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{ "retrieved": [ "Eddie Heywood Edward Heywood Jr. (December 4, 1915 – January 3, 1989) was an American jazz pianist popular in the 1940s. Heywood was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His father, Eddie Heywood, Sr. was also a jazz musician from the 1920s and provided him with training from the age of 12 as an accompanist playing in the pit band in a vaudeville theater in Atlanta, occasionally accompanying singers such as Bessie Smith and Ethel Waters. Heywood moved, first to New Orleans and then to Kansas City, when vaudeville began to be replaced by sound pictures. Heywood played with several popular jazz musicians such as Wayman Carver in 1932, Clarence Love from 1934 to 1937 and Benny Carter, who heard him in Kansas City playing with Clarence Love, from 1939 to 1940 after moving to New York City in 1938. After starting his band, Heywood would occasionally do back-up for Billie Holiday in 1941. In 1943, Heywood took several classic solos on a Coleman Hawkins quartet date (including \"The Man I Love\") and put together a sextet, including Doc Cheatham (tpt), Vic Dickenson (tb), Lem Davis (as), Al Lucas (b), and Jack Parker (d). After their version of \"Begin the Beguine\" became a hit in 1944, they had three successful years. \"Begin the Beguine\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. In 1947 Heywood was stricken with a partial paralysis of his hands and could not play at all. However, he made a comeback in 1951. In the 1950s, Heywood composed and recorded \"Land of Dreams\" and \"Soft Summer Breeze\" (1956) (which peaked at number 11 on the \"Billboard\" chart). He is probably best known for his 1956 recording of his composition \"Canadian Sunset\" (which peaked at number 2) which he recorded with Hugo Winterhalter and his orchestra for RCA Victor. After a second partial paralysis from 1966 to 1969, Heywood made another comeback and continued his career into the 1980s. Heywood died at home in Miami Beach, Florida, aged 73. Parkinson's disease had been complicated by Alzheimer's disease, and Heywood had been in poor health for five years. Eddie Heywood has a \"Star\" at 1709 Vine Street on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Heywood had two sons, Robert and Edward, and one granddaughter, Bailey Heywood. Eddie Heywood lived with his wife through the 1970s in Vineyard Haven on Martha’s Vineyard with his wife on Lagoon Pond Road. Eddie Heywood Edward Heywood Jr. (December 4, 1915 – January 3, 1989) was an American jazz pianist popular in the 1940s. Heywood was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His father, Eddie Heywood, Sr. was also a jazz musician from the 1920s and provided him with training from the age of 12 as an accompanist playing in the pit band in a vaudeville theater in Atlanta, occasionally accompanying singers such as Bessie Smith and Ethel Waters. Heywood moved, first to New Orleans and then to Kansas City, when vaudeville began to be replaced by sound pictures. Heywood played with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tabor City, North Carolina Tabor City, known as the \"Yam Capital of the World\", is a town in Columbus County, North Carolina, United States. It is the southernmost town in Columbus County, one of North Carolina's largest counties by land area. It is located just north of the North Carolina/South Carolina line, about north of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and is just north of Loris, South Carolina. The population was 3,979 as of the 2010 census. According to Swanton (1952), before the arrival of the Europeans, the area was home to the Cape Fear Indians, the Waccamaw Indians, and the Saponas. The Waccamaws were a peaceful tribe, and when the European immigrants began to show up they withdrew and joined the Catawba people further west, and some, at least, joined the Seminoles in Florida. It is said that the celebrated chief of the Seminoles, Osceola, was born on the Waccamaw River, and tradition says that his father was John Powell, a white man living in what is now the area of Columbus County. During the Revolutionary War, men from the area joined with the rebels in the Battle of Brown Marsh. The Loyalists won, marking the high point of their efforts to defeat the revolution in the southern theater. Men from the area may have also aided the American forces in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, which had a much more favorable outcome for the Americans. Around 1830, the first building of what is now the Tabor City Baptist Church was constructed of logs. The town was named after Mount Tabor Baptist Church (now Tabor City Baptist Church), which itself is named after the biblical Mount Tabor, and was organized as a town shortly after 1840, although the official incorporation was still about 70 years in the future. The church was originally located near the intersection of what is now Stake Road and East 5th Street. Originally named Mt. Tabor, the town adopted its current name after postal authorities confused it with Tarboro, North Carolina. A tree located at the local Dale's Seafood Restaurant has been recognized as being older than the town itself. Business activity started in Tabor City by the mid-1850s, with the development of a saw mill, turpentine still, grocery store and dry goods store. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad located a terminus in the town in 1886. The town was officially incorporated in 1905. In 1906, William Fowler donated land for the Tabor City Baptist Church, at the site which has been in continuous use since the completion of the construction and is still currently in use as of October 2014. The new church and sanctuary was completed in 1908. The first tobacco warehouse was built in 1909, which became a major industry for both the town and the surrounding area. Strawberries also became an important truck crop in the area and the Anderson Shingle Company made shipping containers for strawberries. In 1910, Bishop Anderson sold out to W.B. Roberts and David James (Dave) Hughes, three years later Dave Hughes bought out Mr. Robert's interest and it became D.J. Hughes & Company “Manufacturers of Anderson Make Strawberry, Cantaloupe, Peach and Grape Crates, Boxes Made to Order, and Lumber,\" with a yearly output of 150,000 crates. The railroad used the name \"Mt. Tabor\" and the post office used \"Tabor\" until the mid-1930s when both were changed to \"Tabor City\". Some of the other businesses active during this time include the Tabor City Furniture and Manufacturing Company, opening in 1928 by D.J. Hughes, but it did not survive the great depression. In 1938, the Chamber of Commerce began an effort to improve the town. During the 1920s, what is now the Todd House Restaurant opened as a boarding house, often the choice of traveling businessmen, tobacco buyers, and hunters. Mary Todd, the owner of the business, would cook for her guests, leaving the pots on the stove for the boarders to serve themselves. (The restaurant remains a buffet-style restaurant as of September 2014, albeit in a more modern form.) A night's stay, including supper and breakfast was $2.00 per day. Mary Todd died in 1963, but a daughter continued to operate the business. The original buildings burned in 1971. In 1937, the Tabor City Lumber Company, a family owned business, specializing in all areas of the timber, lumber, and land management business, opened. The business remains in operation as of September 2014. During the 1940s and 1950s, the area had at least two movie theaters, one of which was named the Ritz Theater. The first Yam Festival was organized and held in 1948. The \"Tabor City Tribune\" is a weekly newspaper established by W. Horace Carter (a Stanly County native) in 1946. In 1950, after witnessing a Ku Klux Klan motorcade going through town, Carter began writing a series of editorials and reports critical of Klan activity. The Klan began a recruiting campaign in 1950, and were later convicted of flogging people and other offenses, based largely on Carter's work. Along with the \"Whiteville News Reporter\", the \"Tribune\" was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its editorials against the Ku Klux Klan. The Pulitzer Prize citation stated that the newspapers were awarded the prize \"for their successful campaign against the Ku Klux Klan, waged on their own doorstep at the risk of economic loss and personal danger, culminating in the conviction of over one hundred Klansmen and an end to terrorism in their communities.\" The newspapers were the first weeklies to win a Pulitzer Prize. The name of the \"Tabor City Tribune\" was changed to the \"Tabor-Loris Tribune\" in 1996. The small W. Horace Carter Newspaper Museum in Tabor City at the \"Tabor-Loris Tribune\" offices has exhibits on Carter's life and work. A documentary of the struggles between Carter and the Klan, titled \"The Editor and the Dragon: Horace Carter Fights the Klan\", was shown on the North Carolina Public Broadcasting System in 2013, on the 50th anniversary of the struggle. In addition, part of Carter's story was entered into the \"Congressional Record\" in 2007. Carter's death in 2009 was noted in \"The New York Times\". The Tabor City Methodist Church began services in 1953. Due to crimes in the area in the late 1950s and 1960s, especially fights at local bars, Tabor City earned the nickname \"Razor City\". Even though many of the crimes occurred just across the border in South Carolina, the Razor/Tabor near-rhyme stuck. As tobacco use declined beginning in the 1970s, the economy of the area suffered. Tobacco warehouses began closing, and the area suffered an economic downturn. In the early 1970s, the Ritz closed and the theater then lay dormant for years, eventually becoming an empty shell. Today, the town focuses on agriculture, light manufacturing, retail and tourism. In addition, a large state prison provides many jobs for the area. Being so close to the coastal areas of Myrtle Beach and the Brunswick County beaches has led to a growth in the area housing industry. The Freedom Flag Trilogy located at the entrance to town was first flown July 4, 2007, as does the Centennial Clock celebrating the town's 100th anniversary. Thomas L. Small of Tabor City donated the Ritz to the town, resulting in a revitalization effort of the Ritz theater being completed in 2014, and the former theater is now the Ritz Center, a community center for the arts. Tabor City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\"), with the following characteristics: Winters are generally mild with January highs in the mid 50s °F (11–14 °C) and lows in the mid 30s °F (1–3 °C). Snowfall does not occur in most years, and when it does, is generally light. Spring is reasonably lengthy, beginning in late February and lasting to early May. The presence of abundant dense vegetation in the area causes significant pollen dusting in the springtime that tends to turn rooftops and cars yellow. Summer brings high humidity with temperatures usually in the upper 80s to lower 90s °F (31–34 °C). Heat indices can easily break the mark, though", "effort of the Ritz theater being completed in 2014, and the former theater is now the Ritz Center, a community center for the arts. Tabor City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\"), with the following characteristics: Winters are generally mild with January highs in the mid 50s °F (11–14 °C) and lows in the mid 30s °F (1–3 °C). Snowfall does not occur in most years, and when it does, is generally light. Spring is reasonably lengthy, beginning in late February and lasting to early May. The presence of abundant dense vegetation in the area causes significant pollen dusting in the springtime that tends to turn rooftops and cars yellow. Summer brings high humidity with temperatures usually in the upper 80s to lower 90s °F (31–34 °C). Heat indices can easily break the mark, though the actual temperature does not in most years. Due to the proximity of warm Atlantic Ocean waters, the area may be hit by a tropical cyclone during the summer, at an average of once every seven years- although most are of a low level. About 40% of the annual rainfall is delivered from July to September. Autumn is also generally humid at the beginning, with the same tropical threats as the summer. Some of the deciduous trees may lose their leaves; however most trees in the area are evergreens and therefore remain green year-round. The North Carolina Visitors Center in the middle of town, on business highway 701, assists tourist and locals with these and other activities. The visitor center is undergoing a series of improvements, funded partially by a $100,000 North Carolina Department of Transportation allocation. Once known as the \"Yam Capital of the World\", Tabor City pays tribute to the area's sweet potato crop with the annual North Carolina Yam Festival every fourth Saturday in October. The festival celebrates the sweet potato with crafts, train rides, classic cars and trucks, arts and vendors. Also during the Yam festival, an annual art show is held, Confederate Re-enactors present a recreation of a Civil War camp and a pageant is held for various age groups. The annual parade is considered a highlight of the festival. Based somewhat on the success of the fall Yam Festival, an annual spring festival was inaugurated in 2013, celebrating the Town and people of the area. This week-long festival offers several activities. Also very prominent in the fall is high school football in the area. South Columbus High School football has been a big part of the community and you will find a quite large crowd at Civitan Stadium every Friday Night. The first Saturday in September, October and November sees a celebration of classic American cruising cars. The cruising starts at 5 p.m. and continues until 8 p.m. Food and other vendors are also present. Lake Tabor is a one star rated 2 acre lake where boating events are often held. It was closed for a part of the 2013, and 2014 summer due to algae infestations. Additional amenities include a bait and tackle shop, piers, boat launches, picnic areas and ball fields. Bass tournaments are held monthly The area boasts several restaurants and shops, and Tabor City has several parks and athletic fields as part of the Columbus County Parks and Recreation Department. A business in town offers access to batting cages. Adventure Beach Paintball has a field available to the public as well. Hunting and fishing are popular activities, as well as the over 100 golf courses within of the town. A local campground has a small waterpark. A Fourth of July festival celebrating both past and current military personnel is held annually, with fireworks, food, a petting zoo, etc. There is normally no charge for this event. In operation as part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, the Depot today serves as a train museum that operates on an irregular basis. This depot maintains a number of artifacts depicting the days when the railroad was an integral part of the daily living in Tabor City. The Depot offers visitors a replica of the town in the early 1900s as well as pictures of prominent citizens who led the town to its present growth. A retired caboose is also available for exploration. As of the United States census of 2010, there were 2,511 people, 1,095 households, and 627 families residing in the town. The population density was 852.2 people per square mile (329.5/km). There were 1,239 housing units at an average density of 379.1 per square mile (146.6/km). The racial makeup of the town was 59.2% White, 36.2% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.02% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population. Of the 1,095 households, 23% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.5% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.7% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.99. The town has shown marked growth in the last 14 years. In the town, the population was spread out with .4.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 20 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. The median income for a household in the town was $25,469, and the median income for a family was $40,044. Males had a median income of $32,528 versus $20,804 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,922. About 16.9% of families and 21.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.7% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over. In the past, Tabor City was beset by poverty and high unemployment, especially as the agricultural based economy of the past was no longer viable. Today, the town focuses on agriculture, light manufacturing, retail and tourism. In addition, a large state prison provides many jobs for the area. Being so close to the coastal areas of Myrtle Beach, SC and the Brunswick County, NC beaches has led to the expected growth in the area housing industry. The town is served by two grocery stores, three drug stores, a growing number of restaurants and four banks and a credit union. Two hardware stores also operate in the town. The Tabor City Chamber of Commerce maintains a both a Facebook presence and its own website. The town has also upgraded its water, sewer and roads, to help attract new businesses. The Tabor City Industrial Park is located just northwest of town, a 36-acre certified industrial site perfect for small to medium-sized users seeking 5 to 10 acres of land. Existing tenants include Southeastern Materials and the Tabor City Business Development Center. Atlantic Packaging, owner and publisher of the above reference Horace Carter paper, the \"Tabor-Loris Tribune\", founded in 1946, continues to be a major employer for the area. On September 17, 2014, it was announced that Atlantic Packaging had agreed to purchase three of International Paper's largest paperboard converting facilities. Carolina Southern stopped railroad service to the town in 2012, and efforts to restore service have proven difficult. However, as of July 2014, positive developments were reported to return railroad service to the area, a move considered necessary for spurring economic development in the area. Carolina Southern agreed, in July 2014, to begin the process allowing the counties of Horry County, South Carolina, Marion, South Carolina and Columbus County, NC to assume control of the area rail lines with the hopes repairing the railroad tracks and bridges and then finding a buyer to re-establish service to the area. A public hearing on the matter was held on October 6, 2014. During the October 6th meeting, the Columbus County Commissioners voted to support the initiative to restart rail service with a 10-year grant for the program. Some of the commissioners may", "efforts to restore service have proven difficult. However, as of July 2014, positive developments were reported to return railroad service to the area, a move considered necessary for spurring economic development in the area. Carolina Southern agreed, in July 2014, to begin the process allowing the counties of Horry County, South Carolina, Marion, South Carolina and Columbus County, NC to assume control of the area rail lines with the hopes repairing the railroad tracks and bridges and then finding a buyer to re-establish service to the area. A public hearing on the matter was held on October 6, 2014. During the October 6th meeting, the Columbus County Commissioners voted to support the initiative to restart rail service with a 10-year grant for the program. Some of the commissioners may not have revealed that they will benefit from the re-establishment of rail service. The Horry County Council, in a vote on October 7, 2014 also voted to provide funding to reestablish railroad service to the area. Although originally it was thought service could be restored as early as spring 2015, however, the sale of the railroad was not completed until August, 2015 to R.J. Coleman Railroad.. A new target date of February 2016 was announced, as millions of dollars are expected to be spent repairing the rail lines that have been idle since 2011. In 2013, the president of the Tabor City Chamber of Commerce was arrested on assault charges. Tabor City is approximately from the ocean at North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. It is located on the border with South Carolina, about inland from the Atlantic, north of Myrtle Beach, and west of Wilmington. Lake Tabor, a lake, is on the east side of town. US Route 701 runs through the town in a generally north-south direction, while North Carolina Highway 904 generally runs thorough the town in an east-west direction. The two highways intersect at the center of town. In addition, a business loop of US 701 serves also as the main business corridor in Tabor. North Carolina Highway 410 starts at the NC/SC state line before going through the town and continuing on to Chadbourn, North Carolina Nearest cities: Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Wilmington, North Carolina (57.2 miles, pop. 75,838) Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Raleigh, North Carolina (122.5 miles, pop. 276,093) Tabor City has a town mayor and a town council, assisted by a town manager. Past mayors have included: Tabor City is in the 13th District for the North Carolina Senate, represented by Michael Walters as of September 2014, and in the 46th district for the North Carolina House of Representatives, where, as of September 2014, they are represented by Ken Waddell. Tabor City is in United States House of Representatives' North Carolina 7th Congressional District, NC-7. The current Representative as of August 2014 is Mike McIntyre, although he has announced he will not seek re-election. he will be replaced by republican David Rouzer. The city offers its own water and sewer treatment plant. Tabor City has its own police department. As of April 2014, the police chief is Donald Dowless. A Tabor City Jail was in operation as of 1939. As of 2014, the police department takes any persons needing detaining to the Columbus County Detention Center in Whiteville, NC. In addition, the city is also served by the Columbus County Sheriff. As of April 2014, the sheriff is Lewis Hatcher. The Tabor City Court house is located on 5th street, and hears district court cases on an as needed basis. Superior Court cases for the area are heard in the Whiteville Courthouse. The crime rate in Tabor City is somewhat lower than surrounding cities of a similar size. The Tabor City Fire Department serves the city and assists several volunteer departments within the county. Cooperation is often necessary with various South Carolina departments. New trucks were delivered in 1939, 1947 and 1955. One of the largest North Carolina Prisons, the Tabor City Correctional Institution is operated within the city limits. The construction of the Tabor City Correctional Institution (TCI) began in May 2006 and was completed in April 2008. TCI is located two miles (3 km) northwest from the center of Tabor City, although it is considered a part of the city limits. The cost to build the prison was approximately $94 million, although the use of inmate labor greatly reduced what this amount would have been if private contractors had been used. The Tabor City Prison officially opened on August 18, 2008. In addition to the \"Tabor-Loris Tribune\", published weekly since 1946, the town is served by AM-1370 station WTAB. The feed is also available on line at http://www.wtabradio.com/. For a while, from 1965 to 1998, WYNA served as the sister station to WTAB and was located in Tabor City. In 1998, Pamplico Broadcasting bought the station, which played country music at that time, and increased its power from 3,000 to 25,000 Watts. After stunting with classical music in October and November 1998, and Christmas music in December, WYNA went off the air in preparation for a move that included changing its community of license to Calabash, North Carolina. WGHW has a translator in the area to widen its broadcast area. Television, radio and daily newspapers from Wilmington, Fayetteville, Florence and Myrtle Beach are easily accessible to the residents of the city. The \"Myrtle Beach Sun News\", Wilmington \"Star-News\", and the \"Fayetteville Observer\" are available daily to the area. The \"Whiteville News Reporter\" is available twice a week as well. Most provide at least some measure of coverage for the town. Cable TV is provided by Time Warner for the majority of the city as well as Atlantic Telephone Membership Cooperative in the outlying areas. According in AOL, as of July 2014, being situated between the three markets leads to 35 channels being available free via an over the air antenna. Internet services are available by the two cable companies, as well as Centurylink. Free internet is available at the local public library. Satellite internet is also an option in many of the more remote outlying areas of the Greater Tabor City Metropolitan area. A circa 1900 one-room school house was restored by the historical societies of Tabor City and Columbus County. This facility was purchased and donated to the town of Tabor City by Richard Wright. A 3-D tour of the schoolhouse is available on-line, allowing visitors to come and relive the old days when life \"was simple and oh so mellow\". The one-room school house may represent North Carolina in a forthcoming book about historic school buildings in the United States. It has previously been featured in statewide magazines. Prior to South Columbus High School was Tabor City High School, which closed in 1992. Tabor City is home to South Columbus High School. The former Tabor City High School facility is now home to Tabor City Elementary School. Tabor City Middle School houses grades 6 through 8. These schools are part of the Columbus County School System. One teacher was awarded recognition in 2013 for teaching 57 years in the Tabor City area. In addition, a charter school, the Roger Bacon Academy Columbus Charter School and an early college high school, the Columbus Career and College Academy serve the area. Colleges close by include Southeastern Community College (North Carolina), Horry-Georgetown Technical College and Coastal Carolina University. The Tabor City Post Office was in operation as early as 1939. A new location was opened in 1942, and included delivery to some areas in South Carolina. A new route was established in 1947, and growth necessitated a new building in 1964, still in use as of August 2014. The post office for Tabor city is located at 200 East 5th street. South Carolina delivery was terminated in 1981, and transferred to the Loris, SC post Office. Tabor City, North Carolina Tabor", "in the Tabor City area. In addition, a charter school, the Roger Bacon Academy Columbus Charter School and an early college high school, the Columbus Career and College Academy serve the area. Colleges close by include Southeastern Community College (North Carolina), Horry-Georgetown Technical College and Coastal Carolina University. The Tabor City Post Office was in operation as early as 1939. A new location was opened in 1942, and included delivery to some areas in South Carolina. A new route was established in 1947, and growth necessitated a new building in 1964, still in use as of August 2014. The post office for Tabor city is located at 200 East 5th street. South Carolina delivery was terminated in 1981, and transferred to the Loris, SC post Office. Tabor City, North Carolina Tabor City, known as the \"Yam Capital of the World\", is a town in Columbus County, North Carolina, United States. It is the southernmost town in Columbus County, one of North Carolina's largest counties by land" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zeng Fengnian Zeng Fengnian (; 1809-1885) was a late Qing military figure from Jieshi, Lufeng, Guangdong. In 1845 he was appointed commander of the Nan'ao Subdistrict and in 1863 was given the peacock plume for his successful suppression of local bandits. Zeng joined the army young, and served in the Guangdong Xiangshan Association Division, the guerrilla army Yangjiang town in Guangdong and as the Governor of Guangdong among others. In 1844, he was guaranteed by Viceroy of Min-Zhe and was sent under imperial decree to command the Nan'ao subdistrict garrison. Following his filial mourning, he came back in 1849 as the commander of Jieshi, Lufeng. In 1853, Xianfeng Emperor approached Zeng to suppress the Nian Rebellion in Shandong, appointing him as the commander of the Dengzhou Town garrison. By 1861, he was able to suppress the local rebels and in the same year, applied for resignation in favor of taking care of his family. But his resignation was not granted and he had to remain in the garrison. In 1863 Zeng was once again summoned by the Imperial Army in Zichuan District, Shandong and successfully suppressed the rebels in the area. For his suppression efforts, he was bestowed the peacock plume in June. He went back to his hometown and died of old age in home. Zeng Fengnian Zeng Fengnian (; 1809-1885) was a late Qing military figure from Jieshi, Lufeng, Guangdong. In 1845 he was appointed commander of the Nan'ao Subdistrict and in 1863 was given the peacock plume for his successful suppression of local bandits. Zeng joined the army young, and served in the Guangdong Xiangshan Association Division, the guerrilla army Yangjiang town in Guangdong and as the Governor of Guangdong among others. In 1844, he was guaranteed by Viceroy of Min-Zhe and was sent under imperial decree" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "James F. Wade James Franklin Wade (April 14, 1843 – August 23, 1921) served as a Major General of Volunteers in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War. Wade was born in Jefferson, Ohio on April 14, 1843. His father, Senator Benjamin F. Wade, was a Radical Republican senator from Ohio during the Civil War, and a harsh critic of President Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew Johnson. James Wade commissioned a lieutenant in the 6th Cavalry Regiment (United States) from the state of Ohio on May 14, 1861, which he accepted on June 24, 1861. He performed exceptionally well at Beverly Ford on the Rappahannock River during the Battle of Brandy Station where he earned a brevet promotion to captain on June 9, 1863 for gallant and meritorious service. Wade was appointed brevet lieutenant colonel of the 6th US Colored Cavalry on May 1, 1864 marking the start of a 23-year career commanding African-American cavalrymen. On September 19, 1864, he was promoted to colonel and commander of the regiment. He received a brevet promotion to major on December 19, 1864 for gallant and meritorious service in action at East Marion, Tennessee. Wade received further brevets to lieutenant colonel and colonel on March 13, 1865 . for meritorious service during the war, and yet another to brigadier general of volunteers on February 13, 1865 for gallant service in the campaign in southwestern Virginia. On July 28, 1866, he was promoted to the permanent rank of major in the newly established 9th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on July 28, 1866. This was one of the \"Buffalo Soldier\" regiments which later became famous for their service on the frontier. Major Wade was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the 10th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on March 20, 1879. Wade left the buffalo soldiers with his promotion to colonel of the 5th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on April 21, 1887. He served ten years as the commander of this regiment before he was promoted to brigadier general, US Army on May 26, 1897. Wade was promoted to major general of volunteers on May 4, 1898. Two days later, he assumed command of the Third Army Corps at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, Georgia. Following the armistice in August, he became a member of the Cuban Evacuation Committee to oversee the removal of Spanish forces from Cuba and Puerto Rico. Wade then returned to his Regular Army rank and the command of the Department of Dakota. In 1901 he was placed in command of the Department of Southern Luzon in the Philippines, and on April 13, 1903 he was promoted to the permanent rank of Major General and placed in command of the Division of the Philippines. In 1904 he returned to the United States as commander of the Division of the Atlantic at Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York City. In his final posting, he was in charge of all U.S. Army posts and activity east of the Mississippi River, serving until his retirement on April 14, 1907, after 46 years of service. James F. Wade James Franklin Wade (April 14, 1843 – August 23, 1921) served as a Major General of Volunteers in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War. Wade was born in Jefferson, Ohio on April 14, 1843. His father, Senator Benjamin F. Wade, was a Radical Republican senator from Ohio during the Civil War, and a harsh critic of President Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew Johnson. James Wade commissioned a lieutenant in the 6th Cavalry Regiment (United States) from the state of Ohio on May 14, 1861," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District is a case about First Amendment freedoms and the separation between church and state. A student of Amador Valley High School claimed a violation of his first amendment right of speech when parts of his salutatorian speech were censored. The case went up to the US Court of Appeals. This case is an important case in educational law concerning religious expression on school campuses. Because of his sterling grade-point average of 4.24, Nicholas Lassonde, the Plaintiff, was one of two co-salutatorians of the Amador Valley High School class of 1999 because of his academic standing . He was consequently invited to deliver a speech at the school's graduation ceremony. Lassonde, who is a devout Christian, drafted a speech that quoted extensively from the Bible. In his declaration, he explained that he intended it to \"express[][his] desire for[his] fellow graduates to develop a personal relationship with God through faith in Christ in order to better their lives.\" The Principal of the high school, Coupe, who maintained control over the graduation ceremony, asked Lassonde to submit a draft of his speech; Coupe reviewed the draft and, in conjunction with the school district's counsel, determined that allowing a student to deliver overtly proselytizing comments at a public high school's graduation ceremony would violate the Establishment Clauses of both the United States and the California Constitutions. Accordingly, Coupe and the district's counsel advised Lassonde that references to God as they related to his own beliefs were permissible, but that proselytizing comments were not. For example, Lassonde intended to discuss the general moral decay of American society during the past 30 years and to encourage his fellow students to turn to God and Jesus for strength. The three portions of his speech that the school told him to remove were: Although the school demanded that Lassonde excise those portions, they allowed him to retain several personal references to his religion. For example, his speech began with a dedication to the memory of his grandfather, who had planned to attend the graduation but who, just that past week, had gone \"home to be with the Lord.\" His speech closed with the words, \"Good Luck and God Bless!\" Before Lassonde agreed to excise the proselytizing portions of the graduation speech, the parties engaged in discussions to determine what Lassonde would and would not be allowed to say. His counsel suggested that the school district provide a \"disclaimer\" that would state that the views of the student speakers did not represent the views of the school district. This suggestion was rejected. The parties eventually reached a compromise. Under protest, Lassonde agreed that he would deliver his speech without the proselytizing passages and would hand out copies of the full text of his proposed draft speech just outside the site where the graduation ceremony would be held. On June 18, 1999, the School held its graduation ceremony, at the Alameda County Fairgrounds, financed and insured entirely by the school district and conducted entirely under its direction. Lassonde delivered his speech and distributed handouts as agreed. When he reached the portions that had been excised, he said that portions had been censored, and told the audience that he would distribute the uncensored speech outside the graduation ceremony and give the full speech on Sunday at his church. Nearly one year later, Lassonde filed this action seeking damages from the school district; Mary Frances Callan, the school district's superintendent; Jim Negri, assistant superintendent; and Bill Coupe, the principal. He asserted seven claims: violation of his federal constitutional rights to free speech, religious liberty, and equal protection; violation of his state constitutional rights to free speech, religious liberty, and equal protection; and violation of a state education statute. Defendants answered that their actions were protected by qualified immunity. After dismissing claims against the school district and the school officials in their individual capacities under the Eleventh Amendment, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the remaining Defendants in their official capacities. Relying on the decision in Cole v. Oroville Union High School District the district court concluded that their actions were necessary to avoid violating the Establishment Clause. The court rejected Plaintiff's equal protection argument and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his state-law claim. Plaintiff filed a otice of appeal, limited to the question whether, under the first step of the qualified immunity analysis required by Saucier v. Katz that he has alleged facts amounting to a federal constitutional violation--specifically, whether the restriction on his speech violated the First Amendment and whether the school's rejection of his suggested disclaimer as a \"less restrictive\" alternative to censoring his speech violated the First Amendment. Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District is a case" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "I Me Mine \"I Me Mine\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1970 album \"Let It Be\". Written by George Harrison, it was the last new track recorded by the band before their split in April 1970. The song originated from the \"Get Back\"/\"Let It Be\" sessions in January 1969, and its lyrics serve as a comment from Harrison on the fractious situation within the group at that time. The song's musical mood alternates between waltz-time verses, during which Harrison laments the ego problems afflicting the Beatles, and choruses played in the hard rock style. The Beatles rehearsed \"I Me Mine\" at Twickenham Studios in January 1969. A year later, by which point John Lennon had privately left the group, the three remaining members formally recorded it at EMI's Abbey Road Studios. When preparing the \"Let It Be\" album for release in 1970, producer Phil Spector extended the track by repeating the song's chorus and second verse, in addition to adding orchestration. The original version of the track, at just 1:34 in duration and without the orchestral overdubs, appeared on the Beatles' 1996 outtakes compilation \"Anthology 3\", introduced by a mock announcement from Harrison referring to Lennon's departure. Harrison titled his 1980 autobiography, \"I, Me, Mine\", after the song. The set of pronouns that form the song's title are a conventional way of referring to the ego in a Hindu context. For example, the Bhagavad Gita 2:71-72 can be translated as \"They are forever free who renounce all selfish desires and break away from the ego-cage of 'I', 'me' and 'mine' to be united with the Lord. This is the supreme state. Attain to this, and pass from death to immortality.\" Author Jonathan Gould claims that Harrison wrote \"I Me Mine\" \"as a commentary on the selfishness\" of his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney and considers it poignant that the song was only properly recorded because, during the group's filmed rehearsals at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969, it had provided accompaniment to Lennon and his partner Yoko Ono dancing. Gould writes that Harrison was particularly upset at Twickenham \"that his fellow Beatles could complain about the amount of time they had to spend learning the arrangement for 'I Me Mine' and then turn around and submit to a laborious rehearsal of a song like 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer' which struck George as a paragon of pop inanity.\" Gould contends further that, if \"friends like Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton heard something worthwhile in material like [Harrison's] 'All Things Must Pass'\" then only \"sheer egotism could account for the air of complete indifference with which Lennon and McCartney first greeted\" both that tune and \"I Me Mine\". After receiving his \"eternal problem\" inspiration when writing the song, Harrison played some chords to a 6/8 time signature. The melody was inspired by the incidental music for a BBC television program, \"Europa – The Titled and the Untitled\", which aired on 7 January 1969. Harrison wrote \"I Me Mine\" that night and performed it for the other Beatles the following morning. The verses of this song are in the key of A minor but the chorus is in A major. This technique of parallel minor/major contrast is also present in Beatles' songs including \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\", \"Savoy Truffle\", \"The Fool on the Hill\", \"Fixing a Hole\", \"Michelle\", \"Things We Said Today\", \"Do You Want to Know a Secret\" and \"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)\". The song begins in 6/8 time on \"All through the day\" with a shift from the I minor (Am) chord to a IV (D7) which Dominic Pedler of \"Total Guitar\" magazine considers emphasises the Dorian mode. The progression in 3/4 time beginning with an F melody note on \"Now they're frightened of leaving it\" against minor iv (Dm) chord (the ♭3rd emphasising in Pedler's view the Aeolian mode) shifts to an V7 (E7) on \"comin' on strong\", but here (at 0.27 secs) the hauntingly strong ♭9 (F natural) melody note results in the suitably \"dark drama\" of the very rare (in pop music) E7♭9 chord in the key of A minor. The song is also notable for concluding on an ♭VI (Fmaj7) chord in A minor key. The \"Let It Be\" documentary film features a segment in which Harrison plays the song for Ringo Starr and describes it as \"a heavy waltz\". Harrison, Starr and McCartney are then seen performing the tune while an uninterested Lennon dances with Ono. Close to a year later, by which time Lennon had privately announced he was leaving the band, director Michael Lindsay-Hogg chose to include the \"I Me Mine\" segment in the film. The Beatles therefore had to record the song for inclusion on the \"Let It Be\" album. On 3 January 1970, Harrison, McCartney and Starr met at EMI's Abbey Road Studios to work on the track with George Martin. Lennon did not attend the session, since he and Ono were on holiday in Denmark at the time. It was the only commercially released song during the group's original run, that was not recorded in the 1960s. The group recorded 16 takes of the song, the last of which was deemed satisfactory. Before take 15, Harrison delivered a mock press statement in which he made a joking reference to Lennon's absence by recasting the four Beatles as members of the British pop group Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich. The statement, followed by take 16 of \"I Me Mine\", was released on the \"Anthology 3\" compilation in 1996. The song lasted just 1 minute 34 seconds,<ref name=\"Lewisohn/Anthol3\"></ref> until Phil Spector – who had been invited by Lennon and Harrison to complete the \"Let It Be\" album – extended the length by copying the rock-style chorus in the middle of the song and the second verse, and repeating them at the end of the track. Spector also overdubbed a string and brass accompaniment.<ref name=\"Fontenot/About\"></ref> The final version, as \"re-produced\" by Spector, was included on \"Let It Be\". A similar edit, without Spector's orchestral overdubs but retaining the repeated section, was made available on the \"Let It Be... Naked\" album in 2003. Although the sessions for \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\" and \"The End\" in August 1969 were the last where all four Beatles were present in the recording studio, \"I Me Mine\" was the last new song recorded by the Beatles (albeit without Lennon) until sessions for the band's \"Anthology\" project in 1994. It was not their final recording session, however, since McCartney, Harrison and Starr continued to carry out various overdubs on the \"Let It Be\" tracks. \"Let It Be\" was issued on 8 May 1970 with \"I Me Mine\" sequenced as the fourth track. The release followed a month after McCartney's public announcement that he was leaving the Beatles, which had resulted in the group's break-up. Among contemporary reviews of the album, Alan Smith of the \"NME\" derided the release as \"a cheapskate epitaph\" and a \"sad and tatty end\" to the band's career, but he admired the \"Russian-flavoured 'I Me Mine'\" as \"a strong ballad with a frantic centre\". In \"Melody Maker\", Richard Williams wrote: \"'I Me Mine' has a great organ/guitar intro, meditative verses and a tempo switch in and out of the rocking chorus, which has guitar riffs one step away from Chuck Berry. George put a lot of strength into this.\" Reviewing for \"Rolling Stone\", John Mendelsohn ridiculed Spector's use of lush orchestration, particularly on McCartney's \"The Long and Winding Road\", adding: \"'I Me Mine,' the waltz sections of which reminds one very definitely of something from one of \"The Al Jolson Story\"s more maudlin moments, almost benefits from such treatment … As [Spector has] left it, though, it, like 'Winding Road,' is funny enough to find cloying but not funny enough to enjoy laughing at.\" In 2002, David Fricke of \"Rolling Stone\" included \"I Me Mine\" in his list of the \"25 Essential Harrison Performances\". Fricke said of the Beatles' final recording: \"Harrison signed off in style; his angry, grinding guitar is the honest sound of exhaustion and hard-won freedom.\" In a 2003 review for", "lot of strength into this.\" Reviewing for \"Rolling Stone\", John Mendelsohn ridiculed Spector's use of lush orchestration, particularly on McCartney's \"The Long and Winding Road\", adding: \"'I Me Mine,' the waltz sections of which reminds one very definitely of something from one of \"The Al Jolson Story\"s more maudlin moments, almost benefits from such treatment … As [Spector has] left it, though, it, like 'Winding Road,' is funny enough to find cloying but not funny enough to enjoy laughing at.\" In 2002, David Fricke of \"Rolling Stone\" included \"I Me Mine\" in his list of the \"25 Essential Harrison Performances\". Fricke said of the Beatles' final recording: \"Harrison signed off in style; his angry, grinding guitar is the honest sound of exhaustion and hard-won freedom.\" In a 2003 review for \"Mojo\", John Harris wrote that \"[Harrison's] vocal, frequently pitched just short of falsetto, is a delight\" and admired the string arrangement for \"manag[ing] to tease out the sense of camp\" underlying the song.\"<ref name=\"Harris/CanUDigIt\"></ref> Harrison titled his 1980 autobiography after the track. The song is playable in the video game \"\". Spector's work was removed for the game's version. Marc Ford recorded a version of \"I Me Mine\" for the album \"\", released in February 2003 to coincide with what would have been Harrison's 60th birthday. Beth Orton recorded the song as a medley with \"Dig It\" for the \"Let It Be Revisited\" CD, included with the October 2010 issue of \"Mojo\" magazine. At the George Fest tribute to Harrison in 2014, \"I Me Mine\" was performed by Britt Daniel of the band Spoon, who said that it was his favourite song by Harrison. According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn: I Me Mine \"I Me Mine\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1970 album \"Let It Be\". Written by George Harrison, it was the last new track recorded by the band before their split in April 1970. The song originated from the \"Get Back\"/\"Let It Be\" sessions in January 1969, and its lyrics serve as a comment from Harrison on the fractious situation within the group at that time. The song's musical mood alternates between waltz-time verses, during which Harrison" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 86th edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game was played at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio on Tuesday, July 14. It was televised nationally on Fox. The American League All-Stars defeated the National League All-Stars by a score of 6–3. On January 21, 2013, then-Major League Baseball (MLB) Commissioner Bud Selig, announced the 2015 All-Star Game would be hosted by the Cincinnati Reds. This was the first time the city of Cincinnati has hosted the All-Star Game since the 1988 All-Star Game was played at Riverfront Stadium. On July 15, 2014, Selig also announced that Pete Rose would not be prohibited from participating in the 2015 All-Star Game ceremonies. Rose was an All-Star for 13 of the 19 seasons he played on the Reds and was a member of the Big Red Machine. In 1991, Rose was permanently banned from MLB for baseball betting. Rose, wearing a red sport coat, appeared on the field in front of the pitcher's mound before the game and received a standing ovation alongside former teammates Johnny Bench, Barry Larkin, and Joe Morgan. On May 12, 2015, the Reds announced that Todd Frazier would serve as the 2015 All-Star Game spokesperson. Mike Trout, an outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels, was named the 2015 All-Star Game Most Valuable Player for the second straight year. Balloting for the 2015 All-Star Game starters began online April 23 and ended on July 2. The top vote-getters at each position (including the designated hitter for the American League) and the top three among outfielders, were named the starters for their respective leagues. The results were announced on July 5. A record 620 million votes were cast, surpassing the record of 391 million votes in 2012. Josh Donaldson was the leading vote-getter with 14,090,188 votes, breaking the record that Josh Hamilton set in 2012 with 11,073,744 votes. Bryce Harper set a new NL record for votes this year with 13,864,950 votes. MLB however canceled at least 65 million ballots on grounds of fraud and ballot stuffing. At one point during the balloting, the top vote-getters for eight of the starting nine positions for the American League were Kansas City Royals players. After the rosters were finalized, a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All-Star Final Vote to determine the 34th and final player of each roster. The online balloting were conducted from July 6 through July 10. Brett Gardner of the New York Yankees was removed from the ballot on July 9 after he replaced Alex Gordon on the roster due to injury. The winners of the All-Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the Kansas City Royals (AL) and Carlos Martinez of the St. Louis Cardinals (NL). Mike Trout of the Angels led off the game with a home run off Zack Greinke. The NL tied the score in the bottom of the second when Jhonny Peralta drove in Paul Goldschmidt with an RBI single off AL starter Dallas Keuchel. In the top of the fifth, Prince Fielder, who was pinch hitting for Nelson Cruz, hit a go-ahead RBI single off Dodgers ace Clayton Kershaw that scored Trout to give the AL a 2–1 lead. The next batter, Lorenzo Cain, hit an RBI double to score Albert Pujols to make it a 3–1 ballgame. In the bottom of the sixth, Andrew McCutchen homered off Chris Archer to make it a one-run game. In the top of the seventh, Trout walked and was lifted for pinch runner Brock Holt who scored on an RBI double by Manny Machado to give the AL a 4–2 lead. Machado then scored on a sac fly by Fielder to make it a 5–2 game. In the top of the eighth inning, the Twins' Brian Dozier hit a home run to make it a 6–2 ballgame. In the bottom of the ninth, Ryan Braun led off with a triple to right field off of Twins closer Glen Perkins, then scored on a sacrifice fly by Brandon Crawford to make it a 6–3 score. The next batter, Cubs rookie Kris Bryant, flied to right for the second out, and finally, Joe Panik lined out to left field to seal the AL's third straight victory and earn home-field advantage in the World Series. Umpires: Home Plate – Tim Welke; First Base – Jerry Meals; Second Base – Paul Schrieber; Third Base – Ron Kulpa; Left Field – James Hoye; Right Field – Alan Porter; Replay Official – Brian Gorman<br> Weather: Temperature: , partly cloudy; Wind: 5 mph from left to right<br> Time of Game: 3:02 <br> Attendance: 43,656 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Edouard Kutter (1887) Édouard Frédéric Henri Kutter (1887–1978) was a Luxembourg photographer, the son of Swiss-born Paul Kutter, who had established a studio in Luxembourg City in 1883. Edouard Kutter was the eldest of four children. His brother, Joseph Kutter (1894–1941), became one of Luxembourg's foremost painters, while Bernard (1889–1961) also became a photographer. His third brother was Paul Kutter jr. (1899-1941) and his sister Catherine Louise Marie (1891–1958). Edouard began working as an apprentice with his father in 1898 before studying photography at some of the most highly developed studios in Germany and Austria. Kutter returned to Luxembourg shortly before the First World War. After managing a branch of his father's business for a few months in 1917, he opened his own studio at 4, avenue de la Liberté, in 1918. The same year, Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde gave him the title of court photographer. As a result, he took many photographs of the Grand Ducal family, which can be viewed today in Luxembourg's Photothèque. Edouard Kutter died in Luxembourg City on 3 November 1978, leaving a son, Édouard Kutter Jr., who also became court photographer. Edouard Kutter (1887) Édouard Frédéric Henri Kutter (1887–1978) was a Luxembourg photographer, the son" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David C. Roy David C. Roy is a kinetic sculptor. He has designed over 150 different moving sculptures and produced one-of-a-kind or limited edition instances of each: In total he has hand-built thousands of pieces. Roy's father was an aeronautical engineer working on jet engines, and as a boy he was interested in invention and science. In 1974, Roy received a degree in physics from Boston University and then got a job as a computer programmer for an insurance company until becoming a sculptor in 1975. The idea for the career direction came from his wife-to-be, Marji, who was at the time an art student at Rhode Island School of Design. His sculptures, which are mainly made from laminated Baltic birch hardwood, are not timepieces but they do include clockwork-like mechanisms such as escapements, suspended weights, counter-weights, and (more recently) constant force springs. They are not electrically powered because an important connection is that the viewer winds the piece by hand. The run time of early models was about 30 minutes, but he has refined the technique to the point that some run up to 40 hours on a single full wind. Many include the moving moiré pattern from co-axial spoked wheels rotating in opposite directions. Roy focuses not only on the motion but also the sound. He has developed escapements that are either nearly silent or that produce the soft clicking of wood on wood. A few incorporate wind chime tubes. In the beginning he hand drew his schematics, but he has gradually migrated to computer-assisted design and animation. His studio is in Ashford, Connecticut. His work has been displayed since the late 1970s in science and art museums, in art galleries, and is in corporate and private collections around the world. His work and life has been covered in publications including the New York Times, Discover magazine, the Hartford Courant, and the Boston Globe. Writing for the Baltimore Evening Sun, Carl Schoettler waxed poetically that \"\"Echo\" ... looks like a spinning wheel for ghost tales at midnight. \"Serendipity\" ... might measure rainbows.\" Bill Aller of the New York Times found them \"intriguing.\" A turning point in Roy's career was acceptance to exhibit at the Northeast Craft Fair in Rhinebeck, New York. Reviewing this exhibit at the 1979 show, Nancy Pappas of the Hartford Courant was impressed with the sculptures' \"silent, hypnotic motion.\" In the \"Journal Inquirer\" Richard Tamling wrote about the \"...constantly shifting relationships among shapes - as occurs in mobiles - as well as motion and sound In \"InformArt Magazine\", Tyler Chartier found the moving parts create \"...wondrous patterns that spin, swirl, flutter, and undulate in the most entrancing ways.\" Writing for \"American Woodturner Journal\", Peter Rand observed that the motion in the pieces is \"...intriguing in its sequence, which is infused with rhythm and evolves over time.\" David C. Roy David C. Roy is a kinetic sculptor. He has designed over 150 different moving sculptures and produced one-of-a-kind or limited edition instances of each: In total" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Legal matter management Legal matter management or matter management refers to activities involved in managing all aspects of the corporate legal practice (\"matters\"). Matter management is distinguished from case management, in that case management is generally considered to refer to law firm related activities (\"cases\"). Matter management software systems serve a variety of functions including conflict and ethics control, accurate matter opening, day-to-day matter work, business intelligence, and marketing. This includes the tracking of such items as the attorneys and other workers on the case, type of legal work, industry of the client, witnesses, judges, Courts, opposing counsel, issues, documents, budgets and invoices associated with each particular legal matter. Corporations can use matter management software and systems to manage both their in-house counsel staffs as well as their outside counsel law firms and non-law firm legal service providers who work on legal matters on the corporation's behalf (i.e., expert witnesses, court reporters, copy services, etc.). Law firms might use matter management to organize information about documents and email, time worked or billed, people inside and outside the firm associated with case, deadlines and dockets, and much more. Matter management systems can provide excellent communication and collaboration platforms to organize and distribute information, although new web-based collaboration tools are beginning to reduce the need for matter management systems as collaboration tools. Matter-centric collaboration tools may be the next step. As these systems entail the processing and storage of confidential corporate and insurance carrier financial data, sensitive claims information, and privileged legal matter data, major considerations in the deployment of these systems are: availability of matter-level security, ability to handle ethical walls, the level of customization the software offers, whether the software can be installed \"behind corporate security and firewalls\" or if the software is only hosted as an Internet-based ASP application and whether or not the deployment methodology meets Sarbanes-Oxley and HIPAA security and audit compliance mandates. Legal project management is a form of matter management that leverages the standards and practices of professional project management to more effectively manage legal matters or specific phases of a legal matter (e.g., legal-discovery projects). Legal matter management Legal matter management or matter management refers to activities involved in managing all aspects of the corporate legal practice (\"matters\"). Matter management is distinguished from case management, in that case management is generally considered to refer to law firm related activities (\"cases\"). Matter management software systems" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1990 Russian Supreme Soviet election Legislative elections were held in the Russian SFSR on 4 March 1990. A total of 1,068 deputies were elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR for a term of five years, 86% of them from the Communist Party, the rest were non-partisan. Parties other than the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were not formally allowed to participate in the election, however the elections were competitive and the Democratic Russia movement, an organization uniting many opposition political groups, won about 190 seats. The elected Congress began its first session on 16 May. Among the elected deputies from the CPSU was Boris Yeltsin, who was then elected by the Congress as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR, effectively the leader of Russia. Many CPSU members, including Yeltsin, subsequently resigned from the CPSU. The CPSU was temporarily banned by Yeltsin in August 1991 in the aftermath of the August Coup, and the CPSU, along with the Soviet Union, collapsed completely by December of the same year. It was the first and only free election to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. It became the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was dissolved by Yeltsin in October 1993 during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 and replaced by the Federal Assembly of Russia. 1990 Russian Supreme Soviet election Legislative elections were held in the Russian SFSR on 4 March 1990. A total of 1,068 deputies were elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR for a term of five years, 86% of them from the Communist Party, the rest were non-partisan. Parties other than the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were not formally allowed to participate in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Egyptian Naval Academy The Egyptian Naval Academy (), is a military college set up to supply the navy with professional Officers. It was established in October 1946. Graduates of the Egyptian Naval Academy are commissioned as officers in the Egyptian Navy. The Academy was established at Ras El-Teen in October 1946, when the first group of 50 cadets was admitted. This group joined the military academy for six months to receive primary military training, then completed their studies for two years in the Naval Academy. The college later moved to a new site at Abu Qir. A study at the college grew to four years in length. Studies included specializations in navigation, rockets, artillery, underwater weaponry, signals and coastguard work. Ten cohorts graduated according to this system. From 1959 to 1972, when the Arab Academy was established, the college started to qualify cadets from African and Arab countries to serve as naval officers and engineers in the naval commercial fleet. In 1988, a program of co-operation with the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis started to develop methodology and provide educational labs and model educational aids. Means of entertainment were also improved in a bid to keep up with the best naval colleges from all over the world. After half a century, in the mid-1990s graduates from different countries began to assume command in different navies, which has helped to maintain good and strong relations between Egypt and other countries. Egyptian Naval Academy The Egyptian Naval Academy (), is a military college set up to supply the navy with professional Officers. It was established in October 1946. Graduates of the Egyptian Naval Academy are commissioned as officers in the Egyptian Navy. The Academy was established at Ras El-Teen in October 1946, when the first group of 50 cadets was admitted." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lexington Cemetery Lexington Cemetery is a private, non-profit cemetery and arboretum located at 833 W. Main Street, Lexington, Kentucky. It is open to the public from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Lexington Cemetery was established in 1849 as a place of beauty and a public cemetery, in part to deal with burials from the cholera epidemic in the area. It now contains more than 64,000 interments. Its plantings include boxwood, cherries, crabapples, dogwoods, magnolias, taxus, as well as flowers such as begonias, chrysanthemums, irises, jonquils, lantanas, lilies, and tulips. Also on the grounds is an American basswood (Tilia Americana), which the cemetery claims to be the largest in the world. However, this claim is not supported by the National Register of Big Trees, which claims that the largest American Basswood is located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Within the cemetery are three places that are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places from the main cemetery: Confederate Soldier Monument in Lexington, the Ladies' Confederate Memorial, and Lexington National Cemetery. The Lexington Cemetery maintains a list of notable interments, others are listed here: Joseph “Joe” L. Campbell (1955-2016) - Entrepreneur Lexington Cemetery Lexington Cemetery is a private, non-profit cemetery" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Niven on screen, stage, radio, record and in print The British actor David Niven (1910–1983) performed in many genres of light entertainment, including film, radio and theatre. He was also the author of four books: two works of fiction and two autobiographies. Described by Brian McFarlane, writing for the British Film Institute (BFI), as being \"of famously debonair manner\", Niven's career spanned from 1932 until 1983. After brief spells as an army officer, whisky salesman and with a horse racing syndicate, he was an uncredited extra in his screen debut in \"There Goes the Bride\"; he went on to appear in nearly a hundred films, the last of which was in 1983: \"Curse of the Pink Panther\". During his long film career, he was presented with a Golden Globe Award for his part in \"The Moon Is Blue\" (1953) and was nominated for a BAFTA for the titular lead in \"Carrington V.C.\" (1955). For his role as Major Pollock in the 1958 film \"Separate Tables\", Niven was awarded the Academy and Golden Globe awards for a performance where \"the pain behind the fake polish was moving to observe\". According to Sheridan Morley, Niven's other notable works include \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1938), \"The Way Ahead\" (1944), \"A Matter of Life and Death\" (1946)—judged by the BFI to be one of the top twenty British films of all time—\"The Guns of Navarone\" (1961) and the role of Sir Charles Litton in three \"Pink Panther\" films. Niven lived much of his life in the United States, although upon the outbreak of the Second World War, he returned to Britain to fight, and was re-commissioned as a lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry. At the end of the war he returned to the US and continued his film work, but increasingly appeared on American radio and television channels, and later on their British counterparts. In the latter medium he appeared frequently in the \"Four Star Playhouse\" series, as well as producing some editions. For his roles in both television and on film, Niven was honoured with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He died in 1983 from a virulent form of motor neurone disease at the age of 73. David Niven on screen, stage, radio, record and in print The British actor David Niven (1910–1983) performed in many genres of light entertainment, including film, radio and theatre. He" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nyctimystes avocalis Nyctimystes avocalis is a species of frog in the family Pelodryadidae, also treated as the subfamily Pelodryadinae in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and is only known from its type locality on the east slope of Goodenough Island, one of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. Common name loud big-eyed treefrog has been coined for it. The type series consists of three males and two females. The males measure and the larger female in snout–vent length. The canthus rostralis is distinct as is the tympanum, although the upper margin of the latter is concealed by the supratympanic fold. The outer fingers are half-webbed. The hind limbs are relatively long and the toes are almost fully webbed. Skin is dorsally mildly granular and ventrally (including the throat) coarsely granular. The dorsal ground color is usually gray and there are lichen-like patches of tan on the body and the back of the head. One specimen, however, is brown without obvious markings. The tibia are irregularly banded. Males lack vocal sac and vocal-sac openings, which is unusual within the genus \"Nyctimystes\". The type series was collected near a small creek in oak-rain-forest transition at about above sea level. Breeding probably occurs in torrential streams where the tadpoles develop. The lower altitudes of Goodenough Island (below ) are heavily impacted by gardening and fires, as well as expanding human population, but as of 2004, higher altitudes were intact. \"Nyctimystes avocalis\" is not known from any protected areas. Nyctimystes avocalis Nyctimystes avocalis is a species of frog in the family Pelodryadidae, also treated as the subfamily Pelodryadinae in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea and is only known from its type locality on the east slope of Goodenough Island, one of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. Common name loud" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hunting High and Low (A-ha song) \"Hunting High and Low\" is a song by the Norwegian band A-ha. It was released as the final single from the band's debut album of the same name, in 1986. \"Hunting High and Low\" was released in the summer of 1986 and became the third most successful single from \"Hunting High and Low\" on the charts and one of the band's most recognizable and popular songs. The song didn't chart in the U.S., but was a Top 5 hit in Britain and in Ireland. The original album version was produced by Tony Mansfield and is played with synthesizers. For release as a single, the track was remixed, containing additional production by Alan Tarney and features an orchestra. Coldplay, who have made their admiration of A-ha known, have been known to perform this song in concert. The video was directed by Steve Barron, and once again utilises animation techniques which show singer Morten Harket \"morphing\" into various animals (an eagle, a white shark, and a lion). In 1986, the British TV show \"Blue Peter\" featured a special documentary on the making of the \"Hunting High and Low\" video. Hunting High and Low (A-ha song) \"Hunting" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shahbazpur Union, Sarail Shahbazpur () is a union parishad under Sarail Upazila of Brahmanbaria District in the Chittagong Division of eastern Bangladesh. Shahbazpur Union has a total area of . According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Shahbazpur Union had 5,606 households and a population of 29,757. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 47.1%, compared to the national average of 51.8%. 53.8% of the employed population was engaged in agricultural work. Shahbazpur Union is divided into 4 mauzas: Bara Dhitpur, Jadabpur, Noagoan, and Sahbazpur. Shahbazpur Union is on the N2 national highway connecting Dhaka and Sylhet. According to Banglapedia, Shahbazpur Multilateral High School, founded in 1907, is a notable secondary school. Shahbazpur Union, Sarail Shahbazpur () is a union parishad under Sarail Upazila of Brahmanbaria District in the Chittagong Division of eastern Bangladesh. Shahbazpur Union has a total area of . According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Shahbazpur Union had 5,606 households and a population of 29,757. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 47.1%, compared to the national average of 51.8%. 53.8% of the employed population was engaged in agricultural work. Shahbazpur Union is divided into 4 mauzas: Bara Dhitpur, Jadabpur, Noagoan, and Sahbazpur. Shahbazpur Union is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Allen Trimble Allen Trimble (November 24, 1783 – February 3, 1870) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. Son of James Trimble and Jane Allen. He served as the eighth and tenth Governor of Ohio, first concurrently as Senate Speaker, later elected twice in his own right. Governor Trimble was born Hugh Allen Trimble in Augusta County, Virginia to James Trimble, Revolutionary War veteran, and Jane Allen Trimble. He was of Ulster Scots ancestry. In October 1784, his father moved his family to a veterans land grant in then Fayette County, Kentucky. In October 1804, James Trimble died leaving Allen head of the family. Allen Trimble moved them to a homestead he and his father had established outside of Hillsboro, Ohio. Trimble was a clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1808. He also served as recorder of deeds in 1808. After briefly serving during the War of 1812, Trimble served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1818 to 1826. Trimble became Speaker of the Senate, and it was in this capacity that he became governor from January to December 1822 when Governor Ethan Allen Brown resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate. Trimble ran an election for a full term in 1822, but narrowly lost. He challenged Jeremiah Morrow again in 1824, narrowing the distance between the two, but still losing. He won a landslide election in 1826, however, as a National Republican and then won a second full term in 1828. Trimble did not seek re-election in 1830. He then retired to farming, taking little part in politics for the next quarter-century, but did consent to accepting the nomination of the Know-Nothings for governor in 1855. Trimble came in third, losing to Republican US Senator Salmon Chase and incumbent Democrat William Medill. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Constitutional Union Party convention in Baltimore. Trimble died at his family farm in Ohio, and was buried in Hillsboro Cemetery in Hillsboro, Ohio. Trimble, Ohio, a village in Athens County, Ohio, is named in Trimble's honor. Court Street, a street in Hillsboro, Ohio, on the north side of the Highland County Courthouse, was renamed \"Governor Trimble Place\" in 1974. Trimble's daughter, Eliza, helped to initiate the temperance movement in the United States. Trimble is an ancestor of astronomer Virginia Louise Trimble Allen Trimble Allen Trimble (November 24, 1783 – February 3, 1870) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. Son of James Trimble and Jane Allen. He served as the eighth and tenth Governor of Ohio, first concurrently as Senate Speaker, later elected twice in his own right. Governor Trimble was born Hugh Allen Trimble in Augusta County, Virginia to James Trimble, Revolutionary War veteran, and Jane Allen Trimble. He was of Ulster Scots ancestry. In October 1784, his father moved his family to a veterans land grant in then Fayette County, Kentucky. In October 1804, James Trimble died" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2017 Pakistan Super League squads This is a list of squads for the five franchises which will compete in the 2017 Pakistan Super League. Initial squads were finalised after the 2017 Pakistan Super League players draft in October 2016. Note: Players with international caps are listed in bold. The Islamabad United squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Peshawar Zalmi squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Lahore Qalandars squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Karachi Kings squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Quetta Gladiators squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: 2017 Pakistan Super League squads This is a list of squads for the five franchises which will compete in the 2017 Pakistan Super League. Initial squads were finalised after the 2017 Pakistan Super League players draft in October 2016. Note: Players with international caps are listed in bold. The Islamabad United squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Peshawar Zalmi squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows: The Lahore Qalandars squad for the 2017 Pakistan Super League is as follows:" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Claudio Rîșco Grigore Claudio Rîşco (born August 22, 1978), also known as Claudio Rasco, is a retired Romanian boxer. The Rasco won the bronze medal at the European Championships 1998 in Minsk, 2000 the silver medal losing to Russian Aleksandr Lebziak at the 2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships. At the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won the bronze medal in Belfast. Rasco turned pro in Canada to fight as a Heavyweight. He lost his pro debut but upset heavyweight David Cadieux in his pro debut. In 2005 he lost his bid for the Canadian Cruiserweight title against Troy Ross by stoppage and was KOd in 2006 by undefeated German Cruiserweight prospect Marco Huck. Claudio Rîșco Grigore Claudio Rîşco (born August 22, 1978), also known as Claudio Rasco, is a retired Romanian boxer. The Rasco won the bronze medal at the European Championships 1998 in Minsk, 2000 the silver medal losing to Russian Aleksandr Lebziak at the 2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships. At the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won the bronze medal in Belfast. Rasco turned pro in Canada to fight as a Heavyweight. He lost his pro debut but upset heavyweight David Cadieux in his pro debut." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cato Perkins Cato Perkins was an African-American slave from Charleston, South Carolina who became a missionary to Sierra Leone. He was enslaved by John Perkins. Cato Perkins self-emancipated by joining the British during the Siege of Charleston and he joined General Clinton in New York and worked as a carpenter there. Perkins was evacuated to Birchtown, Nova Scotia in 1783 and he is listed in the Book of Negroes. Upon arriving in Nova Scotia he was converted by John Marrant of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, which was a Methodist splinter group. Perkins migrated to Sierra Leone, where he led a strike of carpenters against the Sierra Leone Company. Cato Perkins established the first Huntingdon's Connexion church, and later on other Nova Scotian settler preachers established churches in the Liberated African villages. Cato Perkins died in 1805 and his churches are the remnant of the Huntingdon's Connexion churches around the world. Cato Perkins Cato Perkins was an African-American slave from Charleston, South Carolina who became a missionary to Sierra Leone. He was enslaved by John Perkins. Cato Perkins self-emancipated by joining the British during the Siege of Charleston and he joined General Clinton in New York and worked as a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Salvador Borrego Salvador Borrego Escalante (24 April 1915 – 8 January 2018) was a Mexican journalist and historical revisionist writer. He has written several books, including \"Derrota Mundial\" (Worldwide Defeat), published on 1953, in which he claims that the defeat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany was a defeat for the entire world because the Nazis were fighting against what they believed to be an international Jewish evil, and their plan to take over the global economy. In \"América Peligra\" (The Americas in Danger), published in 1964, he focuses the story on what he asserts is an international Jewish conspiracy to provide what he claims to be the true account of the unfolding of historical events in Mexico and Latin America. In 1996 Catalan police closed a bookstore managed by Spanish neo-Nazi Pedro Varela, and confiscated a host of Nazi books and publications, including those of Salvador Borrego. Varela was arrested, but the bookstore opened again several months later. Borrego turned 100 in April 2015. On 8 January 2018, Borrego died at the age of 102. Salvador Borrego Salvador Borrego Escalante (24 April 1915 – 8 January 2018) was a Mexican journalist and historical revisionist writer. He has written several" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Morrisite War The Morrisite War was a skirmish between a Latter Day Saint sect known as the \"Morrisites\" and the Utah territorial government. In 1857 Joseph Morris, an English convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah, reported receiving revelations naming him the Seventh Angel from the Book of Revelation. He wrote to Brigham Young, seeking recognition of his calling from the church. In 1860 Morris began to collect followers to a group that was commonly known as the Morrisites. In February 1861 John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff excommunicated him. On April 6, 1861 he organized the Church of the Firstborn and called all of his followers to gather at Kington Fort, a fort on the Weber River which had been abandoned in 1858. By Fall 1861, the group contained several hundred followers. Morris told his followers that the Second Coming was imminent and not to bother with planting crops. They may have trampled some of their crops into the ground as evidence of their faith. The group pooled available supplies and waited at Kington Fort. By spring 1862, food was scarce and some members were becoming discontented. Morris repeatedly designated certain days for the Second Coming, only to have those days pass uneventfully. Each time this happened, a handful of members would recover their possessions from the community pool and leave the congregation. With the steady outflux of members, the question of property entitlement became contentious. Those who stayed behind felt those who left were taking better stock and other items than they had initially contributed to the community pool. Soon after three departing members — William Jones, one of Morris's first converts, John Jensen, and Lars C. Geertsen — vowed revenge after what they perceived as an unfair reckoning, they seized a load of wheat en route from Kington to Kaysville for milling. The Morrisites sent a group of men after them, and the group soon captured the three and the wheat. The church held the men prisoner in a small cabin, to be \"tried by the Lord when he came.\" Geertsen soon escaped, but the other men's wives petitioned the territorial government for assistance. Word reached John F. Kinney, appointed two years earlier by James Buchanan as chief justice of the Utah Territory, that the Morrisites were illegally holding prisoners. On May 24 he issued a writ of habeas corpus commanding the prisoners' release. U.S. Marshal Judson Stoddard brought the writ to Kington Fort and read it to the Morrisite leaders, who refused to receive it. After the Morrisites dishonored a similar writ three weeks later, Chief Justice Kinney asked the acting governor to activate the territorial militia as a \"posse comitatus\" to arrest the Morrisite leaders. On June 12 a two hundred man armed posse departed Salt Lake City for the fort, north. Robert T. Burton, deputy U.S. Marshal, led the posse, which gathered strength along the way and was somewhere between five hundred and a thousand strong when it reached the settlement on June 13. By this time the Morrisites had barricaded themselves in the fort. The posse positioned itself on bluffs southwest of the fort, with contingents on the flats to the east and the west. They situated cannons on two small ridges looking directly into the fort, which in order to accommodate the hundreds of followers was really a makeshift enclosure. A militia from Ogden positioned itself to the north. Burton sent a message via a Morrisite herdboy requesting the group's surrender within thirty minutes. As soon as he received the message, Morris left his associates and soon returned with a new revelation, promising his people the posse would be destroyed. He and his counselors had a bugle sounded to gather the congregation and read the revelation. When the group did not respond within thirty minutes, Burton ordered two warning shots fired \"to speed up the decision\". The second ball ricocheted off the ground and into the fort, killing two women and shattering the jaw of Mary Christoffersen. Some Morrisites returned the fire, killing 19-year-old Jared Smith of the posse, the only non-Morrisite casualty of the war. Heavy rains prevented much action the next day, June 14. Historians differ as to what initiated the events of June 15, but at some point Burton rode into the fort with a small contingent. Details of what followed are also unclear, but Morris may have made a statement to his followers and approached Burton in what was interpreted as a threatening manner. Burton shot and killed him, and two women were also killed in the resulting melee. Morris's counselor John Banks was mortally wounded. Burton took ninety men prisoner and marched them back to Salt Lake City the next morning to stand trial before Judge Kinney. Seven of the Morrisites were convicted of second-degree murder in March 1863, and another 66 were convicted of resistance. However, Stephen S. Harding, the new federally appointed territorial governor, pardoned them all three days after the conviction. The Morrisites scattered across the west, but many of them ended up in Deer Lodge County, Montana. A house of worship used by the Morrisites in Racetrack, Montana, still stands, though in some disrepair (). Seven years later, Robert T. Burton was tried and acquitted for the murder of Isabella Bowman, one of the women killed after the siege. A monument commemorating the Morrisite War was erected in South Weber, Utah by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Sons of Utah Pioneers, and AllBuild Construction and Landscaping. The text of the monument follows: Morrisite War The Morrisite War was a skirmish between a Latter Day Saint sect known as the \"Morrisites\" and the Utah territorial government. In 1857 Joseph Morris, an English convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah, reported receiving revelations naming him the Seventh Angel from the Book of Revelation. He wrote to Brigham Young, seeking recognition of his calling from the church. In 1860 Morris began to collect followers to a group" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Max Mangold Max Mangold (; born 8 May 1922 in the village of Pratteln near Basel, Switzerland, died 3 February 2015) taught phonetics, phonology and linguistic theory at the University of the Saarland in Germany. He produced phonetic notation for numerous reference works and pronunciation dictionaries, among them the Duden dictionary of German pronunciation. His many contributions to German phonology are seminal and comprehensive. He also oversaw scientific theses, dissertations (nearly 100 of them, many the first and only records of endangered languages) and other publications, for example on dialects in the Saarland and the Rhineland-Palatinate. Mangold showed a strong interest in linguistic matters in his early years and learned many languages, including Esperanto, actively speaking nearly 40 languages in his prime. The foreign language that he spoke best was probably Italian. He studied in Basel, Geneva, Paris and London. His work afterward included service as an interpreter for the United Nations from 1953-1954 during the Korean War for French, German, English, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Swedish and Chinese. After receiving his doctorate under Walther von Wartburg and habilitation in Basel in 1956, he was appointed a full professor of phonetics at the University of the Saarland in Germany in 1957 after lecturing at universities in Basel, Zurich and Bonn. Max Mangold Max Mangold (; born 8 May 1922 in the village of Pratteln near Basel, Switzerland, died 3 February 2015) taught phonetics, phonology and linguistic theory at the University of the Saarland in Germany. He produced phonetic notation for numerous reference works and pronunciation dictionaries, among them the Duden dictionary of German pronunciation. His many contributions to German phonology are seminal and comprehensive. He also oversaw scientific theses, dissertations (nearly 100 of them, many the first and only records of endangered languages) and other publications, for example on dialects" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charles de Saulles Charles A. de Saulles (November 22, 1876 – July 17, 1962) was an All-American football player. He played quarterback for Yale University and was selected for the 1897 College Football All-America Team. A native of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, de Saulles attended the Lawrenceville School where he was captain of both the football and baseball teams. DeSaulles was five-feet, eight inches tall and weighed 151 pounds. De Saulles enrolled at Yale University where he played quarterback for the football team in 1897 and 1898 and was selected for the 1897 College Football All-America Team. He was also the captain of Yale's baseball team. Jim Rodgers, the captain of the 1897 Yale football team, credited de Saulles with Yale's victory over Princeton in 1897: \"I have always claimed that Charlie de Saulles put the Yale '97 team on the map. Charlie de Saulles with his three wonderful runs, which averaged not less than 60 yards each, really brought about the victory.\" In his book \"Football Days,\" William Hanford Edwards, who played on the Princeton line in that game, wrote of de Saulles: \"De Saulles' open field work was remarkable. I remember well the great run of fifty-five yards which he made. He was a wonderfully clever dodger and used the stiff arm well. Charles Ives wrote a song about this football game titled simply \"Yale-Princeton Football Game\". In 1903, a football columnist wrote that \"the equal of Charley de Saulles, however, will probably not be seen at Yale or any other college in many days.\" In 1906, the \"New York Sun\" reported that de Saulles was affiliated with the Lasharpe football team in Iola, Kansas. De Saulles joined the team in 1905 as both a player and a coach. The \"Sun\" reported that de Saulles and Yale teammate Jim Rodgers were working together at Lasharpe and had turned a group of miners into a football team that had soundly beaten the Haskell Indians and Bethany College, and gone undefeated for two years. The Lasharpe team was seeking games against the major football powers at Michigan, Chicago, Yale and Harvard, leading the \"Sun\" to write: \"Out in the little mining town of Iola, Kans, there is probably the oddest football team in the country. Its members never train, have no practice except signal work, and yet are able to defeat all comers. The eleven is known as the Lasharpe team, is composed of men from the zinc smelting works, and learned its football from two of the best men that ever wore a 'Y' at New Haven. James Rodgers, captain of the 97 Yale eleven, and Charles A. de Saulles, one of the fastest and most daring quarter backs on Eli's long roll of honor, are the coaches who have turned the miners into one of the most effective gridiron machines in the Middle West.\" De Saulles was born in South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, the son of Arthur Brice de Saulles and Catherine Heckscher. His father was a noted soldier in the American Civil War. His younger brother John de Saulles also became an All-American quarterback at Yale. When the younger de Saulles became a star for Yale in his own right, comparisons were made to his older brother:\"But there is one particularly bright player on the New Haven team, and he is John Longer de Saulles, the famous quarter back of last fall. Johnny is a brother of Charlie de Saulles, the great football and baseball player of 1898 and 1899, and his work is true to family traditions. De Saulles plays second base (Charlie's old position) , and he is snappy and accurate.\" Charles de Saulles was married to Louise M. \"Birdie\" Hoch of Marshall, Michigan. In 1922, De Saulles' wife obtained a divorce and was awarded custody of their two sons. It was also reported at that time that Charles de Saulles had remarried. In August 1917, John de Saulles was shot and killed by his millionairess Chilean ex-wife, Blanca Errázuriz. The murder and trial became a daily reported news story, relegating the First World War that was raging in Europe to the inside pages of the newspapers. Charles de Saulles was drawn into the media sensation as he defended his brother's honor and sought custody of the couple's only child. Blanca was unanimously acquitted of the murder charges in December 1917. Several days after the acquittal, Charles gave up the custody challenge, and \"Little Jack\" was returned to Blanca. Charles de Saulles Charles A. de Saulles (November 22, 1876 – July 17, 1962) was an All-American football player. He played quarterback for Yale University and was selected for the 1897 College Football All-America Team. A native of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, de Saulles attended the Lawrenceville School where he was captain of both the football and baseball teams." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ōnomatsu stable In January 2010 the stable, along with the Takanohana, Ōtake and Magaki stable, was forced to leave the Nishonoseki \"ichimon\" after former \"yokozuna\" Takanohana declared his intention to run as an unofficial candidate in the elections to the Sumo Association's board of directors. The ejected stables formed their own group, which gained \"ichimon\" status of its own in 2014. This was dissolved in 2018, with the Ōnomatsu, Ōtake and Chiganoura stables briefly forming Ōnomatsu \"ichimon\" before aligning themselves once again with the Nishonoseki group. As of January 2018, it had 16 wrestlers. Chiba prefecture, Narashino city, Saginuma 5-5-14<br> 10 minutes from Makuharihongō Station on Sōbu Main Line and Keisei Chiba Line Ōnomatsu stable In January 2010 the stable, along with the Takanohana, Ōtake and Magaki stable, was forced to leave the Nishonoseki \"ichimon\" after former \"yokozuna\" Takanohana declared his intention to run as an unofficial candidate in the elections to the Sumo Association's board of directors. The ejected stables formed their own group, which gained \"ichimon\" status of its own in 2014. This was dissolved in 2018, with the Ōnomatsu, Ōtake and Chiganoura stables briefly forming Ōnomatsu \"ichimon\" before aligning themselves once again with the Nishonoseki group. As" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pirna Pirna () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the administrative district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The town's population is over 37,000. Pirna is located near Dresden and is an important district town as well as a \"Große Kreisstadt\". It is also known for the gassing of about 15,000 disabled people in Sonnenstein Castle between June 1940 and August 1941, killings which ceased after pressure was exerted on the authorities by the local population. Today, a small plaque at the base of Sonnenstein Castle and the Sonnenstein Memorial remembers the dead. Pirna is located near the Sandstone Mountains in the Elbe valley, where the nearby rivers Wesenitz, in the north, and Gottleuba to the south, flow into the Elbe. Pirna is also called the \"gate to the Saxon Switzerland\" (Ger: \"Tor zur Sächsischen Schweiz\"). The Saxon wine region (\"Sächsische Weinstraße\"), stretches from Pirna over Pillnitz, Dresden, and Meissen to Diesbar-Seußlitz, was dedicated in 1992. In August 2002, the town suffered great damage in the widespread flooding in Europe at the time. This was particularly unfortunate as it undid many well-executed restoration schemes carried out post 1990 re-unification. Pirna is located southeast of Dresden. Neighbouring municipalities are Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel (town), Bahretal, Dohma, Dohna (town), Dürrröhrsdorf-Dittersbach, Heidenau (town), Königstein (town), Lohmen, Stadt Wehlen (town), and Struppen. Tools made of flint from the late Paleolithic (about 12,000-8000 BC), at the end of the last ice age, are evidence for the earliest human settlement in the area. Later on, people belonging to the Linear Pottery culture, who farmed grain and cattle, lived here during the Neolithic (5500-4000 BC) because of a good climate and Loess. Around 600 AD a Slavic group called the Sorbs, who were fishermen and farmers, succeeded the Germanic tribes in the Elbe Valley, who had lived in the area for a couple of centuries from the 4th century BC on. The name Pirna derives from the Sorbian phrase, \"na pernem\", meaning on the hard (stone) and is also related to the Slavic deity Perun, whose cult was present in all Slavic and Baltic territories. The representation of a pear tree in the coat of arms was a later cryptic representation of the Perun cult, covered up by a fanciful, German-language notion about the town's name (\"pear\" is \"Birne\" in German, which sounds rather like \"Pirna\" ). With the conquest of the Slavic communities and the founding of the Mark by the Germans (Henry the Fowler founded the castle of Meissen in 929), settlement in the Pirna area is again verifiable. The castle in Pirna, which was mentioned for the first time in 1269, probably already existed in the 11th century. In the context of the second Eastern German colonization the town was founded by Henry III, Margrave of Meissen. The streets are aligned from east to west and from north to south forming a chessboard-like system. Only the streets east of the church are not in this shape because of the nearby Burgberg. In 1233, Pirna was mentioned for the first time in a document. In 1293, King Václav II. of Bohemia bought the town and the castle from the Bishop of Meissen. Thus Pirna belonged to Bohemia until 1405. In 1502, the construction of the new church was begun under Meister Peter Ulrich von Pirna. With the introduction of the Reformation into Saxony in 1539, Anton Lauterbach, a friend of Martin Luther's, became pastor and superintendent. In 1544 the strategically important castle was upgraded to a fortress by Maurice, Elector of Saxony. Three years later it withstood the siege by elector John Frederick, Elector of Saxony in the Schmalkaldic War. On April 23, 1639, the town was invaded by Swedish troops under the commander in chief of the Swedish army, Johan Banér. During the futile five-month siege of the fortress the town was greatly devastated. About 600 people were murdered (\"Pirnarisches Elend\", lit. \"Misery of Pirna\"). In around 1670, the Sonnenstein fortress was built with modern military insights. Only the powerful stonework still exists today. In 1707, Pirna had debts that related to the Great Northern War of more than 100,000 Thalers. On August 29, 1756, the small Saxon army fled before the Prussians, who had invaded without declaring war, to the levels between Königstein Fortress and Sonnenstein Castle and capitulated there on October 16, two days after Sonnenstein surrendered. In 1758, Austrian troops and the Imperial Army besieged the fortress. Manufacturing plants opened in 1774 in Pirna. In 1811 the physician Ernst Gottlob Pienitz opened a very large mental hospital in Castle Sonnenstein. But on September 14, 1813, French troops occupied Sonnenstein, forcing the evacuation of 275 patients, seizing supplies and tearing the roof trusses out to remove the threat of fire. In September 1813, emperor Napoleon temporarily lived at the Marienhaus at the market. Until Dresden's surrender on November 11 the French defended the fortress. Only in February did the hospital for the mentally ill open again. In 1837, steamship travel began on the upper Elbe. A few years later, a railway line connecting Dresden and Pirna opened. In 1880, the first section of the \"Sekundärbahn\" railway line from Pirna to Gottleuba was opened. The line, the Gottleuba Valley Railway, was closed in 1976. Pirna became an industrial town in 1862 with the building of factories. Mechanical engineering, glass, cellulose and rayon production also expanded. In 1875, the sandstone Elbbrücke (bridge on the Elbe) was completed. During the First World War Pirna became a garrison and the engineer battalions 12 and 5 of the Royal Saxon field artillery regiment No. 64 were billeted on Rottwerndorfer Straße. In 1922/23, the town absorbed several municipalities including Posta, Niedervogelgesang, Obervogelgesang, Copitz, Hinterjessen, Neundorf, Zuschendorf, Rottwerndorf and Zehista. The population then totalled 30,000 inhabitants. World War II - From early 1940 until end of June 1942, a part of the huge mental asylum within Sonnenstein Castle overlooking Pirna was converted into a euthanasia killing centre: the Sonnenstein Nazi Death Institute. This was the first use of techniques later rolled out and refined for use within the Final Solution. A gas chamber and crematorium were installed in the cellar of the former men's sanitary (building C 16). A high brick-wall on two sides of the complex shielded it from outside while a high hoarding was erected on the other sides. Four buildings were located inside the shielding. They were used for offices, living rooms for the personnel etc. Sleeping quarters for the \"burners\" (men who burned the bodies) were provided for in the attic of building C 16. It is possible that other sections of the buildings were also used by T4. From end of June 1940 until September 1942, approximately 15,000 persons were killed in the scope of the euthanasia programme and the Sonderbehandlung 14f13. The staff consisted of about 100 persons. One third of them were ordered to the extermination camps in occupied Poland, because of their experiences in deception, killing, gassing and burning innocent people. There they were trained by the killing groups who mounted the killing machinery in the later camps like Treblinka from TishBeAv 1942 and the others. During August and September 1942, the Sonnenstein killing centre was closed and incriminating installations such as gas chamber installations and crematorium ovens dismantled. After October 1942, the buildings were used as a military hospital. This part of the history of Pirna went largely unrecognized in Germany until 1989, but after that efforts to remember that catastrophe started. In June 2000 the permanent exhibition opened . Pirna has a long history of flooding due to its position on the River Elbe. Pirna was particularly badly hit by the flooding of the Elbe in 2002, reaching its apex on 16 August. Two factors greatly", "innocent people. There they were trained by the killing groups who mounted the killing machinery in the later camps like Treblinka from TishBeAv 1942 and the others. During August and September 1942, the Sonnenstein killing centre was closed and incriminating installations such as gas chamber installations and crematorium ovens dismantled. After October 1942, the buildings were used as a military hospital. This part of the history of Pirna went largely unrecognized in Germany until 1989, but after that efforts to remember that catastrophe started. In June 2000 the permanent exhibition opened . Pirna has a long history of flooding due to its position on the River Elbe. Pirna was particularly badly hit by the flooding of the Elbe in 2002, reaching its apex on 16 August. Two factors greatly worsened the effect. Firstly, the large earth structure supporting the railway line acted as a dam, retaining the waters for longer and deeper on the town side. Secondly the many shop-fronts which had been renewed post-unification were all sealed in terms of water-tightness: the floodwaters rose outside whilst the units inside stayed dry, but at certain critical points the weight of the water suddenly destroyed the shopfronts. Ironically the older \"leaky\" shopfronts did not suffer this fate as the water built up equally on each side. Whilst international media mainly concentrated on the impact upon Dresden the impact upon Pirna was proportionately much worse. Schöna and Bad Schandau were also hit. In June 2013 a further severe flood occurred but failed to meet the record levels of the 2002 flood. The cities that were amalgamated with Pirna are: Change of Population \"(from 1960, all figures for December 31)\": The dialect spoken in Pirna is \"Südostmeißenisch\", which is part of the Upper Saxon German group of dialects. Pirna is bound with Baienfurt and Reutlingen, both in Baden-Württemberg, in town friendships. Pirna Pirna () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the administrative district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The town's population is over 37,000. Pirna is located near Dresden and is an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hush harbor During antebellum America, a hush harbor (or hush arbor, brush harbor or brush arbor) was a place where slaves would gather in secret to practice religious traditions. Religion grew to become a highly respected part of slave life. It offered the enslaved hope and reassurance. Slaves were forced to organize and conduct these meetings in secret because the idea of slaves assembling without supervision left the owners in fear. The meetings were held after dark, once field and house chores were completed, and carried on late into the night. Christianity was the prominent religion forced on the African Slaves after being transported to the Americas. After being exposed to Christian ideas, the slaves began to understand them more. Slaves discovered promising stories and passages in the Bible that offered hope. The story of Jesus Christ suffering on the cross drew attention because of the similar, harsh treatment they both received. The hush harbors served as the location where slaves could combine their African religious traditions with Christianity. It was safe to freely blend the components of each religion in these meetings. The slaves could let go of all their hardships and express their emotions. Here is where Negro spirituals originated. The songs created by slaves were known to contain a double meaning, revealing the ideas of religious salvation and freedom from slavery. The meetings would also include practices such as dance. African shouts and rhythms were also included. Slaves would suffer severe punishments had they been caught in a hush harbor meeting. Slave owners were confident that they would compare treatment, working conditions, and punishments, leaving them worried about revolts and riots. The most common price would be a whipping. African American churches taught that all people were equal in God's eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to one's master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future. Hush harbor During antebellum America, a hush harbor (or hush arbor, brush harbor or brush arbor) was a place where slaves would gather in secret to practice religious traditions. Religion grew to become a highly respected part of slave life. It offered the enslaved hope and reassurance. Slaves were forced to organize and conduct these meetings in secret because the idea of slaves assembling without supervision left the owners in fear. The meetings were" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ajni railway station Ajni is a railway station in vicinity of Nagpur in Maharashtra on Delhi-Chennai line. It is situated at a distance of about 2.8 km from Nagpur railway station. There are plans to develop it as a terminus alternative to Nagpur. A proposal has also been sent to Railway Ministry to develop it as a Coaching complex. Many trains have a brief stop of about 2 minutes at this station. This station is mainly used by residents of Central, West, South-West and Southern suburbs of Nagpur and short-distance daily travelers. Trains terminating at Nagpur get almost 80 percent emptied here. And trains originating from Nagpur get filled here with almost 40 percent. Ajni is among the five small stations which falls within the extended city limits of Nagpur. The name of these five stations are Ajni, Itwari, Kalamna, Kamptee & Khapri. Ajni railway station Ajni is a railway station in vicinity of Nagpur in Maharashtra on Delhi-Chennai line. It is situated at a distance of about 2.8 km from Nagpur railway station. There are plans to develop it as a terminus alternative to Nagpur. A proposal has also been sent to Railway Ministry to develop it as a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2013 Dhivehi League The 2013 Dhivehi League started on 26 February 2013 and ended on 28 July 2013. Format: In Round 1 and Round 2, all eight teams play against each other. Top six teams after Round 2 play against each other in Round 3. Teams with most total points after Round 3 are crowned the Dhivehi League champions and qualify for the AFC Cup. The top four teams qualify for the President's Cup. Bottom two teams after Round 2 play against top two teams of Second Division in Dhivehi League Qualification for places in next year's Dhivehi League. <section begin=table /><section end=table /> 2013 Dhivehi League The 2013 Dhivehi League started on 26 February 2013 and ended on 28 July 2013. Format: In Round 1 and Round 2, all eight teams play against each other. Top six teams after Round 2 play against each other in Round 3. Teams with most total points after Round 3 are crowned the Dhivehi League champions and qualify for the AFC Cup. The top four teams qualify for the President's Cup. Bottom two teams after Round 2 play against top two teams of Second Division in Dhivehi League Qualification for places in next" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jay Marshall (magician) Jay Marshall (James Ward Marshall) (August 29, 1919 – May 10, 2005) was an American magician and ventriloquist. According to the Chicago Tribune, his interest in magic started when he was six. As a youngster, he saw performances by Thurston and Houdini. In later years, he admitted to dozing off in the midst of Houdini's show. After only a year at college, he went on to be a professional entertainer instead, initially working out of Boston. He later moved to New York City where he met Naomi Baker, daughter of Al Baker, then Dean of American Magicians. Naomi married Marshall and they had two sons, James and Alexander (\"Sandy\"). During World War II, Marshall was \"island hopping\" in the Pacific to entertain military personnel in USO shows. He became tired of taking his elaborate ventriloquist's dummy called Henry with him, so he decided to use a white glove and some bunny ears to turn his left hand into his dummy, \"Lefty\". Marshall often described the transition from his use of a traditional vent dummy to the development of his glove puppet rabbit commenting that the \"dummy wouldn't carry the suitcase.\" Originally made from a khaki army glove, when Marshall was discharged from the army, he replaced it with a white dress glove. While performing in Las Vegas, at the suggestion of one of Marshall's friends, the puppet was further transformed into a rabbit by affixing two fingers from a separate glove to it, thus forming a pair of perky ears. Over his 60-year career he appeared on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" 14 times together with his glove puppet rabbit dummy, \"Lefty\". He also played the New York Palace and London's Palladium. Marshall was the opening act for performers like Frank Sinatra, Milton Berle and Liberace. He was the first act to open for Sinatra in Las Vegas. In Marshall's later years, he was honored with the title of \"Dean of American Magicians\" by the Society of American Magicians. Marshall was born in Abington, Massachusetts. He spent a year at Bluefield College in Virginia. In the 1950s, Marshall moved to Chicago and married fellow magician and magic dealer Frances Ireland. Together they operated the Ireland Magic Company at 109 North Dearborn St. in the Chicago Loop. In 1963, the firm was relocated to the North side of Chicago at 5082 North Lincoln Ave., and renamed it Magic Inc.. Marshall's reputation as an all-knowing historian of stage magic, vaudeville and entertainment grew through the years, as did his legendary collection of books, posters and assorted ephemera on a wide range of subjects. He died at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago after a series of heart attacks. He was 85 and is survived by his son Alexander; another son, James; a sister, Marjorie Bamman; five grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren. James Randi remembers Jay Marshall during the JREF Amazing Adventure 4, March 8–15, 2009. Randi describes how Marshall was an expert at taking advantage of an opportunity and gives the example of when Lefty ate a fly. Randi's anecdote begins with \"a fly came into the spotlight...\" Jay Marshall (magician) Jay Marshall (James Ward Marshall) (August 29, 1919 – May 10, 2005) was an American magician and ventriloquist. According to the Chicago Tribune, his interest in magic started when he was six. As a youngster, he saw performances by Thurston and Houdini. In later years, he admitted to dozing off in the midst of Houdini's show. After only a year at college, he went on to be a professional entertainer instead, initially working out of Boston. He later moved to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Juan Nepomuceno Zegrí Moreno Blessed Juan Nepomuceno Zegrí Moreno (11 October 1831 - 17 March 1905) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Mercedarian Sisters of Charity (1878). Moreno was ordained as a priest in 1855 and was accused of misconduct in 1888 and the Holy See ordered him to leave the congregation as an investigation took place; he was vindicated in 1894. Pope John Paul II presided over Moreno's beatification on 9 November 2003. Juan Nepomuceno Zegrí Moreno was born in Spain on 11 October 1831 to Antonio de León Zegrí Abril Martín (b. November 1808) and Josefa Moreno Escudero. His siblings were: Moreno felt a call to the priesthood during his childhood and he commenced his studies to become a priest at the San Dionisio seminary in Granada. He was ordained as a priest on 2 June 1855 in the Granada Cathedral and became the parish priest at Huétor Santillán and later at San Gabriel de Loja; he also served as a canon of the Málaga Cathedral. Moreno also served as a spiritual director to seminarians and as a preacher and chaplain to Queen Isabel II until her deposition. He went to Málaga following the deposition of the queen and began finalizing his plans for the establishment of a new religious order. Before he was ordained he had been a friend of Bishop Juan Nepomuceno Cascallana Ordóñez. The order - titled the Mercedarian Sisters of Charity - was founded on 16 March 1878 and was aggregated to the Mercedarians on 9 June 1878. The congregation later received the decree of praise on 25 September 1900 and full papal approval from Pope Leo XIII on 24 April 1901. Moreno was embroiled in a scandal in 1888 when the religious of his order accused him of misconduct and it resulted in a decree from the Holy See on 7 July 1888 demanding he leave and keep his distance from the congregation. An extensive investigation followed in which Moreno kept silent and adhered to the orders of his superiors until a decree from the Holy See on 15 July 1894 vindicated him of all false allegations. Some sisters however were not inclined to accept this verdict which resulted in some in the order refusing to acknowledge Moreno as its founder. He died on 17 March 1905. He was re-recognized as the congregation's founder in 1925. His order now operates in nations such as the Dominican Republic and South Korea and as of 2005 had 1234 religious in a total of 156 houses. The beatification process opened in an informative process that spanned from 5 July 1958 until it was closed on 7 June 1962. The formal opening of the cause on 5 July 1958 under Pope Pius XII conferred the title of Servant of God upon the late priest. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process in Rome on 7 February 1992. The C.C.S. received the Positio at the beginning of 1993 and passed it onto a board of historians who granted their assent to the continuation of the cause on 26 January 1993. Theologians approved it on 14 November 2000 and the C.C.S. also approved it on 4 December 2001. Moreno was declared to be Venerable on 20 December 2001 after Pope John Paul II recognized that he had lived a life of heroic virtue. The miracle required for beatification was investigated and later received C.C.S. validation in Rome on 12 February 1993 which allowed for a team of medical experts to approve the miracle in a meeting on 18 April 2002 and for theologians to follow suit on 18 October 2002. The C.C.S. voted in favor of the miracle on 7 January 2003 and the pope himself did so as well on 12 April 2003. John Paul II beatified Moreno on 9 November 2003. Juan Nepomuceno Zegrí Moreno Blessed Juan Nepomuceno Zegrí Moreno (11 October 1831 - 17 March 1905) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Mercedarian Sisters of Charity (1878). Moreno was ordained as a priest in 1855 and was accused of misconduct in 1888 and the Holy See ordered him to leave the congregation as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Ice Twins The Ice Twins is a 2015 psychological thriller, written by S.K. Tremayne (a pseudonym for British author and journalist Sean Thomas.). Screenwriter Isaac Adamson has adapted the novel for a movie. The novel describes the troubled lives of Sarah and Angus Moorcroft who lose one of their young twin daughters in an accident. A year after the tragedy, Angus and Sarah decide to take their surviving twin, Kirstie, to live on a small island off Skye, in Scotland. Just before the family's move to Scotland, Kirstie claims she is, in fact, her identical twin sister Lydia, supposedly dead. The novel was an international bestseller, reaching number 1 on the \"Sunday Times\" list, in the UK; it spent several months on bestseller lists in Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, South Korea, Brazil, and elsewhere. The Ice Twins The Ice Twins is a 2015 psychological thriller, written by S.K. Tremayne (a pseudonym for British author and journalist Sean Thomas.). Screenwriter Isaac Adamson has adapted the novel for a movie. The novel describes the troubled lives of Sarah and Angus Moorcroft who lose one of their young twin daughters in an accident. A year after the tragedy, Angus and Sarah" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Accounts Chamber of Russia Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation () is the parliamentary body of the financial control in the Russian Federation. The prototype of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation - a Chamber-collegium established by Peter I in 1718 for the management of state taxes, and some sectors of the state economy. Prior to that time in the treasury of Russian tsars was a mess. Ideologue and founder of Court of Auditors was Petr Lukich Aksenov. In 1719, he introduced in Russian government the written balance of income and expenditure of money in the state treasury, and gave the Emperor a weekly report of the motion of money. Moreover, Petr Aksenov defines form of accounting for the Chambers-collegium and teach it local clerk and officials from all Russia. In 1725, the Senate determined Peter Aksenov kamerirom, and in 1731 Secretary. From 1811 to 1918 in Russian Empore exists office of State Comptroller. Then it was replaced by People's Commissariat of same name and in 1920 by Rabkrin Status of the Accounting Chamber of the Russian Federation by the Constitution of Russia and the Federal Law \"On the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation\", according to which the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation is a permanent body of financial control, which is formed by the Federal Assembly, the bicameral parliament of Russia and accountable to him. The work of The Chamber is guided by federal law, carries out the assignments of the Federation Council and the State Duma. As part of its objectives Chamber has the organizational and functional independence. It is the supervisory body of the Federal Assembly, but is not a structural unit and formally applies to the legislative, executive or judicial branches of government. Chairman and half of (six auditors) Accounts shall be appointed by the State Duma, Vice-President and the other half of (six auditors) - Council of the Federation. Audit Chamber composed of a body and the unit. Board considers the organization of work, as well as reports and messages. Chairman (or in his absence - his deputy) manages the Accounting Chamber, organizes its work, auditors led by certain activities. The apparatus consists of the inspectors (who directly organize and carry out control) and other staff members. Internal matters of the Chamber, the distribution of responsibilities between auditors Court of Auditors, the Apparatus of the Accounts Chamber of Russia and the interaction of the structural units of the Accounting Chamber, the order of business, development and implementation activities of all kinds and forms of control, and other activities are regulated by the Accounting Chamber, approved by its Board. Accounts Chamber of Russia Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation () is the parliamentary body of the financial control in the Russian Federation. The prototype of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation - a Chamber-collegium established by Peter I in 1718 for the management of state taxes, and some sectors of the state economy. Prior to that time in the treasury of Russian" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Genbox Family History Genbox Family History is genealogy software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Thoughtful Creations. It functions as a database, a research planner and task organizer, a data analyzer, a chart producer, and a report writer. Genbox has evolved since its first release in 1993 as a DOS family tree charting application. It is now a complete genealogy software package, with project organisation features, support for data and media storage, source citations, and the production of complex and customizable charts and reports. Some of its features include: Genbox version 1.0 was originally released in 1992 as a DOS-based charting application. Genbox version 2.0 was released in 1994. Work began on the Windows version of Genbox Family History in August 1998 Genbox's underlying database engine is stored using the Microsoft Jet Database Engine: the Genbox database can be opened in Microsoft Access. Genbox Family History Genbox Family History is genealogy software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Thoughtful Creations. It functions as a database, a research planner and task organizer, a data analyzer, a chart producer, and a report writer. Genbox has evolved since its first release in 1993 as a DOS family tree charting application. It is now a complete" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Notice of Intent to Lien In Mechanics lien law a \"Notice of Intent to Lien\" (also known as a Notice of Intent, a Notice of Intent to File a Mechanics Lien, an intent notice, an NOI, or a notice of non-payment) is a type of preliminary notice that warns the property owner, prime contractor, and/or other party on a construction that a mechanics lien or bond claim will be filed unless overdue payments are made within a certain period of time. A Notice of Intent to Lien is formally required in nine states. In these states, notices of intent must be sent prior to the filing of a mechanics lien claim. These requirements only exist for private projects, there are no notice of intent requirements on state, federal, and other public works projects. The following states require the sending of a Notice of Intent to Lien. Sending a Notice of Intent is often helpful even if it is not required because it motivates top-of-chain parties to make payment in order to avoid facing a claim of lien. Delayed payment on construction projects often results from a lack of communication, so sending Notices of Intent and other preliminary notices can help inform parties higher up the payment chain of who is working for them and who has not been paid. Notice of Intent to Lien In Mechanics lien law a \"Notice of Intent to Lien\" (also known as a Notice of Intent, a Notice of Intent to File a Mechanics Lien, an intent notice, an NOI, or a notice of non-payment) is a type of preliminary notice that warns the property owner, prime contractor, and/or other party on a construction that a mechanics lien or bond claim will be filed unless overdue payments are made within a certain period of time." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The News Minute The News Minute is an Indian digital newspaper based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It was founded by Dhanya Rajendran, Chitra Subramaniam and Vignesh Vellore in 2014. Apart from Karnataka, it also has branches in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In a December 2015 interview with Sadhana Chathurvedula of \"Mint\", Vellore mentioned that the website has currently hired 12 people to work in it. \"The News Minute\" had secured an undisclosed amount of funding from Raghav Bahl's company, The Quintillion Media the same year; It plans to use those funds to hire more reporters and editors as well as expand its coverage. Vellore stated that \"The News Minute\" aims to make use of User interface (UI) \"so as to keep the audience more engaged with the content we publish.\" The News Minute The News Minute is an Indian digital newspaper based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It was founded by Dhanya Rajendran, Chitra Subramaniam and Vignesh Vellore in 2014. Apart from Karnataka, it also has branches in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In a December 2015 interview with Sadhana Chathurvedula of \"Mint\", Vellore mentioned that the website has currently hired 12" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Contra ReBirth \"Contra ReBirth\" retains the same sprite-based side-scrolling gameplay as the series' earlier installments. The game can be played with the standard Wii Remote, as well as with the Classic Controller or a Nintendo GameCube controller. As with most \"Contra\" games, up to two players can play simultaneously. The player initially has a choice between two different player characters: Bill Rizer, the traditional \"Contra\" hero, or Genbei Yagyu from \"Neo Contra\". Two additional characters: Brownie (Tsugumin in the Japanese version), an android shaped like a small girl; and Plissken, a tall lizard-like humanoid alien (whose name is a tribute to the Snake Plissken movie character), can also be selected once the player has completed the game on Easy (Brownie) and Normal (Plissken). The dual weapon system from \"\" returns and the player's normal gun can now shoot in autofire once again. The power-ups in this installment consists of a Spread Shot, a Laser Gun and a Homing Gun. The traditional flamethrower, however, is missing. Playing on the Easy setting will allow the player to always keep their current weapon after losing a life, a feature not available in any of the other settings. The game consists of five stages. However, the final boss stage, along with the true ending, cannot be accessed when playing on the Easy setting. In 2633, the Neo-Salamander Force, led by their mysterious leader Chief Salamander, travel back to 1973 to take out the Contra force, while the Earth defenses are still primitive. They end up setting base on the ruins of the Shizuoka temple at the Yucatán Peninsula in Central America. Bill Rizer and Genbei Yagyu, two members of the present day Contra team, are deployed by the Galactic President to travel back in time to stop them. With the help of Browny, the robot, Plissken, a lizard-like alien, and the samurai, Genbei Yagyu, the Contra warriors manage to take down the Neo Salamander Force. However, Chief Salamander is nowhere to be seen. In the true ending of the game, it is revealed Chief Salamander is actually \"Plissken\", who has infiltrated the Contra unit under an assumed name. The game's soundtrack was composed by Manabu Namiki, who worked on the other titles in the \"ReBirth\" series. The music consists of remixes of previous \"Contra\" songs. The official album was released on March 24, 2010 in a compilation with \"\"'s music. \"Contra ReBirth\" was nominated for Game of the Year by \"Nintendo Power\", as well as WiiWare Game of the Year and Best Action Game. Contra ReBirth \"Contra ReBirth\" retains the same sprite-based side-scrolling gameplay as the series' earlier installments. The game can be played with the standard Wii Remote, as well as with the Classic Controller or a Nintendo GameCube controller. As with most \"Contra\" games, up to two players can play simultaneously. The player initially has a choice between two different player characters: Bill Rizer, the traditional \"Contra\" hero, or Genbei Yagyu from \"Neo Contra\". Two additional characters: Brownie (Tsugumin in the Japanese" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glacier Peak Wilderness Glacier Peak Wilderness is a , , wilderness area located within portions of Chelan, Snohomish, and Skagit counties in the North Cascades of Washington. The area lies within parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Mount Baker National Forest and is characterized by heavily forested stream courses, steep-sided valleys, and dramatic glacier-crowned peaks. The dominant geologic feature of the area is Glacier Peak. It is the most remote major volcanic peak in the Cascade Range and has more active glaciers than any other place in the lower forty-eight states. Glacier Peak is a volcanic cone of basalt, pumice, and ash which erupted during periods of heavy glaciation. Glacier Peak Wilderness was created by the U.S. Forest Service in 1960 through the efforts of the North Cascades Conservation Council, four years before the 1964 wilderness legislation of the Congress. Forest vegetation comprises several species of fir, Douglas fir, hemlock, red cedar as well as stands of mixed pine and Douglas fir on its eastern slopes. Various species of wildlife inhabit the area and include deer, elk, black bear, mountain goat, cougar, marten, and lynx. Smaller animals, such as field mice are common. The last confirmed grizzly bear sighting in the United States portion of the North Cascade ecosystem occurred in this wilderness. The high mountain lakes often give good catches of fish during their ice-free months. The primary fishery is cutthroat trout, however, other species do exist. No roads approach Glacier Peak, and many miles of hiking through extremely rough terrain to reach its base. Normally, hikers can reach the volcano from the west via the White Chuck River Valley, or the Suiattle River Valley; from the east, it may be approached from the western tip of Lake Chelan or the White River or Chiwawa River valleys. Most years the wilderness is still buried under of snow in May. Usually most trails and passes are snow free by mid-August, but this varies from year to year. Snow and cold rain can occur in mid-summer. Glacier Peak Wilderness Glacier Peak Wilderness is a , , wilderness area located within portions of Chelan, Snohomish, and Skagit counties in the North Cascades of Washington. The area lies within parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Mount Baker National Forest and is characterized by heavily forested stream courses, steep-sided valleys, and dramatic glacier-crowned peaks. The dominant geologic feature of the area is Glacier Peak." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Amadou Sanogo Amadou Haya Sanogo (born 1972 or 1973) is a Malian military officer who was leader of the 2012 Malian coup d'état against President Amadou Toumani Touré. He proclaimed himself the leader of the National Committee for Recovering Democracy and Restoring the State (CNRDRE). Sanogo was also said to be involved in the arrest and resignation of acting Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra in December 2012, leading to the appointment of civil servant Django Sissoko as Prime Minister. According to Human Rights Watch, Sanogo’s forces were implicated in serious human rights abuses including torture, sexual abuse, and intimidation against journalists and family members of detained soldiers. Sanogo is one of six children born to Mamadou Sanogo and his wife. Amadou Sanogo is nicknamed \"Bolly\" by relatives. Sanogo comes from Ségou, one of Mali's largest cities on the Niger River. Sanogo has spent 22 years in the military. Before the coup, Sanogo had held a mid-level army position. A participant in the International Military Education and Training program, he received training \"at training programmes in the United States, in Georgia and at the Marine Corps base in Quantico, Virginia\", but his American instructors \"never marked him out as future leadership material\". He also studied English at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. His first actions as \"de facto\" head of state included suspending the constitution and activities of some organizations, as well as declaring a curfew and closing the borders. Though the rationale for the coup had been Amadou Toumani Touré's alleged mismanagement of the 2012 Tuareg rebellion, the Malian military lost control of the regional capitals of Kidal, Gao, and Timbuktu within ten days of Sanogo's assuming office, leading Reuters to describe the coup as \"a spectacular own-goal\". On 4 April, \"The New York Times\" reported that he was trying to deflect attention from the coup to the struggles in the north, telling a reporter, \"We should forget a little the Committee, the Parliament, the Constitution — that can wait. The serious topic, it’s the north. That’s the most important.\" Following the economic sanctions and a blockade by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on the country, a deal, brokered in Burkina Faso by President Blaise Compaoré under the auspices of ECOWAS, was signed that would see Sanogo cede power to Dioncounda Traoré, who would assume the presidency in an interim capacity until an election could be held. After the new interim President Dioncounda Traoré and Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra took office, the junta led by Sanogo made it clear that they were stepping aside only temporarily and that the junta would retain a supervisory role until the elections. ECOWAS gave the interim government one year to hold elections. On 24 November 2012, Sanogo joined Malian religious leaders to speak at a Bamako rally against religious extremism. On 11 December 2012, Prime Minister Modibo Diarra was arrested by Sanogo's junta and forced to resign. The move, which was condemned by ECOWAS, was followed the same day by the appointment of Django Sissoko as Prime Minister. Following the election of Ibrahim Boubacar Keita as President, Sanogo was promoted to the rank of four-star general on 14 August 2013; it was believed that the move was part of an effort to convince Sanogo to retire, enabling him to do so with dignity. Shortly before Keita was sworn in as President, Sanogo was dismissed from his post as head of a military reform committee on 28 August 2013. On 27 November 2013, Sanogo was arrested and charged with complicity in the kidnapping and disappearance of rivals within the Malian military. He remains in detention while awaiting trial. Amadou Sanogo Amadou Haya Sanogo (born 1972 or 1973) is a Malian military officer who was leader of the 2012 Malian coup d'état against President Amadou Toumani Touré. He proclaimed himself the leader of the National Committee for Recovering Democracy and Restoring the State (CNRDRE). Sanogo was also said to be involved in the arrest and resignation of acting Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra in December 2012, leading to the appointment of civil servant Django Sissoko as Prime Minister. According to Human Rights Watch, Sanogo’s forces were implicated in serious human rights" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater (21 May 1736 – 8 March 1803), known as Lord Francis Egerton until 1748, was a British nobleman from the Egerton family. He was the youngest son of the 1st Duke. He did not marry, and the dukedom expired with him, although the earldom was inherited by a cousin, Lieutenant-General John Egerton. A pioneer of canal construction, he is famed as the \"father of British inland navigation\", who commissioned the Bridgewater Canal—often said to be the first true canal in Britain, and the modern world. The canal was built for him by James Brindley to service his coal mines at Worsley, in Lancashire. Bridgewater, the younger son of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, was born on the 21 May 1736. He succeeded to the dukedom at the age of twelve on the death of his brother, John, 2nd Duke. As a child he was sickly and of such unpromising intellectual capacity that at one time the idea of cutting the entail was seriously entertained. Shortly after attaining his majority he became engaged to the society beauty the Dowager Duchess of Hamilton, but her refusal to give up the acquaintance of her sister, Lady Coventry, led to the breaking off of the match. Thereupon the Duke broke up his London establishment, and retired to his estate at Worsley where he devoted himself to the making of canals. The Bridgewater Canal from Worsley to Manchester which he constructed to transport coal obtained on his estates is usually cited as the first modern British canal as opposed to a river navigation—although the Sankey Canal is a rival to this claim, projected as a \"navigation\", but built as a true canal. The construction of Bridgewater's canal, with its aqueduct across the River Irwell, was carried out by James Brindley, the celebrated engineer. The completion of his first canal led the duke to undertake a more ambitious work. In 1762 he obtained parliamentary powers to provide an improved waterway between Liverpool and Manchester by means of a canal. The difficulties encountered in its execution were still more formidable than those of the Worsley canal, involving carrying it across Sale Moor Moss. But the genius of Brindley, his engineer, proved superior to all obstacles although at one period the duke's financial resources were almost exhausted, the work was carried to a triumphant conclusion. Both canals were completed by the time Bridgewater was thirty-six years of age, and the remainder of his life was spent in extending them and in improving his estates. During the latter years of his life he derived a princely income from the success of his enterprise. Although a supporter of Pitt's administration, he took no prominent part in politics. The duke accumulated great wealth through his canal and coal interests. His annual income was said to have exceeded £80,000. The family owned other estates: Belton House, a small Sussex estate and the Old House and, 6,000 acres (24 km²) at Ashridge. On leaving his Brackley and Worsley estates, the duke had an annual income in taxes and duties of £75,000 (estimated in 1997 as £2,360,000). The father of the first duke had bought Cleveland House in St James, London, which was rebuilt to the designs of Sir Charles Barry in 1840 and renamed Bridgewater House in 1854 for Lord Ellesmere, heir of the 3rd Duke. With the Bridgewater fortune exceeding £2,000,000, the duke, the richest nobleman in England, set about rebuilding Ashridge. He began to pull the old buildings down, but he died before his plans could be completed, leaving his heir with nothing but rubble. He was the leading member of the syndicate which purchased and partly resold the famous Orleans Collection, from the banker Jeremiah Harman in 1789. He acquired an art collection valued at £150,000 (estimated in 1997 about £4.75 million). It was composed of several old master paintings including \"Diana and Actaeon\" and \"Diana and Callisto\". It was inherited by his heir, 1st Duke of Sutherland. Most of his purchases are still held by the Egerton family. The duke died unmarried on 8 March 1803, and the ducal title became extinct although the Earldom of Bridgewater passed to a cousin, Lieutenant-General John Egerton, who became 7th Earl). The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater was buried in the Egerton family vault in Little Gaddesden Church, close to Ashridge. By his will the duke devised his canals and estates on trust, under which his nephew, the 2nd Marquess of Stafford (afterwards 1st Duke of Sutherland), became the first beneficiary, and next his son Lord Francis Leveson-Gower (afterwards 1st Earl of Ellesmere) and his issue. In order that the trust should last as long as possible, an extraordinary use was made of the legal rule that property may be settled for the duration of lives in being and twenty-one years after. The legatees were a great number of persons connected with the duke and their living issue, plus all peers who had taken their seats in the House of Lords on or before the duke's decease. The last of the peers died in 1857, but one of the commoners survived till 19 October 1883, and so the trust did not expire until 19 October 1903, when the whole property passed to the undivided control of Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. The canals had by then been transferred to the Bridgewater Navigation Company in 1872, by whom they were sold in 1887 to the Manchester Ship Canal Company. Scroop, 1st Duke of Bridgewater (1681–1745), the son of the 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, was created a duke in 1720. He was the great-grandson of John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater (. 1617; . 1649), whose name is associated with the production of Milton's \"Comus\" and the latter was the son of Sir Thomas Egerton (1540–1617), Queen Elizabeth's Lord Keeper and James I's Lord Chancellor, who was created Baron Ellesmere in 1603 and Viscount Brackley in 1616. Attribution: Francis Egerton, 3rd" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Manne Siegbahn Prof Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn FRS(For) HFRSE (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978) was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 \"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\". Siegbahn was born in Örebro, Sweden, the son of Georg Siegbahn and his wife, Emma Zetterberg. He graduated in Stockholm 1906 and began his studies at Lund University in the same year. During his education he was secretarial assistant to Johannes Rydberg. In 1908 he studied at the University of Göttingen. He obtained his doctorate (PhD) at the Lund University in 1911, his thesis was titled \"Magnetische Feldmessungen\" (magnetic field measurements). He became acting professor for Rydberg when his health was failing, and succeeded him as full professor in 1920. However, in 1922 he left Lund for a professorship at the Uppsala University. In 1937, Siegbahn was appointed Director of the Physics Department of the Nobel Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1988 this was renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute (MSI). The institute research groups have been reorganized since, but the name lives on in the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory hosted by Stockholm University. Manne Siegbahn began his studies of X-ray spectroscopy in 1914. Initially he used the same type of spectrometer as Henry Moseley had done for finding the relationship between the wavelength of some elements and their place at the periodic system. Shortly thereafter he developed improved experimental apparatus which allowed him to make very accurate measurements of the X-ray wavelengths produced by atoms of different elements. Also, he found that several of the spectral lines that Moseley had discovered consisted of more components. By studying these components and improving the spectrometer, Siegbahn got an almost complete understanding of the electron shell. He developed a convention for naming the different spectral lines that are characteristic to elements in X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation. Siegbahn's precision measurements drove many developments in quantum theory and atomic physics. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924. He won the Hughes Medal 1934 and Rumford Medal 1940. In 1944, he patented the Siegbahn pump. Siegbahn was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1954. Siegbahn married Karin Högbom in 1914. They had two children: Bo Siegbahn (1915–2008), a diplomat and politician, and Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), a physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contribution to the development of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Manne Siegbahn Prof Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn FRS(For) HFRSE (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978) was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 \"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\". Siegbahn was born in Örebro, Sweden, the son of Georg Siegbahn and his wife, Emma Zetterberg. He graduated in Stockholm 1906 and began his studies at Lund University in the same year. During his education he was secretarial assistant to Johannes Rydberg. In 1908 he studied at the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Paz de la Huerta María de la Paz Elizabeth Sofía Adriana de la Huerta y Bruce (born September 3, 1984), known by her stage name Paz de la Huerta , is an American actress and model. De la Huerta is notable for her roles in the films \"The Cider House Rules\" (1999), \"A Walk to Remember\" (2002), \"Choke\" (2008), \"Enter the Void\" (2009), and \"Nurse 3D\" (2013), and for her role as Lucy Danziger in the HBO drama series \"Boardwalk Empire\". De la Huerta was raised by her mother, along with her older sister Rafaela de la Paz (born November 5, 1981) in the New York City neighborhood of SoHo, located in Lower Manhattan. Her parents are Ricardo Ignacio de la Huerta y Ozores, the Spanish XVII Duke of Mandas and Villanueva (born November 17, 1944, in San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain), and Judith Bruce (born October 23, 1946, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States). De la Huerta was born with recurrent cystic hygroma under her arm, which she has had treated with multiple surgeries. Her mother worked as an authority on birth control and women's issues in Third World countries. She attended private Saint Ann's School in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, with fellow student and future fashion designer, Zac Posen, for whom she has since modeled. She also attended the performing arts camp Buck's Rock. De la Huerta spent summers with her father in Spain while attending high school. De la Huerta began modeling in her adolescence and became a runway model before transitioning into film. She made her film debut with a small role in the 1998 romantic comedy \"The Object of My Affection\", and the next year appeared opposite Michael Caine and Charlize Theron in \"The Cider House Rules\". In 2002, she appeared opposite Shane West and Mandy Moore in \"A Walk to Remember\", an American coming-of-age romantic drama film based on the Nicholas Sparks' novel. The film opened at No. 3 at the U.S. box office raking in $12,177,488 in its opening weekend, behind \"Snow Dogs\" and \"Black Hawk Down\". Even though not a critical success, it was a modest box office hit, earning $41,281,092 in the United States alone, and a sleeper hit in Asia. The total revenue generated worldwide was $47,494,916. In 2007, de la Huerta was cast in the role of Linda for the film \"Enter the Void\", a psychedelic melodrama set in neon-lit nightclub environments of Tokyo. Director Gaspar Noé found her after holding auditions in New York City. \"I met Paz and I really liked her. She had the profile for the character because she likes screaming, crying, showing herself naked—all the qualities for it.\" The crew filmed in Tokyo from 19 October to 15 December 2007. Flashback scenes were shot in Montreal over the course of four weeks the following spring, until 16 May 2008. A 163-minute version of the film competed in the main competition of the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. Festival screenings of subsequent versions followed throughout the year, including the Toronto, Sitges, London, and Stockholm international film festivals. The final 154-minute cut premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. It premiered in France on 5 May 2010 through Wild Bunch Distribution. The Japanese release followed ten days later. Distribution rights for the United States were picked up at Sundance by IFC Films. \"Enter the Void\" holds a 70-percent approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 88 English-language reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 69 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\" Peter Bradshaw included the film in \"The Guardian\"s top 50 films of the decade so far, and gave it five stars out of five. In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, three critics listed \"Enter the Void\" as one of the greatest motion pictures since 2000. In 2009, de la Huerta was cast in the HBO pilot \"Boardwalk Empire\", set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition era, as Enoch \"Nucky\" Thompson's mistress, a former Ziegfeld Follies dancer. On September 1, 2009, HBO picked up the series for an additional 11 episodes. The series premiered on September 19, 2010 and concluded on December 5, 2010. The first season was met with widespread praise. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season scored 88/100 based on 30 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim.\" The American Film Institute named \"Boardwalk Empire\" one of the ten \"best television programs of the year.\" \"Boardwalk Empire\" was renewed for a second season, with de la Huerta returning as Lucy. Discussing the second season she said; \"The first season was very different from the second season. With the first season, nobody really knew how the show was going to be received. With the second season, we had gotten lots of accolades and great reviews, so it was work, work, work, where we were shooting two episodes at a time.\" Season two premiered on September 25, 2011 and concluded on December 11, 2011, consisting of 12 episodes. The second season of \"Boardwalk Empire\" received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the second season scored 81/100 based on 14 reviews. Another aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, reported 85 percent of critics gave the second season a \"Certified Fresh\" rating, based on 13 reviews with an average score of 8/10. After the second season ended, de la Huerta and fellow co-stars Michael Pitt, Aleksa Palladino, and Dabney Coleman all departed the cast. In 2012, she commented on her departure from the series, stating she wanted to put her focus on other things. In 2013, she commented on how she would like to return to the hit series. \"I’m still close with the producers. Terry (Terence Winter) always says it's possible for me to come back.\" Also adding; \"I would love to come back with Lucy as a loving, doting mother.\" In 2011, Lana Del Rey, an American singer, received widespread attention when the music video for her single \"Video Games\" became a viral internet sensation. The video—directed and edited by Del Rey—included paparazzi footage of de la Huerta falling down while intoxicated. When asked if she was upset about the video, de la Huerta stated, \"No, no. I don't get hung up about anything really. That's insignificant. I didn't really care.\" In April 2011, she was sued by MTV reality show actress Samantha Swetra after an altercation at a bar. De la Huerta was arrested, issued a desk appearance ticket, and released. In July 2011, she pleaded guilty to harassment and, in exchange, misdemeanor charges against her were reduced to a non-criminal violation. A judge ordered her to complete 12 weeks of alcohol counseling, one day of community service, and to stay away from Swetra. In July 2011, de la Huerta signed on to play Abby Russell, the protagonist in the horror film \"Nurse 3D\". Principal photography began in Toronto on September 6, 2011 and wrapped on October 21. Following completion, the film was shelved for two years before its rights were acquired by Lionsgate. Critical reception of the film has been mixed; the film holds a 55-percent \"fresh\" rating on \"Rotten Tomatoes\" (based on 20 reviews) while also holding a rating of 29 on \"Metacritic\" (based on 7 reviews). Much of the film's criticism centered upon the film's script, which Neil Genzlinger commented \"doesn’t have any of the wit that a film like this needs to give it campy coolness.\" A sequel for \"Nurse\" had been rumored by de la Huerta on her Twitter page with her stating that \"Nurse 2\" would start shooting soon. However, In 2015, it was reported that de la Huerta was suing the filmmakers, for ruining her career. In 2014, she completed filming in Las Vegas for the movie \"Death in the Desert\", cast as Margo and co-starring with Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley. The film was directed by Josh Evans. The movie was inspired by the book \"Death in the Desert\" by Cathy Scott with the screenplay by John Steppling. The film premiered in October at the Tucson", "29 on \"Metacritic\" (based on 7 reviews). Much of the film's criticism centered upon the film's script, which Neil Genzlinger commented \"doesn’t have any of the wit that a film like this needs to give it campy coolness.\" A sequel for \"Nurse\" had been rumored by de la Huerta on her Twitter page with her stating that \"Nurse 2\" would start shooting soon. However, In 2015, it was reported that de la Huerta was suing the filmmakers, for ruining her career. In 2014, she completed filming in Las Vegas for the movie \"Death in the Desert\", cast as Margo and co-starring with Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley. The film was directed by Josh Evans. The movie was inspired by the book \"Death in the Desert\" by Cathy Scott with the screenplay by John Steppling. The film premiered in October at the Tucson Festival of Films and was released in February 2016 by Osiris Entertainment. She had a supporting role in the 2014 Canadian horror film \"The Editor\". Set in the 1970s, a film editor gets embroiled in a string of murders, she played Josephine Jardin, the film editor's mentally-ill wife. The film received a mixed reception, with a 55 percent rating at Rotten Tomatoes. Mark L. Miller of Ain't it Cool News ranked it the 25th best horror film released between Oct 1 of 2014 & 2015, deeming it Astron-6's \"most successful and entertaining film to date.\" She later appeared in Louis Theroux's 2015 documentary \"My Scientology Movie\" when she \"crashed\" an interview. The next year, de la Huerta played Pepper in the drama film \"Bare\", opposite Diana Agron. The film follows a young woman living in a small desert town in Nevada, who becomes romantically involved with a female drifter who leads her into a life of drugs, stripping, and psychedelic spiritual experiences. Director Natalia Leite wanted to cast two women who were willing to be totally raw and exposed on camera in the leading roles. She stated: \"I wanted to find two women who were very different from each other to put those two contrasting energies together.\" The film had a world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015. The film was scheduled to be released in a limited release and through video on demand on October 30, 2015. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 43 percent of seven surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.9/10. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that de la Huerta was perfectly cast for her role as Pepper, though the film has a \"mundane storyline.\" John Stewart of The Slanted wrote, \"The film is an wonderful departure for Glee’s Dianna Agron and her performance with Paz de la Huerta is sure to spark a lot more work in the future for both rising stars.\" De la Huerta lived in New York City in an apartment on Gay Street, until she moved into an apartment adjacent to her mother in the Tribeca neighborhood. She said in an interview with \"Vanity Fair\" that Harvey Weinstein raped her on two separate occasions in 2010, once after demanding to enter her apartment and have a drink, and once showing up after she had been subjected to repeated phone calls and had been drinking. De la Huerta came forward to police in 2017, within the New York state statute of limitations for rape in the first degree, and the New York District Attorney’s Office is considering bringing charges against Weinstein. Paz de la Huerta María de la Paz Elizabeth Sofía" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Forest of Halatte The Forest of Halatte (Forêt d'Halatte) in Picardy is one of the largest remaining blocks of natural old growth forest in France. Situated in the département of Oise near Senlis and Pont-Sainte-Maxence, it currently embraces 43 square kilometers. Together with the Forest of Chantilly and the Forest of Ermenonville it forms the \"Massif des Trois Forêts\". On the north it borders the Forest of Compiègne. The Forest of Halatte is still a source of oak and beech timber. The forest, a fragment separated from the ancient \"Silva Cotia\" (forêt de Cuise) cited in the 6th century CE, which became the Forest of Compiègne, bears numerous traces of its prehistoric habitation, in the form of menhirs and dolmens and late Iron Age burials. In the commune of Ognon are the remains of a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to a curative deity, built in the mid-1st century CE and abandoned during the 4th century. The temple's stones were then quarried for reuse, and the site became overgrown by the forest. the temple was discovered and excavated in 1873-74 and more professionally examined in 1996-99. The objects discovered over the course of the excavation, including coins, votive offerings, fibulae and other jewellery, are exhibited at the Art and Archeology museum of Senlis. The inexplicable name \"Halatte\" first appears in a document of 1165, as \"Locus Halachius\". A hunting accident in the Forest of Halatte claimed the life of King Philip IV of France, in November 1314. At a meeting at St-Christophe-en-Halatte, Edward III of England made his last act of homage for Gascony, to Philip VI, in April 1331. The forest was in part a royal domaine and otherwise divided among clerics and nobles. To this day, boundary markers carved with coats-of-arms mark the old divisions. At the French Revolution, the whole forest was declared \"domaniale\", a national property. An obelisk raised to commemorate the King of Rome, Napoleon's heir, stands in the forest, south of Pont-Sainte-Maxence. The Forest of Halatte is traversed by a network of walking and bicycling trails maintained by the State. Forest of Halatte The Forest of Halatte (Forêt d'Halatte) in Picardy is one of the largest remaining blocks of natural old growth forest in France. Situated in the département of Oise near Senlis and Pont-Sainte-Maxence, it currently embraces 43 square kilometers. Together with the Forest of Chantilly and the Forest of Ermenonville it forms the \"Massif" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Appeal (cricket) In the sport of cricket, an appeal is the act of a player on the fielding team asking an umpire for a decision regarding whether a batsman is out or not. According to Law 31 of the Laws of Cricket, an umpire may not rule a batsman out unless the fielding side appeals. On many occasions when a batsman has otherwise technically been out, the fielding team neglects to appeal, so the umpire does not declare them out. An appeal may be made at any point before the bowler starts their run-up for the next ball. A bowler's appeal combined with the wicket keeper is crucial in umpire's decision. According to the Laws of Cricket, an appeal is a verbal query, usually in the form of, \"How's that?\" to an umpire. Since the taking of a wicket is an important event in the game, members of the fielding team often shout this phrase with great enthusiasm, and it has transmuted into the slightly abbreviated form, \"Howzat?\", often with a greatly extended final syllable. Sometimes one or other syllable is omitted entirely, the player emitting an elongated cry of simply \"How?\" or \"Zat?\". Most players also raise their arms or point at the umpire as part of the appeal. Some players have established their own trademark appeals as well. Although technically an appeal is required for the umpire to make a decision, in practice it is often obvious to all that a batsman is out, and the batsman may \"walk\" off the field without waiting for the decision of the umpire. This is invariably the case when a batsman is out bowled or to an obvious catch. However, the batsman is always entitled to stand their ground and wait for a decision from the umpire. In cases where they consider they might not be out, such as a catch taken low near the grass or where it is not clear whether the ball hit the bat, batsmen will not take the walking option. It is then up to the fielding team to appeal for a decision. Sometimes a batsman will walk even when it is not clear to others that they are out, if in their own mind they are certain they were out; this is considered to be the epitome of sportsmanship. Some decisions, such as leg before wicket, always require an appeal and the umpire's decision, as no batsman will preempt the umpire on what requires fine judgment of several factors. Run-outs and stumpings are usually appealed and decided by an umpire, unless the batsman is clearly out of their ground and obviously out. Appealing differs vastly from sledging in the context that appealing is not supposed to be offensive or directly taunting to the other team, and more of a celebration to the appealing team. However, excessive appealing is against ICC's Code of Conduct. Under the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct, it is considered unsportsmanlike to: Any instances of such behaviour are punishable by fines or match bans, as adjudicated and imposed by the match referee. Appeal (cricket) In the sport of cricket, an appeal is the act of a player on the fielding team asking an umpire for a decision regarding whether a batsman is out or not. According to Law 31 of the Laws of Cricket, an umpire may not rule a batsman out unless the fielding side appeals. On many occasions when a batsman has otherwise technically been out, the fielding team neglects to appeal, so the umpire does not declare them out. An appeal may be made at any point before the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Low-dropout regulator A low-dropout or LDO regulator is a DC linear voltage regulator that can regulate the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very close to the output voltage. The advantages of a low dropout voltage regulator over other DC to DC regulators include the absence of switching noise (as no switching takes place), smaller device size (as neither large inductors nor transformers are needed), and greater design simplicity (usually consists of a reference, an amplifier, and a pass element). The disadvantage is that, unlike switching regulators, linear DC regulators must dissipate power, and thus heat, across the regulation device in order to regulate the output voltage. The adjustable low-dropout regulator debuted on April 12, 1977 in an \"Electronic Design\" article entitled \"\"Break Loose from Fixed IC Regulators\"\". The article was written by Robert Dobkin, an IC designer then working for National Semiconductor. Because of this, National Semiconductor claims the title of \"\"LDO inventor\"\". Dobkin later left National Semiconductor in 1981 and founded Linear Technology where he was the chief technology officer. The main components are a power FET and a differential amplifier (error amplifier). One input of the differential amplifier monitors the fraction of the output determined by the resistor ratio of R1 and R2. The second input to the differential amplifier is from a stable voltage reference (bandgap reference). If the output voltage rises too high relative to the reference voltage, the drive to the power FET changes to maintain a constant output voltage. Low-dropout (LDO) regulators work in the same way as all linear voltage regulators. The main difference between LDO and non-LDO regulators is their schematic topology. Instead of an emitter follower topology, low-dropout regulators use open collector or open drain topology. In this topology, the transistor may be easily driven into saturation with the voltages available to the regulator. This allows the voltage drop from the unregulated voltage to the regulated voltage to be as low as the saturation voltage across the transistor. For the circuit given in the figure to the right, the output voltage is given as: formula_1 If a bipolar transistor is used, as opposed to a field-effect transistor or JFET, significant additional power may be lost to control it, whereas non-LDO regulators take that power from voltage drop itself. For high voltages under very low In-Out difference there will be significant power loss in the control circuit. Because the power control element functions as an inverter, another inverting amplifier is required to control it, which increases schematic complexity compared to simple linear regulator. Power FETs may be preferable to reduce power consumption, but this poses problems when the regulator is used for low input voltage, as FETs usually require 5 to 10 V to close completely. Power FETs may also increase the cost. The power dissipated in the pass element and internal circuitry (formula_2) of a typical LDO is calculated as follows: formula_3 where formula_4 is the quiescent current required by the LDO for its internal circuitry. Therefore, one can calculate the efficiency as follows: formula_5 where formula_6 However, when the LDO is in full operation (i.e., supplying current to the load) generally: formula_7. This allows us to reduce formula_2 to the following: formula_9 which further reduces the efficiency equation to: formula_10 It is important to keep thermal considerations in mind when using a low drop-out linear regulator. Having high current and/or a wide differential between input and output voltage could lead to large power dissipation. Additionally, efficiency will suffer as the differential widens. Depending on the package, excessive power dissipation could damage the LDO or cause it to go into thermal shutdown. Among other important characteristics of a linear regulator is the quiescent current, also known as ground current or supply current, which accounts for the difference, although small, between the input and output currents of the LDO, that is: formula_11 Quiescent current is current drawn by the LDO in order to control its internal circuitry for proper operation. The series pass element, topologies, and ambient temperature are the primary contributors to quiescent current. Many applications don't require an LDO to be in full operation all of the time (i.e. supplying current to the load). In this idle state the LDO still draws a small amount of quiescent current in order to keep the internal circuitry ready in case a load presented. When no current is being supplied to the load, formula_2 can be found as follows: formula_13 In addition to regulating voltage, LDOs can also be used as filters. This is especially useful when a system is using switchers, which introduce a ripple in the output voltage occurring at the switching frequency. Left alone, this ripple has the potential to adversely affect the performance of oscillators, data converters, and RF systems being powered by the switcher. However, any power source, not just switchers, can contain AC elements that may be undesirable for design. Two specifications that should be considered when using an LDO as a filter are power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and output noise. An LDO is characterized by its drop-out voltage, quiescent current, load regulation, line regulation, maximum current (which is decided by the size of the pass transistor), speed (how fast it can respond as the load varies), voltage variations in the output because of sudden transients in the load current, output capacitor and its equivalent series resistance. Speed is indicated by the rise time of the current at the output as it varies from 0 mA load current (no load) to the maximum load current. This is basically decided by the bandwidth of the error amplifier. It is also expected from an LDO to provide a quiet and stable output in all circumstances (example of possible perturbation could be: sudden change of the input voltage or output current). Stability analysis put in place some performance metrics to get such a behaviour and involve placing poles and zeros appropriately. Most of the time, there is a dominant pole that arise at low frequencies while other poles and zeros are pushed at high frequencies. PSRR refers to the LDO's ability to reject ripple it sees at its input. As part of its regulation, the error amplifier and bandgap attenuate any spikes in the input voltage that deviate from the internal reference to which it is compared. In an ideal LDO, the output voltage would be solely composed of the DC frequency. However, the error amplifier is limited in its ability to gain small spikes at high frequencies. PSRR is expressed as follows: formula_14 As an example, an LDO that has a PSRR of 55 dB at 1 MHz attenuates a 1 mV input ripple at this frequency to just 1.78 µV at the output. A 6 dB increase in PSRR roughly equates to an increase in attenuation by a factor of 2. Most LDOs have relatively high PSRR at lower frequencies (10 Hz – 1 kHz). However, a Performance LDO is distinguished in having high PSRR over a broad frequency spectrum (10 Hz – 5 MHz). Having high PSRR over a wide band allows the LDO to reject high-frequency noise like that arising from a switcher. Similar to other specifications, PSRR fluctuates over frequency, temperature, current, output voltage, and the voltage differential. The noise from the LDO itself must also be considered in filter design. Like other electronic devices, LDOs are affected by thermal noise, bipolar shot noise, and flicker noise. Each of these phenomena contribute noise to the output voltage, mostly concentrated over the lower end of the frequency spectrum. In order to properly filter AC frequencies, an LDO must both reject ripple at the input while introducing minimal noise at the output. Efforts to attenuate ripple from the input voltage could be in vain if a noisy", "spectrum (10 Hz – 5 MHz). Having high PSRR over a wide band allows the LDO to reject high-frequency noise like that arising from a switcher. Similar to other specifications, PSRR fluctuates over frequency, temperature, current, output voltage, and the voltage differential. The noise from the LDO itself must also be considered in filter design. Like other electronic devices, LDOs are affected by thermal noise, bipolar shot noise, and flicker noise. Each of these phenomena contribute noise to the output voltage, mostly concentrated over the lower end of the frequency spectrum. In order to properly filter AC frequencies, an LDO must both reject ripple at the input while introducing minimal noise at the output. Efforts to attenuate ripple from the input voltage could be in vain if a noisy LDO just adds that noise back again at the output. Texas Instruments' TPS7A47 is an example of an LDO with both very low noise and high PSRR over a broad frequency band. Load regulation is a measure of the circuit’s ability to maintain the specified output voltage under varying load conditions. Load regulation is defined as: formula_15 The worst case of the output voltage variations occurs as the load current transitions from zero to its maximum rated value or vice versa. Line regulation is a measure of the circuit’s ability to maintain the specified output voltage with varying input voltage. Line regulation is defined as: formula_16 Like load regulation, line regulation is a steady state parameter—all frequency components are neglected. Increasing DC open-loop current gain improves the line regulation. The transient response is the maximum allowable output voltage variation for a load current step change. The transient response is a function of the output capacitor value (formula_17), the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor, the bypass capacitor (formula_18) that is usually added to the output capacitor to improve the load transient response, and the maximum load-current (formula_19). The maximum transient voltage variation is defined as follows: formula_20 Where formula_21 corresponds to the closed-loop bandwidth of an LDO regulator. formula_22 is the voltage variation resulting from the presence of the ESR (formula_23) of the output capacitor. The application determines how low this value should be. Low-dropout regulator A low-dropout or LDO regulator is a DC linear voltage regulator that can regulate the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very close to the output voltage. The advantages of a low dropout voltage regulator over other DC to DC regulators include the absence of switching noise (as no switching takes place), smaller device size (as neither large inductors nor transformers are needed), and greater design" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maurice Loyal Huggins Maurice Loyal Huggins (19 September 1897 – 17 December 1981) was a scientist who independently conceived the idea of hydrogen bonding and who was an early advocate for their role in stabilizing protein secondary structure. An important polymer theory, Flory–Huggins theory, is also named after him. Huggins believed that he had been the first to suggest the concept of the hydrogen bond, while he was a student under G. N. Lewis at the Chemical Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley. According to his account, he wrote a thesis in 1919 in which the H-bond was introduced and applied to tautomerism in acetoacetic acid. Unfortunately, no hard copy of the thesis remains. The first extant publication of the H-bond was that of Wendell Latimer and Worth Rodebush in 1920, who cite Huggins' unpublished work in a footnote. (They were fellow scientists at the Chemical Laboratory.) In 1937, Huggins analyzed the β-sheet models of William Astbury and realized that the hydrogen bonding could not work as described since the bond geometry of the amide nitrogen (then presumed to be tetrahedral) would deflect the hydrogen away from the carbonyl oxygen. He further suggested that resonance might play a role in changing the geometry of the peptide bond to make the hydrogen bonds more linear. However, he did not state explicitly that the peptide bond was planar, as emphasized by Pauling in a nearly simultaneous paper. Huggins also produced a model of the α-helix in 1943, roughly eight years ahead of the modern model of Linus Pauling, Robert Corey and Herman Branson. Huggins was born in 1897 to Amos Williamson Huggins and Mary Abigail Hackley. He had at least two sisters, Dorothea Harriet Huggins (born 22 September 1894) and Mary Abigail Huggins (born 2 October 1904). Huggins earned his Ph.D. in 1922 under Charles M. Porter in the Chemistry Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley. Maurice Loyal Huggins Maurice Loyal Huggins (19 September 1897 – 17 December 1981) was a scientist who independently conceived the idea of hydrogen bonding and who was an early advocate for their role in stabilizing protein secondary structure. An important polymer theory, Flory–Huggins theory, is also named after him. Huggins believed that he had been the first to suggest the concept of the hydrogen bond, while he was a student under G. N. Lewis at the Chemical Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mano (singer) Nagoor Babu, known by his stage name Mano, is an Indian playback singer, voice-over artist, actor, producer, television anchor and music composer. He is a recipient of several awards such as the Nandi Awards from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and Kalaimamani award from the Government of Tamil Nadu. Mano has recorded more than 30,000 songs for various Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam,Oriya and Bollywood films. He has also performed for over 3000 live concerts across the continents. Notably, he has recorded 2,000 songs for music director Ilayaraja. Mano was born as Nagoor Babu in tenali, Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state. His father Rasool, was a musician in the All India Radio, Vijayawada division and his mother Shaheeda, was a popular Stage actress. Inspired heavily by his mother, Mano joined the stage theater and played many historical characters which also involved singing live songs in his own voice. He soon started taking formal training of carnatic classical music under the vocalist Nedunuri Krishnamurthy. Subsequently, he started his film acting career in the late 1970s and acted in about 40 movies as child artist. He featured as a supporting character in films such as \"Rangoon Rowdy\". Mano has sung almost 35,000 songs in 15 languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Oriya, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi. While in 1979, Mano was shooting for a Telugu film for which the veteran M. S. Viswanathan was the music composer, it so happened that the original singer S. P. Balasubramanyam who was supposed to sing a song could not show up to the recording studio. Accidentally, Mano was asked to show his singing skills by the composer's assistant who was a good friend of Mano's father. Mano rendered a few of the Ghazal songs much to the appreciation of audience present there and the composer himself. From then on, Mano was signed by Viswanathan to sing few track songs upon which the main singer would sing in the final version. In 1982, Mano approached the famous composer Chakravarthy seeking a chance for his brother who was upcoming as a Tabla player. However, Chakravarthy insisted that he wanted an assistant like him to sing track songs. Mano, joined his troop and assisted for almost 2 years. In his tenure with Chakravarthy, Mano sang over 2000 tracks for almost all the leading singers. Before beginning his long standing career with Ilaiyaraaja, Nagoor Babu was rechristened as \"Mano\" to avoid clash of names with the already established singer Nagore E. M. Hanifa. The name was selected and christened by Ilaiyaraaja himself in his first song \"Annae Annae nee enna sonnae\" in the Tamil film Fazil's \"Poo Vizhi vaasalilae\" title song. Mano went on to record many memorable songs under the same composer for his Tamil and Telugu films. In 1987, Mano got a big break by singing popular songs for the film \"Enga Ooru Pattukkaran\". The songs \"Shenbagame Shenbagame\" and \"Madhura Marikozhundu Vasam\" became instant hits among the listeners. However, he also faced criticism from the critics who dubbed that his voice was an absolute clone to S. P. Balasubramanyam. Taking the criticism in his stride, Mano went on recording as many as 500 successful songs with Ilaiyaraaja and slowly branched out to sing for other Tamil composers as well. He recorded maximum number of duet songs with K. S. Chithra, Swarnalatha and S. Janaki. He simultaneously sang many hundreds of songs in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada film industries. His teaming up with Hamsalekha in Kannada produced many chart buster numbers which are considered evergreen. His few Malayalam, Hindi and Oriya songs also were well received. The early 1990s saw Mano experimenting with his voice through some modulations and it indeed worked in his favor to silence his critics. In 1994, he was approached by A. R. Rahman to sing a duet song \"Mukkabla\" with Swarnalatha for the movie \"Kadhalan\". Mano was asked to sing in a very different style by the composer and he recorded his voice which was inspired by R. D. Burman's voice in \"Mehbooba Mehbooba\" song. The song went on to become a huge blockbuster which broke all the regional barriers and reached out to the entire country. He recorded the same song in the Telugu and Hindi versions which also were well received. Following this stupendous success in experimentation, many music directors cashed in his newfound fame and made him sing in the same style. Some of the songs he modulated his voice for are \"Aye Shabba Aye Shabba\" for Vidyasagar's \"Karna\", \"I Love You\" and \"Azhagiya Laila\" for Sirpy's \"Ullathai Allitha\" and \"Thillana Thillana\" for Rahman's \"Muthu\". He has also done a few semi-classical numbers such as \"Athma Varaiyo\". He has also sung a few Hindi film songs for Gulshan Kumar in \"Aaya Sanam\", \"Aaja Meri Jaan\", \"\", and \"Chor Aur Chand\". The 2000s also saw another face of Mano as the voice-over dubbing artist in the Telugu film industry. He dubbed his voice for almost all Rajinikanth starrers in Telugu. His voice became almost synonymous with Rajinikanth and was in great demand by all the directors and producers. He also dubbed his voice for Kamal Haasan in some movies in Telugu. Mano has worked as a music composer for the 2008 released Telugu film \"Sombheri\". He got good response for his compositions. He also tried his hands on releasing Tamil film \"Azhagiya Tamilmagan\" (2007) as \"Mahaa Muduru\" in 2010 starring Vijay and Shriya Saran in the lead roles. The film, however, flopped at the box-office. He also produced two movies dubbed from Telugu to Tamil \"Madurai Thimiru\" and \"Kumaran Rajini Rasigan\" (dubbed versions of \"Yogi\" and \"Bujjigadu\") under the studio name, \"Lord Venkateshwara Productions\" and \"Mano Media Entertainments\" respectively. Mano is hosting \"Manathodu Mano\" - a musical talk show in Jaya TV. He is also one of the permanent judging panel for Vijay TV's musical reality show \"Airtel Super Singer Junior\" along with Chitra and Malgudi Subha. He also co-judges the musical show \"Idea Super Singer\" on Maa TV. Mano is married to Jameela. They have three children. Shakir, Rafi, and Sofia. They both have made their debut in singing for the movie \"Kumaran Rajini Rasigan\". The elder son Shakir is being introduced as a lead actor in a couple of Tamil films. Mano loves listening to ghazals by Mehdi Hassan and Ghulam Ali. Mano (singer) Nagoor Babu, known by his stage name Mano, is an Indian playback singer, voice-over artist, actor, producer, television anchor and music composer. He is a recipient of several awards such as the Nandi Awards from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and Kalaimamani award" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Deneen Graham Deneen Zezell Graham Kerns (born 1964) is a dance teacher and pageant contestant from North Carolina. In 1983 she became the first African-American to win the Miss North Carolina beauty pageant; she remains the only African-American to have won the Miss North Carolina pageant. Graham was born in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina to Mr. & Mrs. Bobby Graham. In 1986, she graduated from the North Carolina School of the Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in dance. She has traveled to the Mediterranean, Far East, and Alaska with the Department of Defense Entertainment Tours, and toured the U.S. with the first national tour of the musical \"Heartstrings\". She has also appeared in \"theatre of the stars\" productions of \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\", \"South Pacific\", \"Hello, Dolly!\", \"The Music Man\", and \"The Will Rogers Follies\". As a performer with the Miss Georgia pageant from 1988-1994, Deneen served as co-choreographer and chief choreographer. She was also a member of the Atlanta Hawks Dance Team (Cheerleaders) during the 1994 season; she served as the assistant to the dance team's choreographer. She is a member of the Dance Masters of America. Many of her students at Carol Walker Dance Academy have received the highest awards in regional and national competitions, and the academy's dance team are currently (as of 2008) National Dance Champions. Deneen Graham Deneen Zezell Graham Kerns (born 1964) is a dance teacher and pageant contestant from North Carolina. In 1983 she became the first African-American to win the Miss North Carolina beauty pageant; she remains the only African-American to have won the Miss North Carolina pageant. Graham was born in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina to Mr. & Mrs. Bobby Graham. In 1986, she graduated from the North Carolina School of the Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Arts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See The multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See is particularly active on some issues, such as human rights, disarmament, and economic and social development, which are dealt with in international fora. Both at the United Nations and at the various international conferences, the Holy See has promoted the \"Culture of life\", opposing efforts to legalize or endorse abortion and euthanasia through internationally legally binding instruments or non-binding declarations, advocating for the abolition of death penalty at the global level, and seeking to ban research on human embryos. At the United Nations General Assembly, the Holy See stated that: At the international level, the Holy See has underlined the ethical problems raised by some current forms of biomedical research. The Holy See has been particularly active in the area of human cloning. In 2001, when Germany and France proposed at the United Nations General Assembly the adoption of an international convention to ban reproductive human cloning, the Holy See, together with a coalition of like-minded states that included Spain, Philippines, the United States, and Costa Rica, noted that such a convention would implicitly legitimize the cloning of human beings for research purposes, which is more serious from an ethical point of view than the reproductive one, and proposed banning all forms of human cloning. The Holy See objected to the \"production of millions of human embryos with the intention of destroying them as part of the process of using them for scientific research\" and to the instrumentalization and victimization of women, specially of the poorest women, in the process of harvesting the necessary human eggs. These efforts lead to the successful adoption, in March 2005, of a United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, which calls upon all member states of the UN \"to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life\". In 2007, the Holy See argued at the United Nations that the death penalty should be used exceptionally, only when its use is necessary to protect society against an aggressor, a situation which is \"practically non-existent\" today, since societies have other ways of protecting their citizens. In addition, it noted that capital punishment is frequently discriminatory, since it is imposed most often on the poorest and on members of religious, ethnic and racial minorities; and that it is irreversible, since it excludes all possibilities of recourse and restoration in the event of a miscarriage of justice. Consequently, the Holy See worked for the adoption of a UN moratorium on the death penalty. Following Vatican Council II, the Holy See has uphold, at the international level, the centrality of the freedom of conscience and religion among all Human Rights since, in its view, those freedoms impinge on essence of the Human person. Pope Benedict XVI noted that \"religious freedom expresses what is unique about the human person, for it allows us to direct our personal and social life to God, in whose light the identity, meaning and purpose of the person are fully understood. To deny or arbitrarily restrict this freedom is to foster a reductive vision of the human person; to eclipse the public role of religion is to create a society which is unjust, inasmuch as it fails to take account of the true nature of the human person; it is to stifle the growth of the authentic and lasting peace of the whole human family.\" Thus, the respect for freedom of religion is at the basis of the respect for all other human rights. Consequently, the Holy See has called upon States to comply with their international commitments to respect those rights. It has stated: Recognition of the dignity of each and every person, which the Human Rights Council was formed to protect and promote, entails full respect for the inner and transcendent dimension of the human person, which is an integral part of what it means to be a human being. Through the free exercise of conscience and moral decision making, human beings are able to transform themselves into living members of social life whose good will, charity and hope promote the dignity and wellbeing of every member of the human family. Intrinsically linked to freedom of conscience is the freedom of religion by which human beings are able to pursue the most important relationship of their life, that is, their relationship with God. Freedom of religion necessarily entails the freedom to ascribe to a set of beliefs, to adopt or change one’s religion, to profess one’s faith and to practice fully that faith openly and publicly. Governments have a solemn responsibility to safeguard rather than ridicule this inalienable right. Since the State is not the author of any fundamental human right, it must respect that intimate and fundamental sanctuary of human freedom, the conscience, and to allow each conscience its fullest and highest expression in the free exercise of religious faith. In parallel, the Holy See condemns the violation to the freedom of religion, specially when suffered by Christians: It is painful to think that in some areas of the world it is impossible to profess one’s religion freely except at the risk of life and personal liberty. In other areas we see more subtle and sophisticated forms of prejudice and hostility towards believers and religious symbols. At present, Christians are the religious group which suffers most from persecution on account of its faith. Many Christians experience daily affronts and often live in fear because of their pursuit of truth, their faith in Jesus Christ and their heartfelt plea for respect for religious freedom. This situation is unacceptable, since it represents an insult to God and to human dignity; furthermore, it is a threat to security and peace, and an obstacle to the achievement of authentic and integral human development. In this context, the Holy See has stressed the duty of both governments and private individuals \"to promote tolerance, mutual understanding and respect among the followers of the various faith traditions.\" At the same time, the Holy See has condemned religious fanaticism and violence as a prevention of the freedom of religion, as well as \"every form of hostility to religion that would restrict the public role of believers in civil and political life.\" Faced with a coordinated effort to incorporate \"sexual and reproductive rights\" within the body of the international recognized human rights, the Holy See has become the major advocate at the international level of traditional sexual mores and marriage. At the various international conferences, the Holy See argued that the traditional family, based on a stable and loving relationship between a man and a woman, is necessary for the responsible transmission and nurturing of new life. Consequently, society must recognize the traditional family’s contribution to society’s own good through appropriate cultural, fiscal and social policy. At the 1994 Cairo Conference, the Holy See argued that global population policy should ultimately be guided by the Respect for life and for the dignity of the human person so as to “foster the family based on marriage and must sustain parents, fathers and mothers, in their mutual and responsible decisions with regard to the procreation and education of children.” Conversely, the Holy See has opposed “any attempts to weaken the family or to propose a radical redefining of its structure, such as assigning the status of family to other life-style forms.” In particular, the Holy See has opposed the use of the terms “Sexual orientation” and “Gender identity” in international human rights instruments, since, due to the fact that there is no agreed definition of those terms in international law, their use could favor of a redefinition of the family. In its view, the term gender, whenever used, should be understood as", "life and for the dignity of the human person so as to “foster the family based on marriage and must sustain parents, fathers and mothers, in their mutual and responsible decisions with regard to the procreation and education of children.” Conversely, the Holy See has opposed “any attempts to weaken the family or to propose a radical redefining of its structure, such as assigning the status of family to other life-style forms.” In particular, the Holy See has opposed the use of the terms “Sexual orientation” and “Gender identity” in international human rights instruments, since, due to the fact that there is no agreed definition of those terms in international law, their use could favor of a redefinition of the family. In its view, the term gender, whenever used, should be understood as male and female as grounded on the biological sexual identity. On these bases, in 2008, the Holy See opposed the adoption of a proposed declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity by the United Nations General Assembly. At the same time, the Holy See has condemned all forms of violence against homosexual persons and has called for the elimination of criminal penalties against them. The Holy See condemned \"irresponsible sexual behavior\", which, in its view, victimizes mostly women and children, and which is fostered by today’s “attitudes of sexual permissiveness, which focus above all on personal pleasure and gratification.” It has further argued that traditional sexual mores are the best way to prevent Sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS. As Archbishop Javier Lozano Barragán, “health minister“ of the Holy See stated at a UN special session on AIDS: In the same vein, during his 2009 trip to Africa, Pope Benedict XVI argued that the spread of AIDS “cannot be overcome by the distribution of prophylactics: on the contrary, they increase it. The solution must have two elements: firstly, bringing out the human dimension of sexuality, that is to say a spiritual and human renewal that would bring with it a new way of behaving towards others, and secondly, true friendship offered above all to those who are suffering, a willingness to make sacrifices and to practise self-denial, to be alongside the suffering.\" The Holy See underlined that responsible parenthood entails responsibility and demands discipline and self-restrain, particularly in the area of sexual behavior. The Holy See opposed efforts to endorse Family planning methods which separate what, in its view, are the two essential dimensions of human sexuality: the transmission of life and the loving care of parents. At the Cairo Conference, the Holy See opposed the term \"family planning services\" which encompass sterilization, since it was often abused, especially when promoted among the poor or the illiterate. At the conclusion of the 1995 Beijing Conference on Women, the Holy See reiterated that use of the term \"widest range of family planning services\" should not be interpreted as endorsing family planning methods or services that it considers morally unacceptable, that do not respect the liberty of spouses, human dignity or the human rights of those concerned.In particular, it could not be understood as endorsing contraception or the use of Condoms, either as a family planning measure or in HIV/AIDS prevention. In addition, the Holy See argued the education of children and adolescents, including in the area of sexual behavior, is primordially the responsibility of their parents, and not of the State; and it urged the international community to guarantee the parents the full exercise of this rights and to assist them to carry out their responsibilities. Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See The multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See is particularly active on some issues, such as human rights, disarmament, and economic and social development, which are dealt with in international fora. Both at the United Nations and at the various international conferences, the Holy" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shane Scully Shane Scully is a fictional character who has appeared in eleven detective stories by novelist and television producer Stephen J. Cannell: The first three novels were written in the third person, while the latter eight were written from Shane's first person perspective. Shane Scully is a fictional Detective III in the LAPD. Similar to Cannell's style when he was working as a television writer, Scully's background is very much a part of how he acts and why he acts the way he does. He grew up in an orphanage. In his early years on the force, he had few friends and tried to operate as sort of a loner type. As the novels have progressed, he has opened himself up to others. In \"Cold Hit\", Scully mentions that he might now be opened up too much. Since his first appearance, Scully has slowly gained a family. He fell in love with Alexa, who is the chief of detectives for the LAPD. The 2 characters have been married since the end of the 2nd novel in the series. Alexa and Scully live with Chooch Scully, who is Shane Scully's son from a one time fling with a prostitute. Starting with \"Vertical Coffin\", Chooch's girlfriend Delfina also lives with the Scully Family. Finally there is the Scully's cat Franco, who Shane Scully got from a prostitute whose murder he solved in \"Hollywood Tough\". Shane Scully is a tough, hard nosed cop who often bends the rules in order to get things done. He has an extremely open mind that allows him to \"think outside the box\" when needed. Examples include \"Hollywood Tough\", where he convinced the LAPD to finance a major motion picture in order to solve the murder of a prostitute. In \"Cold Hit\", he convinced the LAPD to challenge the authority of the Department of Homeland Security in order to solve a series of unsolved serial murders. In general, Scully respects other officers of the LAPD, but tends to look down on the FBI, Homeland Security or other agencies who try to squash the authority of the LAPD. Scully tends to dislike the media (comparing them to maggots in \"Cold Hit\") as well as most bureaucracy as he sees them as interfering with his work. Shane Scully Shane Scully is a fictional character who has appeared in eleven detective stories by novelist and television producer Stephen J. Cannell:" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Odlazi cirkus Odlazi cirkus (trans. \"The Circus Is Leaving\") is the second and final studio album released by former Yugoslav rock band Rani Mraz. Like it was the case with the previous Rani Mraz album, \"Mojoj mami umesto maturske slike u izlogu\", two official Rani Mraz members, Đorđe Balašević and Biljana Krstić, recorded \"Odlazi cirkus\" with studio musicians: Josip Boček (guitar), Bojan Hreljac (bass guitar), Slobodan Marković (keyboards), and Lazar Tošić (drums). All the songs written by Đorđe Balašević. The main album hits were \"Mirka\", \"Pa dobro gde si ti\", the ballads \"Menuet\", \"Život je more\", \"Odlazi cirkus\" and \"Priča o Vasi Ladačkom\", the last one going on to become one of Đorđe Balašević's signature pieces. In 2006 \"Priča o Vasi Ladačkom\" was polled, by the listeners of Radio B92, #13 on the B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs list. In 2011, the song \"Menuet\" was polled, by the listeners of Radio 202, one of 60 greatest songs released by PGP-RTB/PGP-RTS during the sixty years of the label's activity. \"Odlazi cirkus\" at Discogs \"Odlazi cirkus\" at Discogs Odlazi cirkus Odlazi cirkus (trans. \"The Circus Is Leaving\") is the second and final studio album released by former Yugoslav rock band Rani Mraz." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Big Brother All Stars 2014 Big Brother All Stars 2014 was the third season of the all-star spin-off of \"Big Brother\" and the fourteenth season of the format in Bulgaria overall. It was announced on 11 November 2014 on the official website of \"VIP Brother 6\". The format the same broadcasting schedule as in 2012 and 2013. It began on Nova Television on 19 November 2014, immediately after the \"VIP Brother 6\" finale and lasted for a month, ending on 15 December. It featured housemates from previous seasons of the show, as well as participants from other reality formats. Todor Slavkov won with Katerina Evro as the runner-up. Bulgaria was the second country to have three all-star seasons of the format. 10 housemates entered the house on Day 1. Bonka Ilieva \"Boni\" was a contestant from \"VIP Brother 4\" and \"The Magnificent Six 2\" where she won. She entered the house on Day 1 and was the first evicted on Day 8. Borislav Zahariev \"Bobi Turboto\" was a contestant from \"VIP Dance\" where he finished second. He entered the house on Day 1 and was the second evicted on Day 13. Emil Kamenov was a contestant from \"The Mole 2\". He entered the house on Day 1 and was the fifth evicted on Day 24. Hristo Trifonov was a contestant from \"Big Brother Family\". He entered the house on Day 1 and finished third in the finale on Day 27. Kalina Paskaleva was a contestant from \"Temptation Island\". She entered the house on Day 1 and finished fourth in the finale on Day 27. Katerina Evro was a contestant from \"VIP Brother 2\" where she finished fourth. She entered the house on Day 1 and finished second in the finale on Day 27. Nikolay Parvanov \"Niki Kitaetsa\" was the first officially confirmed Housemate on November 14. He was a contestant from \"VIP Brother 2\" where he entered together with his former husband Azis at that time and finished on third place. He is currently heterosexually married with a child and wants to clear his homosexual past. He entered the house on Day 1 and finished fifth in the finale on Day 27. Petya Buyuklieva was a contestant from \"Musical Academy\". She entered the house on Day 1 and was the fourth evicted on Day 22. Plamena Petrova was a contestant from \"Music Idol 2\". She entered the house on Day 1 and was the third evicted on Day 20. Todor Slavkov was a contestant from \"VIP Brother 3\" where he finished third. He entered the house on Day 1 and became a winner on Day 27. Big Brother All Stars 2014 Big Brother All Stars 2014 was the third season of the all-star spin-off of \"Big Brother\" and the fourteenth season of the format in Bulgaria overall. It was announced on 11 November 2014 on the official website of \"VIP Brother 6\". The format the same broadcasting schedule as in 2012 and 2013. It began on Nova Television on 19" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Government College, Sanjauli Government College, Sanjauli, Shimla-6, is a college located in Himachal Pradesh, India. It's a college affiliated with Himachal Pradesh University in Shimla, India. Govt. College Shimla-6 was the first Govt. College set up in the township of Shimla in 1969. It was then affiliated to the Punjab University, but a year later in 1970, when Himachal Pradesh University was founded, it became affiliated to the latter.College History is also interesting. Sh. Virbhadra Singh, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Himachal Pradesh, laid the foundation-stone of the new Science Block on 22 September 2004. It is running three streams-Arts, Science & Commerce, besides B.C.A. however B.C.A. & B.Com. were started in 2006. The college is located in an urban area and has a campus area of . There is a hostel with capacity for 100 students. Government College, Sanjauli, on the orders of the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, has been declared a Centre of Excellence, vide notification No. EDN-A- Ja(1)-7/2005, dated 28-3-2006. There are 54 permanent teachers out of which 25 have Ph.D and 27 have earned M. Phil. Degree. The number of Technical Staff is 15 and Administrative staff is 15. The College had the honour to host Group III items of Youth Festival, HPU, and Judo Championship during 2003-04; Group IV items of Youth Festival, HPU, and Basketball Championship during 2004-05; and Group IV item of Youth Festival, HPU, in 2005-06. Government College, Sanjauli Government College, Sanjauli, Shimla-6, is a college located in Himachal Pradesh, India. It's a college affiliated with Himachal Pradesh University in Shimla, India. Govt. College Shimla-6 was the first Govt. College set up in the township of Shimla in 1969. It was then affiliated to the Punjab University, but a year later in 1970, when Himachal Pradesh University was founded, it became affiliated to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leptus pozzoicus Leptus pozzoicus is a species of mite. It is named after Porto Pozzo, near Santa Teresa Gallura, the place where the species was first collected. \"L. pozzoicus\" belongs to the group of species with two palpgenualae, and that have over four setae between coxalae II and III. It differs from its cogenerate species by various length measurements. This species' dorsum counts with about 250 setulose setae, and one eye on each side. Its dorsal scutum has a concave anterior border. Its posterior border is pointed. Its scutalae possess distinct setules. Anterior sensillae and posterior sensillae are both nude. It presents a short line behind its sensillae's sockets, as well as two lines below and laterally to the posterior sensillae's sockets. Its idiosoma has eight setae between coxae I and II ventrally, 36 setae between coxae II and III and behind coxae III there are about 46 setulose setae. Its coxala Ib is its longest. The gnathosoma is considered long. Its hypostomalae are nude; the palpfemur shows one setulose seta, the palpgenu two, the palptibia three, and the palptarsus 7, all of them nude. Leptus pozzoicus Leptus pozzoicus is a species of mite. It is named after Porto Pozzo," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Reeves's muntjac Reeves's muntjac (\"Muntiacus reevesi\"; ), also known as Chinese muntjac, is a muntjac species found widely in southeastern China (from Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan. It has also been introduced in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (south England, the Midlands, east Wales), Ireland, and Japan. It takes its name from John Reeves, an employee of the British East India Company in the 19th century. Reeves's muntjac grows to high at the shoulder and in length, plus a short tail up to long. It weighs between when fully grown. It is reddish-brown in appearance with striped markings on its face. The belly is creamy-white, with lighter fur extending to the neck, chin, and the underside of the tail. The males have short antlers, usually or less, and long upper canines (tusks), usually about long. Females have bony lumps on their foreheads and localized black spots. The Taiwanese subspecies (\"M. r. micrurus\"), commonly known as the Formosan Reeves' muntjac, is darker than other subspecies. Reeves's muntjac feeds on herbs, blossoms, succulent shoots, fungi, berries, grasses, and nuts, and has also been reported to eat tree bark. Eggs and carrion are eaten opportunistically. It is also called the barking deer due to its distinctive barking sound, though this name is also used for other species of muntjacs. The barking sound is common during mating or when provoked. Its preferred habitats are forest and shrubland. It is a solitary and crepuscular animal. Both males and females defend small territories that they mark with preorbital gland secretions. When fighting, males first use their antlers to push enemies off balance so they can wound them with their upper canine teeth. Female muntjacs (known as \"does\") become sexually mature within the first year of life. Mating occurs throughout the year. Their gestation period lasts from 209 to 220 days. Females limit the number of mating bouts, though time between successive bouts is determined by males (known as \"bucks\"). Reeves's muntjacs were introduced to the grounds of Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire in the 19th century by the then Duke of Bedford. While a small number reportedly escaped, they are extremely unlikely to be the source of the current UK population. Larger numbers of Reeves's muntjac escaped from Whipsnade Zoo, and they are the more likely ancestors, in addition to other releases. Since the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it has been illegal to release the species except where already established. Colonies exist throughout England south of Derbyshire, and the population continues to grow. In Ireland, sightings in 2008 caused the government, concerned at the risk of the species becoming established, to quickly introduce a year-round hunting season. In the 1960s, several specimens escaped from an exhibition zoo in the Bōsō Peninsula in eastern Japan. By 2017, their numbers had reached at least 60,000. It is considered a harmful invasive species and has inflicted severe damage to ashitaba plantations. Also, Reeves's muntjac escaped a zoo on Izu Ōshima in 1970 when a fence fell due to a typhoon. A muntjac eradication effort on Izu Ōshima was undertaken in 2007–2014 but failed, and as of 2014, at least 11,000 individuals exist and have a yearly population growth rate of 15%. This failure has been blamed on inadequate survey methods that underestimated the population of the nocturnal species. In Hong Kong, Reeve's muntjac is a protected species under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN due to being generally common and widespread. The tanned skin of Reeves's muntjac is notable for its softness and is occasionally used in beauty-care products, musical instruments, lenses, and antique items packaging. Low-fat muntjac meat is also noted for its culinary qualities. This article incorporates material from the article in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on 29 June 2017. Reeves's muntjac Reeves's muntjac (\"Muntiacus reevesi\"; ), also known as Chinese muntjac, is a muntjac species found widely in southeastern China (from Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan. It has also been introduced in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (south England, the Midlands, east Wales), Ireland, and Japan. It takes its name from John Reeves, an employee of the British East India Company in the 19th" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "History of St Kilda St Kilda was continuously inhabited for two millennia or more, from the Bronze Age to the 20th century. However, little is known of the early history, the first written record of which dates from the late 14th century when John of Fordun mentions 'the isle of Irte, which is agreed to be under the Circius and on the margins of the world'. The islands were historically part of the domain of the MacLeods of Harris whose steward was responsible for the collection of rents in kind and other duties. The first report of a visit to the islands dates from 1549 when Donald Munro suggested that: The inhabitants thereof ar simple poor people, scarce learnit in aney religion, but M’Cloyd of Herray, his stewart, or he quhom he deputs in sic office, sailes anes in the zear ther at midsummer, with some chaplaine to baptise bairnes ther. The chaplain's best efforts notwithstanding, the islanders' isolation and dependence on the bounty of the natural world meant their philosophy bore as much relationship to Druidism as it did to Christianity until the arrival of Rev John MacDonald in 1822. For example, Macauley (1764) reports the existence of five druidic altars including a large circle of stones fixed perpendicularly in the ground, by the Stallir House on Boreray. At the time of Martin's visit in 1697 the population was 180 and the steward: elected the most \"meagre\" among his friends in the neighbouring islands, to that number and took them periodically to St. Kilda to enjoy the nourishing and plentiful, if primitive, fare of the island, and so be restored to their wonted health and strength. However, visiting ships in the 18th century brought cholera and smallpox and in 1727 the loss of life was so high that there were not enough men to man the boats and new families were brought in from Harris to replace them. By 1758 the population had risen to 88 and reached just under 100 by the end of the century. This figure remained fairly constant from the 18th century on until 1851 when 36 islanders emigrated to Australia on board the \"Priscilla\", a loss from which the island never fully recovered. One factor in the decline was the influence of religion. A missionary called Alexander Buchan came to St Kilda in 1705, but despite a lengthy stay there the idea of organised religion did not seem to take hold. This changed when Rev John MacDonald, the 'Apostle of the North' arrived in 1822. He set about his mission with zeal, preaching thirteen lengthy sermons during his first eleven days there. He returned regularly and fund-raised on behalf of the St Kildans, although privately he was appalled by their lack of religious knowledge. The islanders took to him with enthusiasm and wept when he left for the last time eight years later. His successor, who arrived on 3 July 1830 was Rev Neil Mackenzie, a resident Church of Scotland minister who greatly improved the conditions of the inhabitants. He re-organised island agriculture, was instrumental in the rebuilding of the village (see below) and supervised the building of a new church and manse. With help from the Gaelic School Society, MacKenzie and his wife introduced formal education to Hirta, beginning a daily school to teach reading, writing and arithmetic and a Sunday school for religious education. Mackenzie left in 1844 and although he had clearly achieved a great deal, the weakness of the St Kildan's dependence on an external authority was exposed in 1865 with the arrival of Rev John Mackay, a minister in the new Free Church of Scotland. Mackay was a religious zealot who may have done more than any single individual to destroy the St Kildan way of life. He introduced a routine of three two to three-hour services on Sunday at which attendance was effectively compulsory. One visitor noted in 1875 that: The Sabbath was a day of intolerable gloom. At the clink of the bell the whole flock hurry to Church with sorrowful looks and eyes bent upon the ground. It is considered sinful to look to the right or to the left. The excessive time spent in religious gatherings began to interfere seriously with the practical routines of running the island. Old ladies and children who made a noise in church were lectured at length and warned of the dire punishments they could expect in the afterworld. During a period of food shortages on the island a relief vessel arrived on a Saturday only to be informed by the minister that the islanders had to spend the day preparing for church on the Sabbath and it was Monday before any supplies were landed. Children were forbidden to play games and required to carry a bible wherever they went. The St Kildans endured Mackay for twenty four years. Tourism had a different but similarly de-stabilising impact on St Kilda. During the 19th century steamers began to visit Hirta, enabling the islanders to earn money from the sale of tweeds and bird's eggs but at the expense of their self-esteem as the tourists clearly regarded them as curiosities. The boats also brought other previously unknown diseases, especially \"tetanus infantum\" which resulted in infant mortality rates as high as 80% during the late nineteenth century. The \"cnatan na gall\" or boat-cough became a regular feature of life. By the turn of the 20th century formal schooling had become a feature of the islands and in 1906 the church was extended to make a schoolhouse. The children all now learned English in addition to their native Gaelic. Improved midwifery skills, denied to the island by Reverend Mackay, reduced the problems of childhood tetanus. There had been some talk of an evacuation in 1875 during MacKay's period of tenure, but despite occasional food shortages and flu epidemic in 1913 the population was stable at between 75 and 80 and there was no obvious sign that within a few years the millennia old occupation of the island was to end. Early in the 'World War I' the Royal Navy erected a signal station on Hirta and daily communications with the mainland were established for the first time in St Kilda's history. In a belated response, a German submarine arrived in Village Bay on the morning of 15 May 1918 and after issuing a warning, started shelling the island. Seventy-two shells in all were fired and the wireless station was destroyed. The manse, church and jetty storehouse were also damaged but there was no loss of life. One eye-witness recalled It wasn't what you would call a bad submarine because it could have blowed every house down because they were all in a row there. He only wanted Admiralty property. One lamb was killed… all the cattle ran from one side of the island to the other when they heard the shots. As a result of this attack a Mark II QF gun was erected on a promontory overlooking Village Bay, but it was never fired in anger. Of greater long-term significance to the islanders was the introduction of regular contact with the outside world and the slow development of a money-based economy, both of which made life easier, but less self-reliant. These were both factors in the evacuation of the island only a little more than a decade later. There were thus numerous reasons for the evacuation. The islands had existed for centuries with only fleeting contacts with the rest of the world. The advent of tourism and the presence of the military in World War One had enabled the islanders to understand that there were alternatives to the privations they had routinely suffered. Despite the provision of a small jetty in 1902 the islands remained at the mercy of the weather. The authorities were unable to do much to assist them, although reliable radios and other infrastructure denied to the civilian islanders were later to be provided for the military base at a cost of millions of pounds. After World War One most of the young men left the island and the population fell from 73 in 1920 to 37 in 1928. After the death of four men from influenza in 1926, and a succession of crop failures in the 1920s, the last straw came", "with only fleeting contacts with the rest of the world. The advent of tourism and the presence of the military in World War One had enabled the islanders to understand that there were alternatives to the privations they had routinely suffered. Despite the provision of a small jetty in 1902 the islands remained at the mercy of the weather. The authorities were unable to do much to assist them, although reliable radios and other infrastructure denied to the civilian islanders were later to be provided for the military base at a cost of millions of pounds. After World War One most of the young men left the island and the population fell from 73 in 1920 to 37 in 1928. After the death of four men from influenza in 1926, and a succession of crop failures in the 1920s, the last straw came with the death from appendicitis of a young woman, Mary Gillies, in January 1930. On 29 August 1930, the last 36 inhabitants were evacuated to Morvern on the Scottish mainland at their own request. The morning of the evacuation promised a perfect day. The sun rose out of a calm and sparkling sea and warmed the impressive cliffs of Oiseval….Observing tradition the islanders left an open Bible and a small pile of oats in each house, locked all the doors and at 7 a.m. boarded the \"Harebell\"… They were reported to have stayed cheerful throughout the operation. But as the long antler of Dun fell back onto the horizon and the familiar outline of the island grew faint, the severing of an ancient tie became a reality and the St Kildans gave way to tears. The islands were purchased in 1931 by Lord Dumfries (later 5th Marquess of Bute), from Sir Reginald MacLeod and for the next twenty six years the island experienced quietude, save for the occasional summer visit from a returning St Kildan family. The islands took no active part in World War II during which they were completely abandoned, but there are three aircraft crash sites from that period. A Beaufighter LX798 based at Port Ellen on Islay crashed into Conachair within 100 metres of the summit on the night of 3–4 June 1943. A year later, just before midnight on 7 June 1944, the day after D-Day, a Sunderland flying boat ML858 was wrecked at the head of Gleann Mor. There is a small plaque in the kirk dedicated to those who lost their lives in this accident. A Wellington bomber crashed on the south coast of Soay at some point in 1943. It was not until 1978 that any formal attempt was made to investigate the wreck, and its identity has not been absolutely determined. Amongst the wreckage a Royal Canadian Air Force cap badge was discovered, which suggests it may have been LA995 which lost during a flight on 28 September 1943. In 1955 the British government decided to incorporate St Kilda into a missile tracking range based in Benbecula, where test firings and flights are carried out. Thus in 1957 St Kilda became permanently inhabited once again. A variety of new military buildings and masts have since been erected, including the island's first licensed premises, the 'Puff Inn'. The Ministry of Defence leases St Kilda from the National Trust for Scotland for a nominal fee. The main island of Hirta is still occupied all year round by a small number of civilians working in the military base there. History of St Kilda St Kilda was continuously inhabited for two millennia or more, from the Bronze Age to the 20th century. However, little is known of the early history, the first written record of which dates from the late 14th century when John of Fordun mentions 'the isle of Irte, which is agreed to be under the Circius and on the margins of the world'. The islands were historically part of the domain of the MacLeods of Harris whose steward was responsible" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Phytopharmacology Phytopharmacology is the study and practice of eradicating plant pathology originated from the \"Verbandes Deutscher Pflanzenärzte\" (1928–1939), (German Plant Physicians Society), headed by Otto Appel, known as the \"Organiser of German Plant Protection\", who initially defined the terminology of \"Phyto-Medicine\" or \"Plant Medicine\". The Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft (German Phytomedicine Society) is the German association of phytomedicine practitioners. Academic programs in phytomedicine, such as at the University of Hohenheim, consider the interrelationships between pathogenic microorganisms and crops, disease control methods, and research programs. In 1936, the term \"phytopharmacology\" was used for the field of study on drugs that affect plants. Phytopharmacology Phytopharmacology is the study and practice of eradicating plant pathology originated from the \"Verbandes Deutscher Pflanzenärzte\" (1928–1939), (German Plant Physicians Society), headed by Otto Appel, known as the \"Organiser of German Plant Protection\", who initially defined the terminology of \"Phyto-Medicine\" or \"Plant Medicine\". The Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft (German Phytomedicine Society) is the German association of phytomedicine practitioners. Academic programs in phytomedicine, such as at the University of Hohenheim, consider the interrelationships between pathogenic microorganisms and crops, disease control methods, and research programs. In 1936, the term \"phytopharmacology\" was used for the field of study on drugs that affect plants." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye () is a 1973 giallo-horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti. Set in Scotland, the film opens with a man being murdered with a razor by an unknown killer. The killer drags the man's body into a dimly lit dungeon and is followed by a ginger cat. The camera focuses on the ginger cat's face as the scene switches. The next scene begins with a carriage driving up to Dragonstone Castle, a gothic style castle in the highlands of Scotland, where the passenger in the carriage, Corringa (Jane Birkin), used to spend her summers with her mother. As they approach the castle, the camera cuts to an orangutan watching the carriage from an upper window. After she arrives at the castle, Corringa is reunited with her mother, Lady Alicia (Dana Ghia), and her aunt and penniless owner of the castle, Lady Mary MacGrieff (Francoise Christophe). Throughout the evening she meets the residents of the castle: Dr. Franz (Anton Differing), the residing Priest (Venatino Venantini), the French teacher Suzanna (Doris Kunstmann), and her mad cousin, the son and heir of Lady Mary, Lord James MacGrieff (Hiram Keller). After the dinner party, Lady Alicia is suffocated with a pillow as she sleeps by a gloved figure while the ginger cat watches. Meanwhile, Corringa is disturbed by finding her cousin standing outside her window. Afterwards, she hears the cat meowing, which leads her to find a secret passageway hidden behind a portrait in her room. The passageway takes her to the dungeon where she finds the body of the man murdered in the first frame. Frightened, Corringa faints and is found by the servants who try to tell her mother of the incident and instead find her dead. During the funeral the ginger cat jumps on the casket, which is supposedly a sign that the deceased is a vampire according to the legend of the Macgrieffs. This legend states that any Macgrieff killed by another Macgrieff will come back to life as a vampire. After the funeral, Corringa goes to her cousin James' room seeking answers. There she is frightened to discover the orangutan, James, in a cage among other animals that are dead. She leaves after telling him of the man's body in the cellar and him telling her to go to the police. The next death is that of Mr. Angus, who is murdered outside the tomb of Lady Alicia by a gloved figure who slits his throat with a razor while the cat watches. That same night, Corringa dreams that her mother is a vampire, and the cat disturbs her sleep. Mr. Angus is found by Dr. Franz the following morning. The next night, the gloved hand is shown unlocking the orangutan's cage. Concurrently, Corringa visits her mother's tomb to search for conformation that her mother is still there. She finds that the coffin is splintered and her mother's tomb is open. She runs away, frightened, and James catches her and takes her back to the house. That night, James and Corringa sleep together. They are interrupted by Lady Mary looking for Dr. Franz. When she does not find him there, she goes to his bedroom, where she sees him kissing Suzanna. Convinced he'll be thrown out of the house, Dr. Franz goes to James' room to tell him the truth about his little sister's death. Once inside, his throat is slashed with a razor by a gloved hand with the cat watching in the manner of the other men. In the morning, a detective comes to collect the death certificates of the two known deaths, and Corringa reveals to him that her mother's body is not in the coffin. When they go to the tomb, her body is missing but Dr. Franz's body is there. Corringa finds James' cufflink on the ground beside it. When she confronts James about it he says he moved the body but didn't kill him. James the orangutan was killed also. The detective believes James is responsible for the deaths, causing him to hide in the passages beneath the castle. While there he hears moaning that leads him to the dying priest who has blood on his forehead. The next victim is Suzanna, who is killed the same way as the men. Corringa finds Lady Mary leaning over Suzanna's body and believes her to be the killer. After she runs through the secret passageway from her room to the cellar, she finds her mother's body. Once she finds her mother, the priest comes down the stairs and reveals himself to be a MacGreiff masquerading as the priest come to kill the remaining MacGreiffs so that he can inherit the estate. He goes to kill Corringa, but James, the detective, and the police come just in time to shoot him before he can kill Corringa. In the 1970s Italy went through a major economic crisis and a reordering of the class system. The aristocracy were disadvantaged because of the economic crisis. In the film, this is reflected through Lady MacGrieff's financial troubles that cause her to consider the castle that has been in the family for many years. Because this film also has roots in France, it is appropriate to look at the impact that the condition of France in the 1970s had on the film. France in the 1970s was in the midst of \"student turmoil,\" where many young students fought for the new age and liberation from traditional ideas. This is reflected in the film by the bisexual French teacher Suzanne, who attempts to find sexual liberation and recognition for other bisexuals. The film's credits state its story is based on a novella by Peter Bryan. It is unclear whether this was a pseudonym for an author of Italian \"giallo\" magazines, or the British novelist Peter Bryan who wrote scripts for Hammer such as \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" and \"Brides of Dracula\". Film historian Roberto Curti also suggested the reliability of the book noting any lack of evidence at the book existing. Curti noted the original script does not credit Bryan's story and is credited to Margheriti and Simonelli. \"Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye\" was filmed between February and March 1972. Among the cast was Jane Birkin who was still predominantly known for her popular song \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\" which she sang with her lover Serge Gainsbourg. Margheriti also casts Gainsbourgh in the film in a bit part and later stated that Gainbourgh himself asked to play a cameo in the film while visiting Birkin on set. The film's score by Riz Ortolani uses cue's from previous Margheriti films such as \"The Virgin of Nuremberg\", \"Castle of Blood\" and \"Seven Deaths\". \"Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye\" was released in Italy on 12 April 1973 as \"La morete negli occhi del gatto\", where it was distributed by Jumbo. The film grossed 219,556,000 Italian lire domesticlaly. The film was later released West Germany on December 7, 1973 under the title \"Sieben Tote in den Augen der Katze\". Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye () is a 1973 giallo-horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Welcome to the Show (TV series) Welcome to the Show () was a 2011 South Korean television sitcom that aired on SBS. It starred Im Seulong, Sulli Choi, Nichkhun, Kim Jang-hoon, and Kim Kwang-kyu. SBS's real life show \"Inkigayo\" serves as the backdrop to the show. The sitcom shows the behind-the-scenes action of idol singers, studio artists, managers and producers on SBS's \"Inkigayo\". The show drew its stories from idols, seniors, juniors, managers, and producers that actually run \"Inkigayo\". Sulli and Nickhun are supposedly dating and seem like they are very much in the honeymoon phase. Seulong likes Sulli as well, but cannot do anything about it due to the fact that he believes Sulli and Nickhun are together. During the live recording he tries to incite trouble for Nickhun, much to the dismay of his co-MCs and crew. Meanwhile, the singer Maestro 'Mae' (Kim Jang-hoon), who can be petulant and arrogant, is having his comeback stage after 5 years, but suffers from the lack of respect given to him by juniors. He and his manager (Kim Kwang-kyu), cautious and careful not to anger Mae, have a comedic, but moving tumultuous relationship. On February 14, 2011 SBS revealed that they had Kim Jang-hoon, Kim Kwang-kyu, 2AM's Im Seulong, f(x)'s Sulli Choi, and 2PM's Nichkhun in its upcoming sitcom, which they had started preparing the year before. An SBS representative said, \"The new cast had their first recording on the 13th at SBS's \"Inkigayo\" studio. There will be a big idol cast with a 'mellow line' between them. Other older actors and singers will also be taking part. Although the broadcast date hasn't been finalized yet, we’re aiming for a March release.\" The producers also revealed that though the show was being prepared as a series that they will observe viewer responses after the pilot airs before making any final decisions. On March 9, SBS confirmed that TVXQ, IU, BEAST, and other idol singers would be making appearances. It was later revealed that day that the show would air on March 16. On March 14, SBS released a teaser for the show. The pilot aired on March 16, 2011. Due to poor ratings the show was scrapped despite viewers liking the new concept. Stellar, Eric Mun of Shinhwa, Teen Top, and Girls' Generation appear briefly while performing. Welcome to the Show (TV series) Welcome to the Show () was a 2011" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lovell's Newfoundland Directory Lovell's Province of Newfoundland Directory for 1871 also known as \"Lovell's Newfoundland Directory\" is a collection of work by John Lovell of Montreal to capture the names and business men and other inhabitants in the cities, towns and villages throughout the province of Newfoundland.The directory has become a valuable source for the study of genealogy and early settlers of Newfoundland. Lovell, a Montreal printer and publisher, produced a 2,562 page \"Lovell's Canadian Dominion Directory\" which ultimately became the genesis for individual provincial supplements. At the time Newfoundland was not a province of Canada, Lovell still named his work as \"Lovell's Province of Newfoundland Directory for 1871\". The directory also included a listing of current newspapers and periodicals as well as railroad and steamship routes. Each settlement was given a brief description which was followed by the names and principle occupation of heads of houses using the 1869 census population counts. The work is cited in much of the community history of Joey Smallwood's \"Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador\". The directory was republished by the Genealogical Research Library of London, Ontario in 1984 with the addition of a community index. From page 2 to page 82 it devotes full page spreads to advertisers followed by the preface on page 83. The general index of communities are on page 85 with the next page as 88, pages 86 and 87 are not identified. A miscellaneous index on page 89 lists the locations in the book of such things as, British Ambassadors, Clergy, dominion finances, Dominion departments, customs and tariffs, companies, etc. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory Lovell's Province of Newfoundland Directory for 1871 also known as \"Lovell's Newfoundland Directory\" is a collection of work by John Lovell of Montreal to capture the names and business men and other inhabitants in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stingray Swamp Flora Reserve Stingray Swamp Flora Reserve (SWFR) is located immediately north of Penrose township in the south-western region of Wingecarribee Shire. The reserve is primarily surrounded by the Penrose State Forest, which is a commercially active plantation forest administered by the Forest Corporation NSW. Pine species dominate the state forest with a mix of native vegetation types in isolated pockets and adjacent areas. Stingray Swamp Flora Reserve belongs to a larger wetland complex known as the Paddy’s River Wetland Complex (PRWC). These wetlands also form part of the Paddy’s River sub-catchment, which belong to the larger Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment. Historic use of this area has mainly been that of pine plantation, agriculture and mining activities. The forest is publicly accessible and therefore is a site of mixed recreational activities. The reserve is located within a landscape of rolling low-to-medium profile hills with minimal geologic outcropping. Predominant geologic units are Hawkesbury Sandstone, Berry Siltstone and shale units. Hawkesbury sandstone is the prominent geologic unit and can be seen at several outcroppings especially along watercourses. Nattai tableland and Penrose variants form the predominant soil landscape units within and adjacent to the study area. The soils types are mostly swamp and floodplain deposits that consist of clayey sand with heavy organic and poorly draining characteristics; quaternary alluvium overlies the majority of Hawkesbury sandstone. The geomorphic character of SWFR is identified as “Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone” and is classified as an ecological community. SWFR sits atop sandstone units in a natural depression that is bounded to the north by a significant hill with protrusions of sandstone units. Geomorphic characteristics as a swamp mark it is an important hydrologic and fluvial unit within the landscape. SWFR is situated within the upper reach of Paddys River, which forms part of the Wollondilly sub-catchment. The Wollondilly sub-catchment is a major component of the southern rivers sub-catchment; located within the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment. Stingray Swamp is composed of a rich array of flora and fauna, which is influenced to a large extent by the underlying biophysical and geomorphic character. The flora of the immediate region consists of dry sclerophyll forest, montane peat shrubs and Cumberland plain woodland species. Stingray swamp exhibits a distinctive and rich mixture of heath, shrub, grasses and fern species. The central areas within the swamp are dense with low canopies of around 1.5–2 meters in height. Leptospermum and coral fern species are dominant features within the floral makeup of the ecosystem. Vegetation grades to open woodland on the outer edges and away from swamp areas. These areas are dominated by eucalyptus species in the range of 5–15 meters tall. Animal species range from birds, reptiles, insects and mammals with current records indicating 15 species. Most notable is the variety of birdlife due to dense vegetation, which has drawn bird watching groups. SWFR is also host to several state and nationally protected and endangered species. Of note are the following species that area listed at State and National levels: The cultural values of SWFR are not present in any structures or sites of historic importance. Historic ties to the area are bound up in the activities undertaken in the state forest. Plantation has occurred for at least 90 years in PSF and has been a regional commercial activity since the 1920s. A historic road, Old Argyle Road, skirts the south eastern boundary of SWFR and was once part of Old South Road, which assisted the early development of the region through providing a transport route throughout the centre of the shire. Aboriginal heritage within and surrounding the study area is largely unknown. The regional existence of Gandangara and Tharawal peoples are known to have passed through the area and should be a first point of contact. The Wingecarribee area and therefore the SWFR reside within the Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council region and should be the first point of contact when seeking Aboriginal heritage information. Ongoing forestry activities pose threats to the integrity of the flora reserve through several processes. Of main concern is the invasion of Radiata pine (\"Pinus radiata\") species that is utilised within the plantation. These species migrate into native forests and establish themselves in dense groups. Observed Radiata species has been noted and ongoing Landcare action in and around the flora reserve aims to remove these species. Lantana (\"Lantana camara\") and English holly (\"Ilex aquifolium\"), whilst not currently found within SWFR, pose a direct threat to native species. Harvesting activities occur adjacent to and upslope from the SWFR and may alter hydraulic and geomorphic processes. Clear cutting of select areas upslope from SWFR may increase sediment loading within the waterways within the swamps. Currently there are no publicly available plans or documents outlining management activities within the flora reserve. However, its status as flora reserve gives some assurance for some level of protection for biodiversity. Secondly, the Regional Forestry Agreement specifies the requirement for management plans for land set aside as reserves per legislative requirements. Forests NSW sets a goal to create a management plan for the flora reserve within their \"Ecologically sustainable development Management Plan\" for the rlevant forestry region. As of yet there is no further information available to the public as to the details of the management plan. However, the past and present Landcare work may be a sign of active engagement with biodiversity management activities. Protected areas of New South Wales Stingray Swamp Flora Reserve" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Great Bear Magmatic Zone The Great Bear Magmatic Zone (GBMZ) is a Paleoproterozoic (1.875–1.86 Ga) multi-collisional orogenic belt of which is exposed in the northwestern Canadian Shield east of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories. Covering , the GBMZ forms part of the Wopmay orogen together with the Coronation Margin and Hottah terrane and overlies these two tectonic elements. The GBMZ, in turn, is covered by Paleozoic and Proterozoic sediments and, as indicated by a long aeromagnetic line, the sub-aerial part of the GMBZ is probably long. Volcanics of the GBMZ range from basalt to rhyolite and geologic studies show it is part of an early Proterozoic continental volcanic arc. The GBMZ formed following a flip in subduction polarity from east to west dipping when the Hottah terrane collided with the Slave Craton 1.875–1.855 Ga. The GBMZ is a magmatic arc on the western margin of the Wopmay orogen which developed 1.875–1.840 Ga on older Proterozoic basement rocks. The medial or internal zone of the orogen form the eastern margin of the GBMZ and is marked by the complex Wopmay fault zone which the GBMZ partly covers in the north. The early history of the GBMZ (1.870–1.865 Ga) was dominated by volcanism and intrusions that produced a stratum of volcanic rocks thick in the north to in the south. The volcanic layers in the north are folded and have been intruded by quartz monzonite plutons. Large granite batholiths were emplaced during late stages of volcanism (1.865–1.840 Ga). The GBMZ at this stage is thought to be the result of eastward-directed subduction of oceanic lithosphere. This was followed by a collision with a microcontinent in the west. A system of brittle faults developed, the most prominent of which form a set of north-east-trending right-lateral faults with a length varying from hundred metres to several kilometres. Topographically the GBMZ is characterised by granitic low relief areas with former volcanoes forming -high hills. Several plate tectonic reconstructions propose an Archean-Paleoproterozoic connection between the cratonic core of North America, the continent Laurentia, and that of Siberia, the continent Siberia, based on geological connections and paleomagnetic evidence. For example, in the reconstruction of Angara in Siberia matches the Wopmay orogen and the GBMZ in Laurentia; and the Aktikan fold belt in Siberia matches the Thelon-Taltson belt in Laurentia. Several other tectonic models have been proposed, however, and the possible connections between the two early continents remain controversial. The GBMZ hosts polymetallic and iron-oxide-rich deposits many of which include magnetite–apatite–actinolite veins, making the GBMZ attractive for IOCG exploration. Great Bear Magmatic Zone The Great Bear Magmatic Zone (GBMZ) is a Paleoproterozoic (1.875–1.86 Ga) multi-collisional orogenic belt of which is exposed in the northwestern Canadian Shield east of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories. Covering , the GBMZ forms part of the Wopmay orogen together with the Coronation Margin and Hottah terrane and overlies these two tectonic elements. The GBMZ, in turn, is covered by Paleozoic and Proterozoic sediments and, as indicated by a long aeromagnetic line, the sub-aerial" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gonatopsis borealis Gonatopsis borealis, the Boreopacific armhook squid, is a species of squid from the North Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the family Gonatidae. It is an abundant species which is currently caught mainly as a bycatch by fishing boats targeting other quarry. It is an important prey species for many commercially important species of fish, as well as for marine mammals. \"Gonatopsis borealis\" is a medium-sized squid. There are three morphs: large bodied, slender bodied and small bodied; these may be separate taxa, but this needs more research. The main characteristics which distinguish this species from closely related species are that it has transverse rows of seven teeth on its radula, rather short blunt-tipped arms which have four rows of suckers near their tips, and a muscular mantle. The muscular arms are 40-45% of the mantle length and some are longer than others, arms III have well developed aboral keels. Arms I to III have 2 middle series of hooks and 2 marginal series of suckers; arm IV has no hooks and four series of suckers. The development of hooks on the arms does not occur until the animal reaches a mantle length of 35 to 45 mm. There is no hectocotylus. The lose their tentacles at the paralarva stage. They have large eyes and an nuchal crest which has four longitudinal nuchal folds of skin on either side of it. The muscular mantle is cylindrical and tapers to a blunt posterior. The muscular fins are short (40 to 45% of the mantle length), wide (65 to 80% of mantle length) and rhomboid in shape. There is no tail. The skin on the mantle is dark reddish or purplish brown in colour and there are no photophores. Mature males grow to a mantle length of 270mm ML while mature females reach mantle lengths of 330mm. The paralarvae are distinguished by the pattern of chromatophores on the dorsal part of the head. This consists of three transverse rows of chromatophores with a single chromatophore in the front row, two in the middle row and three in the rear row. They also have 6-10 chromatophores in the dorsal surface of the mantle. \"Gonatopsis borealis\" is found in the North Pacific Ocean, where its range extends from northern Japan at a latitude of roughly 37°N to 40°N through the Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea all along the Aleutian Islands into the Gulf of Alaska, south along the western coast of North America to California, even reaching Baja California at a latitude of 20°N. The type specimen was taken off Hokkaido, some east of Kushiro. \"Gonatopsis borealis\" is an oceanic speciesand it is one of the most widely distributed and abundant species of the family Gonatidae. It can be found in cold temperate waters, where it can occur from the surface to the mesopelagic zone, even reaching into the bathypelagic zone. It undertakes a diel vertical migration, moving up the water column at night, and for forming very large aggregations between the Spring and the early autumn, especially in both the eastern and western parts of its range. The abundance of \"G. borealis\" is indicated by it accounting for up to 68% of squid catches in the Okhotsk Sea during the summer months. G. borealis is found in epipelagic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths from the surface to 1500m. It has a benthic habit at 200 to 1 375m, but it is most numerous in the midwater realm, with maximum abundance occurring at 300 to 500m, while only a few single specimens are caught below 1000 m (probably having been caught at much shallower depths while the open nets were retrieved through their zone of most abundance). Off California there were no specimens of any age recorded during the day at depth of less than 300m, and 90% of specimens collected during daylight were from 400 to 700m. By contrast, specimens occurred mainly at 100 to 500m, principally 300 to 400m at night. Smaller animals undertook the diel migration to the surface layers earlier than the larger ones. They also returned to depths sooner, possibly a behavioural adaptation to avoid the larger cannibalistic adults. This species preys on a diverse variety of pelagic crustaceans such as euphausiids, hyperiid amphipods and copepods, as well as fishes and other squid. They live for at least a year. Their predators include fish such as salmonids, walleye Pollock, pomfret, albacore and grenadiers, as well as the larger squid \"Berryteuthis magister\" and cannibalistic \"G. borealis\". Other predators include seabirds, seals, sea lions, dolphins and toothed whales, such as sperm whale and pilot whales. \"Gonatopsis borealis\" is an abundant species. In the Sea of Ohotsk in the summer months there is estimated to be a biomass of this species ranging from 278,000 tonnes to 500,000 tonnes, with estimates of 209,000 tonnes in the western Bering Sea, 285,000 tonnes off the western Kamchatka coast, and 100,000 tonnes in waters around the Kuril Islands. The large morph of this species form the major part of any catch. It is caught as bycatch with jigs, and substantial numbers are caught in drift gillnets which are set to take salmonids and the neon flying squid (\"Ommastrephes bartramii\"). The meat of this species is said to be highly palatable, and as it is an abundant species it is thought to have a high potential to support fisheries. However, it is the principal prey for many of valuable species of fish, and this ecological role is perhaps more important to local fisheries than any development of a fishery to target this species. \"Gonatopsis borealis\" differs from other members of the genus \"Gonatopsis\" in having seven rather than five rows of teeth on the radula. Kir Nesis proposed that it be placed in its own subgenus \"Boreoteuthis\". Subsequently, this has been treated by some authorities as a separate genus. The generic status of \"G. borealis\" is yet to resolved, as is the taxonomic status of the three size morphs which have been recorded. In the Asiatic part of its range, two distinct populations are found, a more northerly population which matures at less than 180mm mantle length, and a more southern population found south of latitude 45°N to 47°N, which reached sexual maturity at larger than 220mm mantle length. The two populations are found sympatrically in the waters off the Kuril Islands. Gonatopsis borealis Gonatopsis borealis, the Boreopacific armhook squid, is a species of squid from the North Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the family Gonatidae. It is an abundant species which is currently caught mainly as a bycatch by fishing boats targeting other" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Weymouth Wizard The Weymouth Wizard was a named summer service operated by Great Western Railway (GWR) between via the Heart of Wessex line between Bristol Temple Meads and Weymouth. The special service was named when GWR started running a single Saturday summer InterCity 125 service between Bristol Temple Meads and Weymouth. The use of the \"Weymouth Wizard\" name was actually a revival of a title used by the Western Region of British Railways between 1981 and 1985 on a locomotive-hauled high summer midweek special. This generally ran on Tuesdays-Thursdays from Swindon to Weymouth via Melksham, Westbury and Yeovil Pen Mill. A special, large, commemorative headboard was often carried by the locomotive heading the train, this had been produced by Swindon Works carriage shop and was designed by works sign-writer / illustrator Ernie Hewlett. At the time the Chippenham-Trowbridge stretch of line was under threat of closure and the success of this train went some way to laying the foundations for the route to re-open under the terms of the 'Speller Act' with a limited, experimental passenger service commencing in May 1985. With this came the re-opening of Melksham station. For the later HST service GWR collaborated with the Heart of Wessex Line to promote rail travel along the popular route. The InterCity 125 service began in 2014 and has returned each year since. The service was not renewed for the May 2018 timetable change, with neither an InterCity 125 nor the name 'The Weymouth Wizard' being used by GWR for their Summer Saturday Bristol to Weymouth service any longer. Previously First Great Western operated a summer Saturday service on the route with hired in Class 67s and Mark 2 carriages. This occurred again under the new franchise, as Great Western Railway required the regular InterCity 125 set to run a football special to Cardiff Central, and were forced to hire a locomotive and stock from DB Cargo. The HST left Bristol Temple Meads at 09:06 and arrived in Weymouth at 11:45. The train then waited in the Weymouth sidings until its return journey at 17:28, arriving back in Bristol at 20:09. Its presence in the siding led to some complaints from adjacent residents, as the engines were initially left running in the absence of any 'shore' power supply. Due to engineering works in August 2015 between Westbury and Bath Spa via Bradford-on-Avon, the service was diverted via Swindon, meaning passengers did not have to use a replacement bus service. Its calling stations were; Weymouth Wizard The Weymouth Wizard was a named summer service operated by Great Western Railway (GWR) between via the Heart of Wessex line between Bristol Temple Meads and Weymouth. The special service was named when GWR started running a single Saturday summer InterCity 125 service between Bristol Temple Meads and Weymouth. The use of the \"Weymouth Wizard\" name was actually a revival of a title used by the Western Region of British Railways between 1981 and 1985 on a locomotive-hauled high summer midweek special. This generally ran" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Atsuto Oishi Oishi was born in Osaka Prefecture on October 24, 1976. After graduating from Komazawa University, he joined newly was promoted to J2 League club, Ventforet Kofu in 1999. On April 18, he debuted as substitute midfielder from the 75th minute against Montedio Yamagata. He played several matches as offensive midfielder until May. However he could not play at all in the match from June and retired end of 1999 season. In 2014, Oishi signed with newly was promoted to J3 League club, Fujieda MYFC and became a coach under manager Musashi Mizushima. In 2015, he became a manager as Mizushima successor. Although the club finished at 10th place of 13 clubs in 2015 season, the club rose at middle place in 2016 season and 2017 season. However the club results were bad in 2018 and he resigned in July when at 14th place of 17 clubs. Atsuto Oishi Oishi was born in Osaka Prefecture on October 24, 1976. After graduating from Komazawa University, he joined newly was promoted to J2 League club, Ventforet Kofu in 1999. On April 18, he debuted as substitute midfielder from the 75th minute against Montedio Yamagata. He played several matches as offensive midfielder" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vladimir Nalivkin Vladimir Petrovich Nalivkin (, February 25, 1852 – January 20, 1918) was a Russian military officer during the Russian Empire's campaigns in Central Asia, entering civil government for the new territory of Russian Turkestan, becoming head of the governing committee and representing the capital Tashkent in Imperial State Duma. Nalivkin went into hiding after the territory fell to communists during the Russian Revolution, and committed suicide in 1918. Vladimir Petrovich Nalivkin was born on 25 February 1852, in Kaluga, Russian Empire, to a noble family. He graduated from the Pavel Military School in Saint Petersburg, opting to serve in the Orenburg Cossack Regiment. In 1873, Nalivkin served in the Russian Imperial Army during the annexation of Turkestan, participating in the conquest of the Khanate of Khiva, and eventually became commander of the Turkestan Military District. In protest against the harsh treatment of the civilian population by General Mikhail Skobelev, Nalivkin resigned from the military and entered civil government, where he was placed as the assistant head of the Fergana Valley region. He worked as an ethnologist and explorer in Fergana, and authored the first Russian-Uzbek dictionary. Additionally, during this time Nalivkin coauthored an ethnography entitled Muslim Women of the Fergana Valley: A 19th Century Ethnography from Central Asia with his wife, Maria Nalivkina. Between 1878 - 1884, Maria Nalivkina learned the local language and gained an intimate insight into the lives of ordinary Sart women. Nalivkina’s contribution to the ethnography was the first to explore the lives of women in the area. Nalivkin was later appointed as the head of the Turkestan Committee of the Provisional Government set up shortly after the annexation of the territory into the Russian Empire was complete, and represented the capital Tashkent in the Imperial State Duma. In March 1917, the Russian Revolution began, starting with the February Revolution which led to the collapse of the Russian Imperial Government and formation of the Provisional Government. Despite being a member of the Imperial Duma, Nalivkin was initially sympathetic to the revolution and the Provisional Government, believing it would bring improvements to quality of life among the people of the empire. However, when the revolution reached Tashkent ideological differences soon brought Nalivkin into conflict with the revolutionaries. On 1 November 1917, a coalition of the Left Social Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks seized power in Tashkent, overthrowing the Nalivkin-led committee from local government control, and transferring it to a communist-led committee which appointed new chiefs. Nalivkin was sent into hiding, and on January 20, 1918, committed suicide. Vladimir Nalivkin Vladimir Petrovich Nalivkin (, February 25, 1852 – January 20, 1918) was a Russian military officer during the Russian Empire's campaigns in Central Asia, entering civil government for the new territory of Russian Turkestan, becoming head of the governing committee and representing the capital Tashkent in Imperial State Duma. Nalivkin went into hiding after the territory fell to communists during the Russian Revolution, and committed suicide in 1918. Vladimir Petrovich Nalivkin was born on 25 February 1852, in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Magical Sentosa Magical Sentosa (also known as \"Sentosa Magique\" [in French] or \"神奇圣淘沙\" [in Chinese]) was a multimedia nighttime show hosted at the Sentosa Musical Fountain on the resort island of Sentosa, Singapore. The multimedia show is the last musical to be staged on the fountain itself. The musical ran for less than five years before being eventually discontinued in 2007 and replaced by \"Songs of the Sea\". The show was conceived using ideas from an earlier \"ECA2\" production in France, titled \"\"Le Lac Aux Images\"\", using some of the characters and plot elements of the previous show. The plot centers around fountain master, Mr Whamsey, and the maniacal antics of \"Kiki the Hyperactive Monkey of Sentosa\", both of whom serve as the show's main hosts. The show was known internally at ECA2 as \"\"Sentosa Water and Fire Fantasy Show\"\". In 1997, ECA2 commissioned the creation of \"Le Lac Aux Images\" to celebrate French theme park, Futuroscope's tenth anniversary. The show; which operated in Futuroscope's own musical fountain in France, closed down in 2002, the same year of Magical Sentosa's release. Its plot contained similarities with some of Magical Sentosa's own plot elements and characters. Most assets from the show were later recycled for Magical Sentosa, most prominently imagery used for the character, Princess Pearl. The musical centers on a character by the name of \"Ouïatouké\", who is voiced by renowned French voice actor, . Ouïatouké's name is a French pun on the abbreviation, \"\"Y2K\"\" or the year 2000 problem; a reference to him as a glitch. Not much is known about the show's development and very little information is provided regarding Magical Sentosa. A majority of information sources have directed viewers to the show's credits and reviews. Bang Productions managed the show's technical design while Fischer Media Group was involved in an undisclosed role. The show, was eventually opened on the 19 September 2002 to an audience of an estimated 150,000. The following people who are listed, are according to ECA2 press releases: The show begins with a fountain master named Mr Whamsey (as mentioned by Kiki later on in the show), greeting the audience. He shows off his skills to the audience, by first showing the fountain repeating his tune, followed by a grand orchestra piece, and finally a soft soothing water-themed song, (Water Waltz), but before he can finish a segment known as \"Grand Finale\", the fountain displays on both the terrace pools grind to a sudden halt. Mr Whamsey is startled by the sudden halt, and desperately tries to restart the fountains. There is a sudden flashing of strobe lights, followed by Kiki making his signature laugh. He then appears laughing out of control at the audience before going back into hiding. When Mr Whamsey asks the audience what was making that sound, Kiki reappears and surprises Mr Whamsey, while introducing himself to the audience. Kiki challenges him into a duel for control of the Sentosa Musical Fountain, resulting in a semi-chaotic fountain sequence playing, with whimsical Circus-like music and ending with several powerful bursts of water at the audience. Soon after, he introduces Mr Whamsey and the audience to his friends (Hello Hello), and the amazed Mr Whamsey plans to enter \"\"Magical Sentosa\"\", the parallel universe which Kiki lives in. Kiki then directs Mr Whamsey into a secret tunnel, which can be entered through the fountain's \"SENTOSA\" plaster sculpture's letter \"O\". Upon arrival, he is greeted by an unseen school of sirens and mermaids alongside on-screen faries. Mr Whamsey, who attempts to enter \"\"Magical Sentosa\"\" through its gates is then put through two challenges, an unstationary floating scaffold and a colliding entrance gate. After succeeding in both challenges, he plays with bubbles for a minute or two before meeting the beautiful siren princess, Princess Pearl, who sings her enchanting siren song (Princess Pearl Song) to the audience and dances gracefully for them as she is surrounded by more bubbles. After the image of Princess Pearl fades from the scene, Kiki, while floating on a bubble himself, reveals to the audience his feelings towards Princess Pearl, then treats the audience to a song (It's My World). Magical Sentosa's 'creatures of fire' are then summoned by Kiki to put on a terrific fire show while a projection of Mr Whamsey dances in the background on a waterscreen. He then gets forcibly ejected upwards in an animation similar to 'Le Lac Aux Images' and finally exits through the sculpture's \"O\", and compliments Kiki for the wonderful experience. Kiki then sings the song, Here Everybody Lives In Harmony. When he sings the last note completely out of tune, a fireball suddenly shoots up, awakening the Merlion who puts on a stunning laser display for the audience. Kiki performs his last fountain piece, a reprise of Here Everybody Lives In Harmony then bids the audience goodbye and Mr Whamsey completes of what is left of the \"Grand Finale\" before bowing to the audience and taking his leave. The original, \"\"Songs and Tunes from The Original Soundtrack of Magical Sentosa\"\" soundtrack album has largely survived in home video format. The entire original soundtrack in high-fidelity audio was lost after the fountain's closure (apart from a recording of Water Waltz which surfaced in 2011), until an anonymous Singaporean YouTube user found a surviving copy in January 2013. On 30 January 2013, an anonymous YouTuber by the username of, \"\"caix92\"\", rediscovered the album in its original entirety. In a comment he / she mentioned that the album was originally bought by him / her shortly before the show stopped operations in March 2007. The rediscovery of the album also revealed entirely new and unknown cast members involved in the making of the soundtrack. Examples included, Adele Masquelier and Jerome Scemla. The album's artwork was also prominently displayed in all of the video thumbnails. Kiki, a lime green coloured monkey; is the main protagonist of the show. During Mr Whamsey's performance, he interrupts the \"usual program\" intended and appears laughing hysterically at the audience. He then challenges Mr. Whamsey to a duel over the control of the Sentosa Musical Fountain. Afterwards, he introduces the surprised Mr. Whamsey to several of his friends, namely the mock band \"The Fantastic Fish\", and other unnamed characters. He then invites Mr. Whamsey to the alternate dimension where he lives. Kiki also acts as a guide to Mr. Whamsey throughout his journey in the alternate dimension. Despite this, the both never appear on the water screen at the same time. When the latter finally returns, he bids Mr. Whamsey and the audience farewell, reminding them that he'll be waiting for them. He then makes his trademark laughter and disappears from the scene. Mr Whamsey is a \"fountain master\" who first appears when he makes his entrance on to the fountain's symphony stage. He shows off the audience his skills with several performances on the fountain but before he could finish the final segment, his performance is suddenly interrupted by the arrival of Kiki, who is first seen laughing out of control before jumping back into hiding. Kiki then reveals himself to Mr. Whamsey, and he is challenged by the latter to a duel over the control of the Sentosa Musical Fountain. He is then introduced to several of Kiki's friends, and persuades Kiki in excitement to invite him to the alternate dimension where the hyperactive monkey lives. When he does, he is greeted by the beautiful siren princess, Princess Pearl. He later exits the alternate dimension and compliments Kiki for the wonderful experience. When Kiki bids the audience farewell, he finishes the final segment of his performance, before bowing and taking his leave. She is the beautiful siren princess who first appears after Mr. Whamsey manages to arrive in Kiki's world. Her head is adorned with countless bubbles, or pearls, hence giving her name. She appears as", "hiding. Kiki then reveals himself to Mr. Whamsey, and he is challenged by the latter to a duel over the control of the Sentosa Musical Fountain. He is then introduced to several of Kiki's friends, and persuades Kiki in excitement to invite him to the alternate dimension where the hyperactive monkey lives. When he does, he is greeted by the beautiful siren princess, Princess Pearl. He later exits the alternate dimension and compliments Kiki for the wonderful experience. When Kiki bids the audience farewell, he finishes the final segment of his performance, before bowing and taking his leave. She is the beautiful siren princess who first appears after Mr. Whamsey manages to arrive in Kiki's world. Her head is adorned with countless bubbles, or pearls, hence giving her name. She appears as she rises from the fountain, and smiles at the audience. A dolphin plunges into the fountain, before she breaks into her enchanting siren song. Her image then switches, where she dances to the audience. As she finishes her dance, her image fades and sinks back into the fountain. Princess Pearl's sequence has been noted as the most remarkable as she was directly recycled from ECA2's earlier production, \"Le Lac Aux Images\". The only differences being her image mirrored for Magical Sentosa, and the use of only one of the two dolphins that were part of her original sequence in Le Lac Aux Images. The Fantastic Fish are a band consisting of laser-colored fishes that are just a few of Kiki's friends. They first appear in the song segment for, Hello Hello. Later on, more of Kiki's friends appear, namely two sea creatures called, \"\"The Crazy Fish\"\", a monstrous whale-like creature, and a robot named, Omeo. The band then reappears during the climax of the song and as they disappear from the scene, a mass of laser-colored bubbles shoots up in front of them. They would later reappear in a cameo in Kiki's song, \"It's My World\". As Magical Sentosa uses quite a number of references to \"Le Lac Aux Images\", most of Kiki's friends and the laser-colored bubbles were actually from the latter. Although not considered a prominent character, the Merlion statue located behind the fountain comes to \"life\" when Kiki sings the last note of, Here Everybody Lives In Harmony, completely out of tune. The eyes of the statue emitted a green laser that shone down onto the fountain and when the song ends, it comes to take Kiki, who subsequently bids farewell to Mr. Whamsey and the audience. The musical opened with a few positive reviews from the media. Today mentioned that the show's fire and water elements made \"fantastic partners\" while The Straits Times noted it as an \"even more spectacular fountain show\". Sentosa Development Corporation's then CEO, Darrell Metzger, complemented that the show \"needs to be experienced to be believed\". British author, Neil Humphreys, critiqued the interaction shown between Kiki and Princess Pearl as \"infatuated\" and \"randy\". He also remarked that \"the show's storyline must have been written by someone high on LSD\", describing the show's experience as \"an acid trip\". After 25 years of operation, the Sentosa Musical Fountain was closed down to make way for Resorts World Sentosa, Magical Sentosa staged its last show on 25 March 2007, after less than 5 years in operation, before it was shut down to let demolition works commence. A few amateur videos of the final show eventually surfaced to video sharing site, YouTube. As a result of the fountain's closure, many came to film the final show. A majority of these footages filmed have ended up in family archives and mostly on video sharing website, YouTube. One such notable example is a video done up by YouTube user \"jingxi\". Another notable video posted by \"alvinngheng\", can also be found on YouTube. The tribute video consist of a mix of other YouTubers uploads of their own videos of the fountain. \"Fischer Media footage\" - During the first performance of that night, a Fischer Media cameraman filmed the show with a standard definition camera. It was later edited by ECA2 to produce the show's promotional reel, now only existing as a fragment on Fisher Media's website. In 2010, the footage was restored to the high definition format as ECA2's trailer for Magical Sentosa. But this trailer was reedited and cut in 2012. The edited trailer from 2010 has since resurfaced on ECA2's YouTube page, alongside the trailers of all the permanent shows produced by ECA2, including the full trailer of \"Le Lac Aux Images\". \"Magical Sentosa HD Trailer\" - ECA2's promotional trailer of Magical Sentosa, which used footage from Fischer Media's promotional footage. A video covers up the first 51 seconds of the show with the full and muted soundtrack of \"Here Everybody Lives in Harmony\" which not many have filmed. \"Soundtrack from Magical Sentosa - Water Waltz\" - A high-fidelity recording of Water Waltz, the earliest of its kind to be uploaded on to the platform before the 2013 soundtrack rediscovery. \"Futuroscope - Le Lac aux Images 2000 - Spectacle Entier - Partie 1 un 2\" This video is possibly the only video to show one of ECA2's earlier productions, \"Le Lac aux Images\" which uses some of Magical Sentosa's characters and plot elements, most notably Princess Pearl. Magical Sentosa Magical Sentosa (also known as \"Sentosa Magique\" [in French] or \"神奇圣淘沙\" [in Chinese]) was a multimedia nighttime show hosted at the Sentosa Musical Fountain on the resort island of Sentosa, Singapore. The multimedia show is the last musical to be" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Amanzia Guérillot Amanzia Ammirata Guérillot (20 April 1828, Milan - 1 December 1905, Boffalora sopra Ticino) was an Italian painter of French parentage; known primarily for vedute and still-lifes. Many of her works were mistakenly attributed to her first husband, Angelo Inganni. She was born to a French emigrant family and received her first drawing lessons from her father, Nicolas, who had served as an accounting officer in the French army. In 1845, the painter Angelo Inganni became her mentor and she often served as his model. He also taught her the rudiments of oil painting, in exchange for French lessons for his niece. Two years later, she had her first exhibition at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, presenting two vedute (the Palazzo di Giustizia in Milan and an area near Brescia known as the \"Taglietto\") as well as a waterscape of a steamboat on Lake Como. She exhibited widely over the next few years, expanding her repertoire to animals, still lifes and portraits. From 1853 to 1855, she created fourteen Stations of the Cross for the parish church in Gussago. In 1856, she married Inganni, twenty-one years her senior, whose wife had died three years earlier. After the honeymoon, they settled near Gussago and often worked as a team, until his death in 1880. In addition to their canvases they painted wooden soldiers, door panels, and decorations for mirrors, boxes and screens. In 1887, she remarried. Her new husband was Lodovico Antoniani, a local magistrate. Shortly after, they moved to Padua and she appears to have given up painting. When she was widowed again, she returned to Lombardy to live with Inganni's niece. Amanzia Guérillot Amanzia Ammirata Guérillot (20 April 1828, Milan - 1 December 1905, Boffalora sopra Ticino) was an Italian painter of French parentage; known" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Taichung Municipal Taichung First Senior High School The Taichung municipal Taichung First Senior High School (TCFSH; , also 台中一中) is a senior high school in North District, Taichung, Taiwan. It is one of the most prestigious and distinguished high school in Taiwan. TCFSH was the first high school founded by Taiwanese to educate their youngsters during the colonial days under Taiwan under Japanese rule. The admission of Taichung First Senior High School is extremely competitive. Less than top 1% of scorers on the Basic Competence Test for Junior High School Students (國民中學學生基本學力測驗) receive admission. A large portion of graduates go on to attend prestigious universities in Taiwan as well as worldwide, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the University of California, Berkeley. For many international science and math competitions such as the International Mathematics Olympiad, the International Geography Olympiad, the International Physics Olympiad, the International Biology Olympiad, the Intel Science Fair, the International Chemistry Olympiad, the International Earth Science Olympiad, &c., students from Taichung First Senior High are regularly chosen to represent Taiwan. The National Taichung First High School was founded by elite members of gentry in Taichung in 1915, including Lin Lie-tang (林烈堂), Lin Hsien-tang, Lin Hsiung-chen (林熊徵), Tsai Lien-fang (蔡蓮舫) and Koo Hsien-jung. Fought against the unfair education policy of Japanese colonial government, they established the Taichung Middle School to provide better education to the young Taiwanese who did not have the opportunity to attend middle schools which were reserved for the Japanese children exclusively. Taichung Municipal Taichung First Senior High School The Taichung municipal Taichung First Senior High School (TCFSH; , also 台中一中) is a senior high school in North District, Taichung, Taiwan. It is one of the most prestigious and distinguished high school in Taiwan. TCFSH was the first high school founded by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Faustus (band) Faustus are a three-piece folk music band based in the UK. The all-male membership brings together multi-instrumentalist musicians active across many other leading bands in the UK folk scene: Benji Kirkpatrick (Seth Lakeman Band, Bellowhead), Saul Rose (Waterson–Carthy, Whapweasel) and Paul Sartin (Bellowhead, Belshazzar's Feast). They have been described as “bloke-folk” and aiming to “rescue contemporary folk from the curse of feyness” (The Independent). In 2007 they received a 75th anniversary award from the English Folk Dance and Song Society, and they were nominated as best group at the 2009 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. Faustus evolved out of an earlier four-piece band, Dr Faustus, featuring Sartin and Kirkpatrick alongside melodeon player and singer Tim van Eyken and concertina player Robert Harbron. Sartin and Kirkpatrick had been playing together for a number of years, and were looking to expand their work with others to explore traditional English music. Sartin met van Eyken and Harbron while performing the Mick Ryan opera A Day’s Work at Salisbury Playhouse. The band’s name came from the traditional tune \"Dr Fauster’s Tumblers\" rather than the Christopher Marlowe play of the same name. The early years of the band were spent playing for the charities Superact and Live Music Now, putting live music into schools, prisons, hospitals and other venues. In 2002–03 the band recorded their first album \"The First Cut\" on Fellside recordings, and toured it through UK folk clubs and venues. They received a nomination for the Horizon Award (best new artist) at the 2004 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. The band also recorded their second album, \"Wager\" (2005) on Fellside. The album was toured, but afterwards rather than continue together the group disbanded to focus on other musical projects, including Bellowhead (of which Sartin and Kirkpatrick were founder members), Waterson–Carthy, van Eyken’s solo work, and Harbron’s duo with Emma Reid. Sartin and Kirkpatrick decided to reform the band, with the addition of their friend melodeon player Saul Rose, in 2006. The resurrected band was renamed Faustus to reflect the slightly different line-up. The band were active on the UK folk music circuit, and received English Folk Dance and Song Society 75th anniversary awards in 2007, to commemorate their significant contributions to the development and continuity of traditional English folk music, song and dance. The band released the eponymous \"Faustus\" album in 2008 on Navigator Records., and were nominated for Best Group at the 2009 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. They lost out to Lau (band). Kirkpatrick took on a prominent role in Seth Lakeman’s band during 2010, and the band briefly expanded to include Bellowhead drummer and percussionist Pete Flood and Australian singer/guitar/bouzouki player James Fagan, best known for his work with Nancy Kerr. The band appeared as a four-piece outfit, and occasionally a five-piece group when Kirkpatrick’s touring commitments allowed. An official hiatus took place while Rose performed in the Royal National Theatre’s production of War Horse (play), a role previously undertaken by Tim van Eyken. During 2011 Kirkpatrick stood back from his commitments to the Seth Lakeman Band, and the National Theatre replaced the \"War Horse\" cast, enabling Faustus to come together again. Their second album under the Faustus name, \"Broken Down Gentlemen\", was released on Navigator Records in spring 2013. The band have undertaken twice-yearly tours, and performed at folk festivals all over the UK and Europe. During 2013 the band collaborated with dance group Morris Offspring to produce a work called \"The Furnace\", which combined high energy morris dancing with Faustus’s music. In 2016 Faustus became Artists in Residence at Halsway Manor, the National Centre for the Folk Arts, in Somerset. Their work at Halsway has seen them using the centre collections to explore developing arrangements of rare traditional folk music. A third Faustus album, \"Death and Other Animals\", was released on the West Park Music label in Autumn 2016 The album was recorded at Halsway Manor, and features songs from the centre’s extensive collection. This album was awarded the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik for folk music in early 2017. as Dr Faustus as Faustus as Dr Faustus as Faustus Faustus (band) Faustus are a three-piece folk music band based in the UK. The all-male membership brings" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Michele Barry Michele Barry is Director of the Stanford University Center for Innovation in Global Health, and in 2018 was awarded the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal by the American Medical Women's Association. A qualified physician and Fellow of the American College of Physicians, Barry has been Director of the Center for Innovation in Global Health at Stanford University since 2009, and is also Senior Associate Dean for Global Health at Stanford\".\" In 2011 she also became a Fellow of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, of which she was also a past president. She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine. Prior to her appointment at Stanford, Barry was a Professor of medicine at Yale University and had worked at the university for 28 years. She is an advocate for women's rights in the medicine profession, and during her time at Yale, she wrote the first policy for maternity leave in the Department of Medicine. She created the Women Leaders in Global Health conference in response to the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in global health. She is Director of the Yale/Stanford Johnson & Johnson Global Health Scholars Program, which sends physicians to low resource settings in overseas countries, to improve health infrastructure. Her research interests are in the fields of global health, tropical medicine, and emerging infectious diseases. She has written on the potential for pandemic disease in fragile states and areas of unrest and civil war, published in the journal Daedalus, which she sees as an important but underrepresented research area. Her research approach is transdisciplinary, taking into account the local context of global health issues such as infectious disease. In her work she highlights how areas of global unrest are often centres of emerging disease, and the complexities of the situation and of solutions. In 2018 Barry was awarded the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, a prize awarded annually by the American Medical Women's Association, to a woman physician for her outstanding contribution to the cause of women in medicine. In 2010, she received the Ben Kean Medal, awarded to a clinician or educator for their dedication to clinical tropical medicine. Barry is married to Mark Cullen, also a doctor, and has two daughters. Michele Barry Michele Barry is Director of the Stanford University Center for Innovation in Global Health, and in 2018 was awarded the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal by the American Medical Women's Association. A" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Garrett P.I. Garrett P.I. is a series of books by the author Glen Cook about Garrett, a freelance private investigator. The novels are written in a film noir-esque style, containing elements of traditional mystery and detective fiction, as well as plenty of dialogue-based humor. The Garrett P.I. novels are set in a fantasy universe; the protagonist Garrett, during his adventures throughout his home city of TunFaire and across Karenta and the Cantard, meets elves, vampires, centaurs, trolls, gods, wizards, witches and more. Unlike most fantasy series, the Garrett P.I. novels focus more on the detective aspects of the story and less on the fantastic and magical aspects. The Garrett novels, in order, are: Garrett is the protagonist of the Garrett P.I. series, and as the series name would indicate, he is a private investigator. Garrett—the only name he is known by (though his mother called him \"Wart\" as a boy)—is an ex-marine with a knack for figuring things out. He is described as handsome, 6'2\" tall, with red hair and blue eyes. He is in his early to mid 30s and is physically fit but struggling to maintain his physique. Garrett spent five years in the marines before being discharged and allowed to return home to TunFaire, where he began his freelance investigative service. Garrett avoids work as much as possible, trying to work just enough to make ends meet. At the beginning of the series, he is not very well off. However, he comes into some money at the end of \"Sweet Silver Blues\" which allows him to buy a house (with a room for the Dead Man) and hire a retainer (Dean). He initially has one constant source of income, a contract with Max Weider, who retains him to check on corruption at his breweries. Later (in \"Angry Lead Skies\"), he is given a small ownership share in Amalgated (for his efforts which lead to its formation). Garrett has an affinity for beer. He is involved romantically with several women over the series, the most prominent being Tinnie Tate. He has a self-declared preference for redheads. However, he ends up seriously involved with the Windwalker Furious Tide of Light at the end of \"Gilded Latten Bones\". Garrett's adventures often involve rescuing women from trouble, while avoiding getting killed. His conscience and inherent goodwill towards others often make his cases more difficult, as he does not believe in killing others unless they are truly evil. Despite the fact that Garrett is consistently shown wearing a hat and long coat on the covers of most of the Garrett P.I. novels, within the novels he does not dress in this anachronistic fashion, and he very rarely wears any form of hat, even when it rains. Morley is a half-dark-elf assassin and entrepreneur who owns his own restaurant and bar, originally called The Joy House but later renamed The Palms. Morley has a reputation as being the best street fighter in TunFaire, and he suffers none of the pangs of guilt that Garrett does when dealing with his opponents. He is vain and conceited, a dedicated vegetarian and health nut who constantly chases after women, married or otherwise. With his charm and exotic good looks, he usually gets them, yet he still claims that Garrett has an easier time attracting young ladies than he does. Morley Dotes acts as a foil to Garrett in that killing does not bother him, as it does Garrett. In several of the novels, this difference is highlighted, not so much to shed light on or vilify Morley, but to expose Garrett's dark nobility. Morley and Garrett, despite their differences, are best of friends. As the series progresses, we see their friendship grow even stronger, although neither one would readily admit it. As Morley matures, he seems to take more of a role managing his restaurant and less of a role in the world of crime, although he is always up for an adventure with Garrett when the time comes. Morley Dotes first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". \"Saucerhead\" Tharpe, given name Waldo, is a professional thug and bodyguard. He is a friend of Garrett and Morley, and his line of work lies somewhere between theirs—he will beat people up for money, but will not kill for hire. He is a bit slow of thought, but has a deeply ingrained sense of nobility, and once he accepts payment for a job he will see it through or die trying. Physically, Saucerhead is a remarkably large and ugly human. He is much taller than Garrett's 6'2\", incredibly strong, and almost impossible to kill. Though these qualities may imply a bit of ogre or giant blood in his background, Tharpe claims to be of pure human stock. Although he is typically attracted to small, feisty women, late in the series he falls for Garrett's friend Winger. Saucerhead Tharpe first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Garrett's partner, known only as the Dead Man, is a member of a very rare species called the Loghyr. About four hundred years before the events of \"Sweet Silver Blues\", he was stuck with a knife and killed. However, the Loghyr spirit prevails long after death, so his minds (plural) are still functional, as are his formidable mental powers. Within a certain range of his corpse, the Dead Man is telepathic and telekinetic. He is able to communicate through direct mind contact, as well as read and control the minds of unwilling subjects. He can lift physical objects up to the size of a small person, perhaps larger. The full extent of his powers is uncertain, and Garrett suspects he can do far more than he normally lets on. The Dead Man is also a deductive genius, often helping Garrett solve cases, though he prefers to give limited advice and force Garrett to think for himself. He entertains himself by running military simulations, using \"armies\" of mind-controlled insects that go through maneuvers on the walls of his room. The Dead Man's body weighs about four hundred and fifty pounds and spends all its time in an oversized chair in Garrett's house. He is a little ragged around the edges where the vermin have pecked at him, but Loghyr flesh corrupts extremely slowly. Despite being dead, he does have to \"sleep\" from time to time, apparently abandoning his body for weeks and even months at a time while he rebuilds his energy. The Dead Man and Garrett are friends as well as business partners. Garrett has been known to refer to the Dead Man as Chuckles, Smiley, Old Bones, and His Nibs. The Dead Man first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Dean Creech is Garrett's housekeeper and cook. Dean is elderly, around 70 years old, and he watches the house while Garrett is away. Dean dislikes cleaning the Dead Man's room, and is somewhat unnerved by the presence of the Dead Man in general. Dean is generally critical of Garrett's lady friends, with the exceptions of Tinnie Tate and Maya Stump, whom he adores. Dean acts as a sort of loving but harsh wife/mother to Garrett. He cooks and cleans, but also snipes and grumbles about how much Garrett is or is not working, how he is eating, who he consorts with, or how late he sleeps in the morning. Dean hopes that Garrett will someday settle down with one of his many spinster nieces. Dean first appears in \"Bitter Gold Hearts\". Tinnie Tate is Garrett's on-again off-again girlfriend. She is a short, fiery redhead in her mid 20s with long, straight hair, green eyes, a few freckles, and an attractive body. She lives in the Tate family compound with her cousin, Rose Tate, and her uncle, Willard Tate, among others. Her relationship with Garrett is often strained by Garrett's promiscuity, but when push comes to shove, Garrett and Tinnie truly love each other, and a marriage between the two is a distinct possibility, although neither one is ready for such a commitment just yet. Tinnie Tate first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". In \"Cruel Zinc Melodies\", Garrett introduces Tinnie as his fiancee (primarily to stop her from insulting an attractive sorcerer from the Hill who was showing an interest in Garrett), without talking it over with her first. Though Tinnie criticizes Garrett", "a short, fiery redhead in her mid 20s with long, straight hair, green eyes, a few freckles, and an attractive body. She lives in the Tate family compound with her cousin, Rose Tate, and her uncle, Willard Tate, among others. Her relationship with Garrett is often strained by Garrett's promiscuity, but when push comes to shove, Garrett and Tinnie truly love each other, and a marriage between the two is a distinct possibility, although neither one is ready for such a commitment just yet. Tinnie Tate first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". In \"Cruel Zinc Melodies\", Garrett introduces Tinnie as his fiancee (primarily to stop her from insulting an attractive sorcerer from the Hill who was showing an interest in Garrett), without talking it over with her first. Though Tinnie criticizes Garrett for this later, they avoid a discussion about it until the end of the book. At the beginning of the subsequent novel \"Gilded Latten Bones\", Tinnie and Garrett have been living together some time without marrying. However, their relationship is strained because Garrett feels that Tinnie is excessively controlling his life. Subsequently, during the novel, they agree to have Tinnie's mind modified (by the Dead Man) to get rid of her obsession for control. However, their relationship goes through an informal breakup and the proposed modification is not carried out. Playmate is a black man close to seven feet tall, though Garrett often exaggerates his height as closer to nine feet. He also has colored scars on his face. Despite his fierce appearance, he does not have a mean bone in his body. Playmate owns a stable close to Garrett's house, and he often provides horses and carriages to Garrett when he needs them. Garrett thinks Playmate would make an excellent preacher, but Playmate's dedication is to his stable, first and foremost. Playmate first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Winger is a country bumpkin turned thug-for-hire. She is tall (roughly Garrett's height) and attractive, though strong and built like a brick outhouse. Garrett likens her to Saucerhead, but with better teeth and long blonde hair. Winger has a tendency to act before she thinks, and she has a penchant for schemes that get her and everyone around her into hot water. Her taste in clothing is atrocious, and she is something of a kleptomaniac. She has about as much of a conscience as Morley Dotes. Garrett and Winger have a history together. Garrett is not entirely sure why he and Winger are friends, but they are, and he counts Winger as one of the few people who would rise up to defend him under any circumstances. Winger first appears in \"Dread Brass Shadows\". Chodo Contague is the Kingpin of the Outfit, TunFaire's organized crime syndicate. He rose to the position following the assassination of the previous Kingpin, which came at the end of \"Sweet Silver Blues\" and was orchestrated by Morley Dotes. Although he is about 60 years old and wheelchair-bound by an unspecified condition, Chodo is still a very menacing figure; there is a ruthlessness about him that makes even his henchmen seem kind by comparison. As head of the Outfit, he is one of the most powerful men in TunFaire. Due to several of Garrett's actions in the first few novels of the series, Chodo feels that he owes him a number of favors. Being a mafia don, Chodo has his own personal sense of loyalty and respect, but at the same time, Chodo only favors Garrett as long as their goals coincide. At the end of \"Dread Brass Shadows\", Chodo suffers a stroke that seemingly turns him into a vegetable. At the end of \"Whispering Nickel Idols\", he is on the road to recovery. Chodo Contague first appears in \"Bitter Gold Hearts\". Crask and Sadler are Chodo Contague's bodyguards and right hand men. They are cold, ruthless killers who follow Chodo's directions to the letter, and both are vicious fighters on a par with Saucerhead Tharpe and Morley Dotes. Although Crask and Sadler often team up with Garrett on raids and stakeouts, it is always an uneasy truce between the parties. Crask and Sadler would as soon kill Garrett as help him if Chodo Contague gave the order. In \"Dread Brass Shadows\", Crask and Sadler turn against Chodo Contague and, with the aid of Garrett and Winger, they attempt to assassinate him. When Chodo suffers a stroke, Crask and Sadler take over as heads of the Outfit, under the pretense that Chodo is still giving them orders. At the end of \"Red Iron Nights\", Belinda Contague snatches power back from Crask and Sadler, and the two flee TunFaire. Crask and Sadler first appear in \"Bitter Gold Hearts\", and they die at the end of \"Faded Steel Heat\". Belinda Contague is the daughter of Chodo Contague. She has black hair, very pale skin, and prefers to wear all black clothing. Despite her choice of attire, she is very attractive. Belinda suffers from conflicting emotions. Part of her wishes to be normal, so she could be carefree and spend time with Garrett, for whom she has a tender spot in her heart. However, for the most part, she is just as ruthless and cruel as her father. Although she confesses to Garrett often that she wishes she could get rid of this part of herself, she knows well enough that she never will. Belinda Contague first appears in \"Red Iron Nights\". Westman Block is first the Captain, then Colonel of the city Watch. Unlike previous, corrupt heads of the Watch, Block is a true champion of law and order, and along with Deal Relway, he establishes the Guard, an offshoot of the Watch that governs the TunFaire secret police. Block can usually be found at the headquarters of the Watch, in the Al-Khar. By the time of \"Gilded Latten Bones\" he has become General of the renamed Civil Guard. Westman Block and Garrett have a mutual respect for one another, although they are not necessarily friends. Block is often willing to overlook some of Garrett's more unseemly actions in exchange for his help in solving difficult crime cases plaguing TunFaire. Westman Block first appears in \"Red Iron Nights\". Deal Relway, referred to simply as Relway, is a pioneer and advocate of a New Order, where law, order, and justice will reign supreme. He starts out working for the Watch and quickly works his way up to being the Director of the TunFaire secret police. By the later novels in the series, Garrett fears that Relway's influence is starting to approach that of Chodo Contague's, just on a different side of the law. The relationship between Relway and Garrett is tenuous, at best. Relway is what is known in TunFaire as a \"unique\", meaning that his ancestry can be traced back to several different races of humanoid. He is short, ugly, and easily overlooked, particularly when in disguise. Deal Relway first appears in \"Red Iron Nights\". Pular Singe is a ratgirl, renowned as being the best tracker in the city of TunFaire. She is incredibly smart for her species (making her a little smarter than the average human), speaking Karentine (though she has a problem with sibilants) and learning how to read and write. She has a voracious appetite and has a great fondness for stewed apples. She had a huge crush on Garrett, though it seems to have ended. Some ratpeople clans, hers included, list family name first, so her actual given name is Singe. Garrett, though he has no interest in Singe romantically, enjoys having her around, as she is a huge help in his cases and she constantly amazes Garrett with her ability to learn and mature. She lives in his house and maintains his accounts along with other duties. Pular Singe first appears in \"Faded Steel Heat\". The Goddamn Parrot, whose real name is Mr. Big, is a gift from Morley Dotes and his nephew Spud, who claimed they gave it to Garrett to keep Dean from bringing in stray cats. Mr. Big, while not quite intelligent, has a vocabulary to make a sailor blush. He also has a knack for mimicking small children calling for help. The Dead Man quickly discovered that he could use the bird from a distance—connecting to its sensory", "list family name first, so her actual given name is Singe. Garrett, though he has no interest in Singe romantically, enjoys having her around, as she is a huge help in his cases and she constantly amazes Garrett with her ability to learn and mature. She lives in his house and maintains his accounts along with other duties. Pular Singe first appears in \"Faded Steel Heat\". The Goddamn Parrot, whose real name is Mr. Big, is a gift from Morley Dotes and his nephew Spud, who claimed they gave it to Garrett to keep Dean from bringing in stray cats. Mr. Big, while not quite intelligent, has a vocabulary to make a sailor blush. He also has a knack for mimicking small children calling for help. The Dead Man quickly discovered that he could use the bird from a distance—connecting to its sensory systems, and speaking through its mouth, thus enabling him to bug Garrett from miles away. At the end of \"Angry Lead Skies\", Mr. Big is missing, presumed kidnapped by aliens, although he reappears at the end of \"Whispering Nickel Idols\". Besides calling him The Goddamn Parrot or \"The Jungle Chicken,\" Garrett has been known to refer to Mr. Big as The G.D.P., or just T.G.P. Mr. Big first makes an appearance at the very end of \"Red Iron Nights\". Puddle and Sarge are two of Morley Dotes' henchmen. Former soldiers turned head-knockers, Puddle and Sarge are now middle-aged, fat, and out of shape. Mainly, they work the bar and serve the customers at the Joy House, but when Morley needs muscle for a fight, Puddle and Sarge can still get it done. In \"Angry Lead Skies\", Sarge is revealed to have been both a field medic and a recruit-trainer during the war; when one of Morley's crew gets injured, it's Sarge who patches them up. Puddle first appears in \"Bitter Gold Hearts\". A previous henchman of Morley's, also called Sarge (a common nickname in war-torn, veteran-filled Karenta), dies in the same novel; the current Sarge first appears in \"Red Iron Nights\". Spud, whose real name is Narcisio, is Morley's nephew. He starts working at the Joy House after he gets to be too much for Morley's sister to handle. Like Morley, he is part dark elf, making him short, lithe, and handsome. Spud is a fair fighter, and he tags along with Morley, Puddle, and Sarge when muscle is needed. Spud first appears in \"Red Iron Nights\". Dojango Roze is one of the Roze Triplets, born of different mothers. Dojango is about 5'6\" tall, and seems to be of a mixed elvish breed, some distant relation of Morley Dotes. Although small, he is a fair fighter, and he is rather plucky. He has a minor speech impediment, always using the word \"actually\", and like his brothers, he has a drinking problem. Dojango Roze first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Doris and Marsha are two of the Roze Triplets, born of different mothers. They are Grolls, a mixture of troll and giant, roughly 20 feet tall, with pale lime-green skin and wide, frog-like mouths. Their weapons of choice are enormous clubs, so large that only they can wield them. Names to the contrary, both are male. Though they look simple, they are not dumb. They can initially speak only in trollish, although by their appearance in \"Angry Lead Skies\" they have managed to learn Karentine. Like their brother Dojango, they have trouble handling their alcohol. Doris and Marsha first appear in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Rose Tate, daughter of Willard Tate and cousin to Tinnie Tate, is a black-haired beauty, short but well-built. She is also cruel and self-serving, with a shrewish temperament. Garrett and Rose do not particularly get along, but Morley and Rose appear to have a tryst in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Rose Tate first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Willard Tate is the patriarch of the Tate Shoe Company and a cobbler at the very peak of his trade. He is old and bent with the weight of years, but he has a powerful will and a shrewd business sense. The Tates, who tend to be short and claim a hint of elvish in their blood, are master craftsmen who have worked hard to become one of the wealthier families in TunFaire. The Tates, a very large, extended family, live in an enormous compound that is part home, part factory. In \"Angry Lead Skies\", Willard Tate helps fund a manufacturing project spearheaded by Garrett. Willard Tate first appears in \"Sweet Silver Blues\". Maya Stump was an abandoned street child whom Garrett treated kindly. She became a member of the Sisters of Doom, a street gang made up exclusively of girls who were abused as children. In \"Cold Copper Tears\", she was the Warchief of the Doom but was forced to resign from the gang when she used her influence to have the gang help Garrett during a case. Garrett and Maya are good friends, and Maya is one of the few women that Dean approves of as a match for Garrett, although he is uncertain due to her age (about 19). Maya eventually broke off her and Garrett's relationship because Garrett was unwilling to commit to her. In \"Cruel Zinc Melodies\", it is mentioned that Maya has settled down and gotten married. Maya Stump first appears in \"Cold Copper Tears\". Max Weider is the owner of a vast brewing empire that supplies TunFaire with its best beer. Since the start of the series, Garrett has been on a permanent retainer by Max Weider, occasionally stopping by the brewery to make sure that no one steals funds or beer from the Weider enterprise. Max has suffered the loss of much of his family, and dotes on his surviving daughter, who performs at Max's recently constructed theater. Max Weider is mentioned throughout the series, but he makes his first appearance in \"Faded Steel Heat\". Linda Lee is an attractive librarian and friend of Garrett's who works at the Royal Library. She is just over five feet tall, with brown hair and big brown eyes. Although there is some attraction between the two, Linda mainly just helps Garrett when he's in need of historical information. Linda Lee first appears in \"Deadly Quicksilver Lies\". Glory Mooncalled is a general first for the Venageti army and then for the Karentine army, who eventually turns rogue and seeks to establish his own republic in the Cantard. The Dead Man is fascinated by Glory Mooncalled, and he often tries to predict Mooncalled's next move by playing wargames in his room using hordes of small bugs as markers for Mooncalled's forces. Although Glory Mooncalled is referenced throughout the series, he only makes a brief appearance in \"Faded Steel Heat\". John Stretch, whose given name is Pound Humility, is Pular Singe's half-brother. Although he and Garrett start out on the wrong foot, John Stretch helps out Garrett in his later cases. John Stretch is a community leader of the rat people, and has the unique ability to get into the heads of ordinary rats, communicate with them, see and smell what they do, as well as possibly control them. John Stretch first appears in \"Angry Lead Skies\". Mrs. Sofgienec Cardonlos is a police informant and Garrett's neighbor across Macunado Street. She was never legally married. Although she has never had an active role in any of the novels, she can often be seen leaning out her window, giving Garrett the evil eye. It is later revealed that she passes on reports about Garrett to the city watch. TunFaire is the capital of the kingdom of Karenta. It is a large, sprawling city, home to people and creatures of all types. Some of the areas of TunFaire include: The Joy House is a bar and restaurant in the Safety Zone, owned and operated by Morley Dotes. Morley's henchmen can often be found working the bar. The establishment serves only vegetarian and non-alcoholic fare. Morley lives in an apartment suite on the second floor, reached by a set of stairs near the bar; a speaking tube allows the bartender to communicate with him. In \"Petty Pewter Gods\", Morley decides to renovate the Joy House, turning it into The Palms, a more upscale establishment that caters to TunFaire's elite. An imperial charity, the Infirmary is supposed to provide medical care for the", "Garrett to the city watch. TunFaire is the capital of the kingdom of Karenta. It is a large, sprawling city, home to people and creatures of all types. Some of the areas of TunFaire include: The Joy House is a bar and restaurant in the Safety Zone, owned and operated by Morley Dotes. Morley's henchmen can often be found working the bar. The establishment serves only vegetarian and non-alcoholic fare. Morley lives in an apartment suite on the second floor, reached by a set of stairs near the bar; a speaking tube allows the bartender to communicate with him. In \"Petty Pewter Gods\", Morley decides to renovate the Joy House, turning it into The Palms, a more upscale establishment that caters to TunFaire's elite. An imperial charity, the Infirmary is supposed to provide medical care for the indigent population of TunFaire. Due to lack of funding, few patients at the Bledsoe receive any medical attention at all. The Bledsoe is also the city's insane asylum. It has been said that the poor conditions are not as much due to financial problems but the corrupt administration. The hospital workers even make money by providing the insane patients for home entertainments. The Al-Khar is an old, decrepit building that serves as the main jail in TunFaire. It is also the headquarters for the city Watch. Karenta is the kingdom in which TunFaire is located. Karenta has been at war with another kingdom, Venageta, for over a hundred years. Part way through the series, this war will abruptly end, leading to unrest in the city of TunFaire. The Cantard is a huge geographical region eight hundred miles to the south of TunFaire. The Cantard contains the majority of the world's silver mines (in Garrett's world silver is a necessary material for the working of magic), which has led to the Cantard Wars between Karenta and Venageta. Most of the countryside is desert, while the coastal fringe is hemmed by swampy islands where Garrett once fought as a Marine. Many human residents of TunFaire have a shared history of fighting the war in the Cantard, because of the mandatory five years of service required of all male citizens. Soldiers could then enlist with a voluntary two years which few took up, followed by another voluntary twenty year that very few survived. As only humans were subject to such conscription, many non-humans moved to TunFaire to make up for this labor shortage, and racism against these immigrants flared up when the troops returned home and found few jobs waiting for them. The Watch is the police force of the city of TunFaire. The Watch is notoriously slow to respond to incidents and is extremely corrupt. Later in the series, the Watch undergoes a major overhaul as Westman Block and Deal Relway take over, turning it into a well-oiled machine for law and order over the course of a few novels. Block and Relway are supported in their efforts by Prince Rupert, bringing further legitimacy to the unit, which is renamed the Civil Guard by the time of \"Gilded Latten Bones\". The Outfit is a name for the organized crime syndicate in TunFaire. Although the individual in charge of the Outfit changes over the course of the series, the Outfit as a whole always retains significant power. The Outfit owns the entire Tenderloin, and they have business ventures in various other parts of the city, as well. As with many other stories of this type, the main character is a bit of a ladies man, and frequently loves the women he interacts with on his cases. Throughout the series, his list of girlfriends has added up to quite a few: Garrett P.I. Garrett P.I. is a series of books by the author Glen Cook about Garrett, a freelance private investigator. The novels are written in a film noir-esque style, containing elements of traditional mystery and detective fiction, as well as plenty of dialogue-based humor. The Garrett P.I." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Abhinaya Krishna Abhinaya Krishna (born name Hari Krishna) is an Indian film actor. He predominantly works in Telugu Cinema and Television. Abhi debuted with the drama film \"Eeswar\" in 2002. He worked as an assistant director under the legendary director S. S. Rajamouli for \"Baahubali 2\". He worked as an anchor, dancer, stand-up comedian and was a Software Engineer at Deloitte for 10 years. Abhinaya Krishna is popularly known as Adhire Abhi in Jabardasth (comedy show) which telecasts on E TV (India). He worked as creative director for \"Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu, the Telugu version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. List of Telugu-language television channels Abhinaya Krishna Abhinaya Krishna (born name Hari Krishna) is an Indian film actor. He predominantly works in Telugu Cinema and Television. Abhi debuted with the drama film \"Eeswar\" in 2002. He worked as an assistant director under the legendary director S. S. Rajamouli for \"Baahubali 2\". He worked as an anchor, dancer, stand-up comedian and was a Software Engineer at Deloitte for 10 years. Abhinaya Krishna is popularly known as Adhire Abhi in Jabardasth (comedy show) which telecasts on E TV (India). He worked as creative director for \"Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu, the Telugu version" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shreveport Aquarium The Shreveport Aquarium is an aquarium located in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. The aquarium is adjacent to the Red River, near the Texas Street Bridge. It holds seven galleries that hold the 3,000 animals in its care, and a restaurant named SALT (Sea Air Land and Time). It is open all-year to the public as a for-profit aquarium, and is currently seeking membership of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The galleries are entered as visitors walk from the entrance to the exit. The first encounter is the WOW Gallery, which contains mainly reef fish like blue tangs and angelfish. Following the WOW Gallery is the Shipwreck gallery, exhibiting dedicated lionfish and clownfish tanks. The Caddo Lake themed Dome on the Bayou serves as the only freshwater themed gallery of the aquarium. In partnership with the Caddo Lake Institute, the gallery holds American paddlefish in efforts to keep the wild population stable, there are other animals like sliders, an Alligator snapping turtle, Largemouth bass, and ducks. After the Dome of the Bayou comes the first touch pool zone, Shore Explore. Themed as a tide pool from the Oregon Coast, visitors can touch kelp crabs, bat stars, green anemone, and purple sea urchins. After passing the cave gallery of flashlight fish, comes the 30,000 gallon Ocean Tank, the largest gallery of the aquarium. As visitors pass through an acrylic tunnel, they'll encounter more reef fish species, as well as gray reef sharks. After passing the Ocean Tank, is the second interactive gallery, Contact Cove. Visitors can touch cownose rays, common stingrays, or get their hands cleaned by cleaner shrimp. The last gallery is the Submarine gallery, which has moon jellies to touch, as well as juvenile Japanese spider crab to view through a pop-up dome. Shreveport Aquarium The Shreveport" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Khaosai Galaxy Khaosai Galaxy (, born, May 15, 1959) is a former professional Thai super flyweight (also known as junior bantamweight) boxer and Muaythai kickboxer. Khaosai defended his WBA world title 19 times in seven years (1984–1991), winning 16 of his title fights by knockouts. As a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, he is widely considered as one of the greatest boxing champions of all time. He is listed #19 on \"Ring\" Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time and named him the 43rd greatest fighter of the past 80 years in 2002. Khaosai was born as Sura Saenkham () in Phetchabun Province, Northern Thailand. He was a Muay Thai fighter in the early 1980s, and took the professional name Galaxy from a restaurant and nightclub owned by his manager's friend. Khaosai had tremendous punching power, particularly in his soon-to-be legendary left hand. On the advice of his manager and trainer, he switched to Marquis of Queensbury style and began training as a western style boxer. In Muay Thai his ring names are Daoden Muangsithep () and Khaosai Wangchomphu. () Lacking the amateur boxing experience common to most Western professional boxers, Khaosai's skills originally were limited, and he relied on toughness and his fearsome punching power to win. His southpaw style was based on closing his opponent and firing his left hand whenever he saw an opening. His right hand was used mainly to judge the distance for his left. All of his knockouts came by his left, which is arguably the hardest single punch in the history of the lower weight classes. As he gained experience, Khaosai began to develop into a more refined boxer, learning combination punching to complement his deadly left. His favorite punch, a straight left to the midsection, translates roughly as \"the left hand that drills intestines.\" Incredibly strong, he was never out-muscled, while opponents who tried the traditional stick-and-move techniques found he had quick feet and was able to block their movements. Khaosai began his international style boxing career in December 1980. He won all of his first six fights, which earned him a shot at the Thailand bantamweight (118-pound) title on July 29, 1981 against Sakda Saksuree. He lost on a points decision. It was to be the last fight he would ever lose in the ring. Khaosai won his next three fights and claimed the Thai bantamweight title in 1982. He won 15 consecutive fights by knockout and climbed in the world rankings to become super flyweight (115-pound) WBA world champion Jiro Watanabe's mandatory challenger by the summer of 1984. When Watanabe failed to defend his title against Khaosai, the WBA stripped him and matched Khaosai against undefeated Eusebio Espinal for the vacant championship on November 21, 1984. Khaosai knocked out Espinal in the sixth round, beginning the longest title reign in his division's history. Khaosai defended his WBA title 19 times over the next seven years, winning 16 of his title fights by knockouts. In the mid-1980s, when world heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was in his prime and scoring knockouts over everyone, boxing fans nicknamed Khaosai \"The Thai Tyson\" for knockout wins. Khaosai fought only once outside of Asia, when he defended his title in 1986 against unbeaten (and future WBA bantamweight titleholder) Israel Contreras in Curaçao. He had two title fights in Kōbe, Japan, one in South Korea and one at Bung Karno Stadium, Indonesia. The rest were in Thailand, where he often fought for purses in excess of $100,000 in front of huge crowds. That, plus the fact that few top fighters anywhere were willing to challenge Khaosai, made him relatively unknown in the West. In 1988, his twin elder brother, fighting under the name Kaokor Galaxy, captured the WBA bantamweight title, making the Saenkham brothers the first twins to ever be world boxing champions. He fought for the last time on December 21, 1991 in Bangkok, beating Armando Castro over 12 rounds. A few weeks later, he announced his retirement with a record of 50 wins against only one defeat, and never attempted a comeback. Not long after his retirement to the boxing profession, Khaosai approached and took part in Thai entertainment industry, firstly, releasing his single of a song \"Khob Khun Krub\", meaning \"thank you\", then taking part in TV series and movies, particularly of a comedy type, for example \"Poot Mae Nam Khong\" (1992 version; this was his first role), \"Monrak luk thung\" (1995 version), \"The Legend of Suriyothai\" (2001), and \"The Bodyguard\" (2004) etc. In 2005, while he was taking part in a film making, he was punched in face by a drunk who was his boxing fan but wishing to obtain Khaosai's shirt for collection but was denied. The incident went on the first page of the next day paper with a photo of Khaosai standing next to the drunk man both smiling while Khaosai having a bandage in his face. In 2006, he starred in a music video for a song by fellow boxers Somluck Kamsing and Samart Payakaroon. Khaosai portrayed a shy man being approached by a young woman. After retirement, he married Japanese Yumiko Ota, whom he knew and relationships from the second fight with Kenji Matsumura in Kōbe, Japan in 1989. The couple live for only one year and it broke. He later married a Buriram woman Sureerat \"Fah\" Saenkham (née Niwesram). They have no children together. He took his wife's nephew is a stepchild. In March 2013, he appeared in notorious news when he unexpectedly entered the wedding ceremony with his new wife Wannapa \"Nung\" Kamboonsri by not legally divorce in Nakhon Si Thammarat her native. In 2013, her was pregnant and delivered daughter at the end of the same year. He got his first child at age 54. In 2016 his wife delivered second daughter at the end of the year Currently, he owns two Muay Thai gyms in Bangkok and Phuket. And he was a trainer for Denkaosan Kaovichit in the fight against Takefumi Sakata in the end of 2008 in Yokohama, Japan (Denkaosan knockout in the second round won the WBA flyweight champion). Besides boxing and entertainment, in the Thai general election, 2011, he is a candidate on behalf of the Chartthaipattana Party in Phetchabun 2nd district his native, he was 8,485 votes, so he was not elected. And before that, in Thai general election, 2007, he was a candidate in the party-list of the Puea Pandin Party, but was not elected. He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1999 and remains a well known Boxer throughout Thailand. He is the first Thai boxer to mark the beginning of the ceremony, offering gold necklaces and other prizes to Thai boxers before the every bout. It started with his retained the ninth title against the Korean contender Tae-Il Chang at Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samut Prakan in early 1989. And every time he fights, there is a saying that traffic in Bangkok was good, because everyone rushes home to see him on TV. Khaosai Galaxy Khaosai Galaxy (, born, May 15, 1959) is a former professional Thai super flyweight (also known as junior bantamweight) boxer and Muaythai" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Emanuel Gat Emanuel Gat is an Israeli choreographer of contemporary dance. Emanuel Gat was born in 1969 in Israel. He discovered dance at the age of 23, after a workshop for amateurs, led by choreographer Nir Ben Gal. He started working at this period with Liat Dror Nir Ben Gal Company, as well as on his own projects. He created in 1994 his first solo, \"Four Dances\" on Bach’s music. In 2003, he received the Rosenblum Award for Performing Arts and in 2004, the Landau’s Award. In 2004, Emanuel Gat he founded his company, at Suzanne Dellal Center, \"Emanuel Gat Dance\" and also created \"Winter voyage\" and \"The Rite of Spring\" which premiered in France at Uzes Dance festival. The program was a huge success, and toured more than 300 times over the world. In 2006 this program was rewarded by a Bessie Award after its presentation at Lincoln Center, in New York. In 2007, he created \"3for2007\", composed of three pieces: a solo danced by Emanuel on a music of John Coltrane \"My favourite Things\"; a duet \"Petit torn de dança\" and a group composition for 8 dancers on a music of Squarepushers \"Through the Center\". Also in 2007 he leftIsrael and settles his company in France, in Maison Intercommunale de la Danse, in Istres. \"Silent Ballet\", a pièce in silence for 8 dancers was his first to be created in France. It was premiered in Montpellier for Montpellier Danse festival in 2008. In 2009, Emanuel Gat asked his long-time partner Roy Assaf to share the stage with him. They created an hour-long duet, \"Winter variations\", also premiered at Montpellier Danse Festival. In 2011, he renewed with group piece and created a choreography for 10 dancers \"Brilliant corners\" for which he also composes the music, a first time. The pièce premiered in Venice for « Biennale di Venezia » and is still touring. In 2013, Emanuel Gat was associated to the Montpellier Danse Festival. He proposed two new works : « The Goldlandbergs » and « Corner Etudes », a photographic installation « It’s people, how abstract can it get ? » and a choreographic event « Danses de Cour » in the Agora courtyard. In 2014, Emanuel Gat returned to the Agora with \"Plage Romantique\" a piece for 9 dancers. Emanuel Gat is regularly invited by dance companies to create pieces or to set his work. The last years, he was guest choreographer for: Opéra de Paris, Sydney Dance Company, Ballet de Marseille, Ballet du Grand Theatre de Genève, Ballet de Lorraine, Los Angeles Dance Project, Lyon Opera Ballet, among others. Emanuel Gat Emanuel Gat is an Israeli choreographer of contemporary dance. Emanuel Gat was born in 1969 in Israel. He discovered dance at the age of 23, after a workshop for amateurs, led by choreographer Nir Ben Gal. He started working at this period with Liat Dror Nir Ben Gal Company, as well as on his own projects. He created in 1994 his first solo, \"Four Dances\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Grappling hook A grappling hook or grapnel is a device with multiple hooks (known as \"claws\" or \"flukes\"), attached to a rope; it is thrown, dropped, sunk, projected, or fastened directly by hand to where at least one hook may catch and hold. Generally, grappling hooks are used to temporarily secure one end of a rope. They may also be used to dredge for submerged objects. Historically, grappling hooks were used in naval warfare to catch ship rigging so that it could be boarded. A common design has a central shaft with a hole (\"eye\") at the shaft base to attach the rope, and three equally spaced hooks at the end, arranged so that at least one is likely to catch on some protuberance of the target. Some modern designs feature folding hooks to resist unwanted attachment. Most grappling hooks are thrown by hand, but some used in rescue work are propelled by compressed air (e.g., the Plumett AL-52), mortar, or a rocket. Grappling hooks are used by combat engineers to breach tactical obstacles. When used as such, the grappling hook is launched in front of an obstacle and dragged backwards to detonate trip-wire-fused land mines, and can be hooked on wire obstacles and pulled to set off booby traps on the wire. Two tools are available for this purpose; the rifle-launched grapnel, a single-use grappling hook placed on the end of an M4/M16 rifle, or the crossbow launched version. A grapnel can clear up to 99% of the trip-wires in a single pass. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm_(tool)#Grappling_hook_guns Grappling hook A grappling hook or grapnel is a device with multiple hooks (known as \"claws\" or \"flukes\"), attached to a rope; it is thrown, dropped, sunk, projected, or fastened directly by hand to where at least one hook may catch and hold. Generally, grappling" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Camp 1391 Camp 1391 or Unit 1391 or Facility 1391 was an Israel Defense Forces prison camp in northern Israel for \"high-risk\" prisoners. It was run by Unit 504. The existence of the prison was unknown to the public before 2003, and most information about it remains classified, though Israel's supreme court ordered the release of some information about the jail. Camp 1391 is situated in a Tegart fort on route 574 between kibbutz Barkai and kibbutz Ma'anit in northern Israel and less than an hour's drive from Tel Aviv. The location of the camp was accidentally discovered by Israeli historian Gad Kroizer, who found a 70-year-old map drawn by a government architect while researching old British police buildings. On the map were 62 British police compounds in Palestine in the late 1930s and early 1940s where Arab and Jewish militants against the British occupation were interrogated. One camp, \"Meretz\", did not appear on any modern Israeli maps. In 2004, Kroizer published an article in an academic journal, mentioning the prison location in a footnote. Some days later he received a phone call from Israel's military censor asking why the article had not been submitted for inspection. According to \"The Guardian\", the facility \"had been airbrushed from Israeli aerial photographs and purged from modern maps\". Camp 1391 was operated by the Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Corps, rather than by Shin Bet. HaMoked, a major Israeli human rights organization, has petitioned the High Court of Justice to challenge the legality of the facility. Dubbed \"the Israeli Guantanamo\", the secret was kept in such a manner as to be even unknown to Prof. David Libai, Minister of Justice in Yitzhak Rabin's government and member of the secret services related ministerial committee. According to Leah Tsemel, an Israeli lawyer who specialises in advising Palestinians, \"Anyone entering the prison can be made to disappear, potentially forever, it's no different from the jails run by tinpot South American dictators.\" According to accounts of former captives, the detainees were led into the facility blindfolded, and kept in cells (most are 2 m × 2 m) with no natural light. Two smaller cells (1.25 m × 1.25 m) with heavy steel doors and black or red walls, and almost no light, were used for solitary confinement. Some of the cells did not have adequate toilet facilities and the guards controlled the running water. Mustafa Dirani, an Amal commander who was captured by the Israelis in May 1994 and released in 2004 as part of a prisoner swap, has filed a suit in Tel Aviv's district court claiming he was sexually abused in the prison. It has been acknowledged by the government of Israel that \"within the framework of a military police investigation the suspicion arose that an interrogator who questioned the complainant threatened to perform a sexual act on the complainant\". Inmates were not allowed visits at the facility from the Red Cross, nor were any other independent organization permitted to inspect the site. The prisoners were not told where they were, nor were their families or lawyers. In 2003, in response to a lawsuit, Israeli government lawyers said that while the location was secret, Palestinians who were incarcerated there had their rights safeguarded, and could meet with lawyers and Red Cross at an off-site location. In May 2009, the United Nations Committee against Torture (CAT) questioned Israeli officials about the facility and expressed skepticism about this claim. The CAT stated that \"Israeli security secretly detains and interrogates prisoners in an unknown location called 'Camp 1391' without granting access to the committee, the International Red Cross (ICRC), or the lawyers or relatives of the prisoners\", questioned why interrogations at Camp 1391 were not recorded, and stated that \"600 complaints of alleged ill-treatment or torture were brought between 2001 and 2006, but none had been followed up\". Israeli officials maintain that Camp 1391 \"is no longer used since 2006 to detain or interrogate suspects\", but several petitions filed to the Israeli Supreme Court by the CAT to examine the facility have been rejected. The Israeli Supreme Court also refused to allow an inquiry of the alleged abuses, declaring that Israeli authorities had acted reasonably in not conducting investigations into allegations of torture, ill-treatment and poor detention conditions of detainees. The Committee Against Torture responded to this by asserting that secret detention centers are \"per se\" a breach of the United Nations Convention Against Torture, concluding that the state \"should ensure that no one is detained in any secret detention facility under its control in the future\" and that Israel \"should investigate and disclose the existence of any other such facility and the authority under which it has been established. It should ensure that all allegations of torture and ill-treatment by detainees in Facility 1391 be impartially investigated, the results made public, and any perpetrators responsible for breaches of the Convention be held accountable.\" Camp 1391 Camp 1391 or Unit 1391 or Facility 1391 was an Israel Defense Forces prison camp in northern Israel for \"high-risk\" prisoners. It was run by Unit 504. The existence of the prison was unknown to the public before 2003, and most information about it remains classified, though Israel's supreme court ordered the release of some information about the jail. Camp 1391 is situated in a Tegart fort on route 574 between kibbutz Barkai and kibbutz Ma'anit in northern Israel and less than an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators is a video game developed and published by KAZe for the Sega Saturn. \"Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators\" has four pinball tables, each with its own themes; Gladiators, Knight of the Roses, Dragon Showdown and Warlock. Points are earned by hitting various targets, lanes, ramps and bumpers in the playfield. Before launching a ball, players have the option to choose between three bonus options of varying nature, e.g. starting the currently lit bonus round, super kickback, activating the extraball and/or a random bonus target, 2x playfield, super jets, activating the deathwatch (out hole) bonus and various point bonuses. In addition to multiball rounds, each table has nine special bonus rounds culminating into an \"Ultimate Round\" when all bonus rounds have been completed (”Gladiator Show\" for Gladiators, \"Necromancer\" for Knight of the Roses, \"Banzai Showdown\" for Dragon Showdown and \"Last Judgment\" for Warlock). The game ends when the player loses three balls in succession and/or any extraballs earned. The player's high scores for each table are then displayed in the \"Last Gladiators Hall of Fame\". \"Next Generation\" reviewed the Saturn version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that \"With four tables from which to choose, and all the bonuses, jackpots, and skill shots offered in today's most advanced pinballs machines, \"Last Gladiators\" is not only convincing, but it's a great deal of fun. It would have been nice to perhaps have a choice of different perspectives, but at least the view offered is easy to work with.\" Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators is a video game developed and published by KAZe for the Sega Saturn. \"Digital Pinball: Last Gladiators\" has four pinball tables, each with its own themes; Gladiators, Knight of the Roses, Dragon Showdown" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (, “Madonna of the Spindles”) is a subject depicted by Leonardo da Vinci in at least one, and perhaps two paintings begun in 1499 or later. Leonardo was recorded as being at work on one such picture in Florence in 1501 for Florimond Robertet, a secretary to King Louis XII of France. This may have been delivered to the French court in 1507, though scholars are divided on this point. The subject is known today from several versions of which two, called the Buccleuch Madonna and the Lansdowne Madonna, are thought to be partly by Leonardo's hand. The underdrawings of both paintings show similar experimental changes made to the composition (or \"pentimenti\"), suggesting that both evolved concurrently in Leonardo's workshop. The composition shows the Virgin Mary seated in a landscape with the Christ child, who gazes at a yarnwinder used to collect spun yarn. The yarnwinder serves both as a symbol of Mary's domesticity and as a foreshadowing of the Cross on which Christ was crucified. The painting's dynamic composition and implied narrative was highly influential on later High Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child by artists such as Raphael and Andrea del Sarto. The earliest reference to a painting of this subject by Leonardo is in a letter of 14 April 1501 by Fra Pietro da Novellara, the head of the Carmelites in Florence, to Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of Mantua. Leonardo had recently returned to his native city following the French invasion of Milan in 1499; the intervening years he had spent first in Isabella's court, during which brief stay he produced a cartoon (now in the Louvre) for a portrait of her, and then in Venice. Isabella was determined to get a finished painting by Leonardo for her collection, and to that end she instructed Fra Pietro, her contact in Florence, to press Leonardo into agreeing to a commission. Two letters of reply by the friar survive. In the second, written after he had succeeded in meeting with the artist, he writes that Leonardo has become distracted by his mathematical pursuits and is busy working on a small painting for Florimond Robertet, which he goes on to describe: The passage is valuable for being one of the few descriptions by a contemporary viewer of a work by Leonardo; it matches the composition of the Buccleuch and Lansdowne \"Madonnas\" in all respects except that there is no basket in either painting. Robertet's painting was probably commissioned late in 1499 just before Leonardo left Milan, and was possibly begun there. Scholars disagree on whether Robertet received his painting or not. In January 1507 Francesco Pandolfini, the Florentine ambassador to the French court in Blois, reported that “a little picture by [Leonardo’s] hand has recently been brought here and is held to be an excellent thing”. The \"Madonna\" does not, however, appear in a posthumous inventory of Robertet's collection made in 1532 (though the authenticity of the inventory has been called into question). One hypothesis holds that it passed from Robertet's collection into that of the French king, thus explaining its absence from the inventory. It is unclear, however, why it would have left the royal collection. In 1525 two inventories were drawn up of the possessions of Leonardo's assistant and heir Salaì, who died the preceding year. These mention a “Madonna with a Child in her Arms”. This is thought to be evidence that one of the prime versions of the \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" remained in Leonardo's possession while the other was sent to Robertet. Neither of the paintings accepted as prime versions has a provenance that can be traced back to Robertet or Salaì, or further back than the 18th century, though the \"Buccleuch Madonna\" was in France at that time. However, the \"Lansdowne Madonna\" could easily have been bought by its earliest known owners from a French collection in the period following the French Revolution, when many works with a French aristocratic provenance were bought by British collectors. The composition of the \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" shows the Christ child twisting his body away from his mother's embrace, his eye caught by her yarnwinder whose spokes give it the shape of a cross; he precociously recognises it as a symbol of his destiny. The Virgin's reaction is ambiguous, a mixture of alarm at the harm her son will come to and resigned acceptance of it. The gesture of suspense made with her right hand is repeated from Leonardo's Milanese altarpiece \"The Virgin of the Rocks\". The use of a symbol of the Passion as an object of childish play recurs throughout Leonardo's painted \"oeuvre\", appearing for instance in the \"Benois Madonna\" and the \"Virgin and Child with St Anne\". As with later works by Leonardo, the figures appear in a vast unpopulated landscape. The rocky outcrop in the foreground of the \"Buccleuch Madonna\" is painted with a minute attention to geological detail. A major difference between the Buccleuch and Lansdowne \"Madonnas\" is in their background landscapes. Whereas the background of the Buccleuch version is a watery landscape indifferently painted, that of the \"Lansdowne Madonna\" has a dramatic mountain range far more typical of Leonardo. It has been proposed that this is a specific location in the valley of the river Adda, as it runs from Lecco to Vaprio, an area familiar to Leonardo and which he mapped. It is possible that the landscape of the former picture was added by a pupil after Leonardo failed to complete the work. For Martin Kemp the “late” character of the landscape in the \"Lansdowne Madonna\" suggests that it was the later painting to be completed and that the \"Buccleuch Madonna\" was the one sent to Robertet in 1507. The underdrawings of both the Buccleuch and Lansdowne \"Madonnas\" show several features not in the finished works, but present in some copies; it is likely that these were originally copied from the prime versions during an early stage of the composition's development. One such feature, which appears in both underdrawings, is a group of figures identified as St Joseph making a baby walker for the Christ child, who appears with his mother and another female figure, probably a midwife. It has also been suggested that the child learning to walk is the infant John the Baptist, appearing with his mother St Elizabeth, as Leonardo would have been unlikely to depict the figures of Mary and Christ twice in the same painting. Leonardo also experimented with including some kind of beast of burden – a horse, ass or ox – which appears in different positions in the two underdrawings. Behind these an architectural structure with an arched opening was planned. At a later stage the landscape of the Buccleuch picture seems to have had a bridge like that of the \"Lansdowne Madonna\", which was then painted over. The version of this painting often regarded as the most likely to be by Leonardo is now in the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh, on loan from the Duke of Buccleuch. It hung in his ancestral home in Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, until it was stolen in 2003. It entered the Buccleuch collection in 1767, with the marriage of the 3rd Duke to Lady Elizabeth Montagu, the heiress to a substantial collection of works assembled by her parents, the Duke and Duchess of Montagu. This \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" was bought at auction in Paris in 1756 from a sale of the collection of Marie-Joseph duc d’Hostun et de Tallard, its earliest documented owner. In 2003 the \"Buccleuch Madonna\" was stolen from Drumlanrig Castle by two thieves posing as tourists, who said \"Don't worry love, we're the police. This is just practice\" to two tourists from New Zealand as they exited through a window carrying the Leonardo. In 2007 a chartered loss adjuster acting for the Duke of Buccleuch's insurers was contacted by an English lawyer, who claimed that he could arrange for the painting's return within 72 hours. The lawyer, Marshall", "of the 3rd Duke to Lady Elizabeth Montagu, the heiress to a substantial collection of works assembled by her parents, the Duke and Duchess of Montagu. This \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" was bought at auction in Paris in 1756 from a sale of the collection of Marie-Joseph duc d’Hostun et de Tallard, its earliest documented owner. In 2003 the \"Buccleuch Madonna\" was stolen from Drumlanrig Castle by two thieves posing as tourists, who said \"Don't worry love, we're the police. This is just practice\" to two tourists from New Zealand as they exited through a window carrying the Leonardo. In 2007 a chartered loss adjuster acting for the Duke of Buccleuch's insurers was contacted by an English lawyer, who claimed that he could arrange for the painting's return within 72 hours. The lawyer, Marshall Ronald of Skelmersdale, Lancashire, was visited by two undercover policemen who posed as an art expert and an agent for the Duke. The painting was then taken to a lawyer's office in Glasgow; this was raided by police officers from four anti-crime agencies during a meeting of five people. Four arrests were made, including of two solicitors from different firms. \"The Scotsman\", describing the Glasgow firm as \"one of the country's most successful and respected law firms\", quoted a source as saying their arrested member \"was not involved in any criminal act, but was acting as a go-between for two parties by scrutinizing a contract which would have allowed an English firm to 'secure legal repatriation' of the painting from an unidentified party.\" The 9th Duke of Buccleuch never lived to see the \"Madonna\"'s recovery as he had died unexpectedly only a month beforehand. The painting was lent to the National Gallery of Scotland (now the Scottish National Gallery) in Edinburgh in 2009, and remains on display there as of 2017. In 2010 Ronald was cleared of the charge of holding the Duke to ransom; in 2013 he mounted legal action against the 10th Duke and the Chief Constable of Dumfries and Galloway, demanding a reward of £4.25 million, which he claims he was promised in the meeting with the undercover policemen six years earlier. The painting sometimes considered the second prime version of the \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" takes its name from the Marquesses of Lansdowne, who owned it in the 19th century. John Henry Petty, then Earl Wycombe and later the 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne, bought it some time in or before 1809, possibly from the Earl of Darnley. It is first recorded in a sale of the Dowager Marchioness of Lansdowne's collection in 1833, from which it was withdrawn. The painting remained in her family until 1879, when her daughter sold it to Cyril Flower, later Lord Battersea. In 1908 the \"Madonna\" was bought from his widow by the Paris-based art dealers Nathan Wildenstein and René Gimpel. They consulted Bernard Berenson, the leading connoisseur of the day, on the attribution in 1909; he confirmed an earlier attribution to il Sodoma but thought that Leonardo had been responsible up to the cartoon stage. During restoration work in around 1911 the painting was transferred to canvas and several alterations were made, most significantly the removal of a loincloth covering the Child's genitals and the fingers of the Virgin's left hand. The painting was bought as a Sodoma in 1928 by Robert Wilson Reford, a Canadian industrialist and shipping magnate. In the 1930s it underwent X-ray and ultraviolet examination for the first time, led by a team which included the art historian Wilhelm Suida. He concluded that the Christ child and the landscape were by Leonardo and the remainder was by a Milanese pupil. During a loan to the New York World's Fair in 1939 the painting was damaged and further restoration work had to be undertaken. Reford's family put it up for auction in 1972, but by then the attribution had reverted to Sodoma, inevitably resulting in a lower price than had it been accepted as a Leonardo. It was bought back by Wildenstein & Company, who arranged for it to be transferred a second time, this time onto a composite panel, in 1976. They sold the \"Madonna\" (as a Leonardo) to its current owner, an anonymous private collector, in 1999. Nearly forty versions of the \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\" made by pupils and followers of Leonardo survive today. Many show elements which were discarded as the prime version, or versions, evolved over a long period of time. Some include the figure group in the middle ground visible in the Buccleuch and Lansdowne underdrawings; others show the basket of wool described by Fra Pietro da Novellara, though to Christ's side rather than beneath his foot. Eight paintings, including the copy in the Louvre, show a different kind of rocky outcrop in the foreground from those in the prime versions; many of these are probably by Lombard \"Leonardeschi\". Some artists elaborated on Leonardo's composition with the addition of still lives or extra figures. The \"Madonna of the Yarnwinder\"’s composition was especially popular in Spain, where it might have been brought over by Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina or Hernando de los Llanos (whose name also appears as Fernando de Llanos). Both painters were trained in Florence in the first years of the 16th century, and either might be the “\"Ferrando spagnolo\"” mentioned as a pupil of Leonardo when the master was working on the fresco of the \"Battle of Anghiari\" in the Palazzo della Signoria in 1505. Citations Bibliography Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (, “Madonna of the Spindles”) is a subject depicted by Leonardo da Vinci in at least one, and perhaps two paintings begun in 1499 or later. Leonardo was recorded as being at work on one such picture in Florence in 1501 for Florimond Robertet, a secretary to King Louis XII of France. This may have been delivered to the French court in 1507, though scholars are divided on this point. The subject is known" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Michael Frary Michael Frary (May 28, 1918 – August 30, 2005) was an American Modernist artist from Santa Monica, California, who was known for his interest in structural forms and architectural compositions, as well as for his Surrealist impulses. A versatile artist, Frary experimented with a range of mediums and constantly refined his approach to his subjects. Frary graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1934 and was awarded an athletic scholarship from the University of Southern California (USC). During his time at USC, he became a champion swimmer and captain of the school's water polo team. In 1940, he graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture Degree. He obtained his Master of Fine Arts degree in painting the following year. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Frary joined the United States Navy. He was discharged as a Lieutenant when the war concluded in 1945 and returned to California. Frary subsequently worked as an assistant art director for Goldwyn Studios, Paramount, and Universal Studios. As a member of the Society of Motion Picture Art Directors from 1946 – 1949 Frary assisted with the design of backdrops for films directed by Hollywood luminaries like Orson Welles. He began to teach night classes in painting at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and was soon offered a full-time teaching position at the school. While teaching at UCLA, Frary also taught at Los Angeles City College and the Chouinard Art Institute. In 1949, Michael relocated from California to Texas, after accepting the position of faculty chair at the Marion Kooger McNay Museum in San Antonio. In addition to his teaching responsibilities, Frary continued his studies, taking classes at the Chicago Art Institute and at L' Académie de La Chaudière in Paris. These experiences gave him an appreciation for the forward-thinking work being produced by the European and American Modernists. Frary taught at the McNay Museum until 1952 and, while there, met Lola Marguerite Finch Mathewson \"Peggy\" Frary, whom he married in 1950. When Frary was offered an assistant professor position at the University of Texas at Austin, he and his wife moved to a contemporary house in the northwest hills of Austin. They would remain there for the next five decades. Peggy Frary, who had a flair for entertaining, turned the home into a gathering place for Austin's burgeoning arts community. Frary was named professor of Art in 1970 and, upon his retirement in 1986, was named Professor Emeritus of Art. Frary's legacy as a seminal Texas Modernist rests of his achievements during his early years at the University of Texas, when he worked alongside notables like Charles Umlauf, Everett Spruce, Ralph White, Kelly Fearing, William Lester, and Loren Mozley to promote Modernism in Texas. Frary and his compatriots helped usher Texas out of its artistic conservatism and into the national and international mainstream. Frary continued to paint and exhibit his work until his death in 2005. During his career Frary received over one hundred seventy-five awards and purchase prizes and participated in over 200 one-man exhibitions. 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 College, San Angelo, Texas 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1984 Michael Frary Michael Frary (May 28, 1918 – August 30, 2005) was an American Modernist artist from Santa Monica, California, who was known for his interest in structural forms and architectural compositions, as well as for his Surrealist impulses. A versatile artist, Frary experimented with a range of mediums and constantly refined his approach to his subjects. Frary graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1934 and was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "We Believe (album) We Believe is the second live album by American Christian worship duo Brian & Jenn Johnson. The album was released on September 26, 2006 by Bethel Music, alongside Found Records, EMI and Kingsway Music. Jeremy Edwardson, Brian Johnson and Steven Tracy worked together on the production of the album. The album was recorded live at Bethel Church in Redding, California. Aaron Ferris of Cross Rhythms rated the album nine squares out of a possible ten, saying: \"The varied writing will attract those whose preference may lie outside the boundaries of the present day worship genre but satisfactorily meeting the tastes of the uncompromising worship appreciator.\" Worshipmusic.com's Jeremy Dunn had positive impressions of the album, saying \"Those of you that like your live worship authentic and fresh will love this CD.\" In a review for Gateway News, Michael Keef concludes as follows: \"Brian and Jenn both express a deep love and passion for the Lord and this, expressed through their unique sound, helps one to enjoy God-focussed worship, where one can either sing along or simply listen and allow the words to wash you.\" Adapted from AllMusic, and Barnes and Noble. We Believe (album) We Believe is the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Kingsmen In Person The Kingsmen in Person is the first album by the rock band The Kingsmen, released in 1963. The album featured \"Louie Louie\", the band's biggest success. Jack Ely, the singer of \"Louie Louie\", appeared on no other track on the album because he quit before it was recorded. The Kingsmen recorded \"Louie Louie\" at Northwestern Inc. recording studio on April 6, 1963. After being reissued by Wand, \"Louie Louie\" debuted in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at #83 on November 9 and quickly began ascending the charts. Trying to capitalize on the success of the song, the Kingsmen decided to release an entire album, and gigs at the Chase nightclub were booked on November 15 and 16 to record what was to become \"The Kingsmen in Person\". Jack Ely, the singer of \"Louie Louie\", appeared on no other track on the album because he quit before it was recorded. Wand quickly released the album to make a dent in the Christmas purchasing season. The album first appeared on the \"Billboard\" Top LPs on January 18, 1964, eventually peaking at #20 and remaining on the chart for over two years (131 weeks total) until 1966. Jack Rabid of Allmusic awarded the album 3.5 stars and said: \"From \"Mojo Workout\" to \"Night Train\" to \"Money\" to the instrumental \"You Can't Sit Down,\" the keyboards swirl above the stomp of the rhythm section and guitars, and it still makes people want to get drunk and go nuts. The band is primitive, sure, but boy does the spirit feel like a hot time.\" The LP was released in both mono (WDM 657) and stereo (WDS 657) versions. International releases included Canada (Reo 667), Germany (Vogue LDV 17002, titled \"The Kingsmen\"), Mexico (Orfeon/Videovox DML-MI-95), and United Kingdom (Pye International NPL 28050, different cover). In 1993 Sundazed and Bear Family reissued the album on CD with bonus tracks \"Haunted Castle\", \"The Krunch\", and \"(You Got) The Gamma Goochee\". † CD bonus tracks The Kingsmen In Person The Kingsmen in Person is the first album by the rock band The Kingsmen, released in 1963. The album featured \"Louie Louie\", the band's biggest success. Jack Ely, the singer of \"Louie Louie\", appeared on no other track on the album because he quit before it was recorded. The Kingsmen recorded \"Louie Louie\" at Northwestern Inc. recording studio on April 6, 1963. After being reissued by Wand," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Surface-conduction electron-emitter display A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a display technology for flat panel displays developed by a number of companies. SEDs use nanoscopic-scale electron emitters to energize colored phosphors and produce an image. In a general sense, an SED consists of a matrix of tiny cathode ray tubes, each \"tube\" forming a single sub-pixel on the screen, grouped in threes to form red-green-blue (RGB) pixels. SEDs combine the advantages of CRTs, namely their high contrast ratios, wide viewing angles and very fast response times, with the packaging advantages of LCD and other flat panel displays. They also use much less power than an LCD television of the same size. After considerable time and effort in the early and mid-2000s, SED efforts started winding down in 2009 as LCD became the dominant technology. In August 2010, Canon announced they were shutting down their joint effort to develop SEDs commercially, signalling the end of development efforts. SEDs are closely related to another developing display technology, the field emission display, or FED, differing primarily in the details of the electron emitters. Sony, the main backer of FED, has similarly backed off from their development efforts. A conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) is powered by an electron gun, essentially an open-ended vacuum tube. At one end of the gun electrons are produced by \"boiling\" them off a metal filament, which requires relatively high currents and consumes a large proportion of the CRT's power. The electrons are then accelerated and focused into a fast-moving beam, flowing forward towards the screen. Electromagnets surrounding the gun end of the tube are used to steer the beam as it travels forward, allowing the beam to be scanned across the screen to produce a 2D display. When the fast-moving electrons strike phosphor on the back of the screen, light is produced. Color images are produced by painting the screen with spots or stripes of three colored phosphors, one each for red, green and blue (RGB). When viewed from a distance, the spots, known as \"sub-pixels\", blend together in the eye to produce a single picture element known as a pixel. The SED replaces the single gun of a conventional CRT with a grid of nanoscopic emitters, one for each sub-pixel of the display. The emitter apparatus consists of a thin slit across which electrons jump when powered with high-voltage gradients. Due to the nanoscopic size of the slits, the required field can correspond to a potential on the order of tens of volts. A few of the electrons, on the order of 3%, impact with slit material on the far side and are scattered out of the emitter surface. A second field, applied externally, accelerates these scattered electrons towards the screen. Production of this field requires kilovolt potentials, but is a constant field requiring no switching, so the electronics that produce it are quite simple. Each emitter is aligned behind a colored phosphor dot, and the accelerated electrons strike the dot and cause it to give off light in a fashion identical to a conventional CRT. Since each dot on the screen is lit by a single emitter, there is no need to steer or direct the beam as there is in an CRT. The quantum tunneling effect which emits electrons across the slits is highly non-linear, and the emission process tends to be fully on or off for any given voltage. This allows the selection of particular emitters by powering a single horizontal row on the screen and then powering all of the needed vertical columns at the same time, thereby powering the selected emitters. The half power received by the rest of the emitters on the row is too small to cause emission, even when combined with voltage leaking from active emitters beside them. This allows SED displays to work without an active matrix of thin-film transistors that LCDs and similar displays require in order to precisely select every sub-pixel, and further reduces the complexity of the emitter array. However, this also means that changes in voltage cannot be used to control the brightness of the resulting pixels. Instead, the emitters are rapidly turned on and off using pulse width modulation, so that the total brightness of a spot in any given time can be controlled. SED screens consist of two glass sheets separated by a few millimeters, the rear layer supporting the emitters and the front the phosphors. The front is easily prepared using methods similar to existing CRT systems; the phosphors are painted onto the screen using a variety of silkscreen or similar technologies, and then covered with a thin layer of aluminum to make the screen visibly opaque and provide an electrical return path for the electrons once they strike the screen. In the SED, this layer also serves as the front electrode that accelerates the electrons toward the screen, which is held at a constant high voltage relative to the switching grid. As is the case with modern CRT's, a dark mask is applied to the glass before the phosphor is painted on, to give the screen a dark charcoal grey color and improve contrast ratio. Creating the rear layer with the emitters is a multi-step process. First, a matrix of silver wires is printed on the screen to form the rows or columns, an insulator is added, and then the columns or rows are deposited on top of that. Electrodes are added into this array, typically using platinum, leaving a gap of about 60 micrometres between the columns. Next, square pads of palladium oxide (PdO) only 20 nm thick are deposited into the gaps between the electrodes, connecting to them to supply power. A small slit is cut into the pad in the middle by repeatedly pulsing high currents though them. The resulting erosion causes a gap to form. The gap in the pad forms the emitter. The width of the gap has to be tightly controlled in order to work properly, and this proved difficult to control in practice. Modern SEDs add another step that greatly eases production. The pads are deposited with a much larger gap between them, as much as 50 nm, which allows them to be added directly using technology adapted from inkjet printers. The entire screen is then placed in an organic gas and pulses of electricity are sent through the pads. Carbon in the gas is pulled onto the edges of the slit in the PdO squares, forming thin films that extend vertically off the tops of the gaps and grow toward each other at a slight angle. This process is self-limiting; if the gap gets too small the pulses erode the carbon, so the gap width can be controlled to produce a fairly constant 5 nm slit between them. Since the screen needs to be held in a vacuum in order to work, there is a large inward force on the glass surfaces due to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Because the emitters are laid out in vertical columns, there is a space between each column where there is no phosphor, normally above the column power lines. SEDs use this space to place thin sheets or rods on top of the conductors which keep the two glass surfaces apart. A series of these is used to reinforce the screen over its entire surface, which greatly reduces the needed strength of the glass itself. A CRT has no place for similar reinforcements, so the glass at the front screen has to be thick enough to support all the pressure. SEDs are thus much thinner and lighter than CRTs. The primary large-screen television technology being deployed in the 2000s is the liquid crystal display televisions. SEDs are aimed at the same market segment. LCDs do not directly produce light, and have to be back-lit using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or high-power LEDs. The light is first passed through a polarizer, which cuts out half of the light. It then passes through the LCD layer, which selectively reduces the output for each sub-pixel. In front of the LCD shutters are small colored filters, one for each RGB sub-pixel. Since the colored filters cut out all but a narrow band of", "itself. A CRT has no place for similar reinforcements, so the glass at the front screen has to be thick enough to support all the pressure. SEDs are thus much thinner and lighter than CRTs. The primary large-screen television technology being deployed in the 2000s is the liquid crystal display televisions. SEDs are aimed at the same market segment. LCDs do not directly produce light, and have to be back-lit using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or high-power LEDs. The light is first passed through a polarizer, which cuts out half of the light. It then passes through the LCD layer, which selectively reduces the output for each sub-pixel. In front of the LCD shutters are small colored filters, one for each RGB sub-pixel. Since the colored filters cut out all but a narrow band of the white light, the amount of light that reaches the viewer is always less than 1/3 of what left the polarizer. Since the color gamut is produced by selectively reducing the output for certain colors, in practice much less light makes it through to the view, about 8 to 10% on average. In spite of using highly efficient light sources, an LCD uses more power than a CRT of the same size. LCD shutters consist of an encapsulated liquid that changes its polarization in response to an applied electrical field. The response is fairly linear, so even a small amount of leaked power reaching the surrounding shutters causes the image to become blurry. To counteract this effect, and improve switching speed, LCDs use an Active matrix addressing of transparent thin-film transistors to directly switch each shutter. This adds complexity to the LCD screen and makes them more difficult to manufacture. The shutters are not perfect and allow light to leak through, which reduces both relative brightness and color gamut. Additionally, the use of a polarizer, to create the shutter, limits the viewing angles where a visually indistinguishable contrast-ratio experience may be had. Most importantly, the switching process takes some time, on the order of milliseconds, which leads to blurring of fast moving scenes. Massive investment in the LCD manufacturing process has addressed most of these issues, but no single LCD-based solution has proven able to overcome all of the aforementioned issues. The SED produces light directly on its front surface. Scenes are lit only on those pixels that require it, and only to the amount of brightness they require. In spite of the light generating process being less efficient than CCFLs or LEDs, the overall power efficiency of an SED is about ten times better than a LCD of the same size. SEDs are also much less complex in overall terms – they lack the active matrix layer, backlighting section, color filters and the driver electronics that adjusts for various disadvantages in the LCD shuttering process. Despite having two glass layers instead of one in a typical LCD, this reduction in overall complexity makes SEDs similar in weight and size as LCDs. Canon's 55\" prototype SED offered bright images of 450 cd/m, 50,000:1 contrast ratios, and a response time of less than 1 ms. Canon has stated that production versions would improve the response time to 0.2 ms and 100,000:1 contrast ratios. SEDs can be viewed from extremely wide angles without any effect on the quality of the image. In comparison, a modern LCD televisions like the Sony KDL-52W4100 claims to offer 30,000:1 contrast ratios, but this uses the \"dynamic contrast\" measurement, and the \"on-screen contrast ratio\" is a more realistic 3,000:1. Contrast ratios of LCD televisions are widely inflated in this manner. The same set claims to offer viewing angles of 178 degrees, but the useful viewing angles are much narrower, and beyond that, both color gamut and contrast ratio changes. Sony does not quote their response times, but 4 ms is common for larger sets, although this is also a dynamic measurement that only works for certain transitions. SEDs are very closely related to the field emission display (FED), differing only in the details of the emitter. FEDs use small spots containing hundreds of carbon nanotubes whose sharp tips give off electrons when placed in a strong electrical field. FEDs suffer from erosion of the emitters, and require extremely high vacuum in order to operate. For this reason, industry observers generally state that the SED is a more practical design. FEDs have one advantage the SED does not offer; since each sub-pixel has hundreds of emitters, \"dead\" emitters can be corrected by applying slightly more power to the working ones. In theory, this could increase yields because the chance of a pixel being completely dead is very low, and the chance that a screen has many dead pixels is greatly reduced. Sony has demonstrated a 26\" FED drawing only 12 W showing a bright scene, SEDs should be even lower powered. Throughout the flat-screen introduction, several other technologies had been vying with LCDs and PDPs for market acceptance. Among these were the SED, the FED, and the organic light-emitting diode system that uses printable LEDs. All of these shared the advantages of low power use, excellent contrast ratio and color gamut, fast response times and wide viewable angles. All of them also shared the problem of scaling up manufacturing to produce large screens. Example systems of limited size, generally 13\", have been shown for several years and are available for limited sales, but wide-scale production has not started on any of these alternatives. Canon began SED research in 1986. Their early research used PdO electrodes without the carbon films on top, but controlling the slit width proved difficult. At the time there were a number of flat-screen technologies in early development, and the only one close to commercialization was the plasma display panel (PDP), which had numerous disadvantages – manufacturing cost and energy use among them. LCDs were not suitable for larger screen sizes due to low yields and complex manufacturing. In 2004 Canon signed an agreement with Toshiba to create a joint venture to continue development of SED technology, forming \"SED Ltd.\" Toshiba introduced new technology to pattern the conductors underlying the emitters using technologies adapted from inkjet printers. At the time both companies claimed that production was slated to begin in 2005. Both Canon and Toshiba started displaying prototype units at trade shows during 2006, including 55\" and 36\" units from Canon, and a 42\" unit from Toshiba. They were widely lauded in the press for their image quality, saying it was \"something that must be seen to believe[d].\" However, by this point Canon's SED introduction date had already slipped several times. It was first claimed it would go into production in 1999. This was pushed back to 2005 after the joint agreement, and then again into 2007 after the first demonstrations at CES and other shows. In October 2006, Toshiba's president announced the company plans to begin full production of 55-inch SED TVs in July 2007 at its recently built SED volume-production facility in Himeji. In December 2006, Toshiba President and Chief Executive Atsutoshi Nishida said Toshiba was on track to mass-produce SED TV sets in cooperation with Canon by 2008. He said the company planned to start small-output production in the fall of 2007, but they do not expect SED displays to become a commodity and will not release the technology to the consumer market because of its expected high price, reserving it solely for professional broadcasting applications. Also, in December 2006 it was revealed that one reason for the delay was a lawsuit brought against Canon by Applied Nanotech. On 25 May 2007, Canon announced that the prolonged litigation would postpone the launch of SED televisions, and a new launch date would be announced at some date in the future. Applied Nanotech, a subsidiary of Nano-Proprietary, holds a number of patents related to FED and SED manufacturing. They had sold Canon a", "mass-produce SED TV sets in cooperation with Canon by 2008. He said the company planned to start small-output production in the fall of 2007, but they do not expect SED displays to become a commodity and will not release the technology to the consumer market because of its expected high price, reserving it solely for professional broadcasting applications. Also, in December 2006 it was revealed that one reason for the delay was a lawsuit brought against Canon by Applied Nanotech. On 25 May 2007, Canon announced that the prolonged litigation would postpone the launch of SED televisions, and a new launch date would be announced at some date in the future. Applied Nanotech, a subsidiary of Nano-Proprietary, holds a number of patents related to FED and SED manufacturing. They had sold Canon a perpetual license for a coating technology used in their newer carbon-based emitter structure. Applied Nanotech claimed that Canon's agreement with Toshiba amounted to an illegal technology transfer, and a separate agreement would have to be reached. They first approached the problem in April 2005. Canon responded to the lawsuit with several actions. On 12 January 2007 they announced that they would buy all of Toshiba's shares in SED Inc. in order to eliminate Toshiba's involvement in the venture. They also started re-working their existing RE40,062 patent filing in order to remove any of Applied Nanotech's technologies from their system. The modified patent was issued on 12 February 2008. On 22 February 2007, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, a district widely known for agreeing with patent holders in intellectual property cases, ruled in a summary judgment that Canon had violated its agreement by forming a joint television venture with Toshiba. However, on 2 May 2007 a jury ruled that no additional damages beyond the $5.5m fee for the original licensing contract were due. On 25 July 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit reversed the lower court's decision and provided that Canon's \"irrevocable and perpetual\" non-exclusive licence was still enforceable and covers Canon's restructured subsidiary SED. On 2 December 2008, Applied Nanotech dropped the lawsuit, stating that continuing the lawsuit \"would probably be a futile effort\". In spite of their legal success, Canon announced at the same time that the financial crisis of 2008 was making introduction of the sets far from certain, going so far as to say they would not be launching the product at that time \"because people would laugh at them\". Canon also had an ongoing OLED development process that started in the midst of the lawsuit. In 2007 they announced a joint deal to form \"Hitachi Displays Ltd.\", with Matsushita and Canon each taking a 24.9% share of Hitachi's existing subsidiary. Canon later announced that they were purchasing Tokki Corp, a maker of OLED fabrication equipment. In April 2009 during NAB 2009, Peter Putman was quoted as saying \"I was asked on more than one occasion about the chances of Canon's SED making a comeback, something I would not have bet money on after the Nano Technologies licensing debacle. However, a source within Canon told me at the show that the SED is still very much alive as a pro monitor technology. Indeed, a Canon SED engineer from Japan was quietly making the rounds in the Las Vegas Convention Center to scope out the competition.\" Canon officially announced on 25 May 2010 the end of the development of SED TVs for the home consumer market, but indicated that they will continue development for commercial applications like medical equipment. On 18 August 2010, Canon decided to liquidate SED Inc., a consolidated subsidiary of Canon Inc. developing SED technology, citing difficulties to secure appropriate profitability and effectively ending hopes to one day see SED TVs in the living room. Surface-conduction electron-emitter display A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a display technology for flat panel displays developed by a number of companies. SEDs use nanoscopic-scale electron emitters to energize colored phosphors and produce an image. In a general sense, an SED consists of a matrix of tiny cathode ray tubes, each \"tube\" forming a single sub-pixel on the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nieheim Nieheim is a town in Höxter district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Nieheim lies roughly 10 km northeast of Brakel. Nieheim consists of the following 10 centres: Nieheim, with its more than 750-year-old history reaches well back into the Middle Ages. From its beginnings as a community, it grew after being granted municipal privileges (lower court rights, market rights and minting rights, among others) in Bishop Bernhard IV's time (1228 - 1247), into today's town of Nieheim. After quickly developing from a former farming town and Hanseatic member, Nieheim has risen today to be a climatic spa with a function as a minor centre, and a mediaeval town with flair. Town council's 24 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004: Nieheim's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules a cross Or, in each quarter an orb Or. These arms date from 1591 at the latest, and the colours are those borne by the old Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn, among whose many holdings was Nieheim. The orbs stand for Saint Nicholas, the town's patron saint. The coat of arms was granted on 18 July 1908. Owing to Nieheim's advantageous location on the north-south-running East Westphalia Road (\"Ostwestfalenstraße\"), otherwise known as Federal Highway (\"Bundesstraße\") B252, connections to Autobahnen A 2 (Hanover-Ruhr area) and A 44 (Dortmund-Kassel) are right at hand. Nieheim is also easily reached by public transport. The nearest railway stations are Steinheim, Brakel and Altenbeken. Nieheim has 3 kindergartens, 3 primary schools, a Hauptschule and a Realschule (Peter-Hille-Realschule). Among the town's buildings that are worthiest of a look are the Town Hall, built in 1610 in the Weser Renaissance style, the \"Ratskrug\" from 1712, a stately half-timbered building, and the \"Richterhaus\" (\"Judge House\"), built in 1701. The Catholic Parish Church of Saint Nicholas with its artistically relief-decorated baptismal font and late Gothic little sacramental house has parts that were built as early as the 13th century. The Protestant Church of the Cross (\"Kreuzkirche\") was built in a neo-Gothic style in 1868-1869. The Gut Holzhausen estate is a biodynamic farm and the venue for a summer festival called Voices. As Nieheim's landmark, the Holsterturm (tower) on a nearby bank south of the main town, can look back on a 700-year history. Unique in Westphalia is the vault system through which runs the \"Nikolausbach\" (brook), which rises below the Holsterberg (mountain) and runs through the middle of town in this mediaeval vault system. The \"Weberhaus Nieheim\", the doctor, poet and politician Friedrich Wilhelm Weber's former abode, today houses a widely known Kolping diocesan training centre and a \"Heimvolkshochschule\", which lends itself well to any form of training work and has at its disposal the best technical equipment. Also, the Pan-German Education Centre of Youth in Europe (\"Gesamtdeutsche Bildungsstätte der Deutschen Jugend in Europa\") in Nieheim-Himmighausen offers extensive seminars for groups geared towards various ends. Typical of countryside scenery around Nieheim is what is called \"Flechthecke\", meaning, roughly, \"braided hedge\". The hedges themselves are mostly – about 80% – hazelnut growth, all planted in a row. Here and there are found the odd hawthorn and single wild roses. Trimmed willow trees, about 2 m high, serve as living fenceposts to keep the hedges steady. Young withes are taken from these willows to do the braiding. If dairy cows or horses are to be kept in the paddock ringed by one of these braided hedges, blackthorn twigs are also tied onto the inside to thwart any nibbling. A finished hedge has a height of roughly 1.5 m and is braided in three layers. As a relic of an almost forgotten communication technology, a reconstructed optical telegraph station still stands high over the countryside near Oeynhausen. This is run by the Oeynhausen history club (\"Heimatverein\"), and guided tours are available to those who wish them. In Nieheim, a kind of cheese is made, \"Nieheimer Käse\" (Nieheim cheese), a sour milk cheese nowadays made by only one cheesemaker. It had almost been forgotten, but is now becoming better known thanks to tourism. It is ripened in wooden moulds in a warm place and then seasoned with salt and caraway. Depending on the ripening time, it can be a \"Handkäse\", a cooking cheese or a hard grating cheese. The \"German Cheese Market\" is held every other year – in even-numbered years – and draws cheesemakers from all over the world who make their cheeses the old way, by hand, presenting their finished products. In 2004, the Fourth German Cheese Market drew more than 70,000 visitors to Nieheim. In 2006, the German Cheese Market is to be held on 1–3 September. The \"Nieheim Wood Days\" are held every other year – in odd-numbered years – and everything at this event revolves around the themes \"wood, forest and nature\". The \"Nieheim Culture Night\" is held on the day when the clocks are advanced from standard time to summer time. Choirs from all over Germany come to Nieheim for the Choir Festival to train their voices. Nieheim considers itself a stronghold of East Westphalian carnival custom, and the \"Rosenmontagsumzug\" – a colourful parade – is the high point of the season. In the ecclesiastical field, Dietrich von Nieheim (1338/48 - 1418), who served three popes and was held in high regard in the Roman Curia, achieved international recognition, if not outright fame. This is also said of Hugo Makibi Enomiya-Lassalle (1898 - 1990), a Jesuit priest, a religious philosopher, a meditation teacher and the builder of the Peace Church in Hiroshima born on the Externbrock estate near Nieheim. His life's work is the development of the Japanese Zen practice as a way to a deep belief experience for Christians. Nieheim Nieheim is a town in Höxter district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Nieheim lies roughly 10 km northeast of Brakel. Nieheim consists of the following 10 centres: Nieheim, with its more than 750-year-old history reaches well back into the Middle Ages. From its beginnings as a community, it grew after" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Luke Pinder Luke Pinder is a 33-year-old British racing driver competing in the 2017 ginetta gt5 challenge from Shipley, West Yorkshire. Pinder has won an array of championships and has had notable achievements throughout his rallying and racing career which include 4th overall in Clio Cup Race Championship,Clio Cup Road Series Champion,Pirelli Star Driver Finalist,BRC R1 Champion,Swift Cup champion, BRC Stars 1400 Champion and Peugeot 206 1400 Challenge champion.Luke has been involved with motorsports since the age of 13 having started competing in Autograss and moving to rallying and the circuit racing,Lukes ambitions are to progress up the racing ladder as far as he possibly can and as a rally champion turned racing driver uses his unique driving style that always makes every race he is competing in extremely exiting and interesting to say the least. Pinder's driving skills have drawn praise from the likes of John Haugland after attending Haugland's winter rally school in Norway and Pentti Airikkala when Pinder attended his rally school In 2005 Luke entered the Peugeot 206 1400 Championship, and managed to secure the coveted Peugeot 206 1400 Championship. Luke Pinder entered the 2007 BRC 1400 Championship after agreeing a last minute drive with Chris Birkbeck to drive one of his new Ford KA 1400 rally cars. Despite the team failing to finish the first two races due to technical failures, Luke managed to come back and take the championship during the last event of the season. Part of Luke's prize for winning the championship was a prize drive on the 2007 Rally GB in a MG ZR. As part of his prize for winning the BRC Silverstone Tyres 1400 championship, Luke contested the coveted Rally GB in a MG ZR and despite not testing the car before he managed to finish Day One of the Wales Rally GB with a commanding lead in their class (N1) and went on to claim a class victory. Luke finished the rally with a class lead of 45 minutes and 66th overall. Luke entered the 2008 season planning to compete with co-driver Martyn Taylor in a Chris Birkbeck-run team for the 2008 season. The team ran a Ford Puma 1400 Kit Car in the R2 class of the British Rally Championship. However, Pinder and Martyn Taylor parted company, with Pinder deciding to replace Taylor with previous Co-Driver Kim Baker. 2009 saw another new co driver, Peter Scott and another new car. Pinder deciding to contest the Swift Sport Cup within the British Championship. The new combination was very successful and won the Suzuki Swift Cup, the junior swift cup and the BRC R1 class Pinder and Baker took the championship lead after the Scottish Borders event. Luke Pinder Luke Pinder is a 33-year-old British racing driver competing in the 2017 ginetta gt5 challenge from Shipley, West Yorkshire. Pinder has won an array of championships and has had notable achievements throughout his rallying and racing career which include 4th overall in Clio Cup Race Championship,Clio Cup Road Series Champion,Pirelli" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Macdonnell The Very Rev. John Cotter Macdonnell , DD, MA, (1821 - 9 September 1902) was Dean of Cashel from 1862 to 1873. Macdonnell was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and was placed in the first class in the final divinity examination in 1846. Further studies saw him receive the Master of Arts (MA) in 1855, Bachelor of Divinity (BD) in 1856, and the Doctorate of Divinity (DD) in 1860. He was ordained deacon in 1846 and priest in 1847, and began his career as a Curate at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. He was the Incumbent Vicar of Laracor from 1854 to 1862 before his years as Dean 1862–1873. That year, he was asked by his college friend William Connor Magee (at this point Bishop of Peterborough) to become Vicar of St Mary's Leicester, moving two years later in 1875 to Rector of Walgrave, and in 1880 to Rector of Misterton, Leicestershire; He was private chaplain to Bishop Magee throughout his time as bishop of Peterborough (1873–1891), and in 1878 was appointed an Honorary Canon of Peterborough Cathedral, changing in 1883 to a Residentiary Canon at Peterborough. He wrote several books including a biography of his old friend, \"Life and Correspondence of William Magee\" (1896), described at the time as one of the more outspoken pieces of ecclesiastical biography printed. He also wrote \"The Doctrine of Atonement\" (1858), \"Shall we commute?\" (1869), and an \"Essay on Cathedrals in Ireland\" (1872). He died at his house in Peterborough after a long illness on 9 September 1902, and he was buried in Peterborough Cathedral four days later. His wife had died seven years earlier, and he was survived by a son, Frederick T. Macdonnell, and a daughter Charlotte Jane Macdonnell, who married Sir Shirley Salt, 3rd Baronet. John Macdonnell The Very" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "IHSAA Conference-Independent Schools The schools listed below are members of the Indiana High School Athletic Association and are not members of a conference. Of these, several were at one time members of a conference but became independent because of budget and travel concerns. However, some of them, mostly private schools, are also independent in order to better prepare for the state tournament, a practice that the IHSAA has begun to crack down on in recent years. Indiana's classes are determined by student enrollment, broken into classes of roughly equal size depending on sport. The 2011-12 school year marks a change in the classification period, as schools are reclassified in all class sports biennially instead of quadrennially. It is also important to note that some schools (mostly private) are placed in classes higher than their enrollment. This is due to a new IHSAA rule that took effect for the 2012-13 year that dictates that a school that has made two appearances at the state championships in a row, win or lose, is automatically moved up into the next class. Classes for 2011-12 through 2012-13: Most sports: Football: Soccer: Schools that do not play football<br> These 58 Schools are independent members of the IHSAA. These are schools that were independent at the time of their closing. \"This list is incomplete.\" These schools are independent in football, but play other sports within a conference. IHSAA Conference-Independent Schools The schools listed below are members of the Indiana High School Athletic Association and are not members of a conference. Of these, several were at one time members of a conference but became independent because of budget and travel concerns. However, some of them, mostly private schools, are also independent in order to better prepare for the state tournament, a practice that the IHSAA has begun" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tuscarora Mountain Tuscarora Mountain is a mountain ridge of the Appalachian Mountains in the Ridge and Valley province in central Pennsylvania. It reaches its highest point on Big Mountain (Pennsylvania) at above sea level. The mountain is named after the Tuscarora people. The mountain runs from northeast to southwest, extending from the Juniata River at Millerstown in the north to the end of Cove Mountain at Cowans Gap in the south. Part of it forms the border between Fulton and Franklin counties. Much of Pennsylvania State Game Lands 124 lies on Tuscarora Mountain. Just north of Cowans Gap, the Pennsylvania Turnpike traverses the ridge through the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel. Geologically, the mountain is held up by the Tuscarora Formation. Tuscarora Mountain Tuscarora Mountain is a mountain ridge of the Appalachian Mountains in the Ridge and Valley province in central Pennsylvania. It reaches its highest point on Big Mountain (Pennsylvania) at above sea level. The mountain is named after the Tuscarora people. The mountain runs from northeast to southwest, extending from the Juniata River at Millerstown in the north to the end of Cove Mountain at Cowans Gap in the south. Part of it forms the border between Fulton and Franklin" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bob Pavlak Robert L. \"Bob\" Pavlak, Sr. (July 18. 1924 – October 9, 1994) was an American police officer and politician. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, Pavlak served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, He then joined the St. Paul Police Department and was a police sergeant. From 1967 to 1974 and 1979, Pavlak served in the Minnesota House of Representatives and was a Republican. In 1979, the Minnesota House of Representatives removed Pavlak because of unfair campaign practices. From 1980 to 1990, Pavlak served in the United States Marshals Service. Pavlak died of cancer at his home in West St. Paul, Minnesota. Bob Pavlak Robert L. \"Bob\" Pavlak, Sr. (July 18. 1924 – October 9, 1994) was an American police officer and politician. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, Pavlak served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, He then joined the St. Paul Police Department and was a police sergeant. From 1967 to 1974 and 1979, Pavlak served in the Minnesota House of Representatives and was a Republican. In 1979, the Minnesota House of Representatives removed Pavlak because of unfair campaign practices. From 1980 to 1990, Pavlak served in the United States" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yaakov Ben-Tor Yaakov Ben-Tor (; 1910–2002) was an Israeli geologist. Ben-Tor was born as Kurt Winter in the Baltic city of Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany, (since 1945 Kaliningrad, now in Russia) in 1910. Winter began studying Law at the University of Königsberg, continuing in Berlin and then studied Linguistics at the University of the Sorbonne in Paris, prior to leaving Europe. With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, he emigrated to the then British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) in 1933, where he later hebraicized his name. Ben-Tor joined the Geology Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and continued on to doctoral studies in Switzerland, where he was erroneously arrested at the outbreak of the Second World War on suspicion of being a German spy, but he managed to flee home to Mandate Palestine. Not long after, he completed his thesis in Geology at the Hebrew University, becoming the first person to be awarded a doctoral degree by the University. Ben-Tor served from 1944-1948 in the state-to-be's Provisional Council, as a member of the Aliyah Hadashah Party, comprising immigrants from Germany. He was also active in the Haganah (the underground Jewish defence force) and was asked to serve in Hemed, its Scientific Division, by Professor Yisrael Dostrovski. At the height of Israel's War of Independence, together with Leo Picard and Akiva Vroman, he conducted geological mapping surveys of the Negev, for the purpose of locating potential deposits of oil and uranium: however, they found only phosphate deposits Oron, near Dimona, and copper at Timna. For this work, he and Vroman were later awarded the Israel Prize. During this period, Ben-Tor also completed a second doctorate with distinction, this time at the Sorbonne. In 1953, he served as the head of the Israel Geological Society and in 1954 he was appointed head of the Israel Geological Survey. He later became Head of the Geology Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and later was also a Professor at the University of California, San Diego, in the United States of America. The mineral Bentorite, discovered in the Hatrurim formation of the Dead Sea in 1980 by S. Gross, was named in his honour. The dinoflagellate cyst \"Spiniferites bentorii\" was also named in his honour. Yaakov Ben-Tor Yaakov Ben-Tor (; 1910–2002) was an Israeli geologist. Ben-Tor was born as Kurt Winter in the Baltic city of Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "SS Polarlys SS \"Polarlys was a Hurtigruten coastal passenger/cargo steamer built in 1912. She was seized by the Germans during the Second World War, and served several stints in the \"Kriegsmarine\". Having resumed her Hurtigruten service after the war until 1951, and in 1952 she was renamed \"Sylvia\". At the same year, she was transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and served under the name HNoMS \"Valkyrien as a motor torpedo boat tender between 1953 and 1963. The ship was built by Burmeister & Wain at Copenhagen for the Bergen Steamship Company. She was designed for their coastal service, and as a replacement for the ship \"Astraea\", which had sunk in January 1910. Named \"Polarlys\" (\"Aurora\"), the ship was launched on 10 January 1912, and delivered in April 1912. At 1,069 gross register tons and 536 tons deadweight \"Polarlys\" was 208 feet long with 65 first class cabins, 32 second class, and 44 third class. Her triple expansion steam engines developed 1,473 IHP, and during sea trials she attained a maximum speed of 13.45 knots. She was refitted in 1930 and the number of cabins reduced. \"Polarlys\" was in Bergen on 9 April 1940 when the Germans captured the town and was soon taken over by the \"Kriegsmarine\" for use as an accommodation ship. They painted the name \"Satan\" on the ship, but was later changed to simply \"Tan\". She was returned to her owners in December 1940, but was requisitioned by the Germans once again in October and November 1944 for use as a troop transport as they retreated from northern Norway. In March 1945, the ship laid up at Stamnes in the Osterfjord and remained there until the end of the war in Europe. After a refit \"Polarlys\" returned to the coastal service in July 1945. However she was now showing her age, and was withdrawn from service on 12 October 1951. Laid up in Bergen, she was renamed \"Sylvia\" in April 1952, releasing the name for a new ship which was built in Ålborg same year. On 1 July 1952 the ship was bought by the Royal Norwegian Navy, converted to a motor torpedo boat tender at the \"Bergen Mekaniske Verksted\" yard at Laksevåg, and was commissioned as \"Valkyrien\" in June 1953. In connection with a rescue operation in 1956 in the Arctic the ship was outfitted with a Bell helicopter. She had a displacement of 1,500 tons and a top speed of . She had a crew of 76 and was armed with one 3-inch and three 40 mm guns. She remained in naval service until 1963, and was sold for scrapping in Odense the following year. SS \"Polarlys\" was the backdrop of the first detective novel Georges Simenon (of Maigret fame) ever signed with his real name instead of a pseudonym. In this non-Maigret novel (French title \"Le Passager du Polarlys\") the ship's captain (whose character is not unlike Maigret) has to turn detective after a German police investigator has been murdered on board his ship, in connection with the drug-related death of a young model in the Montparnasse painters and drop-outs Parisian community of the roaring twenties. The whole story unfolds during the trip from Hamburg (then the start of the Bergen Steamship Company arm of the Hurtigruten) to the northern Hurtigruten terminal in Kirkenes where the criminal commits suicide by jumping overboard, while his female accomplice (and sister) attempts escape to Soviet Union (then without extradition agreements with capitalist western countries). SS Polarlys SS \"Polarlys was a Hurtigruten coastal passenger/cargo steamer built in 1912. She was seized by the Germans during the Second" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jim Karygiannis James Karygiannis, () (; born May 2, 1955) is a Canadian politician. He formerly served in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal MP from 1988 to 2014, and is currently a member of the Toronto City Council. Karygiannis served concurrently as the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development and Minister responsible for Democratic Renewal (2005) and was previously parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport (2003–2005). On April 1, 2014, he resigned his seat as a Member of Parliament in order to stand in the Toronto municipal election for Toronto City Councillor in Ward 39, and subsequently was elected to that seat. Karygiannis was born in Athens, Greece. Before entering politics, Karygiannis was a businessman and industrial engineer. He immigrated to Canada in 1966, and has a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Toronto. He also holds a degree of Fellowship of Business Administration from the Canadian School of Management. Karygiannis has been involved with politics as a Liberal since the late 1980s, first in provincial politics and later as a federal MP. He ran as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1987 provincial election. He lost to David Reville of the Ontario New Democratic Party by about 1,500 votes. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons the following year in the federal election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent W. Paul McCrossan by 858 votes in the newly created riding of Scarborough—Agincourt. Karygiannis was one of the more socially conservative members of the Liberal caucus, and is opposed to abortion and same-sex marriage. In June 2005, however, he strongly criticized other socially-conservative Liberals who had threatened to bring down the government on the marriage issue. He won a landslide re-election in the 1993 federal election as the Liberals won a majority government, and was easily re-elected in subsequent federal elections. Karygiannis was a prominent Toronto organizer for Jean Chrétien in the Liberal Party's 1990 leadership contest, and was credited with delivering considerable support to Chrétien from the city's Greek community. In 2002, Karygiannis was voted \"laziest MP\" in a poll of Parliamentary staffers by \"The Hill Times\". In April 2004, Karygiannis brought forward a private member's motion which recognized the death of 1.5 million Armenians between 1915 and 1923 as a genocide. The motion was approved by parliament 153 to 68, with support among Liberal backbench and opposition MPs, though Prime Minister Martin and his cabinet did not show up for the free vote and insisted that the motion is non-binding. Foreign Minister Bill Graham has defended the government's position that the event constituted a \"tragedy\" rather than the purposeful extermination of minority Armenians. In response to Martin's assertion that foreign policy rests with the cabinet, Karygiannis said that a clear majority of Parliament saw it differently and urged Martin to live up to his promise to give MPs real clout. The Turkish government was strongly critical of the motion and argued that Canadian MPs were rewriting history, while the Turkish Embassy suggested that relations between the two countries would be harmed as a result. Local press has also described his genocide recognition cause as one that \"splits cultural communities\". Karygiannis played a prominent role in organizing Toronto-area support for victims of the December 2004 earthquake in Southeast Asia. He called for cooperation between the city's Tamil and Sinhalese communities for the relief effort in Sri Lanka, and personally travelled to Sri Lanka to witness the tsunami devastation firsthand. He was later criticized by fellow Member of Parliament David Kilgour for traveling to an area of Sri Lanka dominated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers), as the faction was proscribed as a terrorist organisation by many countries. Karygiannis defended his decision, saying that his intent was to confirm that disaster aid was reaching the region. Despite Kilgour's concerns, Karygiannis's travels did not provoke a diplomatic incident with Sri Lanka. In March 2005, Karygiannis travelled to Guyana to witness the damage that recent floods had done in the country. He helped to secure CIDA aid for Guyana of over $2.7 million Canadian. When Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans in September 2005, Karygiannis was one of the first Canadian parliamentarians to organize a Canadian relief effort. In September 2007, the Canadian government announced that it would recognize the country Macedonia as the \"Republic of Macedonia\" rather than by its previous designation as the \"Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.\" This decision was criticized by the government of Greece, which claims the name Macedonia as its own. Karygiannis also opposed the government's decision and indicated that the Greek-Canadian community would mobilize against it. In February 2009, Immigration Minister Jason Kenney announced that he would review and possibly reduce or eliminate federal funding to the Canadian Arab Federation (CAF) after its president criticized Kenney's pro-Israel position in the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict. Karygiannis subsequently asked the parliamentary ethics commissioner, Mary Dawson, to investigate whether Kenney was abusing his position. During his term of services in the 40th Parliament between November, 2008 and December, 2010, Karygiannis voted 171 times out of a possible 311 possible votes. \"The Globe and Mail\" ranked him third in the list of politicians that missed votes. Known as a Chrétien loyalist throughout the 1990s, Karygiannis announced in 2002 that he would support Paul Martin in the next Liberal leadership contest. In making his decision, he told an interviewer that it was time for Chrétien to retire \"with dignity\", rather than risk a potentially divisive leadership review. When Martin became Liberal party leader on December 12, 2003, he appointed Karygiannis as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport. Karygiannis was the National Chairman for MP Joe Volpe's campaign to lead the Liberal Party of Canada, but he resigned on July 21, 2006, over disagreements with Volpe's pro-Israeli stance on the conflict in Lebanon. On July 26, 2006, Karygiannis said that he was considering a run for the Liberal leadership himself because he felt the other candidates were \"lacking\" on the issue of foreign policy. At the leadership convention, he supported Bob Rae, but then threw his support to Stéphane Dion when Rae was eliminated from the ballot. On 22 February 2011, Jim Karygiannis joined a protest rally of the Armenian Youth Federation by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa timed to the anniversary of the Nagorno-Karabakh separatist movement in Azerbaijan. During his four-minute speech, he called for the Azerbaijani ambassador Farid Shafiyev to be stripped of his diplomatic privileges and leave Canada. Shafiyev reacted by saying Karygiannis had \"crossed the line of civility and decency and used the language of the level of street hooliganism.\" Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of Jim Karygiannis using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a \"smear campaign against him.\" As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss issues they faced. The event was boycotted by the Jewish, Chinese, Turkish, and Macedonian communities. Spokesperson for B'nai Brith Canada said the Liberal", "level of street hooliganism.\" Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of Jim Karygiannis using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a \"smear campaign against him.\" As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss issues they faced. The event was boycotted by the Jewish, Chinese, Turkish, and Macedonian communities. Spokesperson for B'nai Brith Canada said the Liberal Party should consider putting forth a better representative of the party to deal with multiculralism matters, due to Karygiannis's being \"divisive on some issues\", instead of bringing communities together. The Council of Turkish Canadians released a statement where it explained its unwillingness to participate in the event by Karygiannis's \"past attempts to promote ethnic division and intolerance against Canadians of different national origin\", particularly Turks, Azeris and Macedonians. In mid-August 2011, Karygiannis's former Conservative opponent Harry Tsai, among others, signed a collective letter on behalf of the Taiwanese Canadian Association of Toronto, requesting that Bob Rae remove Karygiannis from his multicultural critic's post. The letter cited his poor attendance of the House of Commons and bad treatment of Canada's Turkish and Macedonian community as reasons to be considered unfit. According to Tsai, Karygiannis contacted him by telephone saying he did not care about what they had written and expressing content that the authors of the letter \"had been able to write in English\". In his public response, Karygiannis denied making such a comment and complained that the letter was signed in part by \"Turks and Macedonians, who don't like it, because I am Greek, and they have problems with Greeks.\" As for Tsai's discontent, Karygiannis explained it by the Conservative candidate's feelings after having got \"his butt kicked\" during the election. In July 2012, Karygiannis caused a diplomatic scandal when he travelled to the South Caucasus region of Nagorno-Karabakh on the invitation of the Armenian National Committee of Canada, which paid for the trip. Universally recognized as an integral part of Azerbaijan, including by Canada, Nagorno-Karabakh unilaterally declared independence in 1991 followed by a violent ethnic conflict claiming over 30,000 lives on both sides, causing more than 600,000 ethnic Azeris to be displaced as a result of an ethnic cleansing and resulting in the Armenian military occupation of 16% of Azerbaijan's territory. Karygiannis's mission in Nagorno-Karabakh was to observe a local presidential election, though described as unconstitutional, illegitimate and counter-productive to conflict resolution by the European Union, NATO, and specifically the OSCE, which mediates the conflict. The Azerbaijani ambassador to Canada Farid Shafiyev criticized Karygiannis for taking sides in the conflict and \"pandering to radical elements within his constituency\" in chase of \"ethnic votes and disregarding international law.\" Shafiyev also pointed to Karygiannis's illegal entry in Nagorno-Karabakh, as he had not obtained a visa or a special permission from the Azerbaijani government that are required to travel there, but had instead entered through Armenia. In addition, his stay on the disputed Azerbaijani territory was paid for by the government of Armenia. In response, Karygiannis who had been aware of Azerbaijan's objections to his visit affirmed his decision and offered to be invited to Azerbaijan as an observer for the next election, which Shafiyev turned down as unlikely, saying Karygiannis would be declared persona non grata and denied any future entry in Azerbaijan. The Canadian embassy in Ankara, also accredited to Azerbaijan, issued a statement on July 19 saying Canada would not recognize the election and that it supports Azerbaijan's territorial integrity. On August 1, members of Toronto's Azeri community held a protest in front of the office of the Liberal Party, defying Karygiannis's unsanctioned visit to Nagorno-Karabakh. In February 2013, Karygiannis was accused of using his political position to intervene to facilitate the passage of five Greek musicians into Canada. He was reported to have misinformed the authorities about the purpose of their visit, stating they had intended to participate in his father's wake, when in fact they were coming to Canada to perform at a paid concert. Karygiannis did not comment other than confirming that he had intervened in the matter but \"did not profit from it\". In February 2016, Karygiannis brought up the possibility of banning recording artist Beyoncé from Canada. The Super Bowl 50 halftime entertainer had a routine which paid tribute to the 50th anniversary of the Black Panthers. Karygiannis went public with his interpretation of the routine as \"anti-policy\" and \"pro-gun culture\". Karygiannis also said \"All lives matter.\" In May 2016, Karygiannis put forward a motion to the Toronto City Council to recognize a 'Pontian genocide'. The motion claimed that \"450,000–750,000 Pontian and Anatolian Greeks were executed\". What Karygiannis was actually referring to was the Greek Genocide as the death toll in Pontus did not exceed 350,000. The motion also claimed that the genocide was the first of the 20th century, which is false. The Herero and Namaqua genocide is widely considered as the first genocide of the 20th century. In 1999, Greek president Costis Stephanopoulos awarded him the decoration of the Officer's Gold Cross of the Order of Phoenix in recognition of his many public service contributions. In 2014 Karygiannis was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal from the Government of The Republic of Armenia for his substantial input in international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. In 2014 he received the 25 Year of Karabakh Movement Gold Medal by the Government of The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic as the first Canadian to visit the Republic in 2012 to observe the Presidential Elections. Jim Karygiannis James Karygiannis, () (; born May 2, 1955) is a Canadian politician. He formerly served in the House" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pedro Figueroa Pedro José Figueroa Vizcaíno (born November 23, 1985) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers. Figueroa signed with Oakland in 2006 and split time between the Dominican Summer League Athletics 1 and the Arizona Rookie League Athletics. For the 2007 and 2008 seasons, he played for the Vancouver Canadians, going 4–7 with a 4.07 ERA. For the 2009 season, he split time between Kane County and Stockton. For the 2010 season, Figueroa was ranked fifth in Oakland's farm system according to Baseball America. Despite not playing above Single-A, Oakland added him to their 40-man roster. He was recalled from Triple-A Sacramento after pitching a total of seven innings without allowing a run on April 21, 2012. He made his MLB debut later that day. Figueroa was released by the Athletics on December 20, 2013. On January 2, 2014 he was claimed off waivers by the Tampa Bay Rays. He was designated for assignment on January 23, 2014. He was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers on January 29, 2014. He was outrighted off the roster on October 6, 2014. Pedro Figueroa Pedro José Figueroa Vizcaíno (born November 23, 1985) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers. Figueroa signed with Oakland in 2006 and split time between the Dominican Summer League Athletics 1 and the Arizona Rookie League Athletics. For the 2007 and 2008 seasons, he played for the Vancouver Canadians, going 4–7 with a 4.07 ERA. For the 2009 season, he split time between Kane County and Stockton. For the 2010 season, Figueroa was ranked fifth in Oakland's farm" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Schumer box The Schumer box is a summary of the costs of a credit card in the United States. It is named after Charles Schumer, the New York congressman (now United States senator) who was responsible for the legislation requiring that terms of credit cards be clearly outlined in any promotional material. The law was enacted in 1988 and took effect in 1989 in the United States. Similar legislation was enacted in the United Kingdom and took effect in March 2004. Credit card companies are required to list long-term rates in at least 18-point type and other key disclosures in 12-point type. The Schumer box includes: All credit card companies use the same format, making comparison shopping for credit cards easy. The Schumer box is also known as the summary box, transparency box, clarity box, consumer box and honesty box. Schumer box The Schumer box is a summary of the costs of a credit card in the United States. It is named after Charles Schumer, the New York congressman (now United States senator) who was responsible for the legislation requiring that terms of credit cards be clearly outlined in any promotional material. The law was enacted in 1988 and took" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Foumban Shear Zone The Foumban Shear Zone, or Central Cameroon Shear Zone (CCSZ), is a fault zone in Cameroon that has been correlated with the Pernambuco fault in northeastern Brazil, which splays from the Trans-Brazilian Lineament. It is part of the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) and dates to at least 640 million years ago. The zone was rejuvenated several times, usually with a dextral movement, before and during the opening of the South Atlantic in the Cretaceous period. The Foumban shear zone is a series of faults associated with major mylonite zones, a segment of the CASZ. The CASZ can be traced from the Sudan to the Adamawa plateau, after which its path is obscured by volcanoes. Based on reconstruction of the configuration of South America before it separated from Africa, the zone can be identified with the Pernambuco fault. The shear zone underlies a chain of active volcanoes, called the Cameroon Volcanic Line. In August 1986 a magnitude 5 earthquake with epicenter near Lake Nyos indicated that the shear zone may be again reactivating. Foumban Shear Zone The Foumban Shear Zone, or Central Cameroon Shear Zone (CCSZ), is a fault zone in Cameroon that has been correlated with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Slavic Review The Slavic Review is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scholarly studies, book and film reviews, and review essays in all disciplines concerned with Russia, Central Eurasia, and Eastern and Central Europe. The journal's title, though pointing to its roots in Slavic studies, does not fully encompass the range of disciplines represented or peoples and cultures examined. The journal has been published quarterly under the current name since 1961 by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (since 2010 named Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, continuing the series published by the same association since 1941 under different names: \"Slavonic Year-Book. American Series\" (1941), \"Slavonic and East European Review. American Series\" (1943–1944), \"American Slavic and East European Review\" (1945–1961). Under the current name, the subtitle of the journal has changed over the years to reflect changing terminologies about the region, evolving boundaries and relations, and developing conceptions of the field. Since 2006, the subtitle has been \"Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies\". Cambridge University Press became the publisher in 2017. From 1996 to 2006, the editor-in-chief was Diane P. Koenker ( University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Mark D. Steinberg (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) served as editor from 2006 to 2013. In August 2013, Harriet Murav became editor and remains so to date. All back issues of the journal are available electronically through JSTOR. Electronic versions of current and recent issues are available to members on the website of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies, Social Science Citation Index, Historical Abstracts, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, and the Linguistic Bibliography. Slavic Review The Slavic Review is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Teyyala Theyyala is a small town in Malappuram district in Kerala, India. Theyyala is near the sea with the beach being only 5 km away. The nearest Railway station is at Tanur which is 4 km away. The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport, at a distance of 25 km, approximately. The nearest city is Tirur which is only 9 km away and so is Kottakkal which is famous worldwide for Ayurvedic Treatments. The National Highway (NH 47) is 5 km away from Theyyala and meets at Venniyur. This National Highway connects the entire Kerala stretch from Trivandrum to Kasargod. The people of Theyyala are highly entertainment and sports oriented. There exists a club named Youth Association of Theyyala (YAT) which conducts stage shows and sports tournaments every year. YAT conducts Sevens football tournaments which is played between teams from nearby villages.An annual cricket tournament is also conducted in the ground called as VALIYA VALAPPU which is near Ayyaya Road. There are many famous schools in and around Theyyala. One of them is the SSMHS which is located in Schoolpadi. The road network connects all the nearby places from Theyyala. Taking a left from the town leads to Kottakkal and Calicut Via Venniyur. The road towards the west from the town leads to Tanur via Pandimuttam, Moochikkal etc. From Pandimuttam, the right turn leads to Chemmad via Velliyampuram and Kodinhi. Taking a left turn leads to Tirur via Vattathani, Chembra etc. Gulf money is one of the major income of native people, with at least a person from each family abroad the standard of living is pretty high. Theyyala village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala. Teyyala Theyyala is a small town in Malappuram district in Kerala, India. Theyyala is near the sea with the beach being only 5 km away. The nearest Railway station is at Tanur which is 4 km away. The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport, at a distance of 25 km, approximately. The nearest city is Tirur which is only 9 km away and so is Kottakkal which is famous worldwide for Ayurvedic Treatments. The National Highway (NH 47) is 5 km away from Theyyala and meets at Venniyur. This National Highway connects the entire Kerala stretch from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Packard Business College Packard's Business College or Packard Business College was a post-secondary business college in New York City which provided a concentrated one-year education in practical business subjects, such as arithmetic, bookkeeping, penmanship, and business correspondence. The school was well respected for the quality of its graduates. The school was founded 1858, under the name of Bryant, Stratton & Packard's Mercantile College, by Mr. S. S. Packard and was the New York branch of a chain known as the Bryant & Stratton chain of business colleges. In 1867 Mr. Packard purchased the Bryant & Stratton interest in the New York College, and changed its name to Packard's Business College. The teachers employed in the college were chosen for their practical as well as their theoretical knowledge of business affairs. A Packard Business College, situated at 22nd and Broadway, New York, was featured in the 1947 film \"The Shocking Miss Pilgrim\", whose initial graduates are described as \"the first group of typewriters to graduate from any business college anywhere in the world\". Packard Business College Packard's Business College or Packard Business College was a post-secondary business college in New York City which provided a concentrated one-year education in practical business" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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