had used the Rio Grande's equity to finance Western Pacific Railroad construction. The United States Railroad Administration (USRA) took over the D&RG during World War I. In 1918 the D&RG fell into receivership after the bankruptcy of Western Pacific. The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW or DRGW) was incorporated in 1920, and formally emerged as the new re-organization of the old Denver & Rio Grande Railroad on July 31, 1921. In 1931, the D&RGW acquired the Denver and Salt Lake Western Railroad, a paper railroad subsidiary of the Denver and Salt Lake Railroad, (D&SL) which had acquired the rights to build a connection between the two railroads. After years of negotiation, the D&RGW gained trackage rights on the D&SL from Denver to the new cutoff. In 1932, the D&RGW began construction of the Dotsero Cutoff east of Glenwood Springs to near Bond on the Colorado River, at a location called Orestod (Dotsero spelled backward). Construction was completed in 1934, giving Denver a direct transcontinental link to the west. The D&RGW slipped into bankruptcy again in 1935. Emerging in 1947, it merged with the D&SL on March 3, 1947, gaining control of the \"Moffat Road\" through the Moffat Tunnel and a branch line from Bond to Craig, Colorado. Finally free from financial problems, the D&RGW now possessed a direct route from Denver to Salt Lake City (the detour south through Pueblo and Tennessee Pass was no longer required for direct service), but a problem still remained: for transcontinental service, the Union Pacific's more northerly line was far less mountainous (and, as a result, several hours faster). The D&RGW's solution was its \"fast freight\" philosophy, which employed multiple diesel locomotives pulling short, frequent trains. This philosophy helps to explain why the D&RGW, despite its proximity to one of the nation's most productive coal mining regions, retired coal-fueled steam locomotives as quickly as new, replacement diesels could be purchased. By 1956, the D&RGW's standard-gauge steam locomotives had been retired and scrapped. The reason for this was that unlike steam locomotives, diesel locomotives could easily be combined, using the diesels' multiple unit capabilities, to equip each train with the optimum horsepower which was needed to meet the D&RGW's aggressive schedule. The D&RGW's sense of its unique geographical challenge found expression in the form of the \"California Zephyr\", a passenger train which was jointly operated with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) from Chicago to Denver, the D&RGW from Denver to Salt Lake City, and the Western Pacific Railroad from Salt Lake City to Oakland, California (with ferry and bus connections to San Francisco). Unable to compete with the Union Pacific's faster, less mountainous route and 39-hour schedules, the \"California Zephyr\" offered a more leisurely journey – a \"rail cruise\" – with ample vistas of the Rockies. Although the \"California Zephyr\" ran at full capacity and turned a modest profit from its 1949 inception through the late 1950s, by the mid-1960s the train was profitable only during the late spring, summer, and fall. In 1970, Western Pacific, claiming multimillion-dollar losses, dropped out. However, the D&RGW refused to join the national Amtrak system, and continued to operate its share of the Zephyr equipment as the \"Rio Grande Zephyr\" between Denver and Salt Lake City until 1983, when Amtrak rerouted the \"San Francisco Zephyr\" to the Moffat Road line and renamed it the \"California Zephyr\". Even as the D&RGW exploited the best new standard-gauge technology to compete with other transcontinental carriers, the railroad continued to operate the surviving steam-powered narrow-gauge lines, including the famed narrow-gauge line between Durango and Silverton, Colorado. Most of the remaining narrow-gauge trackage was abandoned in the 1950s and 1960s. At the end of 1970 it operated of road on of track; that year it carried 7733 ton-miles of revenue freight and 21 million passenger-miles. Two of the most scenic routes survived in operation by the D&RGW, until they were sold to tourist railroad operators. The Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad assumed operation of the line between Antonito, Colorado and Chama, New Mexico in 1970. The last D&RGW narrow-gauge line, from Durango to Silverton, was sold in 1981 to the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, exactly one hundred years after the line went into operation. In 1988, Rio Grande Industries, the company that controlled the D&RGW under the direction of Philip Anschutz, purchased the Southern Pacific Transportation Company (SP). The D&RGW used Southern Pacific's name with SP due to its name recognition among shippers. In time, the D&RGW's fast freight philosophy gave way to SP's long-established practice of running long, slow trains. A contributing factor was the rising cost of diesel fuel, a trend that set in after the 1973 oil crisis, which gradually undermined the D&RGW's fuel-consuming \"fast freight\" philosophy. By the early 1990s, the combined Rio Grande/Southern Pacific system had",
"from Durango to Silverton, was sold in 1981 to the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, exactly one hundred years after the line went into operation. In 1988, Rio Grande Industries, the company that controlled the D&RGW under the direction of Philip Anschutz, purchased the Southern Pacific Transportation Company (SP). The D&RGW used Southern Pacific's name with SP due to its name recognition among shippers. In time, the D&RGW's fast freight philosophy gave way to SP's long-established practice of running long, slow trains. A contributing factor was the rising cost of diesel fuel, a trend that set in after the 1973 oil crisis, which gradually undermined the D&RGW's fuel-consuming \"fast freight\" philosophy. By the early 1990s, the combined Rio Grande/Southern Pacific system had lost much of the competitive advantage that made it attractive to transcontinental shippers, and became largely dependent on hauling the high-quality coal produced in the mine fields of Colorado and Utah. D&RGW locomotives retained their reporting marks and colors after the consolidation with the Southern Pacific and would do so until the Union Pacific merger. The one noticeable change was to Southern Pacific's \"Bloody Nose\" paint scheme. The serif font on the sides of the locomotives was replaced by the Rio Grande's \"speed lettering\", which was utilized on all SP locomotives built after the merger. On September 11, 1996, Anschutz sold the combined D&RGW/SP system with the parent company Southern Pacific Rail Corporation to the Union Pacific Corporation, partly in response to the earlier merger of Burlington Northern and Santa Fe which formed the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway. As the Union Pacific absorbed the D&RGW into its system, signs of the fabled mountain railroad's existence are slowly fading away. D&RGW 5371, the only original D&RGW locomotive in full Rio Grande paint on the Union Pacific, was retired by UP in December, 2008. As previously promised by UP, the D&RGW 5371 was donated to the Utah State Railroad Museum at Ogden's Union Station on August 17, 2009, and will reside in the Eccles Rail Center at the south end of the building. The museum is located at 25th Street and Wall Ave in Ogden, Utah. Many other Rio Grande locomotives still run in service with Union Pacific, but have been \"patch-renumbered,\" with a patch applied over the locomotive's number and the number boards replaced. This method allows the locomotives to be numbered into the Union Pacific's roster but is cheaper than fully repainting the engine into UP Armour Yellow. In 2006, Union Pacific unveiled UP 1989, an EMD SD70ACe painted in a stylized version of the DRGW color scheme. This unit is one of several SD70ACe locomotives the UP has painted in stylized colors to help preserve the image of the railroads it has merged; the others are Missouri Pacific Railroad, Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, Chicago and North Western Railway, Southern Pacific Railroad, and Western Pacific Railroad. The following people served as presidents (or the equivalent) of the D&RGW and its predecessors. This is a partial list of D&RGW passenger trains. Westbound trains had odd numbers, while eastbound trains had even numbers. Many of the trains were named and renamed as well as being re-numbered. There are over 180 names on a complete list of all the railroad's named trains. The Union Pacific acquired all D&RG owned assets at the time of the merger. The UP operates the former D&RGW main line as part of its Central Corridor. However, several branch lines and other assets have been sold, abandoned or re-purposed. These include several presently operating heritage railways that trace their origins to the Denver & Rio Grande Western. Active rail assets tracing their heritage to the D&RGW that are not part of the Union Pacific network today include: The largest collection of surviving \"California Zephyr\" equipment can be found at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California, although this museum focuses on the Western Pacific Railroad, rather than the Rio Grande. Museums that focus on the D&RG include: Museums using former D&RG depots as buildings include: Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad , often shortened to \"Rio Grande\", D&RG or"
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"retrieved": [
"Charlie Tidwell Charles 'Charlie' Tidwell (March 30, 1937 – August 28, 1969) was an American track athlete who was one of the best sprinter/hurdlers in the world in the years 1958–60. He was denied a chance to run in the 1960 Olympics by injury. His life was cut short at 32 years of age when he shot himself to death after killing his wife following a violent quarrel between the two. Tidwell was a native of Independence, Kansas, where he was a star athlete at his high school. The highlight was a national junior record for the 180 y low hurdles in 1955. After graduating high school he attended Kansas University. Tidwell was an outstanding sprinter for his college track team, the Kansas Jayhawks, winning five NCAA individual titles: so helping the team win back-to-back NCAA team titles in 1959 and 1960. In the 1958 NCAA championships, Tidwell set a world best time in the 220 y hurdles. Tidwell also won the Kansas Relays 100 y race in 1959 and 1960, winning Athlete of the Meet in 1959, and for this was honored as an inductee in the Kansas Relays Hall of Fame in 2005. Tidwell's form meant he was one of the favourites to going into the United States Olympic Trials to qualify for the 100 and 200 m at the 1960 Rome Olympics. However, an injury suffered at the trials ruined his qualification chances. Tidwell had qualified first in his heat for the final of the 100 m. In the final, Tidwell had one false start. When the race finally got underway a pulled muscle at 50 m prematurely ended his race. The injury forced him to scratch from the 200 m trial event. Tidwell achieved five world best times during his career - none were ratified as world records by the IAAF: In 1962, Tidwell tried out with the National Football League team the Minnesota Vikings. However, his try out was unsuccessful and he was cut from the squad later that year. In August 1969, Tidwell was involved in a domestic tragedy that led to the death of both himself and his estranged wife, Karen. Reports state that he shot his wife at the house of one of her neighbors, then turned the gun on himself after a violent quarrel. The incident took place in Denver, Colorado where Tidwell and his wife were living at the time. Tidwell was ranked among the best in the USA and the world in both the 100 m/100 y and 200 m/220 y sprint events in 1959 and 1960, according to the votes of the experts of \"Track & Field News\". Charlie Tidwell Charles 'Charlie' Tidwell (March 30, 1937 – August 28, 1969) was an American track athlete who was one of the best sprinter/hurdlers in the world in the years 1958–60. He was denied a chance to run in the 1960 Olympics by injury. His life was cut short at 32 years of age when he shot himself to death"
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"retrieved": [
"Frenchville, Maine Frenchville () is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,087 at the 2010 census: 80 percent are habitual speakers of French, aided by its proximity to French-speaking Quebec and New Brunswick in Canada. The town is home to the general aviation airport Northern Aroostook Regional Airport, Frenchville Railroad Station and Water Tank, and Corriveau Mill. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The town lies on the south bank of the Saint John River, which forms the international boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,087 people, 459 households, and 346 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 514 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.4% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population. There were 459 households of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.6% were non-families. Of all households 22.0% were made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.73. The median age in the town was 47 years; 20% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 36.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.1% male and 48.9% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,225 people, 478 households, and 356 families residing in the town. The population density was 42.9 people per square mile (16.6/km). There were 512 housing units at an average density of 17.9 per square mile (6.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 99.27% White, 0.08% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population. There were 478 households out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. Of all households 23.0% were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.92. In the town, the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $33,214, and the median income for a family was $39,643. Males had a median income of $39,423 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,127. About 7.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over. Frenchville, Maine Frenchville () is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,087 at the 2010 census: 80 percent are habitual speakers of French, aided by its proximity to French-speaking Quebec and New Brunswick in Canada. The town is home to the general aviation airport Northern Aroostook Regional Airport, Frenchville Railroad Station and Water Tank, and Corriveau Mill. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The town lies on the south bank of"
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"retrieved": [
"The Mandalorian The Mandalorian is an upcoming American space opera web television series that is scheduled to premiere on Disney+. Set in the \"Star Wars\" universe created by George Lucas, the series will take place after the events of \"Return of the Jedi\" and before \"\", and follows a lone Mandalorian gunfighter beyond the reaches of the Republic. Jon Favreau is expected to serve as a writer for the series and executive produce alongside Dave Filoni, Kathleen Kennedy, and Colin Wilson. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Pedro Pascal, Gina Carano, Nick Nolte, Giancarlo Esposito, Emily Swallow, Carl Weathers, Omid Abtahi, and Werner Herzog. \"The Mandalorian\" takes place \"after the fall of the Empire and before the emergence of the First Order\" and follows \"a lone gunfighter in the outer reaches of the galaxy far from the authority of the New Republic.\" In February 2010, details were released about a potential live-action \"Star Wars\" television series being developed by George Lucas. The series was described as \"gritty and dark\" and was expected to feature both minor characters and more major ones including Boba Fett, C-3PO, and Emperor Palpatine. Lucas described the series at the time saying, \"It's [a] lot more talky. It's more of what I would call a soap opera with a bunch of personal dramas in it. It's not really based on action-adventure films from the '30s—it's actually more based on film noir movies from the '40s!\" In June 2012, further details regarding the series were released by executive producer Rick McCallum in an interview with Den of Geek where he revealed that the series had been in development since early 2009 and that over 50 scripts had been produced in ensuing years. He explained that most of the scripts were in their second drafts but, due to their complex content, were currently financially prohibitive to produce. In January 2013, following the sale of Lucasfilm to The Walt Disney Company in December 2012, then-president of the ABC television network Paul Lee spoke to the current status of the series commenting that \"We’d love to do something with Lucasfilm, we’re not sure what yet. We haven’t even sat down with them. We’re going to look at [the live-action series], we’re going to look at all of them, and see what’s right. We weren’t able to discuss this with them until [the acquisition] closed and it just closed. It’s definitely going to be part of the conversation.\" It was further clarified that Ronald D. Moore had written some of the series' scripts and that extensive art work including character designs, costume designs, and set designs had been developed by concept artists and designers at the design studio of Lucas' Skywalker Ranch. At the time, the creative team had been closely supervised by McCallum and Lucas. In June 2014, more details regarding the Lucas-produced series were revealed such as that series had reportedly been called \"Star Wars: Underworld\", that additional writers had included Louise Fox and Stephen Scaia, and that the series would have depicted unseen moments from the franchise such as when Han Solo first met Chewbacca and when Lando Calrissian lost the \"Millennium Falcon\". In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy revealed that the company was still exploring their options with the material that had been produced for the series saying, \"No. No, interestingly enough, thats an area we’ve spent a lot of time, reading through the material that he developed is something we very much would like to explore...So our attitude is, we don’t want to throw any of that stuff away. It’s gold. And it’s something we’re spending a lot of time looking at, pouring through, discussing, and we may very well develop those things further. We definitely want to.\" In January 2016, then-ABC president Lee gave an update on the status Lucasfilm's plans for a live-action \"Star Wars\" television series saying, \"they are focused on their movies.\" Though the following August, following Lee's replacement with Channing Dungey as ABC president, it was revealed during the annual Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour by Dungey that they were \"The conversations with Lucas, we have had conversations with them and will continue to have conversations with them. I think it would be wonderful if we could find a way to extend that brand into our programming.\" However a month later, Disney–ABC Television Group president Ben Sherwood clarified the state of development of a potential live-action series saying, \"Somewhere we hope in a galaxy not too far away there will be a television show that will air on one of our networks. But I wouldn't get anybody's hopes up too high. They have a lot of movies to make between now and then. We are deep into a very productive relationship with Lucasfilm making [Disney XD's] \"Star Wars Rebels\". And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are developing not just one, but a few \"Star Wars\" series specifically for the Disney direct-to-consumer app. We've mentioned that and we are close to being able to reveal at least one of the entities that is developing that for us. Because the deal isn't completely closed, we can't be specific about that. I think you'll find the level of talent … on the television front will be rather significant as well.\" On March 8, 2018, it was announced that the forthcoming series would be written and executive produced by Jon Favreau. On May 10, 2018, Favreau confirmed on the red carpet at the world premiere of \"\" that the series would be set three years after the end of the film \"Return of the Jedi\", and that half of the scripts for the first season had been completed. On August 5, 2018, it was reported that the series had been budgeted around $100 million dollars for 10 episodes. On October 3, 2018, it was announced that the series had been titled \"The Mandalorian\" and the show's central premise was revealed. The following day, it was revealed that additional executive producers would include Dave Filoni, Kathleen Kennedy, and Colin Wilson with Karen Gilchrist acting as a co-executive producer. Filoni was also expected to direct the series' first episode with additional directors including Taika Waititi, Bryce Dallas Howard, Rick Famuyiwa, and Deborah Chow. On December 19, 2018, it was announced that Ludwig Göransson would compose the musical score for the series. In November 2018, it was announced that Pedro Pascal, Gina Carano, and Nick Nolte had been cast in starring roles. On December 12, 2018, it was announced that Giancarlo Esposito, Carl Weathers, Emily Swallow, Omid Abtahi, and Werner Herzog had joined the main cast. Principal photography for the series reportedly began during the first week of October 2018 in Southern California. On October 19, 2018, George Lucas visited the set of the series as a birthday surprise for Favreau. On October 25, 2018, it was reported that police were investigating the grand theft of several unspecified items from \"The Mandalorian\" set at the Manhattan Beach Studios campus in Manhattan Beach, California. On October 4, 2018, the first promotional image from the series was released, featuring a Mandalorian with a rifle. About a week later, Favreau released a photo through his official Instagram account featuring a rifle with a two-pronged barrel, an apparent callback to Boba Fett's weapon in \"The Star Wars Holiday Special\". The Mandalorian The",
"had joined the main cast. Principal photography for the series reportedly began during the first week of October 2018 in Southern California. On October 19, 2018, George Lucas visited the set of the series as a birthday surprise for Favreau. On October 25, 2018, it was reported that police were investigating the grand theft of several unspecified items from \"The Mandalorian\" set at the Manhattan Beach Studios campus in Manhattan Beach, California. On October 4, 2018, the first promotional image from the series was released, featuring a Mandalorian with a rifle. About a week later, Favreau released a photo through his official Instagram account featuring a rifle with a two-pronged barrel, an apparent callback to Boba Fett's weapon in \"The Star Wars Holiday Special\". The Mandalorian The Mandalorian is an upcoming American space opera web television series that is scheduled to premiere on Disney+. Set in the \"Star Wars\" universe created by George Lucas, the series will take place after the events of \"Return of the Jedi\" and before \"\", and follows a lone Mandalorian gunfighter beyond the reaches of the Republic. Jon Favreau is expected to serve as a writer for the series and executive produce alongside Dave Filoni, Kathleen Kennedy, and Colin Wilson. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring"
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"retrieved": [
"Tenores di Bitti \"Mialinu Pira\" Tenore di Bitti \"Mialinu Pira\" is an Italian ensemble formed in 1995, specialized in the Sardinian cantu a tenore. The Cantu a tenore is a style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of the Barbagia region of the island, even though some other Sardinian sub-regions bear examples of such tradition. The a cantu a tenore was proclaimed by the UNESCO “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage” in 2005. The Tenores di Bitti “Mialinu Pira” have a special place among the many groups in Sardinia. Having a style which is slightly less rough than that of other quartets, exemplary researchers in their heritage, impeccable executors with exceptional vocal quality, adorable people, they have reached a level of excellence and of admiration which is without equal in Sardinia and in the whole world. Their frequent performances on so many national television programs are to be remembered. In the last few years they've been touring extensively Europe (France, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium, Nederland, Austria, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Swiss, Ireland, Croatia, Serbia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Tunisia, Hungary, United Arab Emirates, Brazil and Japan). It is also remarkable their participation in 2001 to the Christmas Concert in the Vatican for the Pope John Paul II, the concert on May 2009 in the Concertgebouw Theater in Amsterdam and in December in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The Tenores di Bitti “Mialinu Pira”, having performed for so many years, is nowadays considered from music-fans and etno-musicologists the most prominent example of this vocal art. There are many points that make them so special : the cantu a tenore is still well alive in Sardinia performed by many groups, most of them are old singers performing traditional texts. Their young age is a first approach to notice how their sound, harsh and ancestral, is in fact very homogeneous. Their perfect tuning and their powerful sound is very rare today, because this skill needs years of practice and passion to be performed at its best. Another matter to be pointed is their accuracy in choosing lyrics. Both in dancing (lestru, dillu, seriu, passu torrau,) and slow (isterrita, boch'e notte) forms, the lyrics, by famous poets or from misknown contemporary authors, make the repertoire of Tenores di Bitti “Mialinu Pira” an important vehicle of literary transmission. These songs are profane poems speaking about the shepherds and their solitude in touch with the nature, referring to the popular world and its traditions. The religious’ songs are performed in church, in particular moments of the liturgical year (Christmas, Easter or patronal feasts) or during the religious processions through the street of the village of Bitti. The Grobbes and some lullabies for Baby Jesus (su Nenneddu) belong to this repertoire. The Tenores singing (cantu a tenore) is one of the more ancient ways of singing in the Mediterranean area. Nothing about its origins is sure, but the historians maintain that this traditional polyphony goes back to 3000 years ago... The singing is made a cappella by four male voices (oche, mesu oche, bassu and contra), the main feature of this polyphony is represented by bassu and contra because of their guttural and ancestral sound. The Tenores singing from Bitti, in the centre of Sardinia, is a unique vocal style. It immediately succeeds in sounding primitive and strong. It is no mere coincidence that the experts think that it may have had its origin in primitive times as an imitation of nature: the four voices of which the choir is composed is no more than the lowing of cattle, the bleating of sheep and the sound of the wind. These were harmonised and given poetic lyrics of age-old beauty. The guttural use of voices and the typical songs of intonation, cannot be confused with anything else and make this millenary art have great impact. A magic of the human voice. The a Tenore Song was proclaimed by the Unesco “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage” in 2005. Tenores di Bitti \"Mialinu Pira\" Tenore di Bitti \"Mialinu Pira\" is an Italian ensemble formed in 1995, specialized in the Sardinian cantu a tenore. The Cantu a tenore is a style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of"
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