chunks
dict | ids
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|
{
"retrieved": [
"There's Something About Miriam There's Something About Miriam is a reality television show filmed in 2003, created by British TV producer Remy Blumenfeld and Gavin Hay and originally aired in the United Kingdom on Sky1 in February 2004. Hosted by Tim Vincent, it featured six men wooing 21-year-old Mexican model Miriam without revealing that she was a pre-operative trans woman until the final episode. The show was produced by the Brighter Pictures subsidiary of Endemol and was originally titled \"Find Me a Man\". Recruitment ads for contestants promised \"the adventure of a lifetime\" with a £10,000 prize to men aged 20 to 35 who \"want it all\" and are \"fit and up for everything.\" The contestants on the show were: Brighter Pictures managing director Gavin Hay said \"they had made a point of never referring to Miriam as a woman when getting the men to take part.\" Miriam said, \"Several of them wondered about me in the first few days. But as the series unfolded, I really thought that we got to like and know each other as friends and had a lot of fun.\" In response to allegations that she revealed her big secret by lifting up her skirt she was quoted as saying \"I would never lift my skirt up on national TV. My mother brought me up very well.\" On the version that aired, Miriam chose Rooke as the winner and then said in front of the assembled contestants: Rooke initially accepted the prize money and the trip with Miriam on camera. Rooke later rejected the prize prior to airing and joined the other contestants in a lawsuit. Following the completion of the show, it was scheduled to air in November 2003, but the lawsuit by the contestants delayed the airing. They alleged conspiracy to commit sexual assault, defamation, breach of contract, and personal injury in the form of psychological and emotional damage. After the men settled for an undisclosed amount, the show premiered 22 February, and the sixth and final episode aired 24 March 2004. The show was aired in Australia by Network Ten in May 2004, in Poland by TVN in January 2005, and in Argentina in 2005 on America TV. The show was picked up by Fox Reality for airing in the United States in April 2006, and was aired in October 2007. Responses from critics were generally unfavorable, calling it \"the cruellest reality show idea yet\" and part of a trend in shows that exploit unwitting contestants. A British reviewer noted, \"The whole premise of \"There's Something About Miriam\" was not a celebration of transgender people's lives. It was designed to elicit horror from the winning contestant discovering that his dream date had a penis.\" The show was also criticized by transgender groups, who feared a backlash of public opinion. When the show aired in Australia, reviews were critical of both the premise and Miriam: These guys were duped in more ways than one - while Miriam has a few unexpected bits in her package, she's notably deficient in others. It has become clear Miriam requires a personality implant. It must've been a challenge to find a transsexual pretty enough, mean enough and sufficiently attention-seeking to play this tawdry game, but what these producers found in Miriam is a sultry-looking dill prone to the cheesiest of clichés. Other British commentators contrasted Miriam with the positive response to Nadia Almada, a Portuguese transsexual woman who won \"Big Brother UK\" a few months later. That show was also produced by Endemol. However, the show garnered high ratings in the final episode (970,000 viewers—large viewership for Sky One), and Miriam went on to become a guest on \"Big Brother Australia 2004\". \"There's Something About Miriam\" was featured on the 2005 clip show \"40 Greatest Pranks\" on VH1 and was ranked #11 on the 20 to 1 episode \"Hoaxes, Cheats and Liars\". When the show aired in the United States on the 2007 Transgender Day of Remembrance, trans author Julia Serano noted, \"Programs like \"There's Something About Miriam\" not only reinforce the stereotype that trans people's birth sex is 'real' and our identified/lived sex is 'fake,' but they perpetuate the myth of deception and thus enable violence against us.\" Video artist Phil Collins featured contestant Mark Dimino in an installation on \"people who believe their lives have been ruined by appearing on reality TV.\" There's Something About Miriam There's Something About Miriam is a reality television show filmed in 2003, created by British TV producer Remy Blumenfeld and Gavin Hay and originally aired in the United Kingdom on Sky1 in February 2004. Hosted by Tim Vincent, it featured six men wooing 21-year-old Mexican model Miriam without revealing that she was a pre-operative trans woman until the final episode. The show was produced by the Brighter Pictures subsidiary"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Doryteuthis plei Doryteuthis plei, also known as the slender inshore squid or arrow squid, is a medium-sized squid belonging to the family Loliginidae. It occurs abundantly in coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from Argentina northward to North Carolina. As both common names imply, these squid have elongate, cylindrical bodies with a length to width ratio of 7:1. The arms are in contrast short and weak; the two tentacles are somewhat less than the mantle length. The rhombus-shaped fins are large, up to about 50 percent of the mantle length. Running the ventral length of the mantle is a noticeable ridge. The squid are a reddish orange colour with a large complement of chromatophores. The suckers of the arms possess blunt teeth. On the meaty ends (\"clubs\") of the tentacles, there are four rows of suckers; the inner two (\"mesial\") rows are three times as large as the outer two (\"marginal\") rows. The larger suckers have horny rings with up to 45 teeth. These squid reach a maximum mantle length of 33 centimetres in males and 22 centimetres in females. Sexual dimorphism is apparent, with the left ventral arm in males modified into a hectocotylus; this is used to facilitate fertilization during mating. Males also have a number of purple stripes running lengthwise on the ventral side of the mantle; along with other visual cues produced by chromatophores, these stripes are used in elaborate courtship displays. Due to their abundance, slender inshore squid are important to both commercial and subsistence fisheries. During the annual summer mating season, the squid congregate in large numbers near shore. During the austral summer in waters off Brazil, annual catches may reach 763 metric tonnes. While there may be safety in their numbers, the squid are an important prey item for large fish such as tuna and sharks and a number of cetaceans: pygmy killer whales, orcas, Atlantic spotted dolphins, rough-toothed dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins are all known predators of slender inshore squid. Other predators include South African and Antarctic fur seals. The squid prey upon several species of estuarine fish, including: killifish, mosquitofish and mollies. Small crustaceans such as grass shrimp are also taken. Doryteuthis plei Doryteuthis plei, also known as the slender inshore squid or arrow squid, is a medium-sized squid belonging to the family Loliginidae. It occurs abundantly in coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from Argentina northward to North Carolina. As"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Empress Zhang (Tang dynasty) Empress Zhang (; Chinese: 張皇后, personal name unknown; died May 16, 762) was an empress of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. She was the second wife of Emperor Suzong and gained great power during his reign, in alliance with the eunuch Li Fuguo, but eventually she and Li Fuguo turned against each other late in Emperor Suzong's reign, as the emperor grew gravely ill. Zhang tried to have Li Fuguo put to death, but instead was captured and killed by Li Fuguo. The future Empress Zhang's family was originally from Deng Prefecture (鄧州, roughly modern Nanyang, Henan). Her grandmother Lady Dou was a younger sister of Consort Dou, a concubine of Emperor Ruizong, whose son Li Longji later became emperor (as Emperor Xuanzong). Consort Dou was put to death by Emperor Ruizong's mother Wu Zetian in 693, while Li Longji was just eight. Lady Dou spent much time raising Li Longji, and later, after Emperor Ruizong returned to the throne in 710, he created Lady Dou the Lady of Deng and honored her greatly. Her sons Zhang Quhuo (張去惑), Zhang Quyí (張去疑), Zhang Qushe (張去奢), Zhang Quyì (張去逸, note different tone than his brother), and Zhang Quying (張去盈) all became key officials, and Zhang Quyì would become the father of the future Empress Zhang. During Emperor Xuanzong's \"Tianbao\" era (742-756), the future Empress Zhang was selected to be a concubine for Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, and she carried the title of \"Liangdi\", the highest rank for the Crown Prince's concubines. It was said that after he was forced to divorce his wife Crown Princess Wei in 746, she became his favorite consort. She was said to be intelligent and well-spoken, and she knew how to please him. In 755, the general An Lushan launched a major rebellion against Emperor Xuanzong's rule, and in 756 was approaching the capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong and Li Heng to flee. On the way to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, roughly modern Sichuan and Chongqing), however, Li Heng left Emperor Xuanzong's train and instead, following the suggestion of his son Li Tan the Prince of Jianning, decided to head for important border military outpost Lingwu to gather troops there to prepare for counterattack. On the way there, he had very few guards, and at night, Consort Zhang would always sleep to the outside of the Crown Prince. When Li Heng told her, \"It is not a woman's responsibility to fight the bandits,\" she responded, \"I am afraid that sudden disaster would occur. If it does, I can use my body to shield you, and Your Royal Highness can get away.\" Once they got to Lingwu, she gave birth to a child, but immediately got up just three days after birth to sew clothes for soldiers. When Li Heng asked her to rest, she responded, \"This is no time for me to be idle.\" He thereafter favored her even more. She would eventually bear two sons for him, Li Shao (李佋) and Li Tong (李侗). Soon after Li Heng arrived in Lingwu, the officials and generals there urged him to take the throne, and he did (as Emperor Suzong). He considered creating Consort Zhang empress, but at the advice of his key advisor Li Mi, decided that it was inappropriate to do so before he had a chance to seek the approval of Emperor Xuanzong (whom he honored as \"Taishang Huang\" (retired emperor)). Meanwhile, however, around this time Emperor Xuanzong sent her a saddle with seven kinds of jewels studded on it as a gift. Li Mi opined that in the difficult times, it would be inappropriate for her to use such a luxurious item, and therefore suggested instead that the jewels be removed and rewarded to those soldiers with accomplishments. Emperor Suzong agreed—and Li Tan publicly praised the decision, causing Consort Zhang to thereafter bear much resentment toward Li Mi and Li Tan. Meanwhile, she entered into an alliance with Emperor Suzong's trusted eunuch Li Fuguo, and together the two became powerful inside the palace, purportedly carrying out much misdeeds. Li Tan considered trying to kill them, and despite Li Mi's advice to the contrary, Li Tan did not stop his planning. In 757, Consort Zhang and Li Fuguo struck first, accusing Li Tan of plotting to kill his older brother Li Chu the Prince of Guangping, and Emperor Suzong, believing their accusation, forced Li Tan to commit suicide. This caused Li Chu and Li Mi to be fearful of her as well, although at Li Mi's urging, Li Chu did not himself try to kill them. Later that year, after a joint Tang-Huige force recaptured Chang'an under Li Chu's command, she was resentful of Li Chu's accomplishment and therefore spread rumors about Li Chu. Li Mi took this opportunity to resign to become a hermit, but before doing so, urged Emperor Suzong strongly not to listen to false accusations against Li Chu. In winter 757, after Emperor Suzong returned to Chang'an, he created Consort Zhang the imperial consort rank of \"Shufei\" (淑妃), the second highest rank for imperial concubines, but did not immediately create her empress. He also created her sons Li Shao the Prince of Xing and Li Tong the Prince of Ding. Her sisters were created ladies, and her brothers Zhang Qing (張清) and Zhang Qian (張濳) married the Ladies Da'ning and Yanhe, respectively. Emperor Suzong created her empress in spring 758. After Empress Zhang became empress, she tried to have her son Li Shao, who was said to be only a few years old, made crown prince. Emperor Suzong, who favored Li Chu as crown prince, could not decide immediately, but after consulting with the official Li Kui, he created Li Chu crown prince later in 758 and changed Li Chu's name to Li Yu. She nevertheless thereafter tried to have Li Yu replaced with Li Shao, but after Li Shao died in 760, because Li Tong was even younger, Li Yu's position was secure. Throughout the years, Empress Zhang and Li Fuguo's alliance held, and in 760, they together persuaded Emperor Suzong to acquiesce to forcibly moving Emperor Xuanzong, who was then at his preferred subsidiary palace Xingqing Palace (興慶宮), back to the main palace, and exiling Emperor Xuanzong's staff members. However, as of spring 762, when both Emperors Xuanzong and Suzong were seriously ill, Empress Zhang and Li Fuguo had begun to be rivals. (During Emperor Suzong's illness, at one point, to display her love for him, she used her blood to write Buddhist sutras in order to seek blessing for him.) She summoned Li Yu and tried to persuade him to join her in killing Li Fuguo and his ally Cheng Yuanzhen. Li Yu declined, and she instead tried to persuade his younger brother Li Xi (李係) the Prince of Yue, to join her. Li Xi agreed. (Her biographies in \"Old Book of Tang\" and the \"New Book of Tang\" also indicated that she offered to make Li Xi emperor.) She and Li Xi thereafter had the eunuch Duan Hengjun (段恆俊) select some 200 strong eunuchs, ready to ambush Li Fuguo and Cheng. On May 14, Empress Zhang issued an order in Emperor Suzong's name, summoning Li Yu. Cheng found out and informed Li Fuguo, who intercepted Li Yu at the palace gate and then escorted him to the camp of the imperial guards under Li Fuguo's command. The guards under LI Fuguo's command then entered the palace and arrested Empress Zhang and Li Xi; the other eunuchs and ladies in waiting fled, leaving Emperor Suzong without care. On May 16, Emperor Suzong died, and Li Fuguo thereafter executed Empress Zhang and Li Xi, as well as Li Xian the Prince of Yan, and then declared Li Yu emperor (as Emperor Daizong). Many of her associates were executed, while Zhang Qing, Zhang Qian, and her uncle Dou Lüxin (竇履信) were exiled. She was posthumously demoted to commoner rank. Empress Zhang (Tang dynasty) Empress Zhang (; Chinese: 張皇后, personal name unknown; died May 16, 762) was an empress of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. She was the second wife of Emperor Suzong and gained great power during his reign, in alliance with the eunuch Li Fuguo, but eventually she and Li Fuguo turned against each other late in Emperor Suzong's reign, as the emperor grew gravely ill. Zhang tried",
"in waiting fled, leaving Emperor Suzong without care. On May 16, Emperor Suzong died, and Li Fuguo thereafter executed Empress Zhang and Li Xi, as well as Li Xian the Prince of Yan, and then declared Li Yu emperor (as Emperor Daizong). Many of her associates were executed, while Zhang Qing, Zhang Qian, and her uncle Dou Lüxin (竇履信) were exiled. She was posthumously demoted to commoner rank. Empress Zhang (Tang dynasty) Empress Zhang (; Chinese: 張皇后, personal name unknown; died May 16, 762) was an empress of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. She was the second wife of Emperor Suzong and gained great power during his reign, in alliance with the eunuch Li Fuguo, but eventually she and Li Fuguo turned against each other late in Emperor Suzong's reign, as the emperor grew gravely ill. Zhang tried to have Li Fuguo put"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mirko Bellodi Mirko Bellodi (born 20 October 1973) is a former Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Born in Suzzara, the Province of Province of Mantua (), Lombardy, Bellodi started his career at Parma. From 1992 to 1995 Bellodi had played for 3 different Serie C2 clubs (Italian fourth division). Bellodi moved down one level in 1995–96 Serie D, for Collecchio. The club was located in the Province of Parma. In 1996, he returned to the hometown club Mantova. He won the group D of 1996–97 Serie D and promoted back to professional league. Bellodi only missed 1 game in 1997–98 Serie C2. In 1998 Bellodi was signed by Pistoiese. He won the promotion playoffs of 1998–99 Serie C1. In 1999–2000 Serie B Bellodi played the first 16 rounds but in January 2000 returned to Serie C1 for Reggiana. He took the starting place from Beniamino Abate. Bellodi returned to Mantua again in 2000. The club won group A of 2003–04 Serie C2 and the promotion playoffs of 2004–05 Serie C1, thus returned to the second division since relegated in 1973. Bellodi was the first choice of 2005–06 Serie B. In the next season Bellodi swapped the role with Pierluigi Brivio, which Brivio now on the field and Bellodi on the bench. Brivio left the club in 2007 but the first choice role was shared by Jasmin Handanović and Gianluca Pegolo. J.Handanović became the absolute starter in 2008–09 Serie B, with only 2 games played by Bellodi. In 2009–10 Serie B, Bellodi competed with J.Handanović again for the starting role. That season Mantova relegated directly with Bellodi conceded lesser goals per game. Before last round of 2009–10 season, Mantova still one point behind Calcio Padova of 19th place, thus certainly entered relegation \"play-out\" or direction relegation. Eventually the away match was 2–2 draw with Ancona, with Bellodi conceded a goal on 8th minute and conceded an equalizer goal from Mastronunzio again. Ancona collected enough point to survive in Serie B but later expelled due to financial difficulties and Mantova relegated directly with 3 points gap with Triestina and Padova, as Padova had an early lead in half time, so Mantova still had 1 point short if Mantova won. Mantova also bankrupted in summer 2010 and a new entity was admitted to 2010–11 Serie D. Bellodi also joined the new club and played 18 times. He shared the starting role with Stefano Portesi. The club won the group B of the amateur league and promoted again. Bellodi played the first 18 rounds in 2011–12 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, with Marco Festa (14 starts) and Portesi (6 starts) played the rest. Bellodi retired in January 2012. He became the goalkeeping coach. FIGC suspected that the last round of 2009–10 season was fixed. His team-mate Carlo Gervasoni, Tomas Locatelli and Maurizio Nassi also investigated by FIGC as well as the court of Cremona. Moreover, Alessandro Pellicori was arrested. On 1 June 2012 the procurator requested to ban Bellodi for 3 years due to involvement in 2011–12 Italian football scandal. Bellodi admitted the charge in exchange for the ban reduced to 2 years. His son Gabriele Bellodi is a defender, a product of Milan school, he represented Italy internationally on junior levels. Mirko Bellodi Mirko Bellodi (born 20 October 1973) is a former Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Born in Suzzara, the Province of Province of Mantua (), Lombardy, Bellodi started his career at Parma. From 1992 to 1995 Bellodi had played for 3 different Serie C2 clubs (Italian fourth division). Bellodi moved down one level in 1995–96 Serie D, for"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"2004 NRL season The 2004 NRL season (also known as the 2004 Telstra Premiership due to sponsorship from Telstra) was the 97th season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the seventh run by the National Rugby League. Fifteen clubs competed during the regular season before the top eight finishing teams contested the finals series. The Bulldogs defeated the Sydney Roosters in the 2004 NRL grand final and in doing so claimed their eighth premiership. The beginning of the season was largely overshadowed with several Bulldogs players questioned by police in relation to an alleged rape of a 20-year-old Coffs Harbour woman. An independent investigator, former New South Wales chief of detectives, would later fail to find any evidence of misconduct on behalf of the players, and no charges were pressed. The 2004 World Club Challenge was held on Friday, 13 February 2004, at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield, England. The game was contested by Bradford Bulls and Penrith Panthers and won by the home team. The salary cap for the 2004 season was A$3.25 million per club for their 25 highest-paid players. Due to a perceived emphasis in the game on defence, NRL referees were instructed to call out \"surrender tackle\" this season when ball carriers submit at the ruck, signalling the defence to slow down the tackle in order for defenders to reset. The first round of the season began on Friday, 12 March with 2003 champions, the Penrith Panthers losing 14–20 to the Newcastle Knights before a crowd of 19,936 at Penrith Stadium. During a match between the Broncos and the Tigers, the Broncos fielded 14 men at one stage of the Campbelltown Stadium match. In the 60th minute, Brisbane's Shane Webcke knocked out by Tiger Bryce Gibbs. Corey Parker was brought onto the ground while Webcke was still being assisted off. Parker immediately scored off a Darren Lockyer pass and started a Broncos revival (they trailed 24–8 at halftime) which later saw them win 24–32. But, after the fourteenth man was investigated, the Broncos were stripped of the two competition points, which were reinstated weeks later. A significant comeback was seen in a round 25 clash between the St George Dragons and Manly. Trailing 34–10 after 53 minutes the Dragons came back to win the match 36–34. This match stood in second-place in the rankings of the biggest comebacks in Australian premiership history. Several players and coaches also made the headlines for the wrong reasons. Jamie Lyon walked out on the Parramatta club after the first round citing burnout and dissatisfaction with living in Sydney, and would later move to the UK for a successful European Super League career. Coaches Daniel Anderson and Paul Langmack would have their contracts terminated at the New Zealand Warriors and South Sydney Rabbitohs respectively. Andrew Johns was injured in Newcastle's third game of the season against Parramatta, and subsequently missed the remainder of the season. The Knights missed the finals of the NRL for the first time since 1996. 2004 was also notable for the emergence of teenage players Sonny Bill Williams (Bulldogs) and Karmichael Hunt (Brisbane Broncos), and their performances, mature beyond their years, would be critical to the fortunes of their clubs. Due to a favourable draw, the Sydney Roosters did not play a premiership match in Queensland during the season. Additionally, there was only one Queensland derby contested during the regular season, in round six in Townsville. The line-up of fifteen teams for the 2004 premiership remained unchanged from the previous season. In 2004 the NRL and their advertising agency MJW Hakuhodo continued with their use of the Hoodoo Gurus' 1987 hit \"What's My Scene\" with reworked lyrics as \"That's My Team\". In addition to the big 60-second season launch TV commercial, three shorter executions were produced: one targeting young men, another targeting women and one aimed at families. In a year where sexual assault allegations damaged perceptions and the reputation of the code, retaining female fans was seen as a massive challenge. To decide the grand finalists from the top eight finishing teams, the NRL adopts the McIntyre Final Eight System. The North Queensland Cowboys qualified for the finals for the first time in their ten-year history, and shocked everybody by finishing just one game short of the grand final. During the finals, they won their first ever game against Queensland rivals Brisbane, thus ending the career of Broncos stalwart Gorden Tallis. Also retiring after the 2004 finals series were Brad Fittler, Ryan Girdler and Kevin Campion. St. George Illawarra Dragons almost capped a remarkable comeback when they trailed 24–0 only after half an hour of play to come back to only lose 31–30 against the Penrith Panthers in the first Qualifying Final. In doing so the Dragons became the first team to finish fifth to bow out after the first week of the finals, giving Penrith a home preliminary final; despite leading 8–4 at halftime in their preliminary final against the Bulldogs, they lost 30–14, thus ending their premiership defence. Another notable game was the seventh-placed North Queensland Cowboys reaching the finals for the first time and upsetting the second-placed and competition favourites the Bulldogs 30–22 in the 3rd Qualifying Final. The Cowboys also defeated the Brisbane Broncos for the first time ever during the semi finals but were unable to reach the Grand Final when they lost to the Sydney Roosters in the Preliminary Final. The Bulldogs claimed their 8th premiership title by beating the Roosters in the Grand Final. ¹ Game relocated to Dairy Farmers Stadium, the Cowboys' home ground, from Aussie Stadium. Cowboys designated home team despite the Broncos finishing higher on the table. 2004 NRL season The 2004 NRL season (also known as the 2004 Telstra Premiership due to sponsorship from Telstra) was the 97th season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the seventh run by the National Rugby League. Fifteen clubs competed during the regular season before the top eight finishing teams contested the finals series. The"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Philippine half centavo coin The Philippine half centavo coin (½¢), a denomination of Philippine currency, was issued when the Philippines was under US administration. It bears the names of both countries: Filipinas (the Spanish name of the Philippines) and the United States of America. Filipino sculptor Melecio Figueroa was hired to design the coin. It features a man with a hammer and anvil, seating in front of Mayon Volcano. In 1903 and 1904, the US mint at Philadelphia struck bronze-minted half centavo coins for circulation. Eventually, the coin was withdrawn from circulation because it was rejected by Filipinos for its low value. After 1908, all remaining half centavos were melted. Philippine half centavo coin The Philippine half centavo coin (½¢), a denomination of Philippine currency, was issued when the Philippines was under US administration. It bears the names of both countries: Filipinas (the Spanish name of the Philippines) and the United States of America. Filipino sculptor Melecio Figueroa was hired to design the coin. It features a man with a hammer and anvil, seating in front of Mayon Volcano. In 1903 and 1904, the US mint at Philadelphia struck bronze-minted half centavo coins for circulation. Eventually, the coin was withdrawn"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Sororate marriage Sororate marriage is a type of marriage in which a husband engages in marriage or sexual relations with the sister of his wife, usually after the death of his wife or if his wife has proven infertile. From an anthropological standpoint, this type of marriage strengthens the ties between both groups (the wife's family or clan and the husband's) and preserves the contract between the two to provide children and continue the alliance. The Inuit people (formerly known as Eskimos) of northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland follow or followed this custom. It is followed by the Chiricahua group of the Western Apache, who are Athabaskan speaking, as is levirate marriage. Sororate marriage is practiced by the Sioux (Lakota) tribes, and some Western Mono tribes in California, such as the \"Wuksachi\" or \"Waksachi\". Sororate marriage is practiced by the Swazi people and for the same reasons as stated. This type of marriage is made in Bhutan. The former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (the current king's father) is married to four wives, all of whom are sisters. There is evidence that sororate marriage existed in ancient China. Levirate marriage and junior sororate marriage are permitted for the Hindu Bania caste. Levirate marriage was encouraged among ancient Jewish cultures; the chief example of sororate marriage found in the Hebrew Bible is that of sisters Rachel and Leah to one husband Jacob, forebear of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. However, such a marriage as Jacob's during the lifetime of the first wife was subsequently prohibited by the Law of Moses (Leviticus 18:18). The male equivalent of sororate marriage is fraternal polyandry. Sororate is a custom which is practised among the Kurds like Levirate marriage: When a man loses his wife before she bears a child or she dies leaving young children, her lineage provides another wife to the man, usually a younger sister with a lowered bride-price. Both Levirate and Sororate are practiced to guarantee the well being of children and ensure that any inheritance of land will stay within the family. Sororate marriage Sororate marriage is a type of marriage in which a husband engages in marriage or sexual relations with the sister of his wife, usually after the death of his wife or if his wife has proven infertile. From an anthropological standpoint, this type of marriage strengthens the ties between both groups (the wife's family or clan and the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Sports on Tap Sports on Tap is an American sports trivia game show from Sande Stewart Television that aired on ESPN from April 5 to September 30, 1994 and then from January 3 to March 29, 1995. The game was set in a fictional sports bar named \"Sports on Tap\". Sportscaster Tom Green (no relation to the comic actor) was behind the counter as the \"Bartender\" (aka Emcee), with Shelly Gray appearing as the bar’s \"Waitress\" (aka Hostess). There was no music or real announcer for the show. However, at the beginning and end of the show, as well as before commercial breaks, Johnny Gilbert was heard doing play-by-play was played as if from a radio or television. Also appearing on camera was Tony Pandolfo, who called out the names of the contestants and acted as a judge during the game. Four players, seated at the counter of the bar, competed against each other. Each player was staked to $50 and played one player at a time. The first player in control was shown the first halves of two questions on the bar’s TV monitor (similar to questions on \"Your Number's Up\"). The player selected one of the half-questions for Greene to finish. Three half-questions are played per player in the round. On the first two half-questions, a correct answer earned $50 with no penalty for an incorrect answer. In either case, a new half-question would replace the chosen one except for the third half-question. At that point, the player would then wager any or all of their score on the remaining half-question. A correct answer added the wager and an incorrect answer subtracted the wager. The three remaining players would play in a similar fashion. All four players now competed on a toss-up basis with the player who gave the last correct answer selecting the half-questions. If a player buzzes in with a correct answer, that player would then have a chance at a “Double Play” by selecting another half-question to answer on their own. Each correct answer was worth $50 in Round Two and $100 in Round Three. All four players would line up on the stairs in the back of the bar in order of their scores after Round Three. The players would now play a head-to-head \"stepladder final\" playoff to determine the day’s winner. The fourth place player would play the third place player, with the higher scoring player selecting all the half-questions. Once a half-question has been chosen, the other half-question is removed from the game and two new half-questions appear on the TV monitor. Each correct answer was now worth one point. The first player to reach three points wins the round and moves up to the next step to face the second place player. The winner of that playoff then moves up to face the first place player. The winner of the final playoff is declared the winner of the day and adds their name to a \"Winner’s Board\" keeping track of all the winners for that week. The winners of all four games of the week would then compete in one final game on Friday for the combined total of all four player’s winnings. The weekly winners would then advance to a season-ending Tournament of Champions where the grand champion wins a $50,000 cash bonus in the first season and $25,000 in the second season. Sports on Tap Sports on Tap is an American sports trivia game show from Sande Stewart Television that aired on ESPN from April 5 to September 30, 1994 and then from January 3 to March 29, 1995."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ryosuke Sawai Ryosuke Sawai (born March 9, 1978 in Choshi, Chiba, Japan) is a Japanese former baseball infielder in Nippon Professional Baseball. He played for the Chiba Lotte Marines in 1998 and from 2000 to 2003. Prior to playing professionally, he attended Choshi Shogyo High School. In 1997, at 19 years old, he played briefly in the minor league system of the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball. With the AZL Padres, he hit .100 in 10 at-bats. He assumed a utility role upon joining the Marines and was used infrequently. In his first year with the club, he was hitless in two at-bats. In 2000, he hit .200 with a home run in 10 at-bats and in 2001, he hit .263 in 19 at-bats. He hit .176 with three home runs and eight RBI in 68 at-bats in 2002 and in 2003, his final season, he hit .279 with two home runs and nine RBI in 61 at-bats. Overall, Sawai hit .225 with six home runs and 19 RBI in 160 at-bats spread over 90 games in five seasons. Ryosuke Sawai Ryosuke Sawai (born March 9, 1978 in Choshi, Chiba, Japan) is a Japanese former baseball infielder in"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The land mass may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago, and most of it (93%) remains submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean. With a total area of approximately 4,920,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi), it is the world's largest current microcontinent, more than twice the size of the next-largest microcontinent and more than half the size of the Australian continent. As such, and due to other geological considerations, such as crustal thickness and density, it is arguably a continent in its own right. This was the argument which made news in 2017, when geologists from New Zealand, New Caledonia and Australia concluded that Zealandia fulfills all the necessary requirements to be considered a continent, rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment. \n Volcanism on Zealandia has also taken place repeatedly in various parts of the continental fragment before, during and after it rifted away from the supercontinent Gondwana. Although Zealandia has shifted approximately 6,000 km (3,700 mi) to the northwest with respect to the underlying mantle from the time when it rifted from Antarctica, recurring intracontinental volcanism exhibits magma composition similar to that of volcanoes in previously adjacent parts of Antarctica and Australia. \n About 25 million years ago, the southern part of Zealandia (on the Pacific Plate) began to shift relative to the northern part (on the Indo-Australian Plate). The resulting displacement by approximately 500 km (310 mi) along the Alpine Fault is evident in geological maps. Movement along this plate boundary has also offset the New Caledonia Basin from its previous continuation through the Bounty Trough. \n Zealandia is occasionally divided by scientists into two regions, North Zealandia (or Western Province) and South Zealandia (or Eastern Province), the latter of which contains most of the Median Batholith crust. These two features are separated by the Alpine Fault and Kermadec Trench and by the wedge-shaped Hikurangi Plateau, and are moving separately to each other. \n Zealandia (/ ziːˈlændiə /), also known as the New Zealand continent or Tasmantis, is a nearly submerged mass of continental crust that sank after breaking away from Australia 60–85 million years ago, having separated from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago. It has variously been described as a continental fragment, a microcontinent and a continent. The name and concept for Zealandia were proposed by Bruce Luyendyk in 1995. \n The case for Zealandia being a continent in its own right was argued by Nick Mortimer and Hamish Campbell in their book Zealandia:Our continent revealed in 2014, citing geological and ecological evidence to support the proposal. \n Zealandia supports substantial inshore fisheries and contains gas fields, of which the largest known is New Zealand's Maui gas field, near Taranaki. Permits for oil exploration in the Great South Basin were issued in 2007. Offshore mineral resources include iron sands, volcanic massive sulfides and ferromanganese nodule deposits. \n Coordinates:40 ° S 170 ° E / 40 ° S 170 ° E /- 40; 170 \n New Caledonia lies at the northern end of the ancient continent, while New Zealand rises at the plate boundary that bisects it. These land masses are two outposts of the Antarctic Flora, including Araucarias and Podocarps. At Curio Bay, logs of a fossilized forest closely related to modern Kauri and Norfolk Pine can be seen that grew on Zealandia about 180 million years ago during the Jurassic period, before it split from Gondwana. These were buried by volcanic mud flows and gradually replaced by silica to produce the fossils now exposed by the sea. \n During glacial periods, more of Zealandia becomes a terrestrial rather than a marine environment. Zealandia was originally thought to have no native land mammal fauna, but the discovery in 2006 of a fossil mammal jaw from the Miocene in the Otago region shows otherwise. \n Compression across the boundary has uplifted the Southern Alps, although due to rapid erosion their height reflects only a small fraction of the uplift. Farther north, subduction of the Pacific Plate has led to extensive volcanism, including the Coromandel and Taupo Volcanic Zones. Associated rifting and subsidence has produced the Hauraki Graben and more recently the Whakatane Graben and Wanganui Basin. \n The total human population of Zealandia today is about 5 million people. \n This volcanism is widespread across Zealandia but generally of low volume apart from the huge mid to late Miocene shield volcanoes that developed the Banks and Otago Peninsulas. In addition, it took place continually in numerous limited regions all through the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. However, its causes are still in dispute. During the Miocene, the northern section of Zealandia (Lord Howe Rise) might have slid over a stationary hotspot, forming the Lord Howe Seamount Chain. \n New Caledonia and the islands surrounding it comprise some 18,576 km (7,172 sq mi or 7%) and the remainder is made up of various territories of Australia including Lord Howe Island Group (New South Wales) at 56 km (22 sq mi or 0.02%), Norfolk Island at 35 km (14 sq mi or 0.01%), as well as Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs (Coral Sea Islands Territory) with 0.25 km (0.097 sq mi). \n In 2017, a team of eleven geologists from New Zealand, New Caledonia and Australia concluded that Zealandia fulfills all the requirements to be considered a drowned continent, rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment. This was widely covered by news media. \n Zealandia is largely made up of two nearly parallel ridges, separated by a failed rift, where the rift breakup of the continent stops and becomes a filled graben. The ridges rise above the sea floor to heights of 1,000–1,500 m (3,300–4,900 ft), with infrequent rocky islands rising above sea level. The ridges are continental rock, but are lower in elevation than normal continents because their crust is thinner than usual, approximately 20 km (12 mi) thick, and consequently they do not float as high above the Earth's mantle. \n The total land area (including inland water bodies) of Zealandia is 286,655 km (110,678 sq mi). Of this, New Zealand comprises the majority, at 267,988 km (103,471 sq mi or 93%) which includes the mainland, nearby islands, and most outlying islands including the Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Islands, and Chatham Islands (but not the Kermadec Islands or Macquarie Island ( Australia), which are part of the rift ). \n * New Zealand–4,735,600 \n * New Caledonia–252,000 \n * Norfolk Island–2,302 \n * Lord Howe Island Group–347 \n * Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs–0"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gogro Gogro is venerated by Sindhis to protect against snake bites. Sindhis celebrate Nag Panchami by honouring Gogro. Traditionally, in Sindh, whenever the snake charmer brought snakes, they were given some Dakhshina (alms) and also milk for the snakes. The folklore of Gogro is set from Kutch and Gujarat. In Thatta, near Pir Pitho, there was a kingdom of king Gopichand. The King’s daughter, Vachhalbai saw a flower flowing in the river. She got the flower with her friend’s help. A saintly person's soul lived in that flower. As Vachhalbai smelled the flower, the soul entered the stomach. After a few months king came to know about pregnancy of his daughter and was also told about the incident. However, the King knew no one would believe the story. He therefore, asked four of his soldiers to take Vachhalbai in a chariot and leave her in a deserted jungle. One ox was bitten by a snake and the soldiers could not proceed with one only ox. At this point, Vachhalbai heard a voice ementaing from her stomach: \"Mother chant this mantra and sprinkle water on the dead ox.\" Vachhalbai and the soldiers were surprised but they did what they were told, and the ox recovered immediately. The soldiers saluted Vachhaalbai with respect and left her in the deserted place. Over a period of time Vachhalbai gave birth to a child who was called 'Gogro'. When it cried in hunger, all the snakes used to collect there to feed him turn with their poison. This poison gave strength to the child, who with his power dug up a ditch and produced a spring of water. 'Gogro' used to play with snakes and drunk their poison. One day a Rajput king's caravan passed by. The Rajput king was dying of thirst. Gogro gave him water on the condition that he must leave seven boys to live in the jungle. In order to save his life king Chawan left seven boys there. Feeding the seven boys proved to be difficult. Gogro started taking more poison from the snakes. This created a discontent among the snakes and a small snake 'Han Khanu' was determined to kill Gogro; but it had a very little poison. The great snake Python 'Ajgar' gave poison to him. The Cobra said that it is a sin to kill our master. Further, he said that if Han Khanu killed Gogro, he would devour the han Khanu. Since that time the biggest of snakes - Python has no poison and the cobra wherever it sees Han Khanu devours it. Gogro had such a power that if he turned his eyes to the place where a snake bit, the whole poison evaporated. That is why the Han Khanu bit Gogro on his jaw where Gogro could not see the place. While dying Gogro said to his friends \"When I die you cook me and eat me up.\" His friends cut him in two pieces, cooked him but did not feel like eating. So they threw the full pot in the river. Some thieves got hold of this pot and ate all the pieces. As they realised soul went to their stomach they also become realised souls and their third eye opened up, through which they could see the future. These thieves were called 'Mamooyoon Fakirs'. Many references are made to this by Dr.Gurbaxani in his poems. Mahatam Gogro before he died, told all his friends not to bite the people without a reason and also told the people to consider snakes as their friends. Gogro Gogro is venerated by Sindhis to protect against"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bouteloua dactyloides Bouteloua dactyloides, commonly known as buffalograss or buffalo grass, is a North American prairie grass native to Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is a shortgrass found mainly on the High Plains and is co-dominant with blue grama (\"B. gracilis\") over most of the shortgrass prairie. Buffalo grass in North America is not the same species of grass commonly known as \"buffalo\" in Australia. It should not be confused with \"Stenotaphrum secundatum\" varieties such as 'Sir Walter' or 'Palmetto'. Buffalograss is a warm-season perennial shortgrass. It is drought-, heat-, and cold-resistant. Foliage is usually high, though in the southern Great Plains, foliage may reach . Buffalograss is usually dioecious, but sometimes monoecious or with perfect flowers. Flower stalks are tall. The male inflorescence is a panicle; the female inflorescence consists of short spikelets borne in burlike clusters, usually with two to four spikelets per bur. Buffalograss sends out numerous, branching stolons; occasionally, it also produces rhizomes. Roots are also numerous and thoroughly occupy the soil. The numerous stolons and roots form a dense sod. Buffalograss roots are finer than those of most plains grasses, being less than in diameter. Buffalograss is common and widespread across most of the Great Plains and in scattered locations in neighboring regions, from the Canadian Prairie Provinces to central Mexico, as well as the Mississippi Valley and the Intermountain Region. In Australia \"B. dactyloides\" is not called buffalograss, but is referred to as 'prairie grass'. \"Bouteloua dactyloides\" was initially placed by Thomas Nuttall in the genus \"Sesleria\". It was later moved to the monotypic genus \"Buchloe\". In 1999, James Travis Columbus moved buffalograss to \"Bouteloua\", which also contains the grama grasses. Buffalograss is used as a drought-tolerant turfgrass in North America and is also grown for forage. Turfgrass cultivars include '609', 'Prairie', 'Stampede', and 'Density', while 'Comanche' and 'Texoka' are intended for forage. In addition, researchers at the University of California Riverside and University of California Davis have hybridized a buffalograss cultivar, 'UC Verde', creating a thick, green, drought-tolerant lawn for California's hot, dry summers. Settlers used its dense sod to build sod houses. Buffalograss false smut is a fungal disease caused by \"Porocercospora seminalis\" (formerly placed in the genus \"Cercospora\"). Infection by the fungus prevents normal caryopsis development, resulting in loss of yield and reduced seed germination. Chris LeDoux released a song called \"Buffalo Grass\" in his 2003 album \"Horsepower.\" Bouteloua"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Oxystele merula Oxystele merula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell varies between 27 mm and 40 mm, its diameter between 35 mm and 41 mm. The rather depressed conoidal shell is imperforate. Its color is lusterless purplish-black. The conical spire has an eroded yellowish apex. The following whorl is spirally striate. The last two whorls are smooth. The six whorls are convex. The sutures are distinct. The body whorl is not carinated at the periphery, rather flattened on the base, and usually slightly eroded in front of the aperture. The large aperture is oblique. The outer lip has a black margin and is within silvery. The nacre is smooth, but apparently lirate. The thin, white columella is arcuate and simple. The umbilico-columellar region is surrounded by a beautiful rose-colored tract. This marine species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola, Namibia and the Cape Region, South Africa. Oxystele merula Oxystele merula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell varies between 27 mm and 40 mm, its diameter between 35"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Carlos Manglano de Mas Carlos Manglano de Mas (Valencia, Spain, 1950) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the People's Party (PP). Married, with three children, Manglano qualified as an architect. His early political involvement came as a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) which he joined in 1977. He left the party in 1979 and joined the Popular Alliance (AP) and in 1982 he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province. He was re-elected in 1986 but was one of four Deputies who resigned from the AP in September of that year, citing disagreements with the AP leader Manuel Fraga. He joined the Liberal Party in 1988 and one year later that party merged with the AP and other right wing parties to form the current People's Party. Manglano did not stand at the 1989 election. Carlos Manglano de Mas Carlos Manglano de Mas (Valencia, Spain, 1950) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the People's Party (PP). Married, with three children, Manglano qualified as an architect. His early political involvement came as a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) which he joined in 1977. He left the party"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Film Music Guild The Film Music Guild (FMG) is a student organization at Biola University in La Mirada, CA. The Film Music Guild was formed to teach film students about music and music students about film. The Film Music Guild was formed in 2006 by composition student Dave Martina to fill the gap between Biola's music and film departments. On October 3, 2009, the Film Music Guild hosted the first annual Film Music Guild Conference (called the FMG Conference 2009). Speakers included Pete Docter (director, \"Up\", \"Monsters, Inc.\"), John Ottman (editor and composer, \"Valkyrie\", \"Superman Returns\", \"X2: X-Men United\"), Christopher Young (composer, \"Spider-Man 3\", \"The Grudge\", \"Ghost Rider\"), and many others. Film Music Guild The Film Music Guild (FMG) is a student organization at Biola University in La Mirada, CA. The Film Music Guild was formed to teach film students about music and music students about film. The Film Music Guild was formed in 2006 by composition student Dave Martina to fill the gap between Biola's music and film departments. On October 3, 2009, the Film Music Guild hosted the first annual Film Music Guild Conference (called the FMG Conference 2009). Speakers included Pete Docter (director, \"Up\", \"Monsters, Inc.\"), John"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Richard Barnewall Richard Vaughan Barnewall (1779/1780 – 29 January 1842) was an English lawyer and law reporter. He was the fourth son of Robert, a London merchant reputedly descended from fifteenth century Irish chief justice Sir Nicholas Barnewall, and Sophia, daughter of Captain Silvester Barnewall, himself uncle to Robert Barnewall. The Baronies of Trimlestown and Kingsland were held by various members of his family. Barnewall was a lifelong Roman Catholic, educated at Stonyhurst College and the University of Edinburgh. A pupil of Richard Blick, a notable special pleader, Barnewall was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1806. He began his practice on the home circuit and at the Surrey quarter sessions. Barnewall is best remembered as a careful and accurate reporter of the King's Bench, particularly in association with: Barnewell retired in 1834, having inherited property from the baroness de Montesquieu. He died at his chambers at 13 King's Bench Walk, never having married, being buried in Paddington churchyard. Richard Barnewall Richard Vaughan Barnewall (1779/1780 – 29 January 1842) was an English lawyer and law reporter. He was the fourth son of Robert, a London merchant reputedly descended from fifteenth century Irish chief justice Sir Nicholas Barnewall,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Nakorotubu District Nakorotubu is a district in Fiji's Ra Province. It is made up seven sub-districts or \"Tikina makawa\", namely, Kavula, Nakorotubu, Navitilevu, Bure-i-wai, Bure-i-vanua, Mataso, and Nakuailava. The first four are coastal districts with extensive inland undulating and rugged terrain, while the rest are all inland. Fishing, sugar cane, coconut, taro, tapioca and a range of local vegetables are the main trading merchandise. In 1986, the 'Bose Vanua Cokovata Nakorotubu' held in Namarai village appointed as the traditional leader -the late Turaga na Gonesau, Ratu Dr Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani OBE, younger brother of the late Ratu Meli Salabogi (3) MBE, from the chiefly village of Nabukadra in the district of Kavula. Their father, Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani (1) held the British colonial title of chief administrator of Kavula District - 'Buli Kavula' from 1911- 1932. According to Sayes, Sally Annes, Ratu Meli Salabogi (1) (their Great Grandfather) declared Nakorotubu as an independent state in 1860 to protest of Cakobau declaring himself as a self-styled Tui Viti during the Deed of Cession negotiation with Great Britain. The cause of the protest must have been inspired from an ancestral feud and dislike which had trickled down from Raivalita, (Ratu Meli Salabogi's (1) Grandancestor) on a sex scandal by Niumataiwalu, high chief from the Vuanirewa clan in Lau with Raivalita's brother's wife (Nadurucoko 2's wife- Radini Levuka). This resulted in the birth of Banuve (Cakobau's grandfather). Nadurucoko 2 later sent a \"tabua\" (whales tooth) to Ono i Lau as a price for Niumataiwalu's head which resulted in his death when he was murdered by a Ono i Lau chief (Fergus Clunie, Fiji Museum, Julia Brooke-White - 1986). According to historical records, both Raivalita and Nadurucoko 2 were sons of Nailatikau Nabuinivuaka (1) and grandsons of Nadurucoko 1, the ruler of Korolevu Fort near Dewala creek in the interior of Nakorotubu in the Ra province. Nailatikau (1) had murdered his brother Vurewa near the Dewala creek (refer to native reserve map marked as \"Laba\") and ran away to his half-brother, Nacamavuto (same mother in Senibuli) on the Ra coast of Kavula, who then gave him a \"tabua\" and advised him to spent time in exile in Bau with his relative, the Roko Tui Bau (Native Lands Commission (NLC), 'Tukutuku ni Yavusa Kubuna', Ratu Isoa Natuituba, 1918). While settling in Bau, the overall chief of Bau at that time - Roko Tui Bau observed Nailatikau (1) superior tactical confrontation in warfare (NLC Records 1918, 'Tukutuku ni Yavusa Kubuna' by Ratu Isoa Natuituba). Roko Tui Bau then bestowed him as the first Vunivalu (Warlord) of Kubuna, arranged for Adi Kulanawa from Verata as his wife and also named Nailatikau (1) eldest son as Raivalita or Raivolita. Nailatikau's (1) loyal warriors that were guarding the top of Korolevu Fort (Delainakorolevu) along the Dewala creek (leading into the Wainibuka river) in the interior of Nakorotubu followed him to Bau (referred to as \"Yavusa Delai\"). He later banished them to Levuka, Lakeba in Lau for eating a fish harvest without any prior traditional presentation to him. Nailatikau (1) named one of the two hills on Bau island as Uluinaceva in memory of the Yavusa Ratu hill fort near Nabukadra village and Delainakoro in short for Delainakorolevu in the interior of Nakorotubu along the Dewala creek. The two hills were partly leveled during the construction of the Vunivalu tomb in 1982. A few years after Nailatikau (1) had passed on, Niumataiwalu (Vuanirewa) led a delegation of the Yavusa Delai from Levuka, Lakeba in Lau to Bau to seek forgiveness to his younger son, Nadurucoko 2 (who was away in Vuna, Taveuni at that time) on the unauthorized eating of the fish harvest that was meant for his late father. During the merry making/celebration after the forgiveness function (\"matanigasau/ soro\"), the adultery affair was committed by Nadurucoko 2's wife and Niumataiwalu that resulted in the birth of Banuve who begat Tanoa and who begat Cakobau. This was also how the Vunivalu's wife- title became known as \"Radini Levuka\" or the Queen of Levuka. Based on this earlier ancestral scandal, Ratu Meli Salabogi (1) together with other Nakorotubu and Viwa chiefs raised their concerns about Cakobau (being Niumataiwalu's descendant and not of the original Vunivalu) self-declaring himself as Tui Viti (Smythe Report to Queen Victoria). As a follow up from this protest, Ratu Meli Salabogi (1) declared Nakorotubu as an independent state from Fiji in 1860. (Haynes. S.A 1984). The deed of cession to Great Britain was put on hold for another fourteen (14) years until 1874 when Ratu Meli Salabogi had passed on. To maintain traditional stability during post 'deed of cession' era, one of the descendants of Raivalita, eldest child of the 1st Vunivalu Nailatikau Nabuinivuaka will reside for one night at the Vatanitawake Chiefly house in Bau, guarded by Nakorotubu traditional warriors, i.e. 1959 installation (Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani (2)) and the aborted June 8th 2018 installation (Ratu Meli Salabogi Malani (4)). A tabua (whales tooth) of request will be presented the next morning by Tunitoga (Chief Representative of the Vunivalu) to Raivalita's descendant at Vatanitawake requesting him to lead the delegation across to Mataiwelagi to handover the authority of 'Vunivalu kei Kubuna' through a ritual handover speech, hand shake and 'yabo' i.e. breath-in kiss on the cheek. He will then lead the Vunivalu-elect only to the entrance of the installation shed before he retreats to Vatanitawake and will not be part of the second installation. The second installation for the Tui Kaba title, is performed by Roko Tui Bau, Tunitoga and the Tui Kaba clan. There is another NLC ex-file version (private interview of Rt Meli Salabogi-NLC records, 1918) that explains the Vatanitawake handover. This is by virtue of Dewala/Dauwala's wife having an affair with Vueti at Suva (near Bureiwai) upon his return from his victory over the twins in Nakauvadra en route to Moturiki and then later Bau. This resulted in the birth of Nadurucoko, Raivalita's grandfather. Hence when his son, Nailatikau Buinvuaka was chased by the Dewala warriors, he was advised and given a tabua by his half brother (Nacamavuto from Kavula) to flee to Bau and introduce himself to his great-grandfather (Vueti) the first original Roko Tui Bau. He was then installed as his Vunivalu. Therefore the handover ceremony is undertaken by a descendant from Nakorotubu with two (2) hats of authority, i.e original Vunivalu and Roko Tui Bau. Other chiefly lineages within Nakorotubu district differs according to their respective heritage. In the centre of Nabukadra is the grave of Ratu Mara Kapaiwai, a high chief of Bau Island, who was killed as a result of intra-family rivalries involving his cousin, the then ruler of the kingdom of Bau, Ratu Seru Cakobau in the early 19th century (Deryck Scarr, 1980). The grave remains a prominent landmark in the centre of the village (Deryck Scarr, 1980), a showcase of victory over Bau. The Nakorotubu warriors snatched the body from Bau and had a proper burial in Nabukadra before Kapaiwai's heart could be eaten by Cakobau. This action prevented Kapaiwai's descendants (such as the late Fiji's statesman and first Fiji Legislative Council Speaker- Ratu Sir Vanayaliyali Sukuna) to be relegated as insignificant in status (bokola). Other recorded significant victories by the Nakorotubu warriors include the Puakaloa or Vuakaloa campaign conquer of the old chiefly Kedekede fort of the Vuanirewa clan in Lakeba, Lau (Reid, A.C 1980) and the conquer of the whole of Vanua Levu (Cakaudrove, Bua and Macuata) in the ' Torotorosila campaign' (Sayes, S.A 1984), (see also Reid, A.C 1990). Nakorotubu is also well known for its richness in culture and tradition. Some of Fiji's best traditional dances or meke such as 'raude' now turned into a song by the famous Black Rose band which originates from",
"could be eaten by Cakobau. This action prevented Kapaiwai's descendants (such as the late Fiji's statesman and first Fiji Legislative Council Speaker- Ratu Sir Vanayaliyali Sukuna) to be relegated as insignificant in status (bokola). Other recorded significant victories by the Nakorotubu warriors include the Puakaloa or Vuakaloa campaign conquer of the old chiefly Kedekede fort of the Vuanirewa clan in Lakeba, Lau (Reid, A.C 1980) and the conquer of the whole of Vanua Levu (Cakaudrove, Bua and Macuata) in the ' Torotorosila campaign' (Sayes, S.A 1984), (see also Reid, A.C 1990). Nakorotubu is also well known for its richness in culture and tradition. Some of Fiji's best traditional dances or meke such as 'raude' now turned into a song by the famous Black Rose band which originates from Nakorotubu. The Fiji Military Forces has adopted a number of these mekes as its own, as well as a number for leading public schools in Fiji such as Queen Victoria School and Ratu Kadavulevu School. Public infrastructure is not as well developed compared to other districts in Fiji which does not help with people living their daily lives, but there is an impressive degree of resilience and unity among the local people which is a hallmark of the people of Ra Province that enables them to create the best out of their beautiful natural environment. The picturesque inland districts are joined to other provinces by the Kings Road, one of the country's main roads, which is struggling to receive sufficient fund to complete the tar-sealing work for the last remaining kilometers. Development projects are generally carried out on a communal basis with finances coming from government, donors and the people themselves. Examples of projects are village pipe water system, power generation, village toilets and septic tanks, village meeting halls, nursing and health stations, schools and pre-school facilities etc. Many landowning units are interested in developing their land commercially and whilst there are many options, growing organic produces for export will fetch a healthy return. Given the scarcity of capital, many people will be keen to discuss with prospective investors how they together can develop the land commercially on a joint venture and mutually beneficial basis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wLcwWZ0TOs Nakorotubu District Nakorotubu is a district in Fiji's Ra Province. It is made up seven sub-districts or \"Tikina makawa\", namely, Kavula, Nakorotubu, Navitilevu, Bure-i-wai, Bure-i-vanua, Mataso, and Nakuailava. The first four are coastal districts with extensive inland undulating and rugged terrain, while the rest are all inland. Fishing, sugar cane, coconut, taro, tapioca and a range of local vegetables are the main trading merchandise. In 1986, the 'Bose Vanua Cokovata Nakorotubu'"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Anne Germond Anne Germond (born 1960) is a South African-born Anglican bishop. Since October 2018, she has served as Metropolitan of the Province of Ontario and Archbishop of Algoma in the Anglican Church of Canada. She had served as Bishop of Algoma from February 2017 until being made its Archbishop upon election as Metropolitan. Germond was born in South Africa, and was educated at St. Theresa's School, Johannesburg, a convent Catholic school. She converted from Roman Catholicism to Anglicanism during high school. She and her husband, Colin Germond, migrated to Canada in 1986. Germond is a graduate of Thorneloe University's School of Theology, she was ordained as a deacon in 2001 and as a priest in 2002. Germond was the rector of the Anglican Church of the Ascension in Sudbury, Ontario until 2016. She also held the position of archdeacon within the Sudbury-Manitoulin Deanery. She is also the Chancellor of Thorneloe University, an affiliated college of Laurentian University, in Sudbury from 2015-present. She was elected as the 11th Bishop of Algoma on 14 October 2016, and consecrated and installed on 11 February 2017. Germond is the first woman to serve as the Bishop of Algoma Diocese. On 10 October 2018, she was elected as the next Metropolitan of the Province of Ontario. As Metropolitan, she was also promoted to Archbishop of Algoma. Germond is the third woman to hold the title Archbishop in the Anglican Communion. As Metropolitan Germond will oversee the Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario's synod and house of Bishops. Anne Germond Anne Germond (born 1960) is a South African-born Anglican bishop. Since October 2018, she has served as Metropolitan of the Province of Ontario and Archbishop of Algoma in the Anglican Church of Canada. She had served as Bishop of Algoma from February 2017 until being made its"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"TWA Flight 513 TWA Flight 513, registration NC86513, \"Star of Lisbon\", was a Lockheed L-049 Constellation operated by Transcontinental and Western Air on a training flight on July 11, 1946 when it crashed near Reading, Pennsylvania. Electrical wiring in the baggage compartment arced, starting a fire. The smoke and intense fire created made it impossible for the pilots to maintain control of the aircraft. Of the six crewmembers aboard, five were killed. This accident is memorable for grounding all Lockheed Constellations from July 12 until August 23, 1946 when cargo fire detection equipment could be installed. The crash was referred to in Martin Scorsese's film \"The Aviator\", based on the life of TWA's then-owner, Howard Hughes. TWA Flight 513 TWA Flight 513, registration NC86513, \"Star of Lisbon\", was a Lockheed L-049 Constellation operated by Transcontinental and Western Air on a training flight on July 11, 1946 when it crashed near Reading, Pennsylvania. Electrical wiring in the baggage compartment arced, starting a fire. The smoke and intense fire created made it impossible for the pilots to maintain control of the aircraft. Of the six crewmembers aboard, five were killed. This accident is memorable for grounding all Lockheed Constellations from July 12"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Emily Wachtel Emily Wachtel is a writer, actress, and producer, born in New York, New York to Sylvia and Jesse Wachtel, the youngest of three sisters (Kathryn and Martha), and first cousin once-removed of legendary guitar player Waddy Wachtel. A graduate of Sarah Lawrence College and The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, where she studied with Sanford Meisner, Wachtel co-wrote, produced and acted in the recently released, semi-autobiographical film \"Lucky Them\" starring Toni Collette, Thomas Haden Church, Johnny Depp, and Oliver Platt. Wachtel used her author's pseudonym, Ellie Klug, as the name of her main character in \"Lucky Them\", as well as her own experience in music and dating scenes. Her pseudonym appeared in several publications and for a column in the \"Fairfield Weekly.\" The Indie film premiered at the September 2013 Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews from outlets such as Variety, The Huffington Post, Screen Daily, and The Hollywood Reporter. Wachtel executive produced the documentary, \"Shepard and Dark,\" on playwright, actor, and director Sam Shepard which was featured at The Cannes International Film Festival in May 2013. In 2016 Wachtel produced a music video of the song \"Let Me Be Your Girl\" for singer song-writer Rachael Yamagata which was directed by Josh Radnor, and starred actress Allison Janney. Wachtel serves on the board of the Greenwich International Film Festival, which hosted a June, 2014 \"hometown premiere\" of \"Lucky Them\" in her hometown of Stamford, Connecticut. Wachtel serves on the international Board of Governors for Serious Fun Network, a non-profit consisting of Paul Newman's camps for children with cancer and other blood-related diseases and is involved in several other philanthropic efforts. Emily Wachtel Emily Wachtel is a writer, actress, and producer, born in New York, New York to Sylvia and Jesse Wachtel, the youngest of three sisters"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"2009 New Zealand rugby league season The 2009 New Zealand rugby league season was the 102nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the second season of the Bartercard Premiership competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The Canterbury Bulls won the minor premiership and then the premiership by defeating Auckland 26-20 in the Grand Final. The New Zealand national rugby league team defeated Tonga in Rotorua before heading to Europe to compete in the Four Nations where they finished third. By defeating Tonga the Kiwis retained the Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy. Coached by Stephen Kearney, the Four Nations squad included; Adam Blair, Greg Eastwood, Nathan Fien, Kieran Foran, Bryson Goodwin, Bronson Harrison, Lance Hohaia, Thomas Leuluai, Jeff Lima, Issac Luke, captain Benji Marshall, Steve Matai, Ben Matulino, Fuifui Moimoi, Frank-Paul Nu'uausala, Sam Perrett, Frank Pritchard, Junior Sau, Iosia Soliola, Jared Waerea-Hargreaves, Kevin Locke and Eddy Pettybourne. Earlier in the year New Zealand lost 10-38 to Australia. Manu Vatuvei, Roy Asotasi, Dene Halatau, David Fa'alogo, Simon Mannering, Jason Nightingale, Sika Manu and Jerome Ropati played in this match but did not tour at the end of the year. A Bartercard Premiership Selection defeated a Samoan Residents side 62-14 on 10 October 2009. Canterbury coach Brent Stuart coached the Bartercard selection. Ruben Wiki came out of retirement to play in the match and all the proceeds were donated to the Samoan tsunami relief fund. The match was broadcast on Māori Television. Canterbury defeated Auckland on 23 August to win the Rugby League Cup. As in 2008 the New Zealand Rugby League ruled that the Rugby League Cup would be defended in all Bartercard Premiership matches, home and away. The 2009 season was the second and final Bartercard Premiership. Auckland were the defending champions. The same six provinces as in 2008 again took part in the competition. The Canterbury Bulls won the minor premiership and defeated Auckland 26-20 in the final. Auckland included Sala Fa'alogo. The semi-finals and grand final of the Bartercard Premiership were shown live on SKY Network Television and also delayed on free to air. In a warm up match Canterbury lost to the West Coast 20-14. This was reportedly the first time since 1989 that the West Coast had defeated Canterbury. Canterbury vs. Bay of Plenty and Wellington vs. Taranaki matches were originally unable to take place as scheduled due to air travel issues. They were rescheduled to be mid-week games. Each of the Bartercard Premiership matches was preceded by a National Junior Competition Under 16 and Under 18 game. These two competitions ran in parallel with the senior competition. Auckland won the Under-16s final 11-10 over Taranaki while the Auckland under 18s defeated Wellington 34-10 to win that competition. Both finals were held in Cornwall Park, Auckland. The New Zealand Warriors competed in the National Rugby League competition. They finished 14th out of 16 teams and failed to make the playoffs. The Junior Warriors finished seventh before losing their Qualifying Final match. The Auckland Vulcans competed in the NSW Cup and finished 11th out of eleven teams. The Mt Albert Lions defeated the Papakura Sea Eagles 32-10 in the Grand Final to win the Fox Memorial. As minor premiers, the Otahuhu Leopards were awarded the Rukutai Shield. Papakura were coached by Dean Clark and included Toshio Laiseni. Howick won the Sharman Cup while the Manukau Magpies won the Phelan Shield. The Porirua Vikings won the Wellington Rugby League title. Hornby won the Canterbury Rugby League title. Shane Endacott was the Celebration Lions' assistant coach while Phil Prescott coached Halswell. The Timaru Warriors rejoined the CRL competition, after being in recess for four years. The Taniwharau Rugby League Club won the Waikato Rugby League competition. Tokoroa's Pacific won the Bay of Plenty Rugby League competition while Otumoetai won the combined Coastline-Gisborne premiership, defeating the Paikea Whalers 34-8. The Hawke's Bay's Flaxmere Falcons competed in the Bay of Plenty competition. Matthew Spence was the Turangi Dambusters' player-coach. The Paikea Whalers won the Gisborne Tairawhiti Rugby League competition, defeating the Kaiti Devils 76-14 in the grand final. Blair Sims was named the West Coast Rugby League's player of the season. 2009 New Zealand rugby league season The 2009 New Zealand rugby league season was the 102nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the second season of the Bartercard Premiership competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The Canterbury Bulls won the minor premiership and then the premiership by defeating Auckland 26-20 in the Grand Final. The New Zealand national rugby league team defeated Tonga in Rotorua before heading to Europe to compete in the Four Nations where they finished third."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Kline Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Kline Township is a township in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,591 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.13%) is water. It is drained by the Little Schuylkill River into the Schuylkill River, the Quakake Creek via the Black Creek into the Lehigh River, and the Catawissa Creek into the Susquehanna River. Its villages include Girard Manor (also in Delano and East Union Townships,) Haddock, Kelayres, Lofty, McAdoo Heights, and Silverbrook. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,591 people, 691 households, and 467 families residing in the township. The population density was 130.4 people per square mile (50.4/km²). There were 738 housing units at an average density of 60.5/sq mi (23.4/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 99.25% White, 0.19% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population. There were 691 households out of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.86. In the township the population was spread out with 19.2% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $30,188, and the median income for a family was $40,333. Males had a median income of $28,942 versus $21,078 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,157. About 6.3% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. The Hazleton Area School District operates public schools, including the McAdoo-Kelayres Elementary-Middle School in McAdoo, which also serves the Kelayres area of Kline Township. All township residents are zoned to the Hazleton Area High School in Hazle Township. Kline Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Kline Township is a township in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,591 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.13%) is water. It is drained by the Little Schuylkill River into the Schuylkill River, the Quakake Creek via the Black Creek into the Lehigh River, and the Catawissa Creek"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Marlene Cummins Marlene Cummins is a jazz blues singer, saxophonist, songwriter, artist, Aboriginal Australian activist, broadcaster, dancer, and actor. Many activists consider her to be Australia's Angela Davis. Cummins is considered Australia's foremost indigenous blues performer, and is influenced by Big Mama Thornton, Etta James and Ray Charles. She honed her skills at the Berklee College of Music. Her band includes Murray Cook and Rex Goh. She showcases her vast knowledge of blues and roots music on Koori Radio, where she hosts \"Marloo's Blues\", providing music and discussions from an indigenous perspective. This show won her the Broadcaster of the Year award at the 2009 Deadly Awards. Marlene co-wrote her first release \"Whichway Up\" with writer & performer Isaiah B Brunt, the EP was recorded and produced by Tony Buchen and released in 2008. \"Whichway Up\" made the top 10 Australian Blues Radio Charts and was picked up by Qantas where it aired on high rotation. Cummins wrote a song about Pemulwuy as a way of giving back to the Redfern community who see him as a hero. After dancing for Prince William, she gave him a copy of the song and explained the significance of the story to him, along with a petition to bring Pemulwuy's head back to his people. She provided music for a Griffin Theatre Company production \"Shark Island Stories\" based on the work of Sally Morgan. Her first full-length album, \"Koori Woman Blues\", is a mixture of original and traditional blues songs and includes guests Gil Askey, Fiona Boyes, Mark Atkins and Shannon Barnett. She is working on a musical stage show using her songs called \"Boomerang Alley\". Cummins joined the Aboriginal Tent Embassy at age 16 and was at the centre of the Aboriginal rights movement in the 1970s. She was a founding member of the Australian Black Panther Party, which was inspired by the American Black Panther Party. She campaigned for medical, educational, and legal services, land rights and monitored police conduct on the \"pig patrol\". She was arrested for using obscene language to an abusive police officer, and absconded bail and fled to New Zealand. In 2012 she attended an international gathering of Black Panthers in New York hosted by Kathleen Neal Cleaver. In 2014 she spoke out against black-on-black violence and sexual assault. Cumins is also an accomplished painter and was shortlisted for the New South Wales Parliament Art Prize. She has recently been working on portraits and her saxophone in Rabbitohs colours. Cummins has appeared in Redfern Now, Supernova and The Matrix Reloaded. Marlene Cummins was born in Cunnamulla, grew up in outback Queensland and Acacia Ridge, and has lived in Redfern for decades. However her country is Kuku Yalanji in the Cape York Peninsula. Her mother was a Woppaburra woman from Great Keppel Island. Her father, Darcy Cummins, was a Guguyelandji musician. He travelled internationally and established links with Native Americans. As a teenager she was in a relationship with the Australian Black Panther Party leader Denis Walker. Cummins performed a traditional Murri dance at Thomas Hickey's memorial service. She is the focus of Rachel Perkins' documentary, \"Black Panther Woman\", which premiered at the 2014 Sydney Film Festival. Marlene Cummins Marlene Cummins is a jazz blues singer, saxophonist, songwriter, artist, Aboriginal Australian activist, broadcaster, dancer, and actor. Many activists consider her to be Australia's Angela Davis. Cummins is considered Australia's foremost indigenous blues performer, and is influenced by Big Mama Thornton, Etta James and Ray Charles. She honed her skills at the Berklee College of Music. Her band includes Murray Cook and Rex Goh. She showcases her vast knowledge"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Yusuf Yazıcı Yusuf Yazıcı (born 29 January 1997) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Süper Lig side Trabzonspor and the Turkey national football team. An academy graduate of Trabzonspor, he made his senior debut in December 2015, aged 18, and has since made over 50 appearances for the club. He made his senior international debut for Turkey in June 2017. Yazıcı was born in Turkish town of Trabzon. During his schooling at Trabzon Erdogdu Anatolian High School, he was part of the football team which was crowned World High School Football Champions. He then progressed through the academy of local side Trabzonspor and signed his first professional contract with the club on 21 December 2015. He made his competitive debut the following day, starting in a 2–1 Turkish Cup win over Gaziantepspor. Yazıcı made his Süper Lig debut in the new year on 2 February 2016, coming on as a second-half substitute for Musa Nizam in a 2–1 loss to Akhisar Belediyespor. He scored his first goals for the club on 8 May, netting twice and assisting another two in a 6–0 win over Rizespor. In dong so, he became the youngest player to score during the 2015–16 Süper Lig season at the age of 19. He ultimately made nine appearances across all competitions for the season, scoring twice as Trabzonspor ended the campaign in twelfth position. Midway through the following season, on 22 December, he scored his first Cup goals for the club, netting a brace in a 5–0 win over Kızılcabölükspor. Following the exclusion of regular midfielder Mehmet Ekici, Yazıcı enjoyed an extended run in the first team the following year and in March was rewarded with a new five-year contract worth a guaranteed TL250,000 a year. He ended the month by scoring in a 2–0 win over Galatasaray, a match in which scouts from Premier League side Manchester United and the Eredivisie's PSV Eindhoven were present to watch his performance. Yazıcı ultimately ended the season with a return of six goals in 22 appearances across all competitions. During the following season, on 22 October 2017, Yazıcı received his first ever red card when he was sent off in stoppage time in a 1–0 loss to Yeni Malatyaspor. Later that month, he scored his first goal for the campaign, netting the winner in a 2–1 victory over Galatasaray. In January the following year he was named by UEFA as one of the 50 young players to watch in 2018. He ended the season having scored 10 goals and recorded 5 assists in 33 league appearances. Yazıcı made his debut for the Turkey national under-19 football team on 25 February 2016 and scored the opening goal in a 3–2 loss to the Czech Republic. He later also represented the nation at U-21 level. Yazıcı made his debut for the senior Turkey national football team on 11 June 2017 in a 4-1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification win over Kosovo, and registered the assist for Turkey's fourth goal. Yusuf Yazıcı Yusuf Yazıcı (born 29 January 1997) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Süper Lig side Trabzonspor and the Turkey national football team. An academy graduate of Trabzonspor, he made his senior debut in December 2015, aged 18, and has since made over 50 appearances for the club. He made his senior international debut for Turkey in June 2017. Yazıcı was born in Turkish town of Trabzon. During his schooling at Trabzon Erdogdu Anatolian High School, he was part of the football team which was crowned World High School"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"History of the Venezuelan oil industry Venezuela is one of the world's largest exporters of oil and has the world's largest proven oil reserves at an estimated 296.5 billion barrels (20% of global reserves) as of 2012. In 2008, crude oil production in Venezuela was the tenth-highest in the world at and the country was also the eighth-largest net oil exporter in the world. Venezuela is a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The Indigenous peoples in Venezuela, like many ancient societies already utilized crude oils and asphalts from petroleum seeps, which ooze through the ground to the surface, in the years before the Spanish conquistadors. The thick black liquid, known to the locals as \"mene\", was primarily used for medical purposes, as an illumination source, and for the caulking of canoes. Upon arrival in the early 16th century, the Spanish conquerors learned from the indigenous people to use the naturally occurring bitumen for caulking their ships as well, and for treating their weapons. The first documented shipment of petroleum from Venezuela was in 1539 when a single barrel of oil was sent to Spain to alleviate the gout of Emperor Charles V. Despite the knowledge of the existence of oil reserves in Venezuela for centuries, the first oil wells of significance were not drilled until the early 1910s. In 1908, Juan Vicente Gómez replaced his ailing predecessor, Cipriano Castro, as the president of Venezuela. Over the next few years, Gómez granted several concessions to explore, produce, and refine oil. Most of these oil concessions were granted to his closest friends, and they in turn passed them on to foreign oil companies that could actually develop them. One such concession was granted to Rafael Max Valladares who hired Caribbean Petroleum Company (later acquired by Royal Dutch Shell) to carry out his oil exploration project. On 15 April 1914, upon the completion of the (now called MG-I) oil well, the first Venezuelan oilfield of importance, , was discovered by Caribbean Petroleum in the Maracaibo Basin. This major discovery encouraged a massive wave of foreign oil companies to Venezuela in an attempt to get a piece of the action. From 1914 to 1917, several more oil fields were discovered across the country including the emblematic Bolivar Coastal Field; however World War I slowed significant development of the industry. Due to the difficulty in purchasing and transporting the necessary tools and machinery, some oil companies were forced to forego drilling until after the war. By the end of 1917, the first refining operations began at the San Lorenzo refinery to process the Mene Grande field production, and the first significant exports of Venezuelan oil by Caribbean Petroleum left from the San Lorenzo terminal. By the end of 1918, petroleum appeared for the first time on the Venezuelan export statistics at 21,194 metric tons. It was the blowout of the well in Cabimas in 1922 that marked the beginning of Venezuela's modern history as a major producer. This discovery captured the attention of the nation and the world. Soon dozens of foreign companies acquired vast tracts of territory in the hope of striking it rich, and by 1928 Venezuela became the world's leading oil exporter. Oil ended Venezuela's relative anonymity in the eyes of world powers, making it a linchpin of an ever-expanding international oil industry and a new consideration in global policymaking. Venezuela's oil production became a major factor in policy making in Washington before the Second World War. Cabimas still plays an important role in production from the nation's largest oil fields, which are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo. Other fields are increasing in importance, mainly in eastern Venezuela. About twenty years after the completion of the first oil-producing well Venezuela had become the largest oil exporter in the world and, after the United States, the second largest oil producer. Exports of oil boomed between 1920 and 1935. By the end of the 1930s, Venezuela had become the third-leading oil producer in the world, behind the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the leading exporter. By 1929, the dramatic development of the Venezuela oil industry had begun to dominate all other economic sectors in the country, however, agricultural production began to decrease dramatically. This sudden increase of attention to oil and neglect of the agrarian sector caused the Venezuelan economy to suffer from a phenomenon which later became known as the Dutch Disease. This \"disease\" occurs when a commodity brings a substantial increase of income in one sector of the economy, causing a strengthening of currency which in turn harms exports of manufacturing and other sectors. Agriculture accounted for about one-third of economic production in the 1920s, but by the 1950s this fraction dramatically reduced to one-tenth. This sudden increase of oil production restricted Venezuela's overall ability to create and maintain other industries. The government had ignored serious social problems, including education, health, infrastructure, agriculture, and domestic industries, causing Venezuela to fall well behind other industrialized countries. With a large influx of foreign \"invaders\", the effects of a xenophobia that had not been seen before became apparent. Novelist Jose Rafael Pocaterra described the oilmen as \"the new Spaniards\". He wrote in 1918:One day some Spaniards mounted a dark apparatus on three legs, a grotesque stork with crystal eyes. They drew something (on a piece of paper) and opened their way through the forest. Other new Spaniards would open roads…would drill the earth from the top of fantastic towers, producing the fetid fluid…the liquid gold converted into petroleum. Popular resentment of the foreign oil companies was also evident and expressed in several ways. Rufino Blanco Fombona, a Venezuelan writer and politician, accounts for the conflict between Venezuelan workers and their foreign bosses in his 1927 novel, \"La Bella y la Fiera\":The workers asked for a miserable salary increase and those blond, blue-eyed men who own millions of dollars, pounds and gulden in European and U.S. banks, refused. By 1940 Venezuela was the third largest producer of crude oil in the world with more than 27 million tonnes per year - just slightly less than the production in the USSR. In 1941, Isaías Medina Angarita, a former army general from the Venezuelan Andes, was indirectly elected president. One of his most important reforms during his tenure was the enactment of the new Hydrocarbons Law of 1943. This new law was the first major political step taken toward gaining more government control over its oil industry. Under the new law, the government took 50% of profits. Once passed, this piece of legislation basically remained unchanged until 1976, the year of nationalization, with only two partial revisions being made in 1955 and 1967. In 1944, the Venezuelan government granted several new concessions encouraging the discovery of even more oil fields. This was mostly attributed to an increase in oil demand caused by an ongoing World War II, and by 1945, Venezuela was producing close to . Being an avid supplier of petroleum to the Allies of World War II, Venezuela had increased its production by 42 percent from 1943-44 alone. Even after the war, oil demand continued to rise due to the fact that there was an increase from twenty-six million to forty million cars in service in the United States from 1945 to 1950. By the mid-1950s, however, Middle Eastern countries had started contributing significant amounts of oil to the international petroleum market, and the United States had implemented oil import quotas. The world experienced an over-supply of oil, and prices plummeted. In response to the chronically low oil prices of the mid and late 1950s, oil producing countries Venezuela, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait met in Baghdad",
"by 1945, Venezuela was producing close to . Being an avid supplier of petroleum to the Allies of World War II, Venezuela had increased its production by 42 percent from 1943-44 alone. Even after the war, oil demand continued to rise due to the fact that there was an increase from twenty-six million to forty million cars in service in the United States from 1945 to 1950. By the mid-1950s, however, Middle Eastern countries had started contributing significant amounts of oil to the international petroleum market, and the United States had implemented oil import quotas. The world experienced an over-supply of oil, and prices plummeted. In response to the chronically low oil prices of the mid and late 1950s, oil producing countries Venezuela, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait met in Baghdad in September 1960 to form the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The main goal of the OPEC member countries was to work together in order to secure and stabilize international oil prices to ensure their interests as oil producing nations. This was managed largely via maintaining export quotas that helped prevent the overproduction of oil on an international scale. In the early 1970s, oil producing countries of the Persian Gulf began negotiations with oil companies in attempt to increase their ownership participation. In 1972 they rapidly obtained a 25 percent participation, and less than a year later they revised those agreements to obtain up to 60 percent participation in the ownership of the companies. By 1973, OPEC Persian Gulf states members decided to raise their prices by 70 percent and to place an embargo on countries friendly to Israel (the United States and the Netherlands). This event became known as the 1973 oil crisis. Following a culmination of conflicts in the Middle East and the oil producing countries of the Persian Gulf no longer exporting to the United States and oil prices rising steeply, Venezuela experienced a significant increase in oil production profits. Between 1972 and 1974, the Venezuelan government revenues had quadrupled. With a new sense of confidence, Venezuelan president Carlos Andrés Pérez pledged that Venezuela would develop significantly within a few years. By substituting imports, subsidies, and protective tariffs, he planned to use oil profits to increase employment, fight poverty, increase income, and diversify the economy. However, OPEC members had been violating production quotas, and oil prices fell drastically again in the 1980s, pushing Venezuela deeper into debt. Well before 1976, Venezuela had taken several steps in the direction of nationalization of its oil industry. In August 1971, under the presidency of Rafael Caldera, a law was passed that nationalized the country's natural gas industry. Also in 1971 the law of reversion was passed which stated that all the assets, plant, and equipment belonging to concessionaires within or outside the concession areas would revert to the nation without compensation upon the expiration of the concession. The movement towards nationalism was experienced once again under decree 832. Decree 832 stipulated that all exploration, production, refining, and sales programs of the oil companies had to be approved in advance by the Ministry of Mines and Hydrocarbons. Nationalization become official when the presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez, whose economic plan, \"La Gran Venezuela\", called for the nationalization of the oil industry and diversification of the economy via import substitution. The country officially nationalized its oil industry on 1 January 1976 at the site of Zumaque oilwell 1 (Mene Grande), and along with it came the birth of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) which is the Venezuelan state-owned petroleum company. All foreign oil companies that once did business in Venezuela were replaced by Venezuelan companies. Each of the former concessionaires was simply substituted by a new 'national' oil company, which maintained the structures and functions of its multi-national corporation (MNC)-predecessor. All the new companies are owned by a holding company-Petroven or PDV- and which in turn is owned by the State. Ultimately not much had changed in this regard, as all Venezuelans with leading positions in the MNCs took over the leading positions of the respective new companies, and therefore still securing their interests in Venezuela's oil. PDVSA controls activity involving oil and natural gas in Venezuela. In 1980, in an aggressive internationalization plan, PDVSA bought refineries in USA and Europe as the American Citgo that catapulted it to the third-largest oil company in the world. After the 1973 oil crisis, the period of economic prosperity for Venezuela was relatively short-lived. As Venezuelan oil minister and OPEC co-founder Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo had presciently warned in 1976: \"\"Ten years from now, twenty years from now, you will see, oil will bring us ruin... It is the devil's excrement.\"\" This was the case during the \"1980s oil glut\". OPEC member countries were not adhering strictly to their assigned quotas, and once again oil prices plummeted. During the mid-1980s, Venezuela's oil production steadily began to rise. By the 1990s, symptoms of the Dutch Disease were once again becoming apparent. Between 1990-99, Venezuela's industrial production declined from 50 percent to 24 percent of the country's gross domestic product compared to a decrease of 36 percent to 29 percent for the rest of Latin America, but production levels continued to rise until 1998. However, the efficiency of PDVSA was brought into question over these years. During 1976–1992, the amount of PDVSA’s income that went towards the company's costs was on average 29 percent leaving a remainder of 71 percent for the government. From 1993 to 2000, however, that distribution almost completely reversed, to where 64 percent of PDVSA's income were kept by PDVSA, leaving a remainder of only 36 percent for the government. After Hugo Chávez officially took office in February 1999, several policy changes involving the country's oil industry were made to explicitly tie it to the state under his Bolivarian Revolution. Since then, PDVSA has not demonstrated any capability to bring new oil fields onstream since nationalizing heavy oil projects in the Orinoco Petroleum Belt formerly operated by international oil companies ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Chevron and Total. Chávez’s policies damaged Venezuela's oil industry due to lack of investment, corruption and cash shortages. The Chávez government used PDVSA resources to fund social programmes, treating it like a \"piggybank\", and PDVSA staff were required to support Chávez. His social policies resulted in overspending that caused shortages in Venezuela and allowed the inflation rate to grow to one of the highest rates in the world. According to Corrales and Penfold, \"\"Chávez was not the first president in Venezuelan history to be mesmerized by the promise of oil, but he was the one who allowed the sector to decline the most\"\", with most statistics showing deterioration of the industry since the beginning of his presidency. Chávez's successor, Nicolás Maduro, continued much of the policies championed by Chávez, with Venezuela further deteriorating as a result of continuing such policies. At the time of Chávez's election, OPEC had lost much of its influence compared to when it was first created. A combination of OPEC members, including Venezuela, regularly ignoring quotas and non-OPEC countries such as Mexico and Russia beginning to expand on their own petroleum industries resulted in record low oil prices to which hurt the Venezuelan economy. One of Chávez's main goals as president was to combat this problem by re-strengthening OPEC and getting countries to once again abide by their quotas. Chávez personally visited many of the leaders of oil producing nations around the world, and in 2000, he hosted the first summit of the heads-of-state of",
"continued much of the policies championed by Chávez, with Venezuela further deteriorating as a result of continuing such policies. At the time of Chávez's election, OPEC had lost much of its influence compared to when it was first created. A combination of OPEC members, including Venezuela, regularly ignoring quotas and non-OPEC countries such as Mexico and Russia beginning to expand on their own petroleum industries resulted in record low oil prices to which hurt the Venezuelan economy. One of Chávez's main goals as president was to combat this problem by re-strengthening OPEC and getting countries to once again abide by their quotas. Chávez personally visited many of the leaders of oil producing nations around the world, and in 2000, he hosted the first summit of the heads-of-state of OPEC in 25 years (the second ever). Goals of this meeting, held in Caracas, included recuperating the credibility of Venezuela in OPEC, defending oil prices, cementing relations between Venezuela and the Arab/Islamic world, and to strengthen OPEC in general. The meeting could be considered a success given the record high oil prices of the following years, but much of that is also a consequence of the 11 September 2001 attacks against the United States, the Iraq War, and the significant increase in demand for oil from developing economies like China and India, which helped prompt a surge in oil prices to levels far higher than those targeted by OPEC during the preceding period. In addition to these events, the December 2002 oil strike in Venezuela, which resulted in a loss of almost 3mmbpd of crude oil production, brought a sharp increase in world prices of crude. In 2000, the pro-Chávez National Assembly granted Chávez the ability to rule by decree due to the poor economic conditions. On 13 November 2001 while ruling by decree, Chávez enacted the new Hydrocarbons Law, which came into effect in January 2002. The laws \"marked a turning point in public sentiment toward the president\" with both chavistas and anti-chavistas outraged at the changes. For the opposition to Chávez, such dramatic changes to the government proved to them that Chávez was a \"dictator-in-training\". Chávez began setting goals of reinstating quotas, such as ten percent of PDVSA’s annual investment budget was to be spent on social programs. He also changed tax policies and the oil revenue collection process. Chavez initiated many of these major changes to exert more control over PDVSA and efficiently deal with the problems he and his supporters had over PDVSA’s small revenue contributions to the government. By 2002, warnings grew of the Chávez overspending on social programs in order to maintain populist support. In December 2002, PDVSA officially went on strike creating a near-complete halt on oil production in Venezuela. The aim of the Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003 was to pressure Chávez into resigning and calling early elections. The strike lasted approximately two and a half months, and the government ended up firing 12,000 PDVSA employees and replacing them with workers loyal to the Chávez government, many of whom came out of retirement to replace the fired. By January 2002, protests involving hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans opposing Chávez became common in Venezuela. In April 2002, mass demonstrations occurred in Caracas and Chávez was temporarily overthrown by the military during the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. A few months after the failure of the coup and the return of Chavez, a combination of labor unions and business groups called for an \"indefinite national strike\" which, in many places, turned out to be a forced \"bosses lock out\" where the employees were prevented from working. When the strike ended, substantial macroeconomic damage had been done with unemployment up by 5 percent. This increase brought the country to a national unemployment peak of over 20 percent in March 2003. Following the strikes, Chávez referred to regaining control of the industry as \"re-nationalization\". He aimed at improving the efficiency of PDVSA in the context of distributing a greater amount of its revenues to his government and also by certain changes in taxation. Certain tax reforms had already been implemented earlier in Chávez's first term. By 2006, the government had a 40 percent share, which was announced to be increased by 20 percent. In 2005, PDVSA opened its first office in China, and announced plans to nearly triple its fleet of oil tankers in that region. Chávez had long stated that he would like to sell more Venezuelan oil to China so his country can become more independent of the United States. In 2007, Chávez struck a deal with Brazilian oil company Petrobras to build an oil refinery in northeastern Brazil where crude oil will be sent from both Brazil and Argentina. A similar deal was struck with Ecuador where Venezuela agreed to refine of crude oil from Ecuador at discount prices. Cuba agreed to let thousands of Venezuelans be received for medical treatment and health programs, and in turn, Venezuela agreed to sell several thousands of barrels to Cuba at a 40% discount under Petrocaribe program. The Chávez administration used high oil prices in the 2000s on his populist policies and to gain support from voters. The social works initiated by Chávez's government relied on oil products, the keystone of the Venezuelan economy, with Chávez's administration suffering from Dutch disease as a result. According to Cannon, the state income from oil revenue grew \"from 51% of total income in 2000 to 56% 2006\"; oil exports increased \"from 77% in 1997 [...] to 89% in 2006\"; and his administration's dependence on petroleum sales was \"one of the chief problems facing the Chávez government\". By 2008, exports of everything but oil \"collapsed\" and in 2012, the World Bank explained that Venezuela's economy is \"extremely vulnerable\" to changes in oil prices since in 2012 \"96% of the country's exports and nearly half of its fiscal revenue\" relied on oil production. Economists say that the Venezuelan government's overspending on social programs and strict business policies contributed to imbalances in the country's economy, contributing to rising inflation, poverty, low healthcare spending and shortages in Venezuela going into the final years of his presidency. Since 2014, oil production in Venezuela has suffered from a poor oil market and Venezuela’s insufficient funding of the industry. Venezuela’s nationalistic oil policies have not succeeded in making them more independent from their oil customers. In 2016, the United States imported 291,461,000 barrels of oils from Venezuela, an amount consistent with imports in the five years prior. To assuage the oil price decline which began back in June 2014 and continues through to today, President Maduro printed more currency, resulting in inflation as high as 700% of what the inflation rate was in 2014.. The Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration did not revive the oil decline, and by 2016, the oil production reached the lowest it had been in 23 years. According to analysts, the economic Crisis in Venezuela (2012-present) suffered under President Nicolás Maduro would have still occurred with or without Chávez. By 2017, PDVSA could not even afford to export oil through international water, which requires safety inspections and cleaning under maritime law, with a fleet of tankers stranded in the Caribbean Sea due to the issue.. In July 2017, this arrangement was extended from just the first half of 2017 to continue until March 2018 . This continued depression in income from oil has led Maduro to pressure the OPEC to raise the falling oil prices to help the Venezuelan economy. In April 2017, a controversial Venezuelan Supreme Court ruling granted Maduro executive powers over PDVSA, which allow him act autonomously in selling shares or make international agreements of the oil company. In October 2017, Venezuela had its lowest oil output",
"Maduro would have still occurred with or without Chávez. By 2017, PDVSA could not even afford to export oil through international water, which requires safety inspections and cleaning under maritime law, with a fleet of tankers stranded in the Caribbean Sea due to the issue.. In July 2017, this arrangement was extended from just the first half of 2017 to continue until March 2018 . This continued depression in income from oil has led Maduro to pressure the OPEC to raise the falling oil prices to help the Venezuelan economy. In April 2017, a controversial Venezuelan Supreme Court ruling granted Maduro executive powers over PDVSA, which allow him act autonomously in selling shares or make international agreements of the oil company. In October 2017, Venezuela had its lowest oil output in 28 years, with only 1.863 million bpd being pumped that month. By late-2017, the PDVSA struggled to repay $725 million of debt, part of a total $5 billion owed.. Into 2018 as a result of shortages in Venezuela, malnourished oil workers were too weak to perform their daily tasks, with many beginning to collapse on the job. History of the Venezuelan oil industry Venezuela is one of the world's largest exporters of oil and has the world's largest proven oil reserves at an estimated 296.5 billion barrels (20% of global reserves) as of 2012. In 2008, crude oil production in Venezuela was the tenth-highest in the world at and the country was also the eighth-largest net oil exporter in the world. Venezuela is a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Waiting for Superman (song) \"Waiting for Superman\" is a song co-written by Chris Daughtry for his band Daughtry's fourth studio album, \"Baptized\". It was released as the lead single from the album on September 17, 2013. The song's title and lyrics are references to the comic book superhero Superman and includes other references to the comic, including Lois Lane and Metropolis. During early September, Daughtry announced on Twitter that fans would be able to help unlock the single artwork via the bands's official website; this took them to Hyperactive, a social media promotion which would let them add their Facebook or Twitter profile photo to the artwork itself and contribute in building the image of the single. Daughtry announced the release date would be September 17, 2013, though whether the track was to be available to download on that day or was to have its first play on the radio was left unclear. On September 16, Daughtry's official Twitter account sent out a tweet with confirmation that the single would be available at 12:01 AM on September 17. (EST). The following week, the single was serviced to hot adult contemporary stations and contemporary hit radio. The video began filming on October 3 and finished the same day. The music video features Chris Daughtry, Thomas Dekker and Patrick Muldoon and was directed by Shane Drake. It was released on October 24. 2013. It features Dekker as a scruffy-looking man in a big city who seems to be able to sense when trouble is about to occur. It shows him saving several people, including a woman about to be run over by a cyclist, a woman who gets her purse stolen and a suicidal man about to jump from a ledge. Each time, his actions are misinterpreted and the victims are shown to be ungrateful. The woman about to be run over is mad that he shoved her, the police think he's in league with the purse snatcher and nearly arrest him and the suicidal man is upset to be pulled away from the ledge. The helpful man seems to be saddened and frustrated, but keeps on trying to help all the same. The song cuts to shots of a girl being teased by a pack of other teens in an alleyway and of Daughtry singing in the midst of his actions. Eventually, he stumbles across the teenage girl being harassed and threatened. He chases the bullies off, but a nearby passerby (bassist Josh Paul) calls the police, thinking the man is attacking the teens. After comforting the girl, he returns her home to her grateful mother. As the police arrive and try to arrest him, the mother and daughter explain that he saved her. Letting him go, they still warn him off. As he turns to leave, clearly saddened, the girl runs up to him and gives him a grateful hug. Happy again and with a smile on his face, the man walks off. Critical reception to the song was positive upon its release. Music blog \"POP! Goes The Charts\" noted positively that, \"with a more electro-pop sound, \"Superman\" is catchy and relatable to a female audience. Look for the single to carry the band back onto the airwaves just in time to save the day.\" On September 18, Artistdirect.com published a review in which they praised Chris' voice and songwriting skills. They gave the song 4.5 out of 5 stars, concluding: \"There's no need to wait for Superman any longer. He's here to save music again with one of the year's catchiest singles.\" The single opened at number 80 in the UK, the band's first charting single in the UK Top 100 since \"What About Now\" back in 2009, and is also Daughtry's second highest-charting single in that country. In the US, \"Waiting for Superman\" debuted at number 70 on Hot 100 and sold 53,000 downloads. It also debuted at number 25 and number 26 on \"Billboard\"′s Hot Digital Tracks and Hot Digital Songs charts, respectively, as well as number 93 on the Canadian Hot 100. The single was certified Platinum in 2013. Waiting for Superman (song) \"Waiting for Superman\" is a song co-written by Chris Daughtry for his band"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Johan Camitz Johan Camitz (June 29, 1962 – August 10, 2000) was a Swedish director of music videos and advertisements. Camitz studied law and worked for several years as a sculptor. He eventually was given the opportunity for a Diesel commercial. He later worked for Propaganda Films and shot commercials for Volkswagen, Diesel, and Nike. For his advertising work, he won a silver D&AD award, two gold Clio Awards, and three gold and a silver award at Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival. Among other notable music video collaborations, Camitz directed the Spice Girls first music video for their hit single \"Wannabe\". In August 2000, after a night out with friends and colleagues in Manhattan, Camitz was hit by a SUV and died at St. Vincents Hospital Medical Center several hours later. The freakish accident made worldwide headlines since the man behind the wheel had died from a gunshot wound while driving the SUV that killed Camitz. Ivory Davis, who was parked in front of Club NV, a nightclub on the corner of Spring Street and Hudson Street in Manhattan, attempted to drive away from the scene after purportedly being shot by Damion Hardy of the Cash Money Brothers Gang. Cash Money Brothers Gang targeted Davis because he was a rival drugdealer and because his nephew, Rumel Davis, shot and killed Damion Hardy's brother, Myron Hardy. After being shot, Davis lost control of his vehicle and drove up on the sidewalk, striking and killing an innocent Camitz. Davis subsequently died from his gunshot wounds. The tragedy occurred as Camitz was crossing the street on his way to his apartment in Soho. Johan Camitz Johan Camitz (June 29, 1962 – August 10, 2000) was a Swedish director of music videos and advertisements. Camitz studied law and worked for several years as a"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Priesthood (Community of Christ) In the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, priesthood is God's power and authority to minister in the church and to conduct God's business on the earth. Although the church believes that all Christians are called by their gifts and talents to the ministry, priesthood is seen as a particular expression of universal ministry to which all are called. In the Community of Christ, both women and men can be ordained to the priesthood. All offices are deemed equal in importance, but the duties and responsibilities of each differ. For a person to be called to the priesthood for the first time, his or her calling is typically discerned by the pastor of the local congregation. These priesthood calls are approved after review by a Mission Center President and vote of a congregational conference. For certain calls, the discernment will come through other church officials and approval will be voted upon at a Mission Center Conference or World Conference. Once the call has been administratively processed it is presented to the individual called. If that individual accepts the call and is sustained by a conference vote, he or she will be ordained to that office. The priesthood comprises two primary orders, the Aaronic Order and the Melchisedec Order, although these terms are used less frequently than in prior years. The Aaronic priesthood includes the offices of Deacon, Teacher and Priest. The Melchisedec Order includes the offices of Elder, Seventy, High Priest, Bishop, Apostle, President and Prophet. Elders serve in both missionary and administrative roles. Congregational pastors often hold the priesthood office of Elder, however, they may be \"set apart\" as a congregational pastor from almost any priesthood office. High Priests are known today as \"ministers of vision\" and collectively comprise the \"High Priesthood\" of the church. The Evangelist, Bishop, Apostle and Prophet are specialized priesthood offices within the High Priesthood. The names of the priesthood offices in the Community of Christ are similar to those of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, of which it shares a common 14-year history. However, numerous differences in belief about the duties, calling, authority and organization of priesthood have developed as the two denominations have taken divergent paths since 1844. In the Community of Christ the priesthood consists of two priesthoods, the Aaronic Order and the Melchisedec Order. The Aaronic Order consists of three priesthood offices. These offices are deacon, teacher, and priest. They hold the \"key\" to angelic ministry. The ministers of the Aaronic Order are seen as ministers of presence. A deacon models Jesus as comforter. Part of the ministry of deacons is to watch over the church, visit the homes of members, to teach and preach, care for the physical and social well-being of the church, and to teach and advise people regarding the principles of Disciples' Generous Response. A deacon cares for members and friends in the temporal aspects of life. Deacons are to be sensitive to the spiritual, physical, and temporal needs of all individuals and families. The teacher models Jesus as peacemaker. Teachers are called to strengthen the membership, see that the church meets often, preach and teach, reconcile those who have taken offense either at another person or the church, and lead people into paths of discipleship. A key attribute of a teacher is the ability to create friendship and to have knowledge of the families within a congregation. A teacher is a shepherd, one who recognizes the life problems that the members face each day. A teacher's relationship with others is one of redemptive love and concern. Teachers are regarded as ministers of reconciliation with special responsibilities to share spiritual counsel and encouragement to members who are experiencing personal conflicts, however, they are not typically professional counselors or certified mediation specialists. A priest models Jesus as friend. Priests minister to families, preach and teach. They can also perform the Sacrament of Baptism, Administer the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and Solemnize and perform the Sacrament of Marriage. They may also perform the sacrament of Ordination for those called to the office of deacon, teacher, or priest. They share with the elders the responsibility to explain all things concerning the church to those who have been baptized but yet to be confirmed. The Melchisedec Order consists of two main offices and several specialized offices within them. The two main offices are Elder and High Priest. At times the term elder is used to refer to all who are of the Melchisedec Order. In a more specific sense, the office of elder is sometimes viewed as an appendage to the office of high priest. The Melchisedec Order is theologically viewed (and often termed) as being the High Priesthood, but a distinction needs to be made between the High Priesthood and the Quorum of High Priests (see below). Elders (and seventies, see below) are not high priests, and therefore do not belong to the Quorum of High Priests, but are, as members of the Melchisedec priesthood, part of the High Priesthood. The President of the Church is also the President of the High Priesthood, which means that he holds presidency over elders. Other members of the High Priesthood have their own presidents, but are also under the President of the Church by virtue again of his role as President of the entire High Priesthood. Indirectly, the President of the Church also holds presidency over the entire Aaronic priesthood, through the Order of Bishops. Therefore, the President of the Church presides over the entire priesthood of the church, both administratively and spiritually. The Melchisedec Ministers are seen as ministers of mission and vision. Elders are \"ministers of mission.\" Their ministry expresses the mission of the church. While their ministry is direct and tangible it also expresses the deep spiritual ministry of the gospel. The ministers are called to bring people to Christ and baptize those who are ready to commit their lives to Christ. They may ordain people to the offices of the Aaronic Order and to the office of Elder. They also can perform/administer the other sacraments of the church, except for the Sacrament of the Evangelist's Blessing. Elders are called to teach and preach and watch over the church and to visit the homes of members. They may be called to serve in an elder's court. The priesthood office of Seventy, which alludes to the New Testament account of Jesus' commission of seventy missionaries, is also considered to be an Elder. Part of the function of the Seventy is a missionary role, and they work closely with the Apostle in charge of the field they are in to develop the strategies and resources to implement the missionary task of the church. They are organized into ten (formerly seven, see below) quorums, each quorum is presided over by a president. These presidents make up the Council of Presidents of Seventy and are collectively led by the \"Senior President of Seventy,\" who is one of the principal missionaries and missionary education leaders of the church. The scriptures suggest that the Seventy are in some way equal to the Council of Twelve Apostles, as indicated in Doctrine and Covenants 104:11e. Even more intriguing, the Council of Twelve is sometimes said to be equal of the Presidency. The equality of the seventy to the Twelve, and by virtue of such equality, also the Presidency, is confirmed in 124:4a. The logistics of such equality to the Presidency and the Twelve (as well as the Twelve to the Presidency) is not made plain. On January 17, 2010, the President-Prophet (see below) of Community of Christ, Stephen M. Veazey, presented a revelation to the church in which the number of quorums of seventy, and presidents of seventy (both of which had always been seven)",
"the principal missionaries and missionary education leaders of the church. The scriptures suggest that the Seventy are in some way equal to the Council of Twelve Apostles, as indicated in Doctrine and Covenants 104:11e. Even more intriguing, the Council of Twelve is sometimes said to be equal of the Presidency. The equality of the seventy to the Twelve, and by virtue of such equality, also the Presidency, is confirmed in 124:4a. The logistics of such equality to the Presidency and the Twelve (as well as the Twelve to the Presidency) is not made plain. On January 17, 2010, the President-Prophet (see below) of Community of Christ, Stephen M. Veazey, presented a revelation to the church in which the number of quorums of seventy, and presidents of seventy (both of which had always been seven) could now be flexible, based on the needs of the church at any particular time. That revelation was approved on April 14, 2010, and shortly afterwards, it was announced that there would now be ten quorums (and thus ten presidents). This eliminates a logistical issue that existed previously, as the seventy are called to work closely with the Council of Twelve Apostles. For ministerial & missional purposes, the church divides the world into 11 apostolic \"fields\", each supervised by one apostle (the 12th apostle being the President of the Council and the Director of Field Ministries). The Apostles are regarded as the senior missionary team in the church, but the specific calling of the seventy and the quorums which they belong to, is also missionary work, and so, to some degree, they fall under the direction of the Apostles, however, as there were 11 fields, and seven quorums, there was always some overlap with global coverage which was not efficient. In April 2010, during the World Conference of the Church, it was decided that the church would be reorganized from 11 to 10 fields (with one apostle, in addition to the director of field ministries, having non-geographic based missional responsibilities), and, as a result of that, the quorums of seventy were increased, from seven to ten, to now perfectly align with each apostolic field. High Priests are regarded as \"ministers of vision.\" They can be called to serve in any of the offices of the priesthood and there are several specialized callings within this office. Collectively the High Priests are the Quorum of the High Priests. It is desired that the pastor or presiding officer of a large well established congregation is a High Priest. An Evangelist is a High Priest ordained for special ministries in evangelism and spiritual direction. The \"Order of Evangelists\" is presided over by the Presiding Evangelist and they are referred to as \"ministers of blessing.\" These High Priests that have been called to this order are ideally free of administrative responsibilities and are to be responsive to the reconciling and redeeming influence of the Holy Spirit in the lives of all. They give parental counsel and advice to the church and confer spiritual blessings. The Evangelist is available to offer a sacred blessing which can assist persons to recognize and touch the divine nature of God that resides within them. By responding to this divine presence, it nurtures and assures persons of their identity and ultimate and eternal worth before God. This blessing is recorded in writing and stored in the archives of the church at its World Headquarters in Independence, Missouri. The Evangelist's Blessing is founded upon a prior practice known as the \"patriarchal blessing\" (see Sacraments). Previous to the 1980s, Evangelists were known both as Patriarchs and Evangelists. The name \"Patriarch\" was dropped when women were first ordained to this office. A Bishop is a High Priest ordained for special ministry. All bishops belong to the Order of Bishops which guides the church in teaching the principles of Disciples' Generous Response along with the larger understanding of stewardship. They are led by the Presiding Bishopric in providing support, training, and advocacy in empowering Aaronic ministers to respond to their call of ministry. The Presiding Bishopric also hold Presidency over the Aaronic Order. They also serve as judges in church court proceedings. Historically, the Order of Bishops included other bishoprics, particularly at stake levels. Some bishops continue to have financial responsibility for a particular area. For example, mission centers will have a bishop. Nationally, Canada is one of the few countries to have a bishop for the entire nation. There are other bishops in Canada, but they serve in a supporting role to the Bishop \"of\" Canada (and may preside over mission centers within Canada). An interesting fact about the office of bishop is that there is evidence to suggest that it properly belongs to the Aaronic Order. Section 68 of the Doctrine and Covenants states that a literal descendant of Aaron has the right to officiate in this office. However, since it would be difficult to prove such lineage, it is also stated that high priests can be ordained bishops, as they have the right to officiate in all the lesser offices. Individuals ordained as bishops are therefore always high priests, and are therefore considered part of the Melchisedec priesthood. Because of the huge responsibility that is the burden of the Order of Bishops (that of financial administration), it is also, by necessity, generally not viewed as being lesser to the Quorum of High Priests. In 2008 the Church started appointing field bishops. This is not a new priesthood office, simply a new position being filled by some bishops. They serve as assistants to the apostles, who are being called to lay down administrative responsibilities (as much as possible) in order to have more freedom to be missionaries of Jesus Christ. Field bishops, as assistants to the apostles, will be taking over these administrative tasks. This office is mentioned for the sake of completeness and historical reference. Originally, high councilors were considered an office of priesthood, which is confirmed by Doctrine and Covenants Section 129:7b. High Councilors served on either a stake council, or on the Standing High Council. Stake councils have since been abolished, but the Standing High Council is still an official body of the church, providing advice to the First Presidency and being tasked on occasion with drafting official policy statements. It also has some judicial functions. Members of the High Council are no longer ordained as such, but are set apart (and must be high priests). The term high councilor is itself now rarely, if ever, used, except in a historical sense. Section 129 is the most recent section in the Doctrine and Covenants to make reference to the Standing High Council (the actual word \"standing\" being used only in Section 104). Although the office (if not the role) seems to no longer be generally viewed as an actual office, the church could reverse this perception if it so wished, as its existence is provided for in church scripture, and it could be argued that since it \"is\" a scriptural office of priesthood (as opposed to simply a position held by a priesthood member, such as a pastor) that those who become members of the Standing High Council still serve in a distinct office. Furthermore, Section 17:17 uses the actual words \"high councilor\", and notes that they, like bishops and high priests, are ordained. This clearly indicates that, contrary to current custom, perception, and terminology, the high councilor is most definitely an actual office of priesthood. Section 104:15 suggests that this body, like the Seventy, are equal to the Twelve Apostles. Again, the logistics of such is not clear. The Council of Twelve Apostles is composed of twelve persons who hold the priesthood office of Apostle. Together with the First Presidency and the Presiding Bishopric they comprise the World Church Leadership Council. They are primarily responsible for the church's",
"as a pastor) that those who become members of the Standing High Council still serve in a distinct office. Furthermore, Section 17:17 uses the actual words \"high councilor\", and notes that they, like bishops and high priests, are ordained. This clearly indicates that, contrary to current custom, perception, and terminology, the high councilor is most definitely an actual office of priesthood. Section 104:15 suggests that this body, like the Seventy, are equal to the Twelve Apostles. Again, the logistics of such is not clear. The Council of Twelve Apostles is composed of twelve persons who hold the priesthood office of Apostle. Together with the First Presidency and the Presiding Bishopric they comprise the World Church Leadership Council. They are primarily responsible for the church's missionary outreach and field administration. They are called to bear their personal testimonies as a special witness of Jesus Christ and to enable the church to bear its witness as the Community of Christ. They administer the work of the church in the field and they oversee the seventies in the area of missionary work. One of the apostles is set apart as president of the council. There are revelations in the Doctrine & Covenants that suggest that the Apostles are, in some sense, equal in authority to the First Presidency itself, but the logistics of such equality are unclear. For purposes of conducting world church business, the church divides the world into geographic based apostolic \"fields\". In recent years, there have been eleven such fields (the President of the Council of Twelve concurrently serves as Director of Field Ministries, and does not preside over a field, but often has, in addition to the above roles, responsibility for specific, but non-geographic based forms of missionary work, such as overseeing military chaplains). In April 2010, during the church's World Conference, it was announced that there would be now ten apostolic fields, with a second apostle having non-geographic based missionary responsibilities. Administratively, there are numerous presidents within the Church, including congregational presidents (pastors), presidents of large jurisdictions of the Church (mission centers), presidents of local priesthood quorums (any quorum of deacons, any quorum of elders, etc.), and presidents of World Church level priesthood quorums (Council of Twelve Apostles, Quorum of High Priests, etc.). However, only members of the highest body of the Church, the Quorum of the First Presidency, are actually \"ordained\" to the \"priesthood office\" of President. All three members of the First Presidency are thus termed “President X, President Y, President Z”. However, only one of these individuals is the actual president \"of\" the Church (and of the quorum itself). To put it simply, all three are presidents by priesthood office, but only one is the administrative and spiritual President \"of\" the Church. The other two serve as his or her counselors, and are often informally referred to as such. The President of the Church is also always President of the High Priesthood and therefore, indirectly of the entire priesthood (the office of elder being viewed as an appendage of the High Priest, and the entire Aaronic Priesthood having as its presidency the Order of Bishops, itself part of the High Priesthood). Additionally, the President of the Church is also concurrently ordained Prophet of the Church (see below). These three roles are perpetually merged; it is not possible to be one without being the other two. It is not entirely clear which (if any) of these three roles are derived from the other(s) but this is simply a question of theological curiosity, and has (thus far) never had any practical relevance as they are all, as stated, perpetually merged. The President of the Community of Christ holds the priesthood office of Prophet. Together with two counselors, they comprise the First Presidency. The prophet-president of Community of Christ is the president of this Quorum, and chooses the other two members of the Presidency to serve as counselors. While all three are charged with presiding over church government, the president has extra responsibilities as prophet, seer, and revelator of the church. This means the prophet-president bears the responsibility of bringing prophetic instruction to the church. The First Presidency are to be the chief interpreters of the Word of God to the church and have ultimate responsibility for church administration. In addition to the various offices listed above, there are other positions held by Melchisedec priesthood members that are not generally listed in brief overviews of the church's priesthood, but which do require ordination (as opposed to a prayer of “setting apart”). These include the Presiding Evangelist, the Presiding Bishop, the Counselors to the Presiding Bishop, and the presidents of the Seven Quorums of Seventy; and in some cases president and prophet are also omitted from lists of priesthood office. Thus, “Counselor to the Presiding Bishop” should be considered a full priesthood office, but on account of such a term being rather cumbersome, it is generally avoided. While the above named roles are often overlooked as priesthood offices, the positions themselves are most definitely not obsolete, and do in fact, together with the First Presidency and Council of Twelve Apostles, constitute the leadership of the Church, and the status of each (including president and prophet) as an office of priesthood is confirmed in The Priesthood Manual. All of these positions (except Presidents of Seventy) are specialist offices of the office of high priest. Historically, members of the Standing High Council were also ordained, and known as High Councilors (Doctrine and Covenants, Section 17:17); but current custom seems to support a blessing of setting apart for members of the Standing High Council. They are High Priests belonging to the Quorum of High Priests. Curiously, the 2004 edition of the Priesthood manual contains conflicting information regarding the Presidents of Seventy. As noted, they are ordained however the same page notes that the Senior President of Seventy is set apart. So, the distinction between the two roles, and the fact that one is ordained, and the other is set apart is clear. Further, it states, under the section regarding High Priests, that Presidents of Seventy are set apart. This statement is made in an overview of the office of High Priest, citing examples of roles filled by high priests, which are set apart instead of ordained. The mention of Presidents of Seventy in this paragraph is itself curious, as Presidents of Seventy are not high priests (although it should be noted that it also mentions pastors, who need not be of any particular priesthood office, so long as they are in the priesthood). Section 121:5b states: \"My servants of the Seventy may select from their number seven; of which number those now being of the seven presidents of Seventy shall be a part; who shall form the presidency of seven presidents of Seventy as provided in my law.\" The fact that this counsel places the selection of the seven presidents into the hands of the seventy suggests that the role of president of seventy is a position, and not an office, which would therefore not warrant ordination. Priesthood (Community of Christ) In the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, priesthood is God's power and authority to minister in the church and to conduct God's business on the earth. Although the church believes that all Christians are called by their gifts and talents to the ministry, priesthood is seen as a particular expression of universal ministry to which all are called. In the Community of Christ,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius) John Lynch, pseudonym Gratianus Lucius, D.D., (1599?–1677?) was an Irish Roman Catholic priest, known as a historian and Archdeacon of Tuam. He was born in Galway, probably in 1599; according to tradition his father was Alexander Lynch, a schoolmaster. He was educated by the Jesuits, and became a secular priest about 1622. He celebrated mass in secret, and in private houses; and kept a school. He was appointed archdeacon of Tuam, and lived in the old castle of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair. He was a friend of Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh. On the surrender of Galway to the parliamentarian army in 1652 he left for France; some of his works were printed at St. Malo. Lynch died in France. He was the author of: John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius) John Lynch, pseudonym Gratianus Lucius, D.D., (1599?–1677?) was an Irish Roman Catholic priest, known as a historian and Archdeacon of Tuam. He was born in Galway, probably in 1599; according to tradition his father was Alexander Lynch, a schoolmaster. He was educated by the Jesuits, and became a secular priest about 1622. He celebrated mass in secret, and in private houses; and kept a school. He was appointed archdeacon of"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Dancing Eyes Dancing Eyes is an arcade game that was released by Namco in 1996 only in Japan. It was conceived by \"The Outfoxies\" designer, Masateru Umeda. The player controls a small monkey walking around a grid placed across a 3D model while breaking the \"tiles\" (which are composed of clothing, boxes, barrels, curtains, etc.) off the grid while avoiding enemies. It was getting a reboot game as part of the Namco Generations brand. Unlike other \"Namco Generations\" brand games, this one was only going to be for PlayStation Network (PlayStation 3) (other Namco Generations games were also released on Xbox Live Arcade). This reboot was only announced for Japan before it was cancelled. Dancing Eyes Dancing Eyes is an arcade game that was released by Namco in 1996 only in Japan. It was conceived by \"The Outfoxies\" designer, Masateru Umeda. The player controls a small monkey walking around a grid placed across a 3D model while breaking the \"tiles\" (which are composed of clothing, boxes, barrels, curtains, etc.) off the grid while avoiding enemies. It was getting a reboot game as part of the Namco Generations brand. Unlike other \"Namco Generations\" brand games, this one was only going to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Tom Matte Thomas Roland Matte (born June 14, 1939), is a former American football player who played quarterback in college and primarily running back in the National Football League (NFL) in the 1960s and 1970s and earned a Super Bowl Ring. He attended Shaw High School in East Cleveland and is an Eagle Scout. Matte was an All-American back at Ohio State University. Matte played quarterback but was more known for his rushing skills than passing prowess. Matte's 12-year pro career was spent with the Baltimore Colts where he posted career stats of 4,646 rushing yards, 249 receptions for 2,869 yards, 1,367 yards returning kickoffs, and 57 touchdowns (45 rushing, 12 receiving). Late in the 1965 season, Matte also memorably filled in as an emergency quarterback when Colts QBs Johnny Unitas and Gary Cuozzo went down with season-ending injuries in consecutive home losses to the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers, respectively. For the Colts' regular-season finale (a 20-17 win) against the Los Angeles Rams and the following weekend's one-game playoff at Green Bay (a 13-10 overtime loss), Colts head coach Don Shula put a list of plays on a wristband that Matte wore. The wristband is now on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Later in his career, Matte was immortalized on the January 6, 1969 cover of \"Sports Illustrated\", scoring his third touchdown of the afternoon in the NFL Championship Game against the Cleveland Browns. Matte played in Super Bowl III in 1969 when the Colts were famously upset by Joe Namath and the New York Jets. Matte played well, rushing for 116 yards and catching two passes for thirty yards, while setting the record for highest per-carry rushing average in a Super Bowl game: 10.5 (116 yards in only 11 carries) which still stands today. He also broke a long run of 58 yards (a record at the time). The play ended when he was caught by Jets defensive player (and ex-Colt) Johnny Sample which led to an altercation between the two. However, Matte did commit a fumble on the first series of the second half which continued the Colts frustration in the game. Matte was injured in the first game of the 1970 season against San Diego and therefore did not play when the Colts returned to Super Bowl V at the end of that season and beat the Dallas Cowboys. However, he was awarded a Super Bowl ring. Matte was selected to the 1968 and 1969 Pro Bowl teams. Following Unitas' lead, Matte and many of his Baltimore Colt teammates disowned the franchise after their move to Indianapolis in 1984. Matte briefly was a color analyst on CBS coverage of football games. From 1996-2005, Matte teamed with Baltimore sportscaster Scott Garceau in broadcasting Baltimore Ravens games on local radio. He also pursues local business interests and is in demand as a celebrity endorser. Matte is working on a project that focuses on aiding retired players. He is part of a team that created a new to market NFL collectible in which a portion of the proceeds go to the Player Care Foundation. Keepr Media. Tom Matte Thomas Roland Matte (born June 14, 1939), is a former American football player who played quarterback in college and primarily running back in the National Football League (NFL) in the 1960s and 1970s and earned a Super Bowl Ring. He attended Shaw High School in East Cleveland and is an Eagle Scout. Matte was an All-American back at Ohio State University. Matte played quarterback but was more known for his rushing skills than passing prowess. Matte's 12-year"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"La Tele (Peru) La Tele is a minor television network operated by Grupo ATV, in turn owned by Albavisión, airing exclusively imported programming. Alliance SAC won eight licenses in six provinces to spread the signal of Uranio 15, however, these licenses are currently used to rebroadcast the programming of Andina de Radiodifusión (ATV), channel 9 in Lima. With these licenses, Vera Abad managed to ATV's transmission network, using permits issued on behalf of Uranio 15. Uranio 15 (established in 1994) was a channel that had some programs led by Oscar Gayoso, Pedro Sanchez, Chris, Roxana among other presenters. Its main program was \"The Ranking\" and of course a large selection of music videos of all genres, 24 hours a day. Uranio 15 was one of the biggest UHF channels of its time, then in 2007 it started broadcasting music videos without identification. When Mexican businessman Remigio Ángel González took over the control of Grupo ATV through Albavisión Communications Group LLC, Uranio TV disappeared, replaced by La Tele. At launch, the channel focused on a female demographic, with telenovelas being transmitted on weekdays and movies (already transmitted by ATV) on weekends. In January 2013, the channel relaunched with premieres of international series in the evening hours and some short programs aimed at women. In April 2015, the cartoons transmitted on Red Global in the mornings were transferred to this channel upon the other's rebrand to Red TV. The current schedule consists of programming aimed at children in the morning hours, complemented with telenovelas on the weekdays and American imports on weekends. La Tele (Peru) La Tele is a minor television network operated by Grupo ATV, in turn owned by Albavisión, airing exclusively imported programming. Alliance SAC won eight licenses in six provinces to spread the signal of Uranio 15, however, these"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"LGBT rights in Louisiana Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. state of Louisiana face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Louisiana and same-sex marriage has been legal in the state since June 2015. Nevertheless, discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not banned statewide. In September 2014, two courts, one federal and one state, produced contradictory rulings on the constitutionality of the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples. The U.S. Supreme Court resolved that conflict when it ruled such bans unconstitutional in \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" on June 26, 2015. Two days later, Governor Bobby Jindal said the state would comply with that ruling and license same-sex marriages. There were no laws against same-sex sexual acts in Louisiana until 1805, when Louisiana enacted its first Penal Code after annexation by the United States. Sexual acts between persons of the same sex are legal in Louisiana. They were previously criminalized under the state's sodomy law, which applied to both homosexuals and heterosexuals. The law was rendered unenforceable in 2003 by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in \"Lawrence v. Texas\". In 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit struck down the part of the statute that criminalized adult consensual anal and oral sex. In 2013, law enforcement officers in East Baton Rouge Parish arrested men who had engaged in sexual activity banned by the statute. The District Attorney did not prosecute those arrested, and both he and the parish sheriff supported repealing the sodomy statute. In April 2014, a bill to repeal the statute failed in the Louisiana House of Representatives on a 66–27 vote after lobbying in opposition by the Louisiana Family Forum, thus keeping an unconstitutional law on the books. In early May 2018, the Louisiana House of Representatives unanimously approved a bill toughening laws against bestiality and separating them from the unconstitutional sodomy law. The Senate passed the bill later that month in a 36-1 vote, and it was signed into law by Governor John Bel Edwards on May 25. Initially, ten Republican lawmakers stated their opposition to the anti-bestiality bill, which was also opposed by conservative groups, including the Louisiana Family Forum. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" on June 26, 2015, held that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional, invalidating the ban on same-sex marriage in Louisiana. In 1988 and 1999, Louisiana added provisions to its Civil Code that prohibited same-sex couples from marrying and prohibited the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. Louisiana added bans on same-sex marriage and civil unions in its Constitution in 2004. Two lawsuits challenged the state's bans. In state court in \"Costanza v. Caldwell\", the plaintiffs won initially, but the ruling was stayed pending appeal, which was left unresolved after oral argument was heard on January 29, 2015. In federal court in \"Robicheaux v. George\", plaintiffs challenged the state's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. U.S. District Judge Martin Feldman ruled on September 3, 2014, for the state, writing that \"Louisiana has a legitimate interest ... whether obsolete in the opinion of some, or not, in the opinion of others ... in linking children to an intact family formed by their two biological parents\". On appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, the case remained unresolved at the time of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Obergefell\" on June 26, 2015. Following the Supreme Courts ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the case back to the District Court, where Judge Feldman reversed his order ruling in favor of the Robicheaux plaintiffs. On September 22, 2014, state trial court Judge Edward Rubin found Louisiana's prohibition of allowing married same-sex couples to adopt to be unconstitutional and granted the first same-sex adoption in the state of Louisiana in \"Costanza v. Caldwell\". Prior to Judge Rubin's ruling, Louisiana allowed single persons to adopt and did not explicitly deny adoption or second-parent adoption to same-sex couples. Louisiana has successfully defended in federal court its refusal to amend the birth certificate of a child born in Louisiana and adopted in New York by a married same-sex couple, who sought to have a new certificate issued with their names as parents as is standard practice for Louisiana-born children adopted by opposite-sex married couples. On October 11, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a request from Lambda Legal, representing the plaintiffs in the case, \"Adar v. Smith\", to review the case. On February 17, 1992, Governor Edwin Edwards issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination in state employment on the basis of sexual orientation. In August 1996, Governor Murphy J. Foster, Jr. allowed the executive order to lapse. On December 4, 2004, Governor Kathleen Blanco reissued Edwards' executive order. In August 2008, Governor Bobby Jindal allowed it to expire. On April 13, 2016, Governor John Bel Edwards reinstated the provision,<ref name=\"gov.louisiana.gov/\"></ref> as announced shortly after his election. However, Bel Edwards's order was struck down in November 2017 by an appellate court who found that the Governor had overstepped his authority. In March 2018, the Louisiana Supreme Court upheld the appellate court ruling. In May 2015, a House committee rejected a bill that would have protected people who exercise their religious beliefs on same-sex marriage. However, Governor Jindal then issued an executive order to that end. On April 13, 2016, Governor Edwards rescinded that executive order. On April 28, 2016, the Senate Labor Committee approved in a 4–3 vote a bill that would have banned employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. The bill, however, didn't advance any further and died at the end of the legislative term. The cities of New Orleans, and Shreveport prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Lafayette, and Lake Charles along with the parish of Jefferson prohibit discrimination against public employees only. Louisiana is one of the few southern states which has a hate crime law that provides for penalty enhancements for crimes motivated by the victim's sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation. Passed in 1997, after a lobbying effort of five years, its passage made Louisiana the first state in the Deep South to have such a law. It does not cover gender identity. Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender on their birth certificates in Louisiana. Doing so requires a diagnosis, medical treatment and undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In June 2017, the Louisiana Legislature (House vote 54-42 and Senate vote 25-13) passed a bill called \"HB27\", to repeal the words \"opposite-sex\" from the domestic violence statutes. The bill was signed into law by the Governor of Louisiana, John Bel Edwards, and went into full effect on August 1, 2017. At that time, South Carolina was the only state left in the United States to still explicitly only include \"people of the opposite-sex\" within its domestic violence laws. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"United States v. Windsor\" in June 2013 invalidating Section 3 of the \"Defense of Marriage Act\", the U.S. Department of Defense issued directives requiring state units of the National Guard to enroll the same-sex spouses of guard members in federal benefit programs. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel on October 31 said he would insist on compliance. On December 3, Louisiana agreed to conform with DoD policy stating that state workers would be considered federal workers while enrolling same-sex couples for benefits. Recent polls have found that, while",
"full effect on August 1, 2017. At that time, South Carolina was the only state left in the United States to still explicitly only include \"people of the opposite-sex\" within its domestic violence laws. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"United States v. Windsor\" in June 2013 invalidating Section 3 of the \"Defense of Marriage Act\", the U.S. Department of Defense issued directives requiring state units of the National Guard to enroll the same-sex spouses of guard members in federal benefit programs. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel on October 31 said he would insist on compliance. On December 3, Louisiana agreed to conform with DoD policy stating that state workers would be considered federal workers while enrolling same-sex couples for benefits. Recent polls have found that, while Louisianians are mostly evenly split in support and opposition to same-sex marriage, support is increasing and opposition is decreasing. A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 48% of Louisianans supported same-sex marriage, while 44% were opposed. 8% were undecided. Additionally, 61% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 29% were against. The PRRI also found that 54% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 37% supported such religiously-based refusals. LGBT rights in Louisiana Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. state of Louisiana face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Louisiana and same-sex marriage has been legal in the state since June 2015. Nevertheless, discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not banned statewide. In September 2014, two courts, one federal"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Padmé appears in novels and comics set after the events of the original trilogy as holograms and flashbacks. In Troy Denning's The Joiner King (2005), the first book in the \"Dark Nest Trilogy\" set 35 years after the events of A New Hope, Luke Skywalker discovers a hologram recorded by R2-D2 of Anakin Skywalker informing Padmé of his vision of her death in childbirth. This is the first time Luke sees his mother. Another hologram discovered in R2-D2 chronicles a conversation between Padmé and Obi-Wan. In this hologram, Luke and Leia hear their mother's name for the first time. In the final novel of the trilogy, The Swarm War, Luke and Leia see their mother's death and their own births. \n Padmé also appeared in console games based on the Star Wars franchise. Making prominent appearances in the ones based on the Clone Wars timeline and often appearing as a playable character. \n Portman was a unique choice because she was unfamiliar with Star Wars. \"My cousins had always been obsessed with the films, yet I hadn't even seen them before I got the part,\" she says. \"When it all happened for me, my cousins were exclaiming, ' Oh, my God, you're in Star Wars! '\" She told a CNN interviewer, \"I really wasn't aware of how big a deal Star Wars was ... and when I saw the films, I really liked them, but I still didn't really understand how many ... were passionate fans of this film.\" Portman was, however, enthusiastic over being cast as the queen of Naboo, a character she expected to become a role model:\"It was wonderful playing a young queen with so much power. I think it will be good for young women to see a strong woman of action who is also smart and a leader.\" \n Padmé is sometimes mysterious and deceptive. She is described in Brooks' The Phantom Menace novelization as a \"chameleon of sorts, masking herself to the world at large and finding companionship almost exclusively with a cadre of handmaidens who were always with her.\" Her decision to quietly marry Anakin and secret discussions with other senators about Palpatine add to the character's duplicity. Paul F. McDonald of Space.com observes, \"Amidala ... embod (ies) many of the dualities that inform Episode I–war and peace, queen and commoner, form and substance. Unlike other characters, whose personalities are divided and usually warring against one another, her dual nature works to her advantage.\" He explains, \"Amidala can be cold and commanding when she needs to be, or warm and loving as Padmé.\" \n Padmé Amidala makes her first film appearance in The Phantom Menace. She is introduced as the recently elected 14-year-old queen of Naboo, dedicated to ending the planet's occupation by the Trade Federation. She attempts to deal directly with Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray, who attempts to force her to sign a treaty which would legitimize the Trade Federation's occupation of Naboo, her planet. Padmé escapes from Naboo with the help of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn and Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi, but they are forced to land on the desert planet of Tatooine. Disguised as a handmaiden, Padmé meets nine-year-old slave Anakin Skywalker and his mother Shmi. Anakin gives her a hand-carved charm on a leather necklace. She witnesses Anakin win the Podrace at the Boonta Eve Classic that both aids her mission to Coruscant and secures his freedom. \n Padmé's role in the Delegation of 2000–the senatorial resistance movement to Palpatine's growing absolutism–is discussed in James Luceno's Labyrinth of Evil (2005). The Delegation of 2000 is primarily concerned with Palpatine's calls for public surveillance and restrictions on freedom of movement and action. Still, Padmé is confident Palpatine will relinquish his power when the crisis is over:\"He's not stubborn,\" she tells Bail Organa. \"You just don't know him as I do. He'll take our concerns to heart.\" \n Her combat skills are explored further through the Star Wars universe. In Star Wars:Episode II–Attack of the Clones she fights squads of battle droids with hand-to-hand combat and a blaster. She is an expert markswoman; in the Star Wars:The Clone Wars episode \"Assassin\", she outguns bounty hunter Aurra Sing. \n The first (version) talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad. \n In February 2018, Portman reprised the role for a interviw-Rap sketch on Saturday Night Live. \n Revenge of the Sith does not explain how Leia remembers her \"real mother\". Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone applauds Lucas's attempt to link the two trilogies in Revenge of the Sith's final scenes, but says, \"It's too little and too late.\" He explains, \"To hail Revenge of the Sith as a satisfying bridge to a classic is not just playing a game of the Emperor's New Clothes, it's an insult to what the original accomplished.\" \n After her tenure as monarch ended and she became a member of the Senate, Padmé Amidala was addressed as \"Senator Amidala\" with no formal style, although she continued to use her regnal name instead of her family name in accordance with Naboo custom. \n Padmé Amidala makes her third film appearance in Revenge of the Sith, which is set three years later. After Anakin returns from rescuing Palpatine, she informs him that she is pregnant. Padmé detects changes in Anakin after he begins having dreams about her dying in childbirth. Eventually, these fears lead to Anakin turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming Palpatine's Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Meanwhile, Padmé watches with increasing suspicion as Palpatine uses the Clone War in control over the Senate and judiciary. In another deleted scene, Padmé is seen as a dissenter in Palpatine's government and an early constituting member of the Alliance to Restore the Republic, joined by senators Bail Organa, Mon Mothma and Bana Breemu. \n Some of the costumes created by Biggar's staff did not appear in the final version of the films. In Revenge of the Sith, for example, a multi-colored \"Peacock Gown\" and a \"Green Cut Velvet Robe\" worn by Padmé in scenes featuring the Delegation of 2000 were deleted during post-production. Biggar remarks that the Peacock Gown had been one of her favorite designs and that much time and money had been invested in these particular costumes. Ultimately, the Peacock Gown would be used only for the film's theatrical poster. The velvet robe was ultimately re-used for a short scene filmed during pick-up photography, thus appearing in the film, and features on the DVD cover art. \n As Palpatine declares martial law by transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire, Padmé remarks to Organa:\"So this is how liberty dies–with thunderous applause\". After Palpatine names himself emperor for life, Obi-Wan informs Padmé that her husband has turned to the dark side and killed everyone in the Jedi Temple. Unable to believe this, Padmé travels to the volcanic planet Mustafar (with Obi-Wan a stowaway aboard her ship). Padmé begs Vader to escape Palpatine's grasp and flee with her, but Vader insists that, together, they can overthrow Palpatine and rule the galaxy. Padmé recoils in horror, but still tries to persuade him to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges from her ship, Vader accuses Padmé of betrayal and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness.",
"As Palpatine declares martial law by transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire, Padmé remarks to Organa:\"So this is how liberty dies–with thunderous applause\". After Palpatine names himself emperor for life, Obi-Wan informs Padmé that her husband has turned to the dark side and killed everyone in the Jedi Temple. Unable to believe this, Padmé travels to the volcanic planet Mustafar (with Obi-Wan a stowaway aboard her ship). Padmé begs Vader to escape Palpatine's grasp and flee with her, but Vader insists that, together, they can overthrow Palpatine and rule the galaxy. Padmé recoils in horror, but still tries to persuade him to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges from her ship, Vader accuses Padmé of betrayal and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness. \n Padmé relies on diplomacy to resolve disputes, often appearing as a pacifist. She is not, however, an advocate of appeasement, as she is willing to use \"aggressive negotiations\" to preserve democracy. The Star Wars Databank notes, \"Despite her initial objections to a Republic army, Padmé nonetheless fought alongside the newly created clone troopers against the Separatist droid forces.\" Film critics Dominique Mainon and James Ursini classify her as a \"modern Amazon,\" a reference to the warrior women of ancient Greek mythology. \n Padmé Amidala is depicted in Star Wars fiction as beautiful and graceful. In Cloak of Deception, she is described as having \"a slight figure and a lovely, feminine face. She was remarkably solemn for one so young. It was clear that she took her responsibilities with the utmost seriousness.\" Terry Brooks details the alien Nute Gunray's reaction to her appearance:\"She was considered beautiful, Gunray had been told, but he had no sense of human beauty and by Neimoidian standards she was simply colorless and small-featured.\" Brooks writes that she is \"young, beautiful, and serene.\" \n Portman signed a contract to play Padmé in the three prequel films. Reactions by critics to her performances were largely negative. James Berardinelli called her acting in The Phantom Menace \"lackluster,\" while Annlee Ellingson of Box Office Magazine said \"Portman's delivery is stiff and flat, perhaps hindered by the gorgeous but cumbersome costumes.\" Mike Clark of USA Today complained about Portman and Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin; he wrote, \"Both speak in monotone for doubly deadly effect, though when not burdened by his co-star, Christensen often finds the emotion in his limited intonations.\" A Revenge of the Sith reviewer for The Village Voice accused \"computer-generated characters like wheezing cyborg baddie General Grievous and blippeting fireplug R2-D2\" of \"emot (ing) more convincingly than either Natalie Portman or Hayden Christensen.\" Nonetheless, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described Portman's performance in the third episode as \"decorative and sympathetic.\" \n Film historian Laurent Bouzereau reports that the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan Kenobi explains to Luke that he has a twin sister. She and their mother were \"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\" Lucas is quoted in Star Wars:The Annotated Scripts (1997) as saying:\n Return of the Jedi, the final film in the original trilogy, alludes to the character. While in the Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor, Luke Skywalker asks if Leia Organa remembers their \"real mother\". Leia answers that \"she died when I was very young\" and also says that \"she was very beautiful ... kind ... but sad\", while Luke confesses to have no memories of their mother. An extended scene of Return of the Jedi expands on the fate of Luke and Leia's (then-unnamed) mother. It differs from the prequels in that Luke and Leia's mother sneaked away as Bail Organa's handmaiden after Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, and was with Leia until the Princess turned four, making the line Leia says to Luke about remembering their mother more believable. \n Arriving on Coruscant, Padmé consults with Senator Palpatine, who encourages her to appeal to the Senate to resolve Naboo's dispute with the Trade Federation. Palpatine persuades her to make a motion in the Senate to have Supreme Chancellor Finis Valorum removed from office, which later enables Palpatine to be elected in his place. (She is unaware that he is in fact the Sith lord Darth Sidious, and is responsible for the crisis.) Padmé returns to Naboo to fight for her planet's freedom, enlisting the aid of Jar Jar Binks's Gungan warriors and having the handmaiden Sabé pose as her. As Sabé attempts a peace deal between Naboo and the Gungans, Padmé intervenes and reveals her true identity. The Gungans agree to help and offer a diversion to lure the droid armies away from the palace. Once in the palace, Padmé's forces storm the throne room and capture the Viceroy, ending the trade blockade of Naboo once and for all. A celebration is held to announce the unity between Naboo and the Gungans. \n In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise. \n George Lucas, Rick McCallum, and casting director Robin Gurland auditioned over 200 actresses for the part of Padmé Amidala. They chose 16-year-old actress Natalie Portman to play the role. According to The Phantom Menace production notes, \"The role required a young woman who could be believable as the ruler of that planet, but at the same time be vulnerable and open.\" Portman's performances in The Professional (1994) and Beautiful Girls (1996) impressed Lucas. He stated, \"I was looking for someone who was young, strong, along the lines of Leia. Natalie embodied all those traits and more.\" \n In initial drafts of the Star Wars story, Luke Skywalker's and Princess Leia's mother was not well developed. According to Dale Pollock, Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and \"Leia is the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke's cousin–together they visit the grave of his mother, who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star. In an interview, Lucas answered a question about the development of characters like Obi-Wan Kenobi, Luke, and Leia; their mother was not a factor:\n When Anakin has a vision of his mother in danger, Padmé accompanies him to Tatooine in a failed attempt to rescue Shmi from a band of Tusken Raiders. Anakin returns with Shmi's body and tearfully confesses to Padmé that he slaughtered the entire tribe. Padmé is troubled by what Anakin has done, but nevertheless comforts him. After they receive a message from Obi-Wan on the planet Geonosis, Padmé and Anakin rush to the Jedi Knight's aid, only to be captured themselves and condemned to death in a Geonosian coliseum by Separatist leader and Sith Lord Count Dooku. They declare their love to each other, and are saved at the last minute by Jedi Masters Mace Windu and Yoda leading an army of Jedi and clone troopers, thus marking the opening salvo of the Clone Wars. Afterwards, Padmé and Anakin are married in a secret ceremony on Naboo witnessed by the droids R2-D2 and C-3PO. \n Padmé's background prior to her appearance in the prequel films is revealed in Star Wars novels and comics. In Terry Moore's comic \"A Summer's Dream\" printed in Star Wars Tales 5 (2000) and set a year before the events of The Phantom Menace, Padmé is the Princess of Theed, Naboo's capital city. A young man, Ian Lago, falls in love with Padmé, but she places her duty to the people over her personal happiness and rejects him. Lago is the son of an advisor to King Veruna, the reigning monarch of Naboo.",
"Padmé's background prior to her appearance in the prequel films is revealed in Star Wars novels and comics. In Terry Moore's comic \"A Summer's Dream\" printed in Star Wars Tales 5 (2000) and set a year before the events of The Phantom Menace, Padmé is the Princess of Theed, Naboo's capital city. A young man, Ian Lago, falls in love with Padmé, but she places her duty to the people over her personal happiness and rejects him. Lago is the son of an advisor to King Veruna, the reigning monarch of Naboo. \n Critics have blamed Portman's performance on Lucas' direction and script. Roger Ebert, for example, charged that in Attack of the Clones \"too much of ... the film is given over to a romance between Padmé and Anakin in which they're incapable of uttering anything other than the most basic and weary romantic clichés, while regarding each other as if love was something to be endured rather than cherished.\" He offered a similar critique for Revenge of the Sith:\"To say that George Lucas can not write a love scene is an understatement; greeting cards have expressed more passion.\" Todd McCarthy of Variety likewise lamented that \"Lucas's shortcomings as a writer and director of intimate, one-on-one scenes\" hampered Portman's performance. \n In The Phantom Menace, Padmé Amidala, in her capacity as queen, is addressed as \"Your Majesty\", \"Your Royal Highness\" and \"Your Highness\". Contrary to usage in real monarchies, where the style is fixed and tied to the person's rank, in Lucas's Star Wars universe they are apparently interchangeable. \n --- \n(hide)",
"* * * \nSkywalker family tree \n| | | | Aika Lars | | | | Cliegg Lars | | Shmi Skywalker | | | Jobal Naberrie | | | | Ruwee Naberrie \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n| | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \nBeru Whitesun | | | | Owen Lars | | | | | Anakin Skywalker | | | | | | Padmé Amidala | | | | Bail Organa | | Breha Organa \n| | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luke Skywalker | | Leia Organa | | | | Han Solo \n| | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \n| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ben Solo | \nReferences:\n\n 1. Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia:Updated and Expanded. \n 2. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Cliegg Lars\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. \n 3. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Shmi Skywalker Lars\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. \n 4. ^ Jump up to:Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005) \n 5. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Beru Lars\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. \n 6. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Owen Lars\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. \n 7. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Anakin Skywalker\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \n 8. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Darth Vader\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \n 9. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Padmé Amidala\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \n 10. Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005). \n 11. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Bail Organa\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015. \n 12. Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005). \n 13. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Luke Skywalker\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \n 14. Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker. \n 15. Jump up ^ \"Databank:Princess Leia Organa\". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \n 16. ^ Jump up to:The Force Awakens. 2015. \n 17. Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children:Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.",
"Padmé appears in the micro-series Star Wars:Forces of Destiny, voiced again by Catherine Taber. \n As a ruler and politician, Padmé is distrustful of bureaucracy, opposed to corruption, and a firm believer in democracy and the rule of law. She tells Anakin, \"Popular rule is not democracy ... It gives the people what they want, not what they need.\" According to Mainon and Ursini, \"she tried to preach compromise and reason, (but) the disarray within the (Republic) ... led her to doubt the senate's effectiveness.\" Her loyalty remains with the Republic until she suspects it no longer represents the democratic principles she espouses. In the novelization of Revenge of the Sith, Padmé advises Senator Bail Organa and Mon Mothma, the founders of what will become the Rebel Alliance, to \"Be good little Senators. Mind your manners and keep your heads down. And keep doing ... all those things we can't talk about.\" \n When Lucas drafted the script for The Phantom Menace, he envisioned a \"link between Padmé and Princess Leia, the daughter who follows so closely in her footsteps.\" According to Natalie Portman, \"It definitely did come into play how strong and smart a character Carrie Fisher portrayed, because I think that a lot of that is passed on from parent to child. I think George wrote Amidala as a strong, smart character, but it helped to know that I had this great woman before me who had portrayed her character as a fiery woman.\" Paul McDonald notes that there are \"inevitable comparisons\" between the two characters:\"both develop soft spots for rogue pilots, and both have a knack for slipping into and out of stilted British accents.\" Despite being diplomats, each is also the best marksman of her respective trilogy, rarely missing. \n In the novel, Cloak of Deception (2001) by James Luceno, King Veruna is forced to abdicate the throne following accusations of corruption. Padmé is elected Queen of Naboo and contacts Palpatine to inform him that Veruna has been mysteriously killed. She and Palpatine discuss the events that lead to the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo. She admits to him, \"Naboo can scarcely afford to become embroiled in a dispute that pits the Republic against the Trade Federation.\" \n The costumes of the prequel trilogy are purposefully more elaborate than those of the original trilogy. Lucas asserts that galactic society in the prequels is much more sophisticated. Commenting on the disparities between the two trilogies, Carrie Fisher mused, \"Harrison Ford wears the same outfit for three flicks, and I was complaining that I wear, like, six outfits. And my mother–Natalie Portman–she wears three million. She walks through a doorway and there's another outfit. It's like the Liberace of sci-fi changing of clothes.\" Trisha Biggar reveals that originally there were only three costumes planned for Amidala in The Phantom Menace, but \"(Lucas) decided that every time we saw (her) she was going to have a different costume.\" Lucas explains, \"Someone of that stature would automatically be changing their costumes to fit the occasion.\" \n Padmé Amidala makes her fourth film appearance on Star Wars:The Clone Wars. While Anakin and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano search for Jabba the Hutt's son Rotta, Padmé meets Jabba's uncle Ziro the Hutt at his palace on Coruscant to convince him to side with the Jedi. After Ziro forcibly removes Padmé, she escapes and eavesdrops on his communication with Count Dooku and the Separatists about an elaborate scheme to kill Rotta, frame the Jedi for his murder and force Jabba to attempt revenge, leaving Ziro as the Hutts' ruler. After being discovered, Dooku suggests Ziro collect the bounty placed on her head. When battle droids confiscate Padmé's comlink and blaster, she outwits and tricks one into activating her comlink as C-3PO is attempting to contact her before a droid smashes the device. C-3PO leads a squad of Coruscant Guard troopers to rescue her. Padmé then contacts Jabba just as the Hutt is about to execute Anakin and Ahsoka, and forces Ziro to confess his betrayal to Jabba. Padmé proceeds to negotiate an alliance between the Republic and the Hutts which would allow Republic warships to use unknown Hutt hyperspace lanes. \n In the subsequent TV series, Padmé is mostly portrayed working in the Senate toward a peaceful resolution to the Clone Wars, although a few episodes have portrayed her fighting the Separatists alongside Anakin, Ahsoka and Jar Jar Binks. She has appeared in seven episodes in the first season and third season, four episodes in the second season, nine episodes in the fourth season, and one episode in the fifth season. A trilogy of episodes were set with her as the main focus in which she meets with her old friend Rush Clovis; these episode were later removed, however, and set to be bonus material. \n In The Phantom Menace, Portman had to portray a character younger than herself. In Attack of the Clones, however, her character had aged 10 years. Portman had aged only five years between the two films. She remarks, \"(Lucas) wants to make sure I seem older than Anakin in Attack of the Clones, so it's believable that I can be bossing him around, and he's a little intimidated. She looks at him as a little boy–at least for the first half of the film.\" \n Star Wars literature focuses on Padmé's career as ruling monarch of Naboo. The young adult novel Star Wars Episode I Journal:Amidala (1999) by Jude Watson focuses on Padmé Amidala's early career and narrow escape from the Trade Federation. The Queen's Amulet (1999) by Julianne Balmain narrates the close friendship between Padmé and her handmaiden Sabé immediately before the events of The Phantom Menace. Erik Tiemens's comic \"The Artist of Naboo\" details the story of a young, unnamed artist on Naboo who becomes captivated by Padmé's beauty. The artist features her in a series of paintings and later risks his life to save her. \n Many of Padmé's costumes in The Phantom Menace were featured in the Japanese magazine High Fashion in 1999 and the Attack of the Clones costumes were in Vogue in 2002. The costumes went on display in the 2005 exhibit Dressing A Galaxy:The Costumes of Star Wars at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising (FIDM) in Los Angeles. Trisha Biggar won a Saturn Award for Best Costumes in 2000 for The Phantom Menace and in 2003 for Attack of the Clones. She was nominated in 2006 for Revenge of the Sith, but lost to Isis Mussenden, costume designer for The Chronicles of Narnia:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005). \n Padmé Amidala makes her second film appearance in Attack of the Clones, which is set a decade later. Now holding office as Senator following her term as queen, she represents Naboo in the Galactic Senate and leads a faction opposed to the Military Creation Act that would create an army of clones for the Republic, which has been threatened by a growing Separatist movement. As she arrives on Coruscant to cast her vote, assassins hired by the Trade Federation make an unsuccessful attempt on her life. Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and Padawan Anakin Skywalker are assigned to protect Padmé. Chancellor Palpatine sends Padmé into hiding on Naboo, where she and Anakin struggle to maintain a platonic relationship despite their obvious mutual attraction. In a deleted scene, she introduces Anakin to her parents (Ruwee and Jobal Naberrie) and informs him of her charitable work with the Refugee Relief Movement, a galaxy-wide disaster relief and resettlement organization. \n The Star Wars Databank describes her as \"one of Naboo's best and brightest\" and \"interested in public service\". She demonstrates a devotion to the disadvantaged and deprived beings of the galaxy. Her childhood and adolescence is sacrificed to public service. In the Attack of the Clones novelization, Padmé's sister Sola Naberrie tells her, \"You're so tied up in your responsibilities that you don't give any weight to your desires.\"",
"The Star Wars Databank describes her as \"one of Naboo's best and brightest\" and \"interested in public service\". She demonstrates a devotion to the disadvantaged and deprived beings of the galaxy. Her childhood and adolescence is sacrificed to public service. In the Attack of the Clones novelization, Padmé's sister Sola Naberrie tells her, \"You're so tied up in your responsibilities that you don't give any weight to your desires.\" \n Padmé Amidala (née Naberrie) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, appearing in the prequel trilogy portrayed by actress Natalie Portman. She served as the Princess of Theed and later Queen of Naboo. After her reign, she became a senator in the Galactic Senate, an anti-war movement spokesperson, and co-founder of the opposition-faction that later emerged as the Rebel Alliance. She was secretly married to the Jedi Anakin Skywalker, and was the biological mother of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa, which makes her the mother-in-law of Han Solo, and the grandmother of Kylo Ren. \n In 2017, Rolling Stone magazine placed Padmé Amidala at the number 45 spot on their 50 Best Star Wars Characters of All Time list. \n Aesthetics aside, the wardrobe was designed to reflect key plot developments. In Attack of the Clones, Lucas wanted Padmé's wardrobe to mirror the romantic elements of the film. He suggested that her costumes be more \"sultry in nature.\" Trisha Biggar notes that Lucas wanted her to appear \"sexy, gorgeous, and young in skimpy clothes.\" Portman laughs, \"I got over the hump of 18 so I'm allowed to show tummy now, I guess\", so during the battle of Geonosis the bottom part of her top is ripped off revealing her midriff. For Revenge of the Sith, Biggar says, \"We knew that Padmé was going to be pregnant through the whole film, and nobody in the outside world could know that. Because she's pregnant, I wanted a soft quality to be apparent in the fabrics that were used.\" \n Padmé Amidala \n--- \nStar Wars character \nNatalie Portman as Padmé Amidala in Star Wars:Episode III–Revenge of the Sith \nFirst appearance | The Phantom Menace (1999) \nCreated by | George Lucas \nPortrayed by | Natalie Portman \nVoiced by |",
"* Catherine Taber (Star Wars:The Clone Wars film and TV series, Star Wars:The Clone Wars–Jedi Alliance, Star Wars:The Clone Wars–Republic Heroes, Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Forces of Destiny) \n * Grey DeLisle (Star Wars:Clone Wars, Star Wars Episode I:The Phantom Menace ( video game), Star Wars Episode I:Jedi Power Battles, Star Wars:Galactic Battlegrounds, Star Wars:Super Bombad Racing and Star Wars:The Clone Wars ) \n * Montana Norberg (Lego Star Wars:Droid Tales) \n\n \nInformation \nOccupation | \n\n * Queen of Naboo \n * Senator of Naboo \n * Co-founder of the Rebel Alliance \n\n \nAffiliation | \n\n * Galactic Senate of the Grand Republic \n * Alliance to Restore the Republic \n\n \nFamily | \n\n * Jobal Naberrie (mother) \n * Ruwee Naberrie (father) \n * Sola Naberrie (sister) \n\n \nSpouse (s) | Anakin Skywalker \nChildren | \n\n * Luke Skywalker \n * Leia Organa \n\n \nRelatives | \n\nCanon:\n\n * Han Solo (son-in-law) \n * Ben Solo (grandson) \n\n\n\nLegends:\n\n * Mara Jade (daughter-in-law) \n * Ben Skywalker (grandson) \n * Jacen Solo (grandson) \n * Jaina Solo (granddaughter) \n * Anakin Solo (grandson) \n * Allana Solo (great-granddaughter) \n\n \nHomeworld | Naboo \n The novelizations of the Star Wars prequel films introduced material about Padmé Amidala that was not included in the films. Terry Brooks' Phantom Menace (1999) includes a discussion between Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Qui-Gon describes the then-queen of Naboo as \"something of an unknown\" before the Trade Federation blockade. In the Attack of the Clones (2002) adaptation by R.A. Salvatore, there is a detailed conversation between Padmé and her sister Sola Naberrie shortly after Jamillia appoints her senator. Sola chides her for ignoring her personal life:\"What about Padmé Amidala? Have you even thought about what might make your life better?\" Matthew Stover's Revenge of the Sith (2005) elaborates upon Padmé's role in the formation of the Rebel Alliance. Stover narrates Darth Vader's reaction to the death of his wife:Vader thinks to himself, \"You killed her because, finally, when you could have saved her, when you could have gone away with her, when you could have been thinking about her, you were thinking about yourself ...\" \n Padmé Amidala appears in eight chapters of the Star Wars:Clone Wars micro-series that aired on Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005. She is secluded on Coruscant and maintains a correspondence when Anakin Skywalker is fighting in the Clone Wars. In one chapter, Padmé travels with Yoda aboard her ship when he senses a disturbance in the Force coming from the ice planet Ilum. Despite Captain Typho's protest, she accompanies Yoda and helps rescue Jedi Master Luminara Unduli and Padawan Barriss Offee. In another chapter, she is thrilled by Anakin's graduation from Padawan to Jedi Knight. In the final chapter, she is briefly seen during General Grievous's assault on Coruscant. \n An extensive wardrobe was designed for Padmé Amidala by Lucasfilm concept artists and costume designers. Like Leia Organa, one of the inspirations for Padmé was the Flash Gordon character Dale Arden. The wardrobe in The Phantom Menace was designed by concept artist Iain McCaig and costume designer Trisha Biggar; concept artist Dermot Power joined McCaig and Biggar in the design process of Attack of the Clones. Biggar worked as costume designer on the three films. Many costumes were inspired by the historical royal fashions of different cultures. For example, in The Phantom Menace, the dress which Padmé wears when addressing the Senate is based on Mongolian imperial fashion worn by Empress Dondogdulam, the wife of Bogd Khan, and other monarchs into the early 20th century. Padmé's travel gown in Attack of the Clones is based on 17th-century Russian fashion photographed on Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna at the Romanov Anniversary Ball in 1903. \n The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia's mother. I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts, but it basically didn't survive. When I got to Jedi, I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I'm writing. But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her. \n After Obi-Wan defeats Vader in a lightsaber duel, he brings Padmé to the secret asteroid base Polis Massa. Despite efforts of medical droids, Padmé dies after delivering twins, Luke and Leia. Just prior to her death, Padmé insists to Obi-Wan that she knows \"there is still good\" in Anakin. After Padmé's body is altered to appear still pregnant and given an elaborate funeral ceremony on Naboo, her twins are separated to be hidden from Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine:Leia is adopted by Senator Organa and his wife Queen Organa on Alderaan to be raised as a princess, while Luke is brought to Tatooine to be raised by his step-grandfather's family, Owen and Beru Lars."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Janine Irons Janine Irons, MBE, FRSA, is a British music educator, artist manager and producer, who in 1991 co-founded with her partner Gary Crosby the music education and professional development organisation Tomorrow's Warriors, of which she is Chief Executive. In 1997 she and Crosby also initiated the Dune Records label, which has a focus on Black British jazz musicians and musicians from Tomorrow's Warriors. She has also worked as a photographer and musician. Born in Harrow, London, Irons studied classical piano \"with a teacher who was rumoured to have worked with [André] Previn\". As a young teenager, she sang in a funk band and at 16 was offered a contract as a vocalist; instead, however, she decided to pursue a career in The City. Finding this work \"well-paid but boring\", she enrolled on a photography course at the City and Guilds of London Institute. It was while covering a jazz performance as a freelance photographer that she met her future partner, bass player Gary Crosby, and after helping with his band she went on to manage artists, as well as becoming involved with recording and releasing records. Irons and Crosby founded in 1991 the jazz music education and artist development organisation Tomorrow's Warriors, of which Irons is managing director/CEO, and in 1997 began Dune Records, which soon developed into an award-winning label, with Irons as managing director. She has recalled initially having to do \"everything apart from play the music! I did the photography, the liner notes, the artwork, the press/PR, the distribution… everything! However, with our third release, Denys Baptiste's \"Be Where You Are\" (1999), we decided to engage professional designers to ease the pressures on me. Again, this album received great critical acclaim and, to our utter amazement, was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize, \"the\" most prestigious music prize in the UK which looks for the best releases of British music regardless of genre.\" In addition to Baptiste, other notable acts associated with Dune include Nu Troop, J-Life, Jazz Jamaica, Soweto Kinch and Abram Wilson. Irons was nominated for a European Federation of Black Women Business Owners award in 1999. In 2006, she completed the Clore Leadership Programme Short Course on Cultural Leadership and, also in that year, was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to the Music Industry. She is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). Janine Irons Janine Irons, MBE, FRSA, is a British music educator, artist manager and producer, who in 1991 co-founded with her partner Gary Crosby the music education and professional development organisation Tomorrow's Warriors, of which she is Chief Executive. In 1997 she and Crosby also initiated the Dune Records label, which has a focus on Black British jazz musicians and musicians from Tomorrow's Warriors. She has also worked as a photographer and musician. Born in Harrow, London, Irons studied classical piano \"with a teacher who was rumoured to have worked with [André] Previn\"."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Randomized algorithms as zero-sum games Randomized algorithms are algorithms that employ a degree of randomness as part of their logic. These algorithms can be used to give good average-case results (complexity-wise) to problems which are hard to solve deterministically, or display poor worst-case complexity. An algorithmic game theoretic approach can help explain why in the average case randomized algorithms may work better than deterministic algorithms. Consider a zero-sum game between player A, whose strategies are deterministic algorithms, and player B, who’s strategies are inputs for A’s algorithms. The cost of a strategy profile is the running time of A’s chosen algorithm on B’s chosen input. Therefore, player A tries to minimize the cost, and player B tries to maximize it. In the world of pure strategies, for every algorithm that A chooses, B may choose the most costly input – this is the worst-case scenario, and can be found using standard complexity analysis. But in the real world, inputs are normally not selected by an ‘evil opponent’ – rather, they come from some distribution over inputs. Since this is the case, if we allow the algorithms to also be drawn from some distribution, we may look at the game as one that allows mixed strategies. That is, each player chooses a distribution over its strategies. Incorporating mixed strategies into the game allows us to use von Neumann's minimax theorem: where \"R\" is a distribution over the algorithms, \"D\" is a distribution over inputs, \"A\" is a single deterministic algorithm, and \"T\"(\"A\", \"D\") is the average running time of algorithm a on input \"D\". More specifically: If we limit the set of algorithms to a specific family (for instance, all deterministic choices for pivots in the quick sort algorithm), choosing an algorithm A from R is equivalent to running a randomized algorithm (for instance, running quick sort and randomly choosing the pivots at each step). This gives us an insight on Yao's principle, which states that the expected cost of any randomized algorithm for solving a given problem, on the worst-case input for that algorithm, can be no better than the expected cost, for a worst-case random probability distribution on the inputs, of the deterministic algorithm that performs best against that distribution. Randomized algorithms as zero-sum games Randomized algorithms are algorithms that employ a degree of randomness as part of their logic. These algorithms can be used to give good average-case"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Goba Secondary School Goba Secondary School is a community secondary school in Goba ward, Ubungo District, Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania. It is located at Kinzudi street about 7 km from Bagamoyo mainroad at Tangibovu. School rank in 2015 is 1298/2322 Goba Secondary, formerly known as Goba A, was started at Goba Primary School in 2006. The school started at Goba Primary School because of few buildings that were available for school to start. In 2007 school officially moved to where its buildings were located. Since Goba Secondary School is community owned school, school lacks a lot of teaching stuffs e.g. library, good laboratory that could promote students to learn well. Academic performance of the school from the first graduates 2009 to 2013 is low. Below is summary of CSEE results of Goba secondary in 2009-2013 respectively DIV-I = 0 DIV-II = 2 DIV-III = 3 DIV-IV = 30 FLD = 40 DIV-I = 2 DIV-II = 5 DIV-III = 18 DIV-IV = 73 FLD = 92 DIV-I = 0 DIV-II = 3 DIV-III = 10 DIV-IV = 83 FLD = 150 DIV-I = 0 DIV-II = 1 DIV-III = 7 DIV-IV = 47 FLD = 86 DIV-I = 1 DIV-II = 5 DIV-III = 9 DIV-IV = 57 DIV-0 = 81 DISTINCTION = 0 MERIT = 6 CREDIT = 17 PASS = 51 FAIL = 33 Since the school is a day school, it enrolls learners that live around the Goba ward. On average, it enrolls about 200 learners each year. These learners are sourced from nearby primary schools. It is a co-educational school. In 2013, the ratio of boys to girls stood at 56:44. The school always encourages learners with different talents to participate in sports and entertainment.Sports and entertainment is part of learning. Sport activities at the school include football, netball, volleyball and handball. Goba Secondary School Goba Secondary School is a community secondary school in Goba ward, Ubungo District, Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania. It is located at Kinzudi street about 7 km from Bagamoyo mainroad at Tangibovu. School rank in 2015 is 1298/2322 Goba Secondary, formerly known as Goba A, was started at Goba Primary School in 2006. The school started at Goba Primary School because of few buildings that were available for school to start. In 2007 school officially moved to where its buildings were located. Since Goba Secondary School is community owned school,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Denis Bédard Denis Bédard (born 1950 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian composer of organ works (solo, duet, and with other instruments) and choral pieces (a cappella, with organ, and with piano). He founded Éditions Cheldar, which publishes his works. Bédard was trained at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Québec where he obtained a deuxième prix harmony in 1966, a premier prix counterpoint in 1970, a premier prix fugue in 1971, premier prix organ in 1972, and a premier prix harpsichord and premier prix chamber music in 1973. Among his teachers at the conservatoire were Tania Krieger (piano), Claude Lavoie (organ), André Mérineau (harmony), Magdeleine Martin (counterpoint and fugue), and Donald Thomson (harpsichord). A series of grants from the Canada Council enabled him to pursue studies in Paris with André Isoir (organ) and Laurence Boulay (harpsichord and figured bass realization) and in Montreal with Bernard Lagacé (organ and harpsichord) between 1973-1975. After winning the Prix d'Europe in 1975 for his harpsichord performance, he studied piano, harpsichord, and organ with Gustav Leonhardt in the Netherlands from 1975-1977. Denis Bédard Denis Bédard (born 1950 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian composer of organ works (solo, duet, and with"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Tallahatta Formation The Tallahatta Formation is a geologic formation found on the surface in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. It is also located in the subsurface of Kentucky. The Tallahatta formation is part of the Claiborne Group and contains four members: the Basic City Shale in Mississippi, the Holy Springs Sand Member in Mississippi, the Meridian Sand Member in Alabama and Missisppi, and the Neshoba Sand Member in Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, specifically the Eocene. As early as 1823, the rocks that would later become the Tallahatta Formation was referred to as \"Buhrstone\", a type of porous limestone. Other terms used to describe this rock were \"Siliceous Claiborne\" in Mississippi and the \"Choctaw buhrstone\" in Alabama. These rocks became known as the Tallahatta Formation in 1898. Originally, the Winona Formation was considered part of the Tallahatta as the Winona Sand Member before it was split off as a separate formation. No submembers exist in Georgia or Florida for this formation. In South Carolina, the basal member of the Claiborne Group is called the Conagree Formation, which correlates to the Tallahatta Formation. It has been proposed that the Tallahatta Formation in Georgia be renamed the Conagree Formation. The Basic City Shale Member gets its name from Basic, Mississippi. It is also called the Basic Claystone or Basic Clay Member. It is a silaceous shale interlaminated with beds of sandstone and siltstone. It is described as \"sparingly fossiliferous\" and contains signs of bioturbation. It was deposited in a near-shore, quiet marine environment. It overlays the Meridian Sand Member. The Holly Springs Sand Member takes its name from Holly Springs, Mississippi. It was originally considered a member of the Wilcox Formation in Mississippi and is dominated by coarse grained, cross bedded sand. The name was abandoned, upgraded to a formation, and added as a member of the Tallahatta Formation. It is still considered a separate formation in Missouri as part of the Wilcox Group. The Meridian Sand Member was named for Meridian, Mississippi and is a very coarse to medium, nonfossilferous sand. It was also called the Meridian Formation, the Meridian Sand, or the Meridian Buhrstone, and is not always grouped as part of the Tallahatta Formation and some earlier works considered it part of the Wilcox Group. It is the oldest member of the Tallahatta Formation and is thought to represent a fluvial deposition. The Neshoba Sand Member was named for Neshoba Co., Mississippi and is a non-fossiliferous sand. It was considered part of the Winona Formation, but was separated out due to its low glauconite concentration and the presence of an unconformity. The sand grains grow steadily coarser from top to bottom, and is thought to represent a marine regression depositional environment. Tallahatta Formation The Tallahatta Formation is a geologic formation found on the surface in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. It is also located in the subsurface of Kentucky. The Tallahatta formation is part of the Claiborne Group and contains four members: the Basic"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Astro: An Urban Fable in a Magical Rio de Janeiro Astro: An Urban Fable in a Magical Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: \"Astro, Uma Fábula Urbana em um Rio de Janeiro Mágico\") is a 2012 Brazilian adventure-drama film directed by Paula Trabulsi. The film is part of a project that involves visual art, street culture, cuisine and urban interventions. Daughter of a Brazilian mother and Swedish father, Astro leaves her life in Sweden to visit Rio de Janeiro. She travels to the city to get a house that she had inherited, but ends up getting longer than expected. Eventually, she ends up meeting Alice and her group of friends, starting to interact more with the city. Astro: An Urban Fable in a Magical Rio de Janeiro Astro: An Urban Fable in a Magical Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese: \"Astro, Uma Fábula Urbana em um Rio de Janeiro Mágico\") is a 2012 Brazilian adventure-drama film directed by Paula Trabulsi. The film is part of a project that involves visual art, street culture, cuisine and urban interventions. Daughter of a Brazilian mother and Swedish father, Astro leaves her life in Sweden to visit Rio de Janeiro. She travels to the city to get a"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Adam Tambellini Adam Tambellini (born November 1, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing with the Belleville Senators in the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). Tambellini was selected by the Rangers in the 3rd round (65th overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. Tabellini as an Alberta native, played top midget hockey in Alberta before playing three games with the Sherwood Park Crusaders in the Alberta Junior Hockey League during the 2010–11 season as a 16-year old. He then continued his junior career, playing two seasons in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) with the Vernon Vipers and the Surrey Eagles before committing to college hockey with the University of North Dakota in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. After his selection by the Rangers at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, Tambellini played just 16 games in his freshman year with the Fighting Hawks in 2013–14 season. He then opted to leave college to return to Canada to play major junior hockey in the Western Hockey League (WHL) after his right were acquired by the Calgary Hitmen from the Portland Winterhawks on January 8, 2014. He regained his scoring touch in the WHL playing out the remainder of the season in producing 39 points in just 31 games. In his first full season with the Hitmen in 2014–15, Tambellini scored 86 points in 71 games to earn a selection to the East Second All-Star Team. On March 10, 2015, it was announced that Tambellini had signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the New York Rangers. In his first professional season with the Rangers organization, Tambellini was assigned to its AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack for the 2015–16 season. In his rookie campaign, Tambellini finished with a promising 17 goals and 32 points in 74 games. Following his third season with the Wolf Pack, Tambellini was not extended a qualifying offer at the conclusion of his entry-level contract. As a free agent, he signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Ottawa Senators on July 25, 2018. After attending his first training camp with Ottawa, Tambellini was assigned to Belleville to play for the Senators. 2018–19 Tambellini is the son of former Edmonton Oilers general manager, Steve Tambellini and his older brother Jeff also played professionally in the NHL. His grandfather Addie Tambellini also played ice hockey. Adam Tambellini Adam Tambellini (born November 1, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing with the Belleville Senators in the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). Tambellini was selected by the Rangers in the 3rd round (65th overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. Tabellini as an Alberta native, played top midget hockey in Alberta before playing three games with the Sherwood Park Crusaders in the Alberta Junior Hockey League during the 2010–11 season as a 16-year old. He then continued his"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The Wrongstar Society The Wrongstar Society is an English electronic rock group. Despite their reputation as breakbeat producers, they also have tracks which involve session guitarists, punk rock vocalists and harmonicas. The group were first signed to Unstable Label and released their first CD album entitled Beats, Rhymes and Conflicts on August 4, 2008 2008. \"Beautiful\" was the group's first single, which received major UK airplay. The group has had regular national radio shows, including interviews on Kiss 100 with Jay Cunning, Galaxy FM with Rennie Pilgrem and BBC Radio 1 with Annie Nightingale. The Wrongstars are currently signed to Leeroy Thornhill's label 'Electric Tastebuds' and released their first single on this label in March 2009. The Wrongstar Society The Wrongstar Society is an English electronic rock group. Despite their reputation as breakbeat producers, they also have tracks which involve session guitarists, punk rock vocalists and harmonicas. The group were first signed to Unstable Label and released their first CD album entitled Beats, Rhymes and Conflicts on August 4, 2008 2008. \"Beautiful\" was the group's first single, which received major UK airplay. The group has had regular national radio shows, including interviews on Kiss 100 with Jay Cunning, Galaxy FM"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"SIBC SIBC (short for Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company) is a local independent commercial radio station broadcasting in the Shetland Islands. Its coverage area is Shetland, parts of Orkney, and some of sea-lanes, fishing grounds, and offshore oil fields. The station, which is owned and operated by husband and wife team, Ian Anderson and Inga Walterson, is located at Market Street, Lerwick and broadcasts from Bressay on 96.2 MHz FM (also on 102.2 MHz in Lerwick). The company, which was registered on 23 September 1985 and has Ofcom licence number AL131-2, began broadcasting on 26 November 1987. It is currently on a 5-year licence. The shorter-term licence was issued when there was a belief by the regulator Ofcom that analogue (FM) broadcasting was coming to an end and it did not want to license current FM stations beyond the changeover date to digital. Ian Anderson, the station's main owner, was previously a broadcaster for the BBC and Radio Forth, as well as pirate radio stations including Radio Atlantis, Radio Northsea International, and Radio Caroline. SIBC is on the air 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with a schedule of contemporary music and news with a local emphasis. News bulletins – with the latest local news and weather, together with some national, Nordic, and world reports – are broadcast every hour on the hour from 6.00 on Mondays to 18.00 on Saturdays and from 6.00 to 18.00 on Sundays, with additional bulletins at 6.30, 7.30, and 8.30 on Mondays to Saturdays and at 17.30 on Mondays to Fridays. The station also carries, as necessary, essential information regarding emergencies, school closures, etc. SIBC SIBC (short for Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company) is a local independent commercial radio station broadcasting in the Shetland Islands. Its coverage area is Shetland, parts of Orkney, and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mauro Cía Gualberto Mauro Cía Montañero (born 3 July 1919) is a retired boxer and actor from Argentina. He was born in Buenos Aires. At the age of 29, when he was an assistant officer at the Argentine Federal Police, Cía qualified for the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London, United Kingdom in the light heavyweight classification. In a campaign marked by increasing injuries, Cía managed to attain the bronze medal despite the coaching staff not wanting to clear him for the third-place match, as he had two swollen black eyes, cuts in the cheeks and eyebrows, and a right hand so swollen the boxing glove did not fit. Afterwards, Cía had no interest in becoming a professional boxer, retiring to take care of his sick mother while also becoming a sparring partner for Archie Moore. After a brief acting career in the boxing-themed films \"Su última pelea\" (1949), \"Diez segundos\" (1949) and \"Nace un campeón\" (1952), Cía unsuccessfully attempted to qualify for the 1956 Summer Olympics Below is the record of Mauro Cía, an Argentinian light heavyweight boxer who competed at the 1948 London Olympics: Mauro Cía Gualberto Mauro Cía Montañero (born 3 July 1919) is a retired boxer"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Danny Reece Danny Reece (born January 28, 1955 in San Pedro, California) is an American retired football cornerback. Family Daniel Reece Jr., his son is a former professional fighter. After starting his fight career at The University of Nevada, Las Vegas with their boxing team, where he was a two time western regional champion and the 2006 national champion in the welterweight division, Daniel turned professional. He was undefeated in seven professional bouts before an eye injury forced him into an early retirement in 2010. He returned to the fight game in 2012, this time competing as a mixed martial artist. His MMA career was also short lived as the same eye injury that had forced his retirement from boxing led to his loss of vision in one eye and subsequent second retirement. Danny grew up with 8 siblings—5 brothers and 3 sisters, most of them younger. His brothers also played football, but Danny was the only one who played professionally. His father, Lyoud Reece, served on the USS Arizona during the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Mr. Reece died in October 2004. Reece played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers between 1976 and 1980. Reece led the National Football League in punt returns in 1979 and 1980. Reece was a third-round draft choice from the University of Southern California by the Cincinnati Bengals in the 1976 NFL Draft. Prior to USC, Reece prepped at Banning High School in Wilmington, California. Danny Reece Danny Reece (born January 28, 1955 in San Pedro, California) is an American retired football cornerback. Family Daniel Reece Jr., his son is a former professional fighter. After starting his fight career at The University of Nevada, Las Vegas with their boxing team, where he was a two time western regional champion and the 2006 national champion in the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The Legendary Traxster The Legendary Traxster (born Samuel Lindley; July 14, 1973 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American songwriter, rapper and record producer. A native of Chicago, he is best known as a producer for Twista, Do or Die and Ludacris. He is the owner of Traxster Inc. and Co-CEO of CWAL Records. In 2017 he launched Nothing But Dope LLC. imprint distributed through Priority Records. The Legendary Traxster (a.k.a. Samuel Lindley) is a Multi-Platinum & Grammy Nominated American Songwriter/Producer. He produced the Certified Platinum song, \"My Chick Bad\" by Ludacris featuring Nicki Minaj on the album \"Battle Of The Sexes\". Traxster's production on \"My Chick Bad\" helped land Ludacris a #1 album on the Billboard 200. Success is not new to Traxster, he earned a Grammy Nomination for his work with Mariah Carey, co-writing and producing the track, \"One and Only\" on her 2005 released album, \"The Emancipation Of Mimi\" which sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide. The 2009 reunion on Twista's \"Category F5\" has rekindled the chemistry between the two with six songs produced by The Legendary Traxster and reaching the Billboard with #1 Rap album including the hit single \"Wetter\". The single went on to be Certified Gold and the winner of two ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards\" in the Rap and R&B/Hip Hop category. Traxster and Twista came back at it again with their hit single \"Make a Movie\" Twista ft. Chris Brown from Twista's \"The Perfect Storm\" which also climbed its way to the top of the charts. Traxster produced ten songs on this project. Traxster, also has extended his hand of community service by participating in the ASCAP SCORES program. The Legendary Traxster will lead a songwriting classes with kids at Chalmers Elementary, Chicago, IL. on December 1 and 8, 2010. Traxster and the students will then go to CRC Studios, Chicago, IL. on December 14, 2010 to record the song. The finished song will be included on a special compilation CD that ASCAP produces, which is distributed to each of the schools involved, as well as to music industry decision makers. The Legendary Traxster said: \"It is an honor and a privilege to be in a position to give back to my community. Having grown up in the inner city, I know that the environment, conditions and circumstances of inner city life don't always give you positive outlets to express yourself as a kid. I like to believe my love for music saved my life having seen so many of my childhood friends fall victim to the streets. In light of all the youth violence that has been occurring in Chicago, I am glad ASCAP has provided another platform for me to share my love of music with the youth of Chicago. Through the SCORES program I hope to inspire someone to pursue their dreams and avoid becoming another tragedy of the inner city.\" A native of Chicago, he is best known as producer for the platinum-selling rapper Twista and the famed rap group Do or Die, for whom he produced several albums including the platinum-selling Picture This. Picture This is notable for introducing Twista to the mainstream, particularly on the album's blazing centerpiece \"Po Pimp\". Traxster also produced Twista's Platinum selling \"Adrenaline Rush\" in its entirety. Traxster is credited for creating the Midwest / Chicago sound: slow, dark, bass heavy grooves, with wild drums and running hi-hats, to match the triple time rhyme patterns of the rappers. He soon spread his sound nationally producing songs for artist around the country. Chris Brown, Waka Flocka Flame, Yo Gotti, Ray J, R. Kelly, T.I., Lil Boosie, Cam'ron, Scarface, Bun B, Mystikal, E-40, WC, C-Bo, Static Major, Tech N9ne, The Outlawz, Raekwon, Shawnna, Eve and Trina have all used Traxster production. In January 2017 Traxster signed a deal with Priority Records for his label Nothing But Dope LLC. The new Priority Records launched in 2013. The label's re-launch was a venture by Capitol Records, which is owned by the Universal Music Group. When you hear fast-paced rappers rhyme on heavy based rhythms and quick patterned hi hats, you should automatically think of the man behind the beats, The Legendary Traxster. Born Samuel Lindley, this multi platinum, Grammy nominated record producer has always been inspired by music and art, as he and friends learned how to blend records in the late 80's by deejaying at house parties at the age of fourteen. For him, it has always been about having the latest records, the music that people want to hear. Traxster began his musical expression as a battle rapper from the south side of Chicago's \"Pocket Town\" neighborhood, where he formed his first group in high school. His peers thought he was unusual for wanting to be a rapper, because there were not many Hip-Hop acts In Chicago at the time. Upon graduating high school, the group \"D 2 Tha S\" (Dedicated 2 Tha Streets) was formed and became well known lyrically in the streets. Inspired by N.W.A, D 2 Tha S's aspirations were to have dope lyrics over dope beats, to be the \"dope group\" to make it from the rough streets of Chicago. With the noise the group was making in the streets, Ill State Assassins, a coalition of different rap groups, wanted the group to join their Hip-Hop crew. D 2 Tha S ended up joining the 30 member crew of different rap groups/ artists and became a major force in the movement. Their most noted rivalry was with Grammy Award-winning hip-hop group, Naughty By Nature. D 2 Tha S single \"Livin In A Hellhole\" was released in 1992 and soon following released two maxi-singles \"Doomsday\" (1994) and \"My Brothaz Keepa\" (1996). To make ends meet, producing became a hustle for Traxster. The demand began for production sounding like the D 2 Tha S records, Traxster started producing for other Chicago artist. This was the beginning of his understanding that he could make a living off producing music. In the mid '90s, Traxster began producing music for local rappers, such as Psychodrama, Do or Die, and Twista. His creativity and his discovery on how to make different sound which is filled with slow, dark, bass-heavy grooves, with wild drums, and running hi hats, to match the triple time rhyme patterns of the midwest rappers, made his production unique. Traxster's rap career was put on hold when Do or Die's single \"Po Pimp\" caught fire in Chicago and lead to the album \"Picture This\" released on Rap-A-Lot/Virgin Records (1996) was made. Creator's Way Records was formed and his production on Do or Die's album brought the group to platinum-status and sparked the journey to The Legendary Traxster's success as a multi-platinum producer and songwriter. Traxster also signed a publishing and production deal with Universal Records and Zomba Group and Jive Records. After the release of Do or Die's album, Traxster began working on Twista's single \"Emotions\" for the album Adrenaline Rush. With the independent release of \"Emotions\" this rapidly selling single created a bidding war with the major labels. That bidding war birthed a deal with Atlantic Records, thus solidifying a history-making joint venture. The deal with Creator's Way and the Atlantic was the biggest deal for an independent rap label and an established record company at that time. This allowed Traxster and the artists to have creative control over their projects. Traxster single-handedly produced, recorded, and mixed \"Adrenaline Rush\", which is certified platinum. Soon after, Trax and his group, Shock The World, were also signed to Atlantic as recording artists, and was scheduled to release an album \"Blast For Me - A Thugs Religion\" in 1998. Due to financial and creative differences, the group split, and some members of Shock The World members decided to continue their career with Twista. This conflict led to the shelving of the group's album and in 2002, Twista was released from Creator's Way and was signed directly to Atlantic Records. The two reunited in 2005 to collaborate on the double-platinum record \"Kamikaze\", but Traxster's presence was missing",
"that time. This allowed Traxster and the artists to have creative control over their projects. Traxster single-handedly produced, recorded, and mixed \"Adrenaline Rush\", which is certified platinum. Soon after, Trax and his group, Shock The World, were also signed to Atlantic as recording artists, and was scheduled to release an album \"Blast For Me - A Thugs Religion\" in 1998. Due to financial and creative differences, the group split, and some members of Shock The World members decided to continue their career with Twista. This conflict led to the shelving of the group's album and in 2002, Twista was released from Creator's Way and was signed directly to Atlantic Records. The two reunited in 2005 to collaborate on the double-platinum record \"Kamikaze\", but Traxster's presence was missing from Twista's following two albums. In 2009 Traxster reunited on Twista's \"Category F5\". It rekindled the chemistry between the two. With multiple platinum and gold records, Traxster is inspired daily to create something new and different to prove his greatness in the music industry. \"When I hear great music I desire to do something great also. When I leave the earth, I want to leave my mark\". According to The Source, Traxster's production is considered \"magical, a new sound that's not only going to put Chicago on the map, but the whole Midwest.\" Though rapping is one of Traxster's first loves, working with various artists throughout the industry has given him the confidence to continue to dominate the airwaves with his intense, heavyweight beats. \"Producing is easier. I couldn't survive if I couldn't make music. When I am rapping people hear my mind/thoughts...when producing you're hearing my spirit\". In 2015 he married singer-songwriter Tia London and has one child together Akai King Lindley who was born in July 2015. 2014 Twista - Dark Horse - \"The Dark Horse\" Featuring Tyme Twista - Dark Horse - \"I Am Sucha Mobsta\" Twista - Dark Horse - \"It's Yours\" Featuring Tia London Twista - Dark Horse - \"Nothing Like Me\" Featuring Gritz Twista - Dark Horse - \"Me And You\" 2013 Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Peakin\" Featuring Dollarmentary Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Gotta Do Better\" Featuring Jack Freeman Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"My City\" Featuring Scarface Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"What's Pop'n\" Featuring Twista Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Champion\" Featuring Siren The Goddess Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Dreamer\" Featuring Tia London Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Let Me In\" Featuring Darilyn Monroe Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Lost\" Featuring Twista & Yukmouth Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"See Me\" Featuring Green Giant Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Pop A Crate\" Featuring Lyru & Green Giant Java Starr - Troubled Waters - \"Smoke\" Twista - Back to the Basics (EP) - \"Intro/Freestyle\" Twista - Back to the Basics (EP) - \"Ferocious\" Twista - Back to the Basics (EP) - \"Put It Down\" Down\" 2012 Tia London - The Overdose (Album) 2011 Tia London - Love Junkie (Album) Big Sean - Finally Famous - \"I Do It\" 2010 Ludacris - Battle of the Sexes - \"My Chick Bad\" Featuring Nicki Minaj Ludacris - Battle of the Sexes - \"My Chick Bad (Remix)\" Featuring Diamond, Trina and Eve Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Darkness\" Featuring DaWreck of Triple Darkness Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Make a Movie\" Featuring Chris Brown Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"I Do\" Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"2012\" Featuring Tia London Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Back To The Basics\" Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Hands Up, Lay Down\" Featuring Waka Flocka Flame Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Call The Police\" Featuring Ray J Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Give It To Me\" Featuring Teala Chenae Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"Go\" Featuring Zamica Twista - The Perfect Storm - \"The Heat\" Featuring Raekwon 2009 Twista - Category F5 - \"Misunderstood\" Featuring Buk Twista - Category F5 - \"Fire\" Featuring Lil Boosie Twista - Category F5 - \"Yellow Light\" Featuring R. Kelly Twista - Category F5 - \"Wetter\" Featuring Erika Shevon Twista - Category F5 - \"Yo Body\" Featuring Do or Die & Johnny P. Twista - Category F5 - \"Gotta Get Me One\" Featuring Static Major 2007 WC - Guilty by Affiliation - \"Side Dick\" 2006 Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"Get Yo Gunz\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"t Ain't Hard\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"On My Own\"\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"Get This Paper\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"Somethin' Like a Playa\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"Street Sh$\" Do or Die - Get That Paper - \"Up That Scratch\" Tech N9ne - Everready (The Religion) - \"My World\" Featuring Brotha Lynch Hung & Dalima 2005 Mariah Carey - The Emancipation of Mimi - \"One and Only\" Featuring Twista Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"Against All Odds\" Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"Chain of Command\" Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"Around Here\" Featuring Malik Yusef Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"Wa da da Dang\" Featuring Grind Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"Getcha Weight Up\" Do or Die - D.O.D. - \"For My N***az\" Featuring The Legendary Traxster 2004 Twista - Kamikaze - \"Like a 24\" Featuring T.I. & Liffy Stokes Cam'ron - Purple Haze - \"Chi (Skit)/Adrenaline/Phone (Skit)\" Featuring Twista & Yung Buk of Psycho Drama 2003 Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"One More Way 2 Die\" Featuring E.C. Illa Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Do U?\" Featuring Twista And Johnny P. Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Fantasy\" Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"See It Through Reality\" Featuring The Legendary Traxster Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Lil' Ghetto Boy\" Featuring Johnny P. Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Stateville\" Featuring The Legendary Traxster And Dun D Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Don't Give No F*ck (No Love 2K3\" Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Bomb on Contact\" Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Not 4 U\" Featuring Johnny P. Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Who I Fuck Wit\" Do or Die - Pimpin' Ain't Dead - \"Cold World\" 2002 Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"Ain't No Punk\" Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"I Got A Problem\" Featuring Yung Buk Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"3 A.M.\" Featuring Johnny P. Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"Secret Indictment\" Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"Dead Homies\" Featuring Johnny P. Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"That's My Car\" Do or Die - Back 2 the Game - \"Menage A Trois\" Featuring Johnny P. 2001 Snypaz - Livin' in the Scope - \"Searchin\" 1999 Mystikal - The Corruptor (soundtrack) - \"I Ain't Playin\" 1998 Do or Die - Caught Up (soundtrack) - \"All in the Club\" Featuring Danny Boy And Johnny P Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Lil Sum Sum\" Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Nobody's Home\" Featuring Johnny P. and Danny Boy Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"All in the Club\" Featuring Danny Boy Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Can I\" Featuring Beyond Content Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Gangsta Shit\" Featuring Shock The World Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Bustin Back (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony Diss)\" Featuring Lil Chilla Of Snypaz Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Who Am I\" Featuring Scarface Do or Die - Headz or Tailz - \"Caine House\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Intro\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Crook County (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony Diss)\" Featuring Newsense Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Mob Up\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Front Porch\" Featuring Danny Boy Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"In Your World\" Featuring Christopher Williams Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Legit Ballers\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Mobstability\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Party Hoes\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Warm Embrace\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Smoke Wit You\" Featuring Baby Boy Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Loyalty\" Featuring Shock The World Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Motive 4 Murder\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability -",
"Newsense Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Mob Up\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Front Porch\" Featuring Danny Boy Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"In Your World\" Featuring Christopher Williams Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Legit Ballers\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Mobstability\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Party Hoes\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Warm Embrace\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Smoke Wit You\" Featuring Baby Boy Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Loyalty\" Featuring Shock The World Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Motive 4 Murder\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Dreams\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Mobstability - \"Rock Y'all Spot\" Twista And The Speedknot Mobstaz - Dr. Dolittle Soundtrack - \"In Your World\" Latanya - The Big Hit Soundtrack - \"What U On\" 1997 Mystikal - Dangerous Ground (soundtrack) - \"Mr. Shit Talker\" Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Intro\" Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Adrenaline Rush\" Featuring Yung Buk of Psycho Drama Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Death Before Dishonor\" Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"It Feels So Good\" Featuring Ms. Kane aka Eryka Kane Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Overdose\" Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Mobster's Anthem\" Featuring Liffy Stokes, Mayz Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Get Her In Tha Mood\" (skit) Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Emotions\" Featuring Johnny P Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Unsolved Mystery\" Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Korrupt World\" Featuring B-Hype Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Get It Wet\" Featuring Ms Kane aka Eryka Kane Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"No Remorse\" Featuring Liffy Stokes, B-Hype, Turtle Banks, Mayz & Master Link of Qualo Twista - Adrenaline Rush - \"Emotions\" (Remix) Mystikal - Unpredictable - \"Still Smokin\" Mic Geronimo - Vendetta - \"Vendetta\" 1996 Do or Die - Picture This - \"Alpha and Omega\" Do or Die - Picture This - \"Shut 'Em Down\" Do or Die - Picture This - \"Po Pimp\" Featuring Twista And Johnny P. Do or Die - Picture This - \"Playa Like Me and You\" Featuring Johnny P. Do or Die - Picture This - \"Promise\" Do or Die - Picture This - \"6 Million\" Do or Die - Picture This - \"Search Warrant\" Do or Die - Picture This - \"Anotha One Dead And Gone\" The Legendary Traxster The Legendary Traxster (born Samuel Lindley; July 14, 1973 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American songwriter, rapper and record producer. A native of Chicago, he is best known as a producer for Twista, Do or Die and Ludacris. He"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"2009 European Parliament election in Sweden The European Parliament election of 2009 in Sweden was held on 7 June 2009 and determined the makeup of the Swedish delegation to the European Parliament. The election was held using a modified form of the Sainte-Laguë method of party-list proportional representation using the entire country as a single electoral constituency. There is a threshold limit of 4 percent for Swedish elections to the European Parliament, so that any party not receiving at least four percent of the votes will not be allocated any seats. Sweden will be allocated 18 seats in the European parliament for this term, a reduction from the 19 they were allocated in the 2004 election. From December 2011 Sweden has 20 seats. The new Pirate Party polled at 7.1%, giving it one seat, and from December 2011 two seats after the Treaty of Lisbon. The eurosceptic June List saw the biggest slump in support, falling nearly 11% and losing all 3 seats. Turnout increased compared to the last election, from 37.9% to 45.5%. The final results were published by the Swedish Election Authority on 11 June 2009. From December 2011, Pirateparty and Swedish Social Democratic Party have one more seats after Treaty of Lisbon. Municipalities in which European party groups received the most votes: 2009 European Parliament election in Sweden The European Parliament election of 2009 in Sweden was held on 7 June 2009 and determined the makeup of the Swedish delegation to the European Parliament. The election was held using a modified form of the Sainte-Laguë method of party-list proportional representation using the entire country as a single electoral constituency. There is a threshold limit of 4 percent for Swedish elections to the European Parliament, so that any party not receiving at least four percent of the votes"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Big Ben Aden Big Ben Aden ( ) is a clock tower built by British engineers, along with locals, beside Aden Harbour in Yemen during the period that Aden Province (later called Aden Colony) was a territory within the British Empire. It is superficially similar to the Elizabeth Tower (popularly known as Big Ben), the famous clock tower attached to the Palace of Westminster in London. The clock was shut down for renovation about a quarter of a century ago, and returned to service in February 2012. The tower was built during the 19th century as part of the British colonisation of Aden Province, which began in 1839 and came to an end in 1967. The clock tower was built more than 120 years ago and was designed in accordance to Big Ben in London, being known as \"Big Ben of the Arabs\", or \"Big Ben of the East\". The project was completed in 1890 by British architects involved in the design and construction, with the assistance of local workers, made from a black stones and cement mix. The shape is rectangular and the roof is like an equilateral triangle covered with coated red brick. The diameter is about one meter from four directions and the width is 1.5 meters and a height is 22 meters. From inside it has an iron staircase with the tower directly looking towards the sea with a view of the Tawahi area. Big Ben Aden Big Ben Aden ( ) is a clock tower built by British engineers, along with locals, beside Aden Harbour in Yemen during the period that Aden Province (later called Aden Colony) was a territory within the British Empire. It is superficially similar to the Elizabeth Tower (popularly known as Big Ben), the famous clock tower attached to the Palace"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Hallvard Graatop Hallvard Graatop was a Norwegian rebel leader who fought against Erik of Pomerania. The name \"Graatop\", meaning \"Gray-top\" is probably a \"nom de guerre\", possibly referring to gray hair or a gray hood (as a wanted outlaw, he may have concealed his face). Graatop's true identity is unknown. Popular stories in the Telemark area claim him to be \"Lord\" Hallvard Torbjørnsen of Roaldstad (later known as Vrålstad) farm, grandfather of Aslaug Torbjørnsdatter Vrålstad (herself an ancestor of Queen Sonja of Norway and Andrew Volstead), but this is disputed (see \"Controversy\", below). The Black Death, which wrought havoc throughout Europe during the 14th century, had decimated the ruling families of Scandinavia. King Olav of Denmark and Norway was the last native ruler in Scandinavia. When he died in 1387, his wife Margareta took over the rule of those two countries and then Sweden as well. In 1397 in the town of Kalmar in Sweden, the Union of the three lands under a single crown was made official and Erik of Pomerania was chosen as king. Erik fatefully chose to govern the three kingdoms from Denmark using the Danish aristocracy. The Danish aristocracy naturally saw to their best interests and slowly alienated the residents of Sweden and Norway whom they tried to rule. In Sweden Engelbrekt Engelbrektson led a successful rebellion in 1434. In 1436 Amund Sigurdsson Bolt tried to do the same in Norway, but failed. Enter Hallvard Graatop. He raised an army of peasants to challenge the harsh Danish rule in Oslo. Hallvard and his army of Norwegians fought the Danes in 1438, but failed to secure their freedom. This third rebellion in under a decade, however, led the Danish aristocracy to turn on King Erik, whose harsh policies had fomented the disdain in which Danes were now held by their northern neighbors. They saw to the ouster of King Erik in 1439. In 1442 the Swedes were officially regranted sovereignty, however, the Danish aristocracy was unwilling to give up Norway. The next decade saw them reconquer the country and annex outright the Norwegian colonies of Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes. Danish aristocrats ruled the land and the Danish language was spoken in the cities. Norway didn't win independence from Denmark until 1814. The identity of Hallvard Graatop has been disputed by more modern scholars. Some claim the connection to a Hallvard Torbjornsson or Toresson living at the Vraalstad farm in Drangedal in the 15th century is entirely based upon hearsay and speculation. As a rebel leader, he would certainly have been executed by his adversaries if caught, thus it's quite reasonable that he deliberately covered his tracks. It seems that he was successful in this respect, as there's no record of his execution. Hallvard Graatop Hallvard Graatop was a Norwegian rebel leader who fought against Erik of Pomerania. The name \"Graatop\", meaning \"Gray-top\" is probably a \"nom de guerre\", possibly referring to gray hair or a gray hood (as a wanted outlaw, he may have concealed his"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gwendolyn Boyd Gwendolyn Elizabeth Boyd (born December 27, 1955) is an American scientist and university administrator. She served as president of Alabama State University from 2014 to 2016, and was previously national president of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority from 2000 to 2004. Before entering administration she worked as a mechanical engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Boyd was born in Montgomery, Alabama, the daughter of single mother Dora Lee McClain. She was orphaned at the age of 13, and then raised by her godmother, Emzella Mapson. Boyd was one of the first five black students to attend Jefferson Davis High School, where she excelled in science and mathematics. She graduated valedictorian in 1973. Boyd won a scholarship to Alabama State University, where she graduated in 1977 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics. She went on to Yale University, in 1979 graduating with a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering (specializing in acoustics). She was the only woman and the only black person in her program at Yale, and after leaving briefly worked for IBM in Kingston, New York. In 1980, Boyd joined the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns Hopkins University, Maryland. She initially worked in the laboratory's Strategic Systems Department, testing and evaluating submarine navigation systems. In 1998, Boyd moved into administration, given responsibility for the APL's development programs. She was also appointed to Johns Hopkins' Diversity Leadership Council, serving as chair from 2003 to 2005. From 2000 to 2004, Boyd served as national president of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. In 2009, the Obama Administration appointed her to the board of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship foundation. In December 2013, Boyd's alma mater Alabama State University announced that she had been appointed as the university's next president, with a term beginning in February 2014. She became the first woman to hold the position. Her new contract contained a clause granting her right of residency in the president's house, but only if she did not \"cohabitate with any person with whom she has a romantic relation\", which attracted some public attention. In November 2016, Boyd's presidency was suspended by the ASU board of trustees, at a meeting which had initially been called to discuss the university's budget. The following month, the board voted 8–6 to terminate her contract, citing \"failure to maintain the confidence of the board\". Gwendolyn Boyd Gwendolyn Elizabeth Boyd (born December"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Litoria Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor. They are sometimes collectively referred to as Australasian treefrogs. They are distinguishable from other tree frogs by the presence of horizontal irises, no pigmentation of the eyelids, and their Wallacean distribution. About 150 species are described, but several new species are described every year on average, such as the Pinocchio frog, described in 2008 but not yet given a taxonomic name. The species within the genus \"Litoria\" are extremely variable in appearance, behaviour, and habitat. The smallest species is the javelin frog (\"L. microbelos\"), reaching a maximum length of 1.6 cm, while the largest, the giant tree frog (\"L. infrafrenata\"), reaches a size of 13.5-14.0 cm. The appearance, behaviour, and habitat of each frog is usually linked. The small, darkly coloured frogs are generally terrestrial, and never, or infrequently, climb. The larger, green species are usually arboreal and some only venture to the ground to breed. Litoria Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Immortal (Image Comics) The Immortal is a comic book superhero character from the Image Comics series \"Invincible\". The Immortal has been around for many, many years. Long ago, he was in an \"accident\" (which he vaguely remembers) that apparently give him the ability to live forever. He is older than the legend of King Arthur, serving as one of his legendary knights. He discovered North America, and fought in the Revolution for the revolutionaries. He even served as President under the alias of Abraham Lincoln. Later, he became a superhero and a member of the original Guardians of the Globe. The Immortal was seemingly killed by Omni-Man along with the rest of the Guardians of the Globe but living up to his name he survived (despite having been decapitated). He was revived by the Mauler twins, who, while reattaching his head, attempted to use a 'control beacon' to make him their slave. It did not work. The Immortal shortly thereafter survived being killed by Omni-Man a second time, this time being impaled through the abdomen and ripped in half. After the new version of the Guardians of the Globe failed to meet expectations, Immortal was brought in as a \"consultant\" for Robot, the team's leader, and when the team continued to underperform, Immortal was appointed the full-fledged leader in hopes of turning them around. The Immortal was married to his teenage teammate Dupli-Kate until her apparent death in \"Invincible\" #40. He resigns from the team shortly after. It was later revealed that the Kate that died was another duplicate, and the Immortal began a relationship with the original Dupli-Kate. In the future, it is revealed that Immortal became the designated leader of the world. However, due to his immortality, he went insane, and committed horrible acts in order for others to try and kill him. His plans failed, until Invincible was brought to the future, and killed the Immortal. Immortal (Image Comics) The Immortal is a comic book superhero character from the Image Comics series \"Invincible\". The Immortal has been around for many, many years. Long ago, he was in an \"accident\" (which he vaguely remembers) that apparently give him the ability to live forever. He is older than the legend of King Arthur, serving as one of his legendary knights. He discovered North America, and fought in the Revolution for the revolutionaries. He even served as President under the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"OppoSuits OppoSuits is a clothing company founded by Jasper Castelein, Jelle van der Zwet and Guus Bakker in 2012 in Amsterdam. With warehouses in Holland, UK and United States OppoSuits' products are shipped worldwide. In 2014 the brand won the prize for the Best Small / Medium Enterprise at the Golden Bridge Trade & Export Awards in London. According to a press release, the jury was \"impressed by the fact that OppoSuits in just a few years after the start has grown into a multimillion-dollar company that does business with both consumers and retailers in more than 50 countries worldwide. \"After starting with an orange suit for Dutch soccer fans in 2012, OppoSuits' collection has expanded to more than 30 designs and is being sold in more than 1,100 stores in Europe, the United States and Canada. On November 1, 2016, OppoSuits announced a women's collection, with a skirt and jacket. During the Christmas of 2014 OppoSuits were mentioned in the media when their holiday styles were worn by celebrities like Jimmy Kimmel and Spencer Hawes. When drummer Brann Dailor from Mastodon wore a suit from OppoSuits to the 2015 Grammys it was mentioned in \"9gag\", \"NME\" and the \"Los Angeles Times\". In 2015 the Christmas suits from OppoSuits went viral with James Basten wearing them on Tinder getting 1609 matches in a week. This received coverage from \"The Sun\", Unilad, BroBible, EliteDaily and LADbible among others. At the Miss Universe 2015 final telecast judge celebrity entertainment mogul Perez Hilton wore a suit from OppoSuits whilst walking the red carpet and during the show. Hilton was hailed as Best Dressed by Bustle Magazine NFL stars Brian Orakpo and Devin Taylor also donned Christmas suits from OppoSuits during winter 2015. This created a lot of attention from US media. Both major and minor retailers are carrying OppoSuits in Europe and North America. Some of the major chains being Macy's, Debenhams, Nordstrom Argos., Kohl's, House of Fraser and The Hudson's Bay Company. OppoSuits OppoSuits is a clothing company founded by Jasper Castelein, Jelle van der Zwet and Guus Bakker in 2012 in Amsterdam. With warehouses in Holland, UK and United States OppoSuits' products are shipped worldwide. In 2014 the brand won the prize for the Best Small / Medium Enterprise at the Golden Bridge Trade & Export Awards in London. According to a press release, the jury was \"impressed by the fact"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Privilege Management Infrastructure Privilege Management is the process of managing user authorisations based on the ITU-T Recommendation X.509. The 2001 edition of X.509 specifies most (but not all) of the components of a Privilege Management Infrastructure (PMI), based on X.509 attribute certificates (ACs). Later editions of X.509 (2005 and 2009) have added further components to the PMI, including a delegation service (in 2005 ) and interdomain authorisation (in the 2009 edition ). Privilege management infrastructures (PMIs) are to authorisation what public key infrastructures (PKIs) are to authentication. PMIs use attribute certificates (ACs) to hold user privileges, in the form of attributes, instead of public key certificates (PKCs) to hold public keys. PMIs have Sources of Authority (SoAs) and Attribute Authorities (AAs) that issue ACs to users, instead of certification authorities (CAs) that issue PKCs to users. Usually PMIs rely on an underlying PKI, since ACs have to be digitally signed by the issuing AA, and the PKI is used to validate the AA's signature. An X.509 AC is a generalisation of the well known X.509 public key certificate (PKC), in which the public key of the PKC has been replaced by any set of attributes of the certificate holder (or subject). Therefore, one could in theory use X.509 ACs to hold a user's public key as well as any other attribute of the user. (In a similar vein, X.509 PKCs can also be used to hold privilege attributes of the subject, by adding them to the subject directory attributes extension of an X.509 PKC). However, the life cycle of public keys and user privileges are usually very different, and therefore it isn't usually a good idea to combine both of them in the same certificate. Similarly, the authority that assigns a privilege to someone is usually different from the authority that certifies someone's public key. Therefore, it isn't usually a good idea to combine the functions of the SoA/AA and the CA in the same trusted authority. PMIs allow privileges and authorisations to be managed separately from keys and authentication. The first open source implementation of an X.509 PMI was built with funding under the EC PERMIS project, and the software is available from here. A description of the implementation can be found in. X.509 ACs and PMIs are used today in Grids (see Grid computing), to assign privileges to users, and to carry the privileges around the Grid. In the most popular Grid privilege management system today, called VOMS, user privileges, in the shape of VO memberships and roles, are placed inside an X.509 AC by the VOMS server, signed by the VOMS server, and then embedded in the user's X.509 proxy certificate for carrying around the Grid. Because of the rise in popularity of XML SOAP based services, SAML attribute assertions are now more popular than X.509 ACs for transporting user attributes. However, they both have similar functionality, which is to strongly bind a set of privilege attributes to a user. Privilege Management Infrastructure Privilege Management is the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bombus terricola Bombus terricola, the yellow-banded bumblebee, is a species of bee in the genus \"Bombus\". It is native to southern Canada and the east and midwest of the United States. It possesses complex behavioral traits, such as the ability to adapt to a queenless nest, choose which flower to visit, and regulate its temperature to fly during cold weather. It was at one time a common species, but has declined in numbers since the late 1990s, likely due to urban development and parasite infection. It is a good pollinator of wild flowers and crops such as alfalfa, potatoes, raspberries, and cranberries. \"B. terricola\" belongs to the order Hymenoptera, which consists of ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies. \"B. terricola\" belongs to the family Apidae, which encompasses bumblebees, honey bees, stingless bees, and more. Within this, it is part of the genus \"Bombus,\" which consists of bumblebees. Kirby first defined this species in 1837. Bombus occidentalis has been speculated to be a subspecies of \"B. terricola\", but most experts now agree that it is its own distinct species. \"B. terricola\" is also closely related to \"B. affinis\" both phylogenetically and in terms of pheromone signalling. Oftentimes, the \"B. terricola\" is so similar to \"B. affinis\" that members of \"B. affinis\" can invade and dominate entire \"B. terricola\" nests without the hosts knowing. The yellow-banded bumblebee is black and yellowish-tan, and has a characteristic fringe of short yellow-brown hairs on its fifth abdominal segment. The queen is about long. The front half of the thorax is yellowish-brown, as are segments 2, 3 and 4 and the sides of segment 6 of the abdomen. The other parts of the thorax and abdomen are black. The worker is similar in appearance to the queen but smaller at a length of . The male is intermediate in size, being long. In the male, abdominal segments 2, 3, and 7 are yellowish-brown as are usually the sides of abdominal segment 6. \"Bombus terricola\" occupies the eastern and Midwestern parts of the United States as well as southern Canada. They are known to occupy a wide range of habitats including urban areas, meadows, grasslands, wetlands, woodlands, and farmlands. They can also occupy alpine meadows to lowland tropical forests. In \"B. terricola,\" there are three phases of colony development. The first phase, known as colony initiation, begins when a solitary queen starts to produce her first workers by laying diploid eggs. This leads to further eusociality within the colony and the queen's continued efforts to produce more worker bees. The emergence of workers is essential for colony growth.The onset of the second phase, known as the switch point, is when the queen stops laying diploid eggs and starts making haploid eggs to produce male bees. During the third phase, the workers exhibit overt aggression towards each other and towards the queen. The beginning of the third phase is known as the competition point. Reciprocal oophagy also occurs during this third stage. In \"Bombus terricola\", there are female-biased investment ratios. The workers of the colony try to bias the sex ratios to be 3:1, in favor of the worker bees, which are female. The workers attempt to bias the sex ratios so that they can benefit for their own gene propagation; however, the queen tries to bring the sex ratio back to a favorable 1:1 of males and females for her own benefit as well. This process is referred to conflict between kin and is commonly seen in bees. \"B. terricola\" queens usually have a single mating opportunity in one mating flight with multiple males; the queen then stores all of the sperm in a spermatheca, from which only one sperm will get to fertilize her egg. Sometimes, some \"B. terricola\" colonies become orphaned. If there are feeble and weak queens, the queen has a decreased ability to fertilize eggs or cannot fertilize them at all. With declining queen vigor, worker-laid male eggs became more common. Furthermore, the highest proportion of worker-laid male eggs was observed in smaller colonies. Due to the absence of a strong queen leader, these male-dominated colonies attempt to get young, strong queens back because that would be in the best interest and benefit for the colony. \"Bombus terricola\" congregate in nectar rich areas. They can discern which flowers have been previously visited by other bees or are depleted of resources such as nectar or pollen. They usually visit consecutive flowers in one direction and do not return to previous flowers. They tend to go to areas that are rich in resources and usually do not visit these areas again once the bees deplete the resources. Instead, it has been found that \"B. terricola\" expend energy to fly to new locations of food sources. Although the flight costs energy, they expend it for future profit in finding areas abundant in resources. The mechanism of their foraging beyond this information is currently unknown; it is also unknown whether they do not return to previously visited sites due to memory of the flowers or memory of landmarks (such as a nearby tree). \"B. terricola\" foragers are highly selective about the flowers they pollinate. They can visit about 12–21 flowers per minute. The amount, quality, and availability of nectar and pollen are the primary qualities that \"B. terricola\" use to determine which flowers to pollinate. These bees can determine the quality of pollen grain from a distance, but the method as to how this is accomplished is still not yet known. Individual foragers vary in their speed, flight, directionality, and erratic movements. Some bees hover over flowers but never land on them. Flower visitation rates depend on the number of rewarding or non-rewarding flowers they encountered on their flights. Rewarding flowers are ones that contain lots of pollen or honey. One study noted that \"B. terricola\" bypass flowers that they have previously visited and only foraged a small amount of pollen from them. Finally, the bees release their pollen by emitting one to four sharp buzzing sounds of one second each. While buzzing, \"B. terricola\" also rotate clockwise or counterclockwise. \"B. terricola\" have been known to forage on milkweed (\"Aslepia syriaca\"), jewelweed (\"Impatiens biflora\"), and fireweed (\"Epilobium angustifolium\"). \"B. terricola\" exhibit consistent foraging behavior and tend to visit the same flowers repeatedly, especially if these flowers were rewarding in the past in terms of the amount of nectar and pollen they carried. Bumblebees can fly at a wide range of temperatures, including normal air temperature or below freezing point. They must have body temperatures of at least 29-30 degrees Celsius before they are able to free fly independently in the air. Like honeybees, they produce heat before their flight. To raise their body temperature, specifically their thoracic temperature, these bees must expend a lot of energy. These bees can visit dispersed flowers within a short span of time at either high or low air temperatures. Sometimes at low temperatures, these bees do not have enough heat to maintain continuous flight. Consequently, landing on flowers warms them up so that their thoracic temperature remains high enough for flight. Since they use up a lot of energy for this thermoregulation, they take a lot of nectar from flowers that are most readily available to use as energy storage. By maintaining a high thoracic temperature, \"B. terricola\" can look for new sources of food and have the advantage to fly away quickly if they are at risk for predation. There are a few parasites that have been found to affect the populations of \"Bombus terricola\". The larva, \"Physocephala\", infects about twelve percent of the worker population of \"B. terricola\" from July to August in Ontario, Canada. There is another parasite that is known to affect this population: the fungus \"Nosema bombi\". Classified as a fungus, \"Nosema bombi\" is a small, unicellular parasite that is known to infect bumblebees. It may also",
"enough for flight. Since they use up a lot of energy for this thermoregulation, they take a lot of nectar from flowers that are most readily available to use as energy storage. By maintaining a high thoracic temperature, \"B. terricola\" can look for new sources of food and have the advantage to fly away quickly if they are at risk for predation. There are a few parasites that have been found to affect the populations of \"Bombus terricola\". The larva, \"Physocephala\", infects about twelve percent of the worker population of \"B. terricola\" from July to August in Ontario, Canada. There is another parasite that is known to affect this population: the fungus \"Nosema bombi\". Classified as a fungus, \"Nosema bombi\" is a small, unicellular parasite that is known to infect bumblebees. It may also be one of the factors that is leading to the decline in numbers of \"Bombus terricola\". There is a high prevalence of this parasite specifically in \"Bombus terricola\" populations. Similar to other species of the \"Bombus\" genus, \"B. terricola\" has been declining in numbers. A specific study in Illinois shows that there was a severe decline in the middle of the 20th century from 1940-1960. In the state of Illinois specifically, intensive farming and urban development have taken away the natural landscapes and habitats that these bees would normally occupy. This decline in \"B. terricola\" corresponded with the huge growth in agriculture and urban development. Furthermore, the \"Nosema bombi\" parasite may also contribute to the decline in populations of \"B. terricola\" as they particularly attack these bees. Like several other North American species in its subgenus \"Bombus\", the yellow-banded bumblebee has suffered sharp declines in numbers since the mid-1990s.The Xerces Society for Insect Conservation has placed \"Bombus terricola\" on their \"Red List\" of endangered bees. The yellow-banded bumblebee has disappeared over large parts of its range, but is still present in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where the population appears to be stabilizing and in the Great Smoky Mountains, where the population seems to be expanding. It is not clear whether this is because it has developed some resistance to the parasite, \"Nosema bombi\", or whether the parasite has not yet spread into these parts. The rusty-patched bumblebee (\"Bombus affinis\") has suffered an even steeper decline. It will become clearer over time whether populations of these bees will remain viable or whether the species will become extinct. Bombus terricola Bombus terricola, the yellow-banded bumblebee, is a species of bee in the genus \"Bombus\". It is native to southern Canada and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Charles Phibbs Jones General Sir Charles Phibbs Jones (1906–1988) was a British Army general who reached high office in the 1950s. Charles Jones was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1925. He saw service with the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners in India between 1928 and 1934 and then became adjutant for the Royal Engineers Contingent within the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division in 1934. Jones served in the Second World War, initially as brigade major for the 127th Infantry Brigade, which formed part of the British Expeditionary Force dispatched to France and Belgium in 1940. He was an Instructor at the Staff College from 1940 to 1941, when he became a general staff officer at General Headquarters Home Forces. In 1943 he was appointed Commander Royal Engineers for the Guards Armoured Division. He became Chief of Staff Malaya Command in 1945 and then brigadier on the general staff of 30 Corps in North West Europe in 1945. After the war, Jones was appointed brigadier on the general staff at Western Command in 1946. He then went to the Imperial Defence College in 1947 before being appointed commander 2nd Infantry Brigade in 1948. In 1950 he became director of plans at the War Office and in 1951 he went on to be general officer commanding 7th Armoured Division, part of British Army of the Rhine. He was commandant at the Staff College, Camberley from 1954 to 1956 and then vice attorney general at the War Office from 1957 to 1958. He then became director of the Combined Military Planning Staff at the Central Treaty Organisation in 1959 and general officer commanding 1 British Corps in 1960. He was general officer commanding-in-chief Northern Command from 1962 to 1963, when he became Master-General of the Ordnance; he retired in 1967. He was also colonel commandant of the Royal Engineers from 1961 to 1972. His son was General Sir Edward Jones who, like his father, became a member of the Army Board. In retirement he was governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1969 to 1975 and National President of the British Legion from 1970 to 1981. Charles Phibbs Jones General Sir Charles Phibbs Jones (1906–1988) was a British Army general who reached high office in the 1950s. Charles Jones was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1925. He saw service with the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners in India between 1928 and 1934"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"German submarine U-301 German submarine \"U-301\" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 12 February 1941 at the Flender Werke yard at Lübeck, launched on 25 March 1942, and commissioned on 9 May 1942 under the command of \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Willy-Roderich Körner. During her short career the U-boat sailed on three combat patrols, without sinking or damaging any ships, before she was sunk on 21 January 1943. German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. \"U-301\" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . \"U-301\" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, \"U-301\" was transferred to the 1st U-boat Flotilla based at Brest in France, for front-line service on 1 October 1942. On that day \"U-301\" departed Kiel and sailed out into the middle of the Atlantic, operating as part of wolfpacks 'Panther', 'Puma' and 'Südwärts', before arriving at Brest on 7 November. \"U-301\" sailed from Brest on 3 December 1942 through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea and on to the U-boat base at La Spezia in northern Italy, arriving on 14 December. Transferred to the 29th U-boat Flotilla on 1 January 1943, \"U-301\" sailed on her third and final patrol on 20 January. The next day, \"U-301\" was sunk west of Bonifacio, Corsica, in position by torpedoes from the British submarine . According to \"Sahib\"s log the U-boat was first spotted proceeding on the surface early that morning at a distance of . The \"Sahib\" closed to and into a more favourable position before firing a full salvo of six torpedoes at five second intervals. Three minutes later three explosions were heard, a large cloud of smoke was seen and it was noted that radio transmissions stopped. \"Sahib\" closed and recovered the only survivor from the 46 crew, 19-year-old \"Fähnrich zur See\" Wilhelm Rahn. \"U-301\" took part in three wolfpacks, namely. German submarine U-301 German submarine \"U-301\" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Wing Hall (Ithaca, New York) Wing Hall is a building on the campus of Cornell University that was built during 1912-1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Wing Hall was designed by architect E.B. Green, himself a Cornell alumnus, of Buffalo architectural firm Green & Wicks. Along with Fernow Hall and Caldwell Hall, designed by the same firm, it was funded by a New York State appropriation in 1912. It is a three-story building. Its main entrance is centered in its long elevation, with a central bay projecting slightly from flanking walls. It has a two-story three-bay-wide Ionic-columned portico, with pilasters defining the bays of the third story above. It was built for teaching of animal husbandry, and was located near recently-built university barns, about one-half mile east of the original college buildings. Its NRHP nomination describes that \"It combined extensive practical laboratory space with a library 'containing the herd and flock books of different breeds' and an auditorium into which live animals could be brought.\" Wing Hall (Ithaca, New York) Wing Hall is a building on the campus of Cornell University that was built during 1912-1914. It was listed on the National Register"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Simhah Pinsker Simhah Pinsker (March 17, 1801 – October 29, 1864) (Hebrew: שמחה פינסקר) was a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist born at Tarnopol, Galicia. He received his early Hebrew education in the cheider and from his father, Shebaḥ ha-Levi, a noted preacher, who instructed him in mathematics and German language also. In his youth Pinsker was an enthusiastic admirer of the Ḥasidim, but soon forsook them. He at first engaged in business, but, having no aptitude therefor, was obliged to abandon it. He then went to Odessa, and, owing to his calligraphic skill, became secretary to the rabbi. Here, in conjunction with Isaac Horowitz of Brody and Littenfeld, Pinsker succeeded in establishing a public school for Jewish children, of which he himself served as principal until 1840. At that time Abraham Firkovich, a Karaite scholar, brought to Odessa a number of ancient manuscripts, unearthed in the Crimea. Among these was one of the Later Prophets which had a singular punctuation, differing widely in the form of the vowels and singing-accents from the one then in use. This manuscript gave ample opportunity to Pinsker to satisfy his propensity for research. He at once set himself to the task of deciphering the system of punctuation, and satisfactorily accomplished it. He had already become known as an archaeologist of merit through his contributions to the \"Orient\", but with this discovery his fame was established. He was thereupon honored by the Russian government with two gold medals and with the title \"Honorable Citizen\", and the community of Odessa bestowed upon him a life-pension of 300 rubles a year. Pinsker then retired from communal work, and repaired to Vienna in order to devote the rest of his life to his researches and to the arrangement and publication of his works. Of these the first and most important one was \"Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot\" (Vienna, 1860), in which he describes the different periods of development in the history of Karaism. He maintains that the term \"Karaite\" is derived from the Hebrew \"ḳara\" (קרא) = \"to call,\" \"to invite,\" and that its use dates from the first period of the schism, when the members of this sect sent messengers throughout Jewry \"to invite\" the people to join their ranks (\"Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot,\" p. 16). Pinsker moreover attempts to show throughout the whole work that to the scholars of this sect who preceded the orthodox Biblical scholars and grammarians is due the correct system of Biblical orthography, grammar, and lexicography; and that even in their poetry the Karaites were models for the Hebrew poets of the Middle Ages, such as Ibn Gabirol and Judah ha-Levi. (ib. p. 107). The \"Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot\" made such an impression upon the scholarly world that Jost and H. Graetz publicly avowed their indebtedness to the author, the former even changing, in consequence, some of the views expressed in his history of the Jewish sects. The other great work of Pinsker, published in his lifetime, was \"Mabo el ha-Niḳḳud ha-Ashshuri weha-Babli\" (Vienna, 1863), an introduction to the Babylonian-Hebraic system of punctuation; it contains the results of his examination of the manuscripts in the Odessa library. As an appendix to it is printed the \"Yesod Mispar,\" by Abraham ibn Ezra, on the Hebrew numerals. Pinsker's other works are: Pinsker left, besides, a considerable number of manuscripts on the Hebrew language and literature. At Vienna, Pinsker lectured for some time at the bet ha-midrash; but, his health soon failing, he was brought back by his children to Odessa, where he died on October 29, 1864. Simhah Pinsker Simhah Pinsker (March 17, 1801 – October 29, 1864) (Hebrew: שמחה פינסקר)"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Castell Dinas Brân Castell Dinas Brân is a medieval castle occupying a prominent hilltop site above the town of Llangollen in Denbighshire, Wales. The presently visible castle was probably built in the 1260s by Gruffydd Maelor II, a Prince of Powys Fadog, on the site of several earlier structures, including an Iron Age hillfort. \"Dinas Brân\" has been variously translated as the \"crow's fortress\" or \"fortress of Brân\", with \"Brân\" as the name of an individual or of a nearby stream. An English name, \"Crow Castle\", has also been used since at least the 18th century. The first building placed at Dinas Brân was not the castle which now stands in ruins on top of the hill, but an Iron Age hillfort built around 600 BC. An earthen rampart was constructed probably topped by a wooden palisade and this was further protected by a deep ditch on the shallower southern slope. The walls of the hillfort encircled a village of roundhouses. Dinas Brân is one of many hillforts in this part of Wales; Moel y Gaer is just a couple of miles to the north-west near the Horseshoe Pass, and another is close by at Y Gardden in Ruabon to the east. There are many others on the Clwydian Hills further to the north and in the Marches to the south. Dinas Brân is in what was once the ancient Kingdom of Powys. The last Prince of Powys, Gruffydd Maelor, died in 1191 and the kingdom was subsequently divided into Powys Fadog in the north and Powys Wenwynwyn in the south. His son, Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor, lord of Powys Fadog, founded the nearby Valle Crucis Abbey. Although no specific archaeological evidence has been found, some records suggest Madog ap Gruffydd ruled from Dinas Brân. If a structure did exist it would have been a wooden fortification probably consisting of a wooden palisade surrounding a hall and other buildings. These early records further say the castle was destroyed by fire, following which a new castle was built on the same site, therefore little prospect for finding any archaeological evidence of the early building remains. An even earlier structure has been suggested, belonging to Elisedd ap Gwylog from the 8th century (Ried, 1973). It was this Elisedd who is named on the Pillar of Eliseg and is one of the founders of the kingdom of Powys, but again no physical evidence for any structure at Dinas Brân has been found. The castle visible today was probably built by Gruffydd II ap Madog son of Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor sometime in the 1260s. At the time Gruffydd II ap Madog was an ally of Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Prince of Wales, with Powys acting as a buffer state between Llywelyn's heartland of Gwynedd and England. Dinas Brân was one of several castles being built following the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery which had secured Wales for Llywelyn, free from English interference. Indeed, the castle at Dolforwyn Castle near Newtown ordered to be built by Llywelyn around the same time has some similarities to Dinas Brân and may have been the work of the same master mason. Gruffudd died in 1269 or 1270 and the castle passed down to his four sons. Madoc the eldest son was the senior, but each of the sons may have had apartments at the castle. The peace between Llywelyn and Edward did not last long and in 1276 war started between England and Wales. Edward's larger armies soon invaded Wales and the support for Llywelyn crumbled. Two of the brothers made peace with Edward, the second brother Llywelyn and Madoc. However, the castle was not in Madoc's control as the surrender document with the English refers to conditions relating to the recapture of Dinas Brân. Meanwhile, Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln arrived in Oswestry with forces to capture Dinas Brân. As soon as he had arrived he was told that the defenders of the castle, probably the younger brothers Owain and Gruffudd - who were still allies of Llywelyn Prince of Wales, had set fire to and abandoned the castle. The reason for this action is not clear but it may be that they had no confidence that they could defend the castle against the English forces, and did not want to let it fall intact into Edward's, or their elder brother's hands. The castle was not badly damaged, the fire being mainly limited to the timber structures within the walls and Lincoln recommended to King Edward that the castle be repaired and garrisoned with English troops. Edward placed some troops at the castle at least into the next year 1277 when Llywelyn sued for peace and ordered some repair work to be undertaken. The history of the castle during the final war which restarted in 1282 is not recorded. It may have been recaptured by the Welsh like many other castles in the early months of the war, but ultimately the English were victorious. Madoc had by now died: the three surviving brothers all fought for Llewelyn, but to no avail. Following the end of the war in October 1282 and the death of Llywelyn, most of Powys Fadog including the castle was granted to John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey. Rather than rebuild Dinas Brân, De Warenne choose instead to build a new castle at Holt on the Flintshire, Cheshire border and Dinas Brân continued till the present day a picturesque and romantic ruin. Dinas Brân is in layout a rectangular castle with the longer sides running east-west. Beyond the northern wall the steep natural slope falls sharply several hundred feet, whilst the southern and eastern walls are defended by a 20 feet deep rock-cut ditch and counterscarp bank. At the south-eastern corner where the ditch is at its deepest stands the keep, which looks out onto a relatively easy approach to the castle from the River Dee. The two-storey keep would have been the strongest part of the castle, with its own defended approach through a narrow passage. Next to the keep at the north eastern corner is a gatehouse, which was originally approached by a wooden bridge spanning the ditch. There is however almost no evidence remaining of the bridge and its supporting structure so that the exact configuration remains unclear. The bridge was also overlooked by the keep which allowed archers stationed there to guard the entrance. The Gatehouse had two towers either side of a decorated covered passageway into the castle courtyard. The Great Hall is sited on the castle's southern side, where some of the more visible remains still stand. This was a large room used for dining and receiving visitors. Its much enlarged windows still look south across the valley and an arched gateway leads from the west end of the room to what was once the Kitchens in the basement of the adjacent apsidal ('D' shaped) tower. This tower, called the Welsh Tower, is a typical feature of Welsh castles of the period. It would have protruded from the castle wall into the defensive ditch and provided archers with a clear view of any attackers attempting to approach the southern wall. The tower had perhaps three storeys with living quarters on the upper floors. In the south western corner was a Postern gate. This was an additional exit from the castle, designed to be used in times of siege to allow the garrison to 'sally' out and attack their besiegers. Fragments of the arch remain as well as the slot for the door's drawbar. Originally, in the enclosed area of the castle there would have been stables, workshops, storage buildings and maybe a chapel but as these were built of wood nothing remains above ground level. In the 19th century there was a local tradition, recorded by Walter Hawken Tregellas, that at Tower Farm, about a mile from the castle, had formerly stood a tower that was an outwork of the castle defences. Whilst the historical record for Dinas Brân is sparse, there are many myths and legends associated with the ancient site. The popular Welsh song 'Myfanwy' was composed by Joseph Parry and first published in 1875. Parry wrote the music to lyrics written by Richard Davies ('Mynyddog'; 1833–77). The lyrics were probably inspired by the fourteenth-century love-story of Myfanwy Fychan",
"door's drawbar. Originally, in the enclosed area of the castle there would have been stables, workshops, storage buildings and maybe a chapel but as these were built of wood nothing remains above ground level. In the 19th century there was a local tradition, recorded by Walter Hawken Tregellas, that at Tower Farm, about a mile from the castle, had formerly stood a tower that was an outwork of the castle defences. Whilst the historical record for Dinas Brân is sparse, there are many myths and legends associated with the ancient site. The popular Welsh song 'Myfanwy' was composed by Joseph Parry and first published in 1875. Parry wrote the music to lyrics written by Richard Davies ('Mynyddog'; 1833–77). The lyrics were probably inspired by the fourteenth-century love-story of Myfanwy Fychan of Castell Dinas Brân, and the poet Hywel ab Einion. That story was also the subject of the popular poem, 'Myfanwy Fychan' (1858), by John Ceiriog Hughes (1832–87). The castle first literary appearance is in a 12th-century historical document entitled \"Fouke le Fitz Waryn,\" or \"The Romance of Fulk Fitzwarine.\" In this tale the castle, named \"Chastiel Bran,\" is referred to as a ruin during the early years of the Norman Conquest. The tale continues to tell of an arrogant Norman knight, Payn Peveril, who hears that no one has had courage enough to stay overnight inside the castle ruins, for fear of evil spirits. Payn and 15 'knightly followers' determine to stay the night. A storm blows up and an evil, mace-wielding giant called Gogmagog, appears. Payn defends his men against the attacks of the giant with his shield and cross, then stabs Gogmagog with his sword. As the giant is dying he tells of the earlier bravery of King Brân who had built the castle to try to defeat the giant. Despite King Brân's attempts against Gogmagog the King had been forced to flee and since then the giant had terrorised all the land around for many years. The giant also tells of a great treasury of idols buried at Dinas Brân which includes swans, peacocks, horses and a huge golden ox but dies without revealing its location. The etymology of the name Dinas Brân has been debated since at least the 17th century. In modern times it sometimes incorrectly translated as \"the City of Crows\": the word \"dinas\" (\"city\" in modern Welsh) means \"fortified place\" or \"fortress\" in Middle Welsh, while \"brân\" is the Welsh for \"crow\", singular, (plural: \"brain\"), suggesting a meaning \"the crow's fortress\". An alternative theory is that Brân is a personal name. Humphrey Llwyd and William Camden both suggested it came from that of a Gaulish chieftain, \"Brennus\". There is a legend which says that Brân was a Cornish prince, the son of the Duke of Cornwall, while another suggests Brân could be named for King Brân Fendigaid (the Blessed) also called Bendigeidfran, a Celtic God who appears in both Welsh and Irish mythology. Camden also suggested the name was simply derived from the word \"bryn\", \"hill\". A further suggestion is that \"Brân\" simply refers to a mountain stream of the same name which originated in the Eglwyseg Rocks and ran at the northern foot of the hill, a suggestion made by Thomas Pennant amongst others. The 17th century scholar Edward Lhuyd, in \"Adversaria\", confirmed that to his knowledge the name \"Brân\" came from \"\"the brook of this name by Lhangollen\"\". As with several other streams in Wales, the word \"Brân\" was applied to the brook apparently due to the black colour of its water. The castle is known in English as \"Crow Castle\". This form of the name has been used since at least the 18th century, having been recorded in Gough's edition of William Camden's Britannia. By the mid 19th century this was the form of the name said to be used by most of the inhabitants of Llangollen, where there was an inn of the same name. The castle may be approached from two directions. From Llangollen the path starts from Canal Bridge and runs beside Ysgol Dinas Brân. It gradually climbs past several cottages before opening out onto the lower slopes of the hill. A zigzag path then climbs to the summit. The other route starts from 'Offa's Dyke Path' on the north western side of the hill. This route is shorter but steeper. Official advice is to equip yourself with stout walking shoes and warm, waterproof clothing before climbing to the castle. The castle is a scheduled ancient monument owned and maintained by Denbighshire council with the assistance of Cadw. Castell Dinas Brân Castell Dinas Brân is a medieval castle occupying a prominent hilltop site above the town of Llangollen in Denbighshire, Wales. The presently visible castle was probably built in the 1260s by Gruffydd Maelor II, a Prince of Powys Fadog, on the site of several earlier structures, including an Iron Age hillfort. \"Dinas Brân\" has been variously translated as the \"crow's fortress\" or \"fortress of Brân\", with \"Brân\" as the name of an individual or of a nearby stream. An"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Adeyinka Gladys Falusi Adeyinka Gladys Falusi, NPOM, is a Nigerian Professor of haematology and former Director of the Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. She specialize in human genetics, bioethics and molecular genetics related to hereditary blood diseases such as sickle-cell disease and alpha-thalassemia. She hails from Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria. She obtained a bachelor's degree in Chemistry and doctorate degree (Ph. D) in haematology. Professor Falusi is a co-founder of Sickle Cell Association of Nigeria (SCAN), as the Founder, from 2013, she has been the President of the Sickle Cell Hope Alive Foundation. In 2001, she was appointed the Chairperson of the University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Institutional Review Committee, the same year she won the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science. She served in that capacity for 4 years and in 2005, she became the coordinator for Nigeria Networking for Ethics of Biomedical Research in Africa. In 2005, she was bestowed with the National Productivity Order of Merit Fellowship and in 2009, she was elected as fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science, the apex scientific organization in Nigeria. In 2013, she received the Ekiti State Merit Award and was decorated by Kayode Fayemi, the governor of Ekiti State. Was given the Access to Basic Care (ABC) Distinguished Personality Award for promoting the welfare of sickle cell patients globally and beyond the call of duty in 2014. She has researched and published in the genetics of some non- communicable diseases such as breast cancers, asthma, malaria and specifically the haemoglobinopathies of sickle cell disease and the thalassaemias and other genetic modifiers. She has over 60 journal articles and book chapters, 50 abstracts and over 80 conference articles and proceedings. She is currently focused on awareness and education of the public on sickle cell disease (Ref. The National Health Initiative for Rural Dwellers (HIRD) in Oyo State Nigeria - www.schafng.org). Adeyinka Gladys Falusi Adeyinka Gladys Falusi, NPOM, is a Nigerian Professor of haematology and former Director of the Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. She specialize in human genetics, bioethics and molecular genetics related to hereditary blood diseases such as sickle-cell disease and alpha-thalassemia. She hails from Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria. She obtained a bachelor's degree in Chemistry and doctorate degree (Ph. D) in haematology. Professor Falusi is a co-founder of Sickle Cell"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Dolores Martí de Cid Dolores Martí de Cid (born September 6, 1916) was an expert on Latin American theater and literature. Dolores Martí de Cid was born in Madrid, Spain, on September 6, 1916. As the daughter of a Cuban diplomat, she studied in many countries and became fluent in several languages. Dolores received her doctorate in \"Filosofía y Letras\" in 1943, from the University of Havana. Dolores married José Cid Pérez, a prominent Cuban playwright, in 1939 and worked with him for the rest of her life on their studies of Latin American theater. Dolores and José left Cuba in 1960, due to Fidel Castro's Communist revolution, and came to the United States, where she became an American citizen in 1970. Dolores began teaching at the University of Kansas and then was a professor at Purdue University. After they left Cuba, Castro burned their 25,000-volume personal library, which included some priceless and irreplaceable material and which was said to be \"the best library in the world on Latin American theater.\" Fortunately, their files accumulated over twenty-five years on Latin American Indian theater were saved through the friendship of a foreign diplomat in Havana. She lectured in several countries, wrote many articles and books on Latin American theater, as well as textbooks, and received many awards and honors as a result. One of her published books is \"Tres Mujeres de América\". \"Teatro Indio Precolombino\" and \"Poesías Completas de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda\" were also published by Dolores with José Cid as co-author. Dolores Martí de Cid, who devoted her life to the study of Latin American literature and culture, died in New York City, in May 1993. Dolores Martí de Cid Dolores Martí de Cid (born September 6, 1916) was an expert on Latin American theater and literature. Dolores Martí"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) is professional association based in London, United Kingdom. Its members, including people with and without medical degrees, work in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G), that is, pregnancy, childbirth, and female sexual and reproductive health. The College has over 16,000 members in over 100 countries with nearly 50% of those residing outside the British Isles. The College's primary object is given as \"The encouragement of the study and the advancement of the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology\", although its governing documents impose no specific restrictions on its operation. Its offices are near Regent's Park in central London. The British College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists was founded in September 1929 by Professor William Blair-Bell and Sir William Fletcher Shaw. For the first three years, the office work was done from 20 St John Street, Manchester. In 1932 the office moved to 58 Queen Anne Street, London. The building was officially opened by the College's Royal Patron, the Duchess of York, on December 5 1932. The organisation was granted a Royal Charter on 21 March 1947. With continuing expansion of the College activities, it had outgrown the Queen Anne Street premises and a decision was made in 1952 to move to larger premises. The College moved to the present premises at 27 Sussex Place, Regent's Park, on Crown Estate land, in July 1960. The new building was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II, on 13 July 1960. In 2018, the Duchess of Cambridge became the College's Royal Patron. The RCOG's aim is ‘to set standards to improve women’s health and the clinical practice of obstetrics and gynaecology in the British Isles and across the world’. Their charitable objectives are to ‘encourage the study, and advance the science and practice, of obstetrics and gynaecology’. They value leadership, innovation, caring, inclusiveness, trust and integrity. They act with transparency and aspire to work, at all times, to the highest standards. Strategic goals and objectives 2017–20 The College's Strategic Plan for 2017–20 aims to fulfil their twin ambitions of becoming the ‘go-to’ place for women’s health in the UK and a global leader for women’s health and reproductive health care. 1. Improve women’s health care by high-quality education, training and support of doctors throughout their careers 2. Improve women’s lives globally through the development of safe, high-quality clinical care, throughout adolescence and the reproductive and post-reproductive years 3. Connect healthcare professionals, service users and partner organisations to radically improve women’s health care both in the UK and globally 4. Achieve resilience by developing workforce and financial sustainability, business innovation and technological agility The RCOG is responsible for developing the framework and curriculum of post graduate training in O&G in the United Kingdom. It conducts two principal examinations: the Membership examination (MRCOG) and the Diploma examination (DRCOG). The DRCOG examination is aimed at doctors, and especially general practitioners, who wish to certificate their knowledge and interest in O&G. The Membership examination, which were first held in 1931, is intended for those who wish to specialise in O&G. The exam is a two-part examination, the Part 1 MRCOG is a written examination to evaluate basic and clinical sciences relevant to the subject and the Part 2 consists of separate written and clinical sections (OSCEs). Members use the designatory letters MRCOG. Membership is awarded at a meeting of Council to those who have passed all parts of the Membership examination. The award of the Fellowship is a mark of senior status and does not indicate completion of training. They are elected from those who have been Members for at least 12 years. Fellows use the designatory letters FRCOG. Fellowship can also be awarded to those who are not been Members of the college, but have either contributed significantly to the advancement of the specialty (Fellows ad eundem); demonstrated exemplary work in the specialty (Fellows honoris causa) or distinguished people outside the medical profession (Honorary Fellows). BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BJOG is a monthly editorially independent peer reviewed journal owned by the RCOG publishing work in all areas of O&G, including contraception, urogynaecology, fertility, oncology and clinical practice. It is one of the most widely read journals in O&G. It had an Impact Factor of 5.051 as of March 2018. BJOG also release podcasts. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist TOG is a quarterly journal for continuing professional development from the RCOG. The journal is known for its reviews and clinical governance articles. O&G O&G is the membership magazine of the RCOG. The magazine focuses on supporting clinicians on workforce issues including rota gaps, attrition and job planning. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) is professional association based in London, United Kingdom. Its"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Tjalling van den Bosch Tjalling van den Bosch (born June 28, 1958, Achlum) or \"Charlie\" as he was often called, was a competitive Dutch powerlifter, strongman, and Highland Games athlete. He competed only once in World's Strongest Man in 1990 finishing 7th, however, he was scheduled to compete in 1989 but had to withdraw due to an injury. Tjalling won the Strongest man of the Netherlands contest in 1989. Tjalling studied psychology in Finland and has been training professional soccer players, speed skaters, track and field athletes and cyclists. His mental approach is also popular with companies, which have invited him to give inspirational talks. Tjalling is also a popular TV and movie personality in the Netherlands. He has appeared as a host on a game show for 3-1/2 years. His most famous movie being Bullseye! with Roger Moore and Michael Caine. Tjalling was founder of an organization called Pure Strength, which held events in 1987-1990. Tjalling also loves to play a game that demands the most from his mind, Draughts, he even ranks in the top 100 in the world. Tjalling van den Bosch Tjalling van den Bosch (born June 28, 1958, Achlum) or \"Charlie\" as he was often"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Florida State Road 818 State Road 818 (SR 818), locally known as Griffin Road, extends from Flamingo Road (State Road 823) at the Cooper City/Davie limits east to Federal Highway (US 1) in Dania Beach. It serves as a major commuter road for Cooper City, Davie, Hollywood, and Dania Beach in central Broward County, paralleling the South New River Canal for much of its route, and is a primary access road for Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport. State Road 818 begins at the corner of Griffin Road and Flamingo Road (SR 823), with SR 818 paralleling the South New River Canal, heading east in a residential suburban area, forming the border between Davie to the north and Cooper City to the south from its western terminus until an intersection with Pine Island Road, about three miles from the western terminus. At that point, Griffin Road fully enters Davie, and intersects with University Drive (SR 817) a half mile east of Pine Island Road. SR 818 continues east through Davie, having an interchange with Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) before a curve dips Griffin Road slightly south and away from the parallel canal, and leaves Davie at the intersection with US 441/SR 7, entering Hollywood east of the intersection, entering a dense residential area on both sides. Griffin Road enters Dania Beach, retaining the dense residential areas until the interchange with Interstate 95. East of I-95, it forms the southern border of the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, with residential areas lining the road to the south as it approaches its eastern terminus at Federal Highway (US 1) at the southeastern end of the airport. West of SR 823, Griffin Road continues as a locally maintained road, with interchanges with Interstate 75 (SR 93) in Southwest Ranches, US 27 (SR 25) in Weston, and ends in Everglades Holiday Park in the Everglades Wildlife Management Area adjacent to Weston. Despite local maintenance, state route shields still appear infrequently west of SR 823. Including one at the official terminus' intersection indicating SR 818 heads in both directions when in fact it only heads east. A directional state shield also exists at the route's former terminus of US 27. Florida State Road 818 State Road 818 (SR 818), locally known as Griffin Road, extends from Flamingo Road (State Road 823) at the Cooper City/Davie limits east to Federal Highway (US 1) in Dania Beach. It serves as"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Coco Jones Courtney \"Coco\" Jones (born January 4, 1998) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She was born in Columbia, South Carolina, but raised in Lebanon, Tennessee. Jones rose to prominence starring in the Disney Channel film, \"Let It Shine\". Jones was featured on Radio Disney's \"Next Big Thing\", or \"N.B.T.\". Jones was formerly signed with Hollywood Records, Jones released her debut single \"Holla at the DJ,\" followed by her extended play, \"Made Of\". Raised in Lebanon, Tennessee to former NFL player Mike Jones and session vocalist Javonda Jones, Jones began singing at a very young age. Her first stage performance was at the age of six when she performed \"America the Beautiful\" to a crowded auditorium of parents at her kindergarten graduation. At the age of nine, she met with the casting heads for Disney. After that, she became an actor and songwriter. In 2006, she competed on Radio Disney, where she became known for her song \"Real You\". In 2011, she guest-starred on the Disney Channel's \"So Random!\". In 2009, she was chosen to perform live on \"The Most Talented Kids\" episode of the \"Maury Povich Show\". In 2010, Her self-titled debut CD, \"Coco Jones\", which led to her concert series, UBU-STOP THE BULLYING; her songs embraced a platform of positive values and strong self-esteem. In 2012, she performed at the 2012 NAACP Awards Nominees Luncheon. Jones was showcased as the youngest artist on the Bleve Records compilation CD, \"My First Ride\", benefiting the \"Let It Shine\", where Jones played the role of \"Roxie.\" The movie was the most watched DCOM and most watched movie of the year for kids and tweens in 2012. It Shine\", \"Around The Block\" and \"Joyful Noise\". Jones was in the recording studio with Grammy-nominated producer Rob Galbraith, co-writing and recording all-new original music. Jones' debut single \"Holla at the DJ\" premiered on Radio Disney on December 6, with its release on iTunes the next day. The video for the track premiered on the Disney Channel on December 12, with a premiere on VEVO just afterwards. Her extended play \"Made Of\" was released on March 12, 2013 . Jones performed with Mindless Behavior at Radio Disney's Radio Disney Music Awards, and took home an award for \"Funniest Celebrity Take.\" In May 2013, Jones returned to the studio to work on another album with David Banner, Julie Frost, Ester Dean, and Jukebox. In January 2014, Jones was dropped from Hollywood Records, becoming an independent artist. On August 29, 2014, Jones released a lyric video for her debut independent single, \"Peppermint\". It was officially released on iTunes on September 4, 2014, as the lead single of her debut studio album. She possesses a three-octave soprano vocal range. Her vocal range is (from A to F♯). Jones has cited as her biggest musical influences some artists include Mariah Carey, Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Celine Dion, Etta James, Christina Aguilera, Jennifer Hudson, CeCe Winans, and Mary J. Blige. Coco Jones Courtney \"Coco\" Jones (born January 4,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"There are also sequential transmissions that use the rotation of a drum to switch gears, much like those of a typical fully manual motorcycle. These can be designed with a manual or automatic clutch system, and may be found both in automobiles (particularly track and rally racing cars), motorcycles (typically light \"step-thru\" type city utility bikes, e.g., the Honda Super Cub) and quadbikes (often with a separately engaged reversing gear), the latter two normally using a scooter-style centrifugal clutch. \n * A simple but rugged sliding-mesh or unsynchronized/non-synchronous system, where straight-cut spur gear sets spin freely, and must be synchronized by the operator matching engine revs to road speed, to avoid noisy and damaging clashing of the gears \n * The now ubiquitous constant-mesh gearboxes, which can include non-synchronised, or synchronized/synchromesh systems, where typically diagonal cut helical (or sometimes either straight-cut, or double-helical) gear sets are constantly \"meshed\" together, and a dog clutch is used for changing gears. On synchromesh boxes, friction cones or \"synchro-rings\" are used in addition to the dog clutch to closely match the rotational speeds of the two sides of the (declutched) transmission before making a full mechanical engagement. \n\n\n Most (if not all) IVTs result from the combination of a CVT with an epicyclic gear system with a fixed ratio. The combination of the fixed ratio of the epicyclic gear with a specific matching ratio in the CVT side results in zero output. For instance, consider a transmission with an epicyclic gear set to 1:− 1 gear ratio; a 1:1 reverse gear. When the CVT side is set to 1:1 the two ratios add up to zero output. The IVT is always engaged, even during its zero output. When the CVT is set to higher values it operates conventionally, with increasing forward ratios. \n Furthermore, the engine provides its highest torque and power outputs unevenly across the rev range resulting in a torque band and a power band. Often the greatest torque is required when the vehicle is moving from rest or traveling slowly, while maximum power is needed at high speed. Therefore, a system is required that transforms the engine's output so that it can supply high torque at low speeds, but also operate at highway speeds with the motor still operating within its limits. Transmissions perform this transformation. \n Transmission types \n--- \nManual \n \n * Sequential manual \n * Non-synchronous \n * Preselector \n\n \nAutomatic \n \n * Manumatic \n * Semi-automatic \n * Electrohydraulic \n * Saxomat \n * Dual-clutch \n\n \n \n * Continuously variable \n\n \nBicycle gearing \n \n * Derailleur gears \n * Hub gears \n\n \n \n * * *",
"Attempts to improve fuel efficiency of automatic transmissions include the use of torque converters that lock up beyond a certain speed or in higher gear ratios, eliminating power loss, and overdrive gears that automatically actuate above certain speeds. In older transmissions, both technologies could be intrusive, when conditions are such that they repeatedly cut in and out as speed and such load factors as grade or wind vary slightly. Current computerized transmissions possess complex programming that both maximizes fuel efficiency and eliminates intrusiveness. This is due mainly to electronic rather than mechanical advances, though improvements in CVT technology and the use of automatic clutches have also helped. A few cars, including the 2013 Subaru Impreza and the 2012 model of the Honda Jazz sold in the UK, actually claim marginally better fuel consumption for the CVT version than the manual version. \n A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device. \n Many transmissions and gears used in automotive and truck applications are contained in a cast iron case, though more frequently aluminium is used for lower weight especially in cars. There are usually three shafts:a mainshaft, a countershaft, and an idler shaft. \n Automatic transmissions are easy to use. However, in the past, automatic transmissions of this type have had a number of problems; they were complex and expensive, sometimes had reliability problems (which sometimes caused more expenses in repair), have often been less fuel-efficient than their manual counterparts (due to \"slippage\" in the torque converter), and their shift time was slower than a manual making them uncompetitive for racing. With the advancement of modern automatic transmissions this has changed. \n Most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft (e.g. a motor crankshaft). This means that the output shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft, and this reduction in speed produces a mechanical advantage, increasing torque. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in shaft speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the physical rotational direction of power transmission. \n For transmission types that overcome this issue, see Continuously variable transmission, also known as CVT. \n Hub gears use epicyclic gearing and are enclosed within the axle of the rear wheel. Because of the small space, they typically offer fewer different speeds, although at least one has reached 14 gear ratios and Fallbrook Technologies manufactures a transmission with technically infinite ratios. \n In practice, the epicyclic gear may be set to the lowest possible ratio of the CVT, if reversing is not needed or is handled through other means. Reversing can be incorporated by setting the epicyclic gear ratio somewhat higher than the lowest ratio of the CVT, providing a range of reverse ratios. \n The transmission input drive is a central hydraulic pump and final drive unit (s) is/are a hydraulic motor, or hydraulic cylinder (see:swashplate). Both components can be placed physically far apart on the machine, being connected only by flexible hoses. Hydrostatic drive systems are used on excavators, lawn tractors, forklifts, winch drive systems, heavy lift equipment, agricultural machinery, earth-moving equipment, etc. An arrangement for motor-vehicle transmission was probably used on the Ferguson F-1 P99 racing car in about 1961. \n If the hydraulic pump or hydraulic motor make use of the hydrodynamic effects of the fluid flow, i.e. pressure due to a change in the fluid's momentum as it flows through vanes in a turbine. The pump and motor usually consist of rotating vanes without seals and are typically placed in proximity. The transmission ratio can be made to vary by means of additional rotating vanes, an effect similar to varying the pitch of an airplane propeller. \n The former type was standard in many vintage cars (alongside e.g. epicyclic and multi-clutch systems) before the development of constant-mesh manuals and hydraulic-epicyclic automatics, older heavy-duty trucks, and can still be found in use in some agricultural equipment. The latter is the modern standard for on-and off-road transport manual and semi-automatic transmission, although it may be found in many forms; e.g., non-synchronised straight-cut in racetrack or super-heavy-duty applications, non-synchro helical in the majority of heavy trucks and motorcycles and in certain classic cars (e.g. the Fiat 500), and partly or fully synchronised helical in almost all modern manual-shift passenger cars and light trucks. \n Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation (e.g. diesel-electric transmission and hydraulic drive system). Hybrid configurations also exist. Automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. \n Specific types of this transmission include:Easytronic, Tiptronic and Geartronic, as well as the systems used as standard in all ICE-powered Smart-MCC vehicles, and on geared step-through scooters such as the Honda Super Cub or Suzuki Address. \n This arrangement is also sometimes known as a direct shift gearbox or powershift gearbox. It seeks to combine the advantages of a conventional manual shift with the qualities of a modern automatic transmission by providing different clutches for odd and even speed selector gears. When changing gear, the engine torque is transferred from one gear to the other continuously, so providing gentle, smooth gear changes without either losing power or jerking the vehicle. Gear selection may be manual, automatic (depending on throttle/speed sensors), or a' sports' version combining both options. \n Diesel-electric arrangements are used on many railway locomotives, ships, large mining trucks, and some bulldozers. In these cases, each driven wheel is equipped with its own electric motor, which can be fed varying electrical power to provide any required torque or power output for each wheel independently. This produces a much simpler solution for multiple driven wheels in very large vehicles, where drive shafts would be much larger or heavier than the electrical cable that can provide the same amount of power. It also improves the ability to allow different wheels to run at different speeds, which is useful for steered wheels in large construction vehicles. \n The dynamics of a car vary with speed:at low speeds, acceleration is limited by the inertia of vehicular gross mass; while at cruising or maximum speeds wind resistance is the dominant barrier.",
"The dynamics of a car vary with speed:at low speeds, acceleration is limited by the inertia of vehicular gross mass; while at cruising or maximum speeds wind resistance is the dominant barrier. \n Manual transmissions are the most common type outside North America and Australia. They are cheaper, lighter, usually give better performance, but the newest automatic transmissions, and CVTs give better fuel economy. It is customary for new drivers to learn, and be tested, on a car with a manual gear change. In Malaysia and Denmark all cars used for testing (and because of that, virtually all those used for instruction as well) have a manual transmission. In Japan, the Philippines, Germany, Poland, Italy, Israel, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand, Austria, Bulgaria, the UK, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, France, Spain, Switzerland, the Australian states of Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and the Czech Republic, a test pass using an automatic car does not entitle the driver to use a manual car on the public road; a test with a manual car is required. Manual transmissions are much more common than automatic transmissions in Asia, Africa, South America and Europe. \n Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios (or simply \"gears\") with the ability to switch between them as speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the operator) or automatically. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output. \n CVTs are increasingly found on small cars, and especially high-gas-mileage or hybrid vehicles. On these platforms, the torque is limited because the electric motor can provide torque without changing the speed of the engine. By leaving the engine running at the rate that generates the best gas mileage for the given operating conditions, overall mileage can be improved over a system with a smaller number of fixed gears, where the system may be operating at peak efficiency only for a small range of speeds. CVTs are also found in agricultural equipment; due to the high-torque nature of these vehicles, mechanical gears are integrated to provide tractive force at high speeds. The system is similar to that of a hydrostatic gearbox, and at' inching speeds' relies entirely on hydrostatic drive. German tractor manufacturer Fendt pioneered the technology, developing its' Vario (1)' transmission. \n The simplest transmissions, often called gearboxes to reflect their simplicity (although complex systems are also called gearboxes in the vernacular), provide gear reduction (or, more rarely, an increase in speed), sometimes in conjunction with a right-angle change in direction of the shaft (typically in helicopters, see picture). These are often used on PTO-powered agricultural equipment, since the axial PTO shaft is at odds with the usual need for the driven shaft, which is either vertical (as with rotary mowers), or horizontally extending from one side of the implement to another (as with manure spreaders, flail mowers, and forage wagons). More complex equipment, such as silage choppers and snowblowers, have drives with outputs in more than one direction. \n The IVT is a specific type of CVT that includes not only an infinite number of gear ratios, but an \"infinite\" range as well. This is a turn of phrase, it actually refers to CVTs that are able to include a \"zero ratio\", where the input shaft can turn without any motion of the output shaft while remaining in gear. Of course, the gear ratio in that case is not \"infinite\" but is instead \"undefined\". \n Early semi-automatic systems used a variety of mechanical and hydraulic systems–including centrifugal clutches, torque converters, electro-mechanical (and even electrostatic) and servo/solenoid controlled clutches–and control schemes–automatic declutching when moving the gearstick, pre-selector controls, centrifugal clutches with drum-sequential shift requiring the driver to lift the throttle for a successful shift, etc.–and some were little more than regular lock-up torque converter automatics with manual gear selection. \n The gearbox in a wind turbine converts the slow, high-torque rotation of the turbine into much faster rotation of the electrical generator. These are much larger and more complicated than the PTO gearboxes in farm equipment. They weigh several tons and typically contain three stages to achieve an overall gear ratio from 40:1 to over 100:1, depending on the size of the turbine. (For aerodynamic and structural reasons, larger turbines have to turn more slowly, but the generators all have to rotate at similar speeds of several thousand rpm.) The first stage of the gearbox is usually a planetary gear, for compactness, and to distribute the enormous torque of the turbine over more teeth of the low-speed shaft. Durability of these gearboxes has been a serious problem for a long time. \n Transmissions are also used in agricultural, industrial, construction, mining and automotive equipment. In addition to ordinary transmission equipped with gears, such equipment makes extensive use of the hydrostatic drive and electrical adjustable-speed drives. \n The Human Friendly Transmission of the Honda DN-01 is hydrostatic. \n Some manual transmissions have an extremely low ratio for first gear, called a creeper gear or granny gear. Such gears are usually not synchronized. This feature is common on pick-up trucks tailored to trailer-towing, farming, or construction-site work. During normal on-road use, the truck is usually driven without using the creeper gear at all, and second gear is used from a standing start. Some off-road vehicles, most particularly the Willy's Jeep and its descendants, also had transmissions with \"granny first's\" either as standard or an option, but this function is now more often provided for by a low-range transfer gearbox attached to a normal fully synchronized transmission. \n Most modern North American, some European and Japanese cars have an automatic transmission that selects an appropriate gear ratio without any operator intervention. They primarily use hydraulics to select gears, depending on pressure exerted by fluid within the transmission assembly. Rather than using a clutch to engage the transmission, a fluid flywheel, or torque converter is placed in between the engine and transmission. It is possible for the driver to control the number of gears in use or select reverse, though precise control of which gear is in use may or may not be possible. \n Electric transmissions convert the mechanical power of the engine (s) to electricity with electric generators and convert it back to mechanical power with electric motors. Electrical or electronic adjustable-speed drive control systems are used to control the speed and torque of the motors. If the generators are driven by turbines, such arrangements are called turbo-electric transmission. Likewise installations powered by diesel-engines are called diesel-electric. \n For certain applications, the slippage inherent in automatic transmissions can be advantageous. For instance, in drag racing, the automatic transmission allows the car to stop with the engine at a high rpm (the \"stall speed\") to allow for a very quick launch when the brakes are released. In fact, a common modification is to increase the stall speed of the transmission. This is even more advantageous for turbocharged engines, where the turbocharger must be kept spinning at high rpm by a large flow of exhaust to maintain the boost pressure and eliminate the turbo lag that occurs when the throttle suddenly opens on an idling engine.",
"For certain applications, the slippage inherent in automatic transmissions can be advantageous. For instance, in drag racing, the automatic transmission allows the car to stop with the engine at a high rpm (the \"stall speed\") to allow for a very quick launch when the brakes are released. In fact, a common modification is to increase the stall speed of the transmission. This is even more advantageous for turbocharged engines, where the turbocharger must be kept spinning at high rpm by a large flow of exhaust to maintain the boost pressure and eliminate the turbo lag that occurs when the throttle suddenly opens on an idling engine. \n In motor vehicles, the transmission generally is connected to the engine crankshaft via a flywheel or clutch or fluid coupling, partly because internal combustion engines can not run below a particular speed. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, which drives the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation. \n A dual-clutch transmission alternately uses two sets of internals, each with its own clutch, so that a \"gearchange\" actually only consists of one clutch engaging as the other disengages–providing a supposedly \"seamless\" shift with no break in (or jarring reuptake of) power transmission. Each clutch's attached shaft carries half of the total input gear complement (with a shared output shaft), including synchronised dog clutch systems that pre-select which of its set of ratios is most likely needed at the next shift, under command of a computerised control system. Specific types of this transmission include:Direct-Shift Gearbox. \n See also Continuously variable transmission > Hydrostatic CVTs \n Some commercial applications use non-synchronized manual transmissions that require a skilled operator. Depending on the country, many local, regional, and national laws govern operation of these types of vehicles (see Commercial Driver's License). This class may include commercial, military, agricultural, or engineering vehicles. Some of these may use combinations of types for multi-purpose functions. An example is a power take-off (PTO) gear. The non-synchronous transmission type requires an understanding of gear range, torque, engine power, and multi-functional clutch and shifter functions. Also see Double-clutching, and Clutch-brake sections of the main article. Float shifting is the process of shifting gears without using the clutch. \n Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, and hoisting. \n Manual transmissions come in two basic types:\n A hybrid form of transmission where an integrated control system handles manipulation of the clutch automatically, but the driver can still–and may be required to–take manual control of gear selection. This is sometimes called a \"clutchless manual\", or \"automated manual\" transmission. Many of these transmissions allow the driver to fully delegate gear shifting choice to the control system, which then effectively acts as if it was a regular automatic transmission. They are generally designed using manual transmission \"internals\", and when used in passenger cars, have synchromesh operated helical constant mesh gear sets. \n The Electric Variable Transmission (EVT) combines a transmission with an electric motor to provide the illusion of a single CVT. In the common implementation, a gasoline engine is connected to a traditional transmission, which is in turn connected to an epicyclic gear system's planet carrier. An electric motor/generator is connected to the central \"sun\" gear, which is normally un-driven in typical epicyclic systems. Both sources of power can be fed into the transmission's output at the same time, splitting power between them. In common examples, between one-quarter and half of the engine's power can be fed into the sun gear. Depending on the implementation, the transmission in front of the epicyclic system may be greatly simplified, or eliminated completely. EVTs are capable of continuously modulating output/input speed ratios like mechanical CVTs, but offer the distinct benefit of being able to also apply power from two different sources to one output, as well as potentially reducing overall complexity dramatically. \n In British English, the term transmission refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts. In American English, however, the term refers more specifically to the gearbox alone, and detailed usage differs. \n Manual transmissions can include both synchronized and unsynchronized gearing. For example, reverse gear is usually unsynchronised, as the driver is only expected to engage it when the vehicle is at a standstill. Many older (up to 1970s) cars also lacked synchronisation on first gear (for various reasons–cost, typically \"shorter\" overall gearing, engines typically having more low-end torque, the extreme wear on a frequently used first gear synchroniser ...), meaning it also could only be used for moving away from a stop unless the driver became adept at double-declutching and had a particular need to regularly downshift into the lowest gear. \n Several attempts have been made to fit bicycles with an enclosed gearbox, giving obvious advantages for better lubrication, dirt-sealing and shifting. These have usually been in conjunction with a shaft drive, as a gearbox with a traditional chain would (like the hub gear) still have many of the derailleur's disadvantages for an exposed chain. Bicycle gearboxes are enclosed in a box replacing the traditional bottom bracket. The requirement for a modified frame has been a serious drawback to their adoption. One of the most recent attempts to provide a gearbox for bicycles is the 18 speed Pinion P1. 18. This gives an enclosed gearbox, but still a traditional chain. When fitted to a rear suspension bike, it also retains a derailleur-like jockey cage chain tensioner, although without the derailleur's low ground clearance. \n The torque converter in most automotive automatic transmissions is, in itself, a hydrodynamic transmission. Hydrodynamic transmissions are used in many passenger rail vehicles, those that are not using electrical transmissions. In this application the advantage of smooth power delivery may outweigh the reduced efficiency caused by turbulence energy losses in the fluid. \n In typical implementations, the gear ratio of the transmission and epicyclic system are set to the ratio of the common driving conditions, say highway speed for a car, or city speeds for a bus. When the driver presses on the gas, the associated electronics interpret the pedal position and immediately set the gasoline engine to the RPM that provides the best gas mileage for that setting. As the gear ratio is normally set far from the maximum torque point, this set-up would normally result in very poor acceleration. Unlike gasoline engines, electric motors offer efficient torque across a wide selection of RPM, and are especially effective at low settings where the gasoline engine is inefficient. By varying the electrical load or supply on the motor attached to the sun gear, additional torque can be provided to make up for the low torque output from the engine. As the vehicle accelerates, the power to the motor is reduced and eventually ended, providing the illusion of a CVT. \n Many applications require the availability of multiple gear ratios. Often, this is to ease the starting and stopping of a mechanical system, though another important need is that of maintaining good fuel efficiency.",
"Many applications require the availability of multiple gear ratios. Often, this is to ease the starting and stopping of a mechanical system, though another important need is that of maintaining good fuel efficiency. \n Bicycles usually have a system for selecting different gear ratios. There are two main types:derailleur gears and hub gears. The derailleur type is the most common, and the most visible, using sprocket gears. Typically there are several gears available on the rear sprocket assembly, attached to the rear wheel. A few more sprockets are usually added to the front assembly as well. Multiplying the number of sprocket gears in front by the number to the rear gives the number of gear ratios, often called \"speeds\". \n Causes for failure of bicycle gearing include:worn teeth, damage caused by a faulty chain, damage due to thermal expansion, broken teeth due to excessive pedaling force, interference by foreign objects, and loss of lubrication due to negligence. \n The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted. \n Regardless of where they are used, these simple transmissions all share an important feature:the gear ratio can not be changed during use. It is fixed at the time the transmission is constructed. \n The need for a transmission in an automobile is a consequence of the characteristics of the internal combustion engine. Engines typically operate over a range of 600 to about 7000 rpm (though this varies, and is typically less for diesel engines), while the car's wheels rotate between 0 rpm and around 1800 rpm. \n The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. The CVT allows the driver or a computer to select the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels within a continuous range. This can provide even better fuel economy if the engine constantly runs at a single speed. The transmission is, in theory, capable of a better user experience, without the rise and fall in speed of an engine, and the jerk felt when changing gears poorly. \n The canonical example of the EVT is Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive. This implementation has no conventional transmission, and the sun gear always receives 28% of the torque from the engine. This power can be used to operate any electrical loads in the vehicle, recharging the batteries, powering the entertainment system, or running the air conditioning system. Any residual power is then fed back into a second motor that powers the output of the drivetrain directly. At highway speeds this additional generator/motor pathway is less efficient than simply powering the wheels directly. However, during acceleration, the electrical path is much more efficient than an engine operating so far from its torque point. GM uses a similar system in the Allison Bus hybrid powertrains and the Tahoe and Yukon pick-up trucks, but these use a two-speed transmission in front of the epicyclic system, and the sun gear receives close to half the total power. \n Most modern implementations, however, are standard or slightly modified manual transmissions (and very occasionally modified automatics–even including a few cases of CVTs with \"fake\" fixed gear ratios), with servo-controlled clutching and shifting under command of the central engine computer. These are intended as a combined replacement option both for more expensive and less efficient \"normal\" automatic systems, and for drivers who prefer manual shift but are no longer able to operate a clutch, and users are encouraged to leave the shift lever in fully automatic \"drive\" most of the time, only engaging manual-sequential mode for sporty driving or when otherwise strictly necessary. \n The mainshaft extends outside the case in both directions:the input shaft towards the engine, and the output shaft towards the rear axle (on rear wheel drive cars. Front wheel drives generally have the engine and transmission mounted transversely, the differential being part of the transmission assembly.) The shaft is suspended by the main bearings, and is split towards the input end. At the point of the split, a pilot bearing holds the shafts together. The gears and clutches ride on the mainshaft, the gears being free to turn relative to the mainshaft except when engaged by the clutches. \n Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios. In this case, most of the gear ratios (often simply called \"gears\") are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque. However, the highest gears may be \"overdrive\" types that increase the output speed. \n Gearboxes have found use in a wide variety of different–often stationary–applications, such as wind turbines. \n Hydrostatic transmissions transmit all power hydraulically, using the components of hydraulic machinery. They are similar to electrical transmissions, but use hydraulic fluid as the power distribution system rather than electricity."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalion The 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalion (2 NGIB) was a battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. One of four infantry battalions raised in New Guinea, 2 NGIB was formed in September 1944. Formed late in the war, the battalion played only a minor role in the Allied campaign in New Guinea, supporting the 6th Division during the final stages of the Aitape–Wewak campaign. In 1945, it became part of the Pacific Islands Regiment, but was disbanded in June 1946. Earlier efforts by the Australian Army to raise infantry battalions from local Papuan and New Guinean personnel for service during World War II had resulted in the creation of the Papuan Infantry Battalion (PIB) in 1940. Later, in March 1944 the 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion had also been raised. These successes had encouraged the Army to raise more such units, and in August 1944 and second New Guinea infantry battalion was authorised. The battalion was formed on 26 September 1944 in the territory of New Guinea, to augment Australian troops fighting against the Japanese. Its soldiers were primarily natives of New Guinea, under the command of Australian officers and NCOs. The PIB along with the 1st and 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalions were amalgamated to form the Pacific Islands Regiment in November 1944. Several more units were raised later, and the 3rd and 4th New Guinea Infantry Battalion joined the other battalions of the PIR in mid-1945, although 4 NGIB was soon disbanded. A further battalion, the 5th New Guinea Infantry Battalion—although authorised—was never raised. Upon formation, the battalion generally adopted the same organisation as a standard Australian Army infantry battalion, consisting of four rifle companies, but it lacked several of the usual support platoons including machine guns, mortars and anti-tank; in their stead, the battalion had a signals platoon and a pioneer platoon. The New Guinea battalions each had an establishment of about 77 Europeans and 550 native soldiers, although 2 NGIB was slightly above that establishment, with 28 officers and 56 NCOs, all Australians, and 598 New Guineans, many of whom had been transferred from the PIB. Formed late in the war, the battalion ultimately played only a minor role during the Allied campaigns in New Guinea. After forming at Camp Diddy, near Nadzab, training was undertaken and in early June 1945, the battalion was allocated to the 6th Division to take part in the final stages of the Aitape–Wewak campaign. Wewak had just been captured by the Australians, so 2 NGIB was attached to the 17th Brigade to assist in mopping up operations in the mountains south of the town, arriving on 25 June. Setting out from Hayfield, near the Sepik River, the battalion detached companies to patrol towards Gwalip. The fighting that the battalion undertook during this time proved heavier than expected, with over 25 Japanese being killed in clashes with 2 NGIB for three men killed in the first month alone. As the battalion entered the Prince Alexander Range, they were employed as a complete battalion, undertaking conventional operations, rather than as smaller components as originally envisaged. In early July, the battalion headquarters moved to Kwimbu, and a company captured Gisanambu in a firefight that killed 10 Japanese. A further 27 Japanese were killed around Dunbit, although the platoon sent to capture it withdrew after sustaining several casualties, including its commander. In the middle of the month, several efforts were made to secure Aoniaru, although these too were checked until 24 July when Allied air attacks forced the remaining Japanese to abandon the position. Battalion headquarters was moved to Gwalip around this time, and the battalion concentrated there prior to capturing Sigora on 27 July. Three days later, a 2 NGIB company attacked Ulama, after a heavy aerial bombardment, and in the heavy fighting that followed 16 Japanese were killed. By 2 August, the battalion had consolidated their position are Sigora, which was to become a base of operations for the 2/7th Battalion. They then continued on towards Mt Irup. The war was coming to an end by this time and during this phase, large numbers of Japanese prisoners were taken. There were still large numbers of Japanese offering resistance, though, and heavy fighting took place around Miyamboara, in the final days of the war, when a 2 NGIB patrol attempted to enter the village. By mid-August a ceasefire came into effect and the fighting came to an end prior to the official Japanese surrender in Wewak on 13 September 1945. Following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded in June 1946 as part of the demobilisation process. The following officers commanded the battalion during the war: Members of the battalion received the following decorations: 2 NGIB's casualties during the war amounted to: 2nd New"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Hillel Paritcher Hillel HaLevi Malisov of Paritch, a levite by birth, commonly known as Reb Hillel Paritcher (1795-1864) was a famous Orthodox Jewish Chabad Rabbi in Russia. Specifically, he served as a Mashpia (Hasidic mentor) and communal rabbi in the towns of Paritch (Parwich), near Minsk, Russia, and Bobroisk, Belarus. He was considered exceptional in his scholarship and piety, and is referred to as a Tzadik, and even as a \"half Rebbe.\" He was born in Khmilnyk, Ukraine, but grew up in Chemtz ( which is in the vicinity of Minsk). Although he was originally a disciple of Rabbi Mordechai of Chernobyl, he became a disciple of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (though he never saw him) after learning in a “hidden” Tanya without the title page. In 1815 he began to travel regularly to Rabbi Dovber of Lubavitch and, after the latter’s passing, became a disciple of Rabbi Dovber's successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel. Jewish agricultural settlement in the Kherson Governorate area had been initiated and encouraged by Rabbi Dovber. In 1818 Rabbi Dovber instructed Rabbi Hillel to visit these colonies regularly, saying, \"Harvest material (gather funds for those in need) and sow spiritual (guide and inspire the colonists).\" He provided conscripted soldiers (cantonists) in Bobroisk with kosher food, and aided Jews imprisoned there. Rabbi Hillel's appointment was emphatically confirmed by Rabbi Menachem Mendel. He died in Kherson on Shabbos, 11 Av, 5624 (1864 CE). Hillel was born with exceptional gifts, and he strove diligently in Torah study. At thirteen he had mastered the Talmud, and at fifteen, the Kabbalistic works of the Arizal. The latter accomplishment was a wonder even then. In addition, he trained himself in self-discipline to the point that his body was mobilised to act only as the Torah prescribes, and even to conform with Kabbalah. Rabbi Hillel's way was to study Chasidic texts for many hours and then pray and meditate for many hours. Hillel Paritcher Hillel HaLevi Malisov of Paritch, a levite by birth, commonly known as Reb Hillel Paritcher (1795-1864) was a famous Orthodox Jewish Chabad Rabbi in Russia. Specifically, he served as a Mashpia (Hasidic mentor) and communal rabbi in the towns of Paritch (Parwich), near Minsk, Russia, and Bobroisk, Belarus. He was considered exceptional in his scholarship and piety, and is referred to as a Tzadik, and even as a \"half Rebbe.\" He was born in Khmilnyk, Ukraine, but grew up"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"In the song, the narrator tells their lover not to feel threatened by past affairs for these \"old flames\" are in the past. \n \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\" \n--- \nSingle by Dolly Parton \nfrom the album Dolly, Dolly, Dolly \nB-side | \"I Knew You When\" \nReleased | July 19, 1980 \nRecorded | 1980 \nStudio | RCA Studios, Nashville \nGenre | Country \nLength | 3:26 \nLabel | RCA \nSongwriter (s) | Patricia Rose Sebert, Hugh Moffatt \nProducer (s) | Gary Klein \nDolly Parton singles chronology \n| \"Starting Over Again\" (1980) | \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\" (1980) | \"9 to 5\" (1980) \n---|---|--- \n| \"Starting Over Again\" (1980) | \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\" (1980) | \"9 to 5\" (1980) \n---|---|---\n Chart (1978) | Peak position \n---|--- \nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 86 \n Chart (1980) | Peak position \n---|--- \nCanada Country Tracks (RPM) | \nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | \n \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\" is a country song written by singer-songwriter Pebe Sebert and Hugh Moffatt. It was a number 14 U.S. country hit for Joe Sun in 1978, and a number 86 hit for Brian Collins the same year. It was later covered by Dolly Parton, who took it to the top of the U.S. country singles charts in August 1980.. Parton included her version on her 1980 Dolly, Dolly, Dolly album, and it was released as the album's second single after the success of \"Starting Over Again\". In 2013, Sebert's daughter, Kesha, released an acoustic cover of the song as part of her extended play Deconstructed. A new version featuring Parton is on a track of Kesha's 2017 album Rainbow. \n Chart (1978) | Peak position \n---|--- \nCanada Country Tracks (RPM) | 29 \nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 14"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Dreamworld Express The Dreamworld Express is a narrow gauge railway located at the Dreamworld theme park on the Gold Coast, Queensland in Australia. The Dreamworld Express opened with Dreamworld on 15 December 1981 as the \"Cannonball Express\". At the time the railway only featured a single stop in Main Street. A steam locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1917 was purchased and of track was said to have been laid to develop the ride. This figure must relate to the quantity of rail used as reference to maps shows that the line is only about in length. The Baldwin locomotive was originally used during the First World War in France before being relocated to Queensland for use on the cane fields. At the time of its opening, the Cannonball Express was said to be the \"Longest privately owned railway in Australia\". However, this was clearly incorrect. It is not even the longest privately owned passenger railway. A second steam locomotive, built by Perry Engineering in 1951, which had also seen service at a Queensland sugar mill, was purchased and put into service on the railway. Until the late 1990s the railway operated with both steam locomotives in peak periods. The railway then shifted to operations on a rotational basis, with one train being serviced while the other would operate normally. The two locomotives could each tow carriages to cater for up 160 passengers at a time. A set of covered cars were mostly used on the railway, with a set of uncovered carriages, now disposed of, being rarely used unless both trains were operating. A carriage with disabled access was always added to the end of at least one of the operating trains. After Easter 2013, Dreamworld began operating the train only on weekends and school holidays.<ref name=\"Reduced operation/maintenance\"></ref> The park subsequently replaced the two steam locomotives with a diesel replacement. The diesel masquerades as a steam locomotive and was built by ride manufacturers C&S in Italy. The ride now operates as the Dreamworld Express. On 26 January 2016 Dreamworld reintroduced the Baldwin locomotive as a one-off event. Subsequently it was announced that the steam locomotive would operate on the first Saturday of every month and on other occasions. Four stations are located throughout the park. The first is Central Park Station located at the end of Main Street at the bottom of the hill. The railway cuts across a main pathway through the use of a set of boom gates before navigating between the Tower of Terror II, Rivertown, Wiggles World and Tiger Island before arriving at the second station. The second station is located in a portion of Rivertown near the Billabong Buffet restaurant. Directly after the station the train passes another set of boom gates before passing the Dreamworld Woolshed and part of the Dreamworld Corroboree. A station is located in Dreamworld Corroboree with entry and exit via the Kai-Kai Café and Bunya Trading Gift Shop. The railway then passes the rest of the Dreamworld Corroboree alongside the Murrisipi River before arriving at the fourth and final station at Rocky Hollow. The station is located near the Rocky Hollow Log Ride and its on-ride photo shop. The final section of railway travels around the former location of the Blue Lagoon water park as well as Dreamworld Studios where Big Brother Australia is filmed. It then returns to Central Park Station in Main Street after passing the railway maintenance sheds. This railroad is slightly based on the Disneyland Railroad, with the Baldwin locomotive resembling the #4 Ernest S. Marsh locomotive (appropriate enough, it also uses #4), the cars designed with the Excursion III design, and there being four station stops. Dreamworld Express The Dreamworld Express is a narrow gauge railway located at the Dreamworld theme park on the Gold Coast, Queensland in Australia. The Dreamworld Express opened with Dreamworld on 15 December 1981 as the \"Cannonball Express\". At the time the railway only featured a single stop in Main Street. A steam locomotive built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1917 was purchased and of track was said to have been laid to develop the ride. This figure must relate to the quantity of rail used as reference"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gabon bushbaby The Gabon bushbaby (\"Sciurocheirus gabonensis\") is a species of primate in the family Galagidae found in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. Its head and body length is 8.5 in with a 10-in tail, and it weighs about 10 oz. It lives in evergreen tropical rainforests and eats primarily fallen fruit, but also some arthropods. The Gabon bushbaby is native to tropical western Central Africa. Its range extends from the Sanaga River in Cameroon, through the Congo Republic and Río Muni, in Equatorial Guinea to Gabon, where it is found between the Sanaga River and the Ogooué River. It is unclear whether it occurs to the south of the Ogooue River. Its typical habitat is dense humid forest where it lives in the lower part of the canopy among the lianas and tree trunks. It seems able to adapt to some extent to inhabiting secondary growth and partially felled areas. The Gabon bushbaby moves widely through the forest; the home range of males is while that of females is . This bushbaby forages for small invertebrates and fruit which it finds on the forest floor. At birth the ratio between the sexes is 1:1 but among adults, the ratio of males to females is 1:4. This difference may be because the males travel greater distances and are therefore at greater risk of predation. Animals known to prey on this species include large snakes, the African palm civet (\"Nandinia binotata\"), the African linsang (\"Poiana richardsonii\"), and large owls. The Gabon bushbaby has a relatively wide range and is a fairly common species. Apart from some felling of forest for timber and for conversion into agricultural land, no particular threats have been identified. This bushbaby is present in a number of protected areas, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of \"least concern\". Gabon bushbaby The Gabon bushbaby (\"Sciurocheirus gabonensis\") is a species of primate in the family Galagidae found in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. Its head and body length is 8.5 in with a 10-in tail, and it weighs about 10 oz. It lives in evergreen tropical rainforests and eats primarily fallen fruit, but also some arthropods. The Gabon bushbaby is native to tropical western Central Africa. Its range extends from the Sanaga River in Cameroon, through the Congo Republic and Río Muni, in Equatorial"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Billy Boat William Leonard \"Billy\" Boat (born February 2, 1966) is an American former open-wheel driver who raced in the Indy Racing League. Boat began his career in USAC where he won 11 straight Western Series races on his way to the 1995 championship. He won the Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car race in 1995. He was a three-peat winner in the event after winning in 1996 and 1997. He made his first IRL start in 1997 Indianapolis 500 driving for A.J. Foyt Enterprises. In 1998 he won 6 poles, including 5 in a row, both league records, and won his first race at Texas Motor Speedway. It was his only IRL victory. He is one of the few drivers with the distinction to have started from both the pole (1998) and final 33rd (2000, 2001) starting position in the Indy 500. He has not appeared in an IRL race since the 2003 Indianapolis 500. Boat is a graduate of Arizona State University. In 1986 he founded Billy Boat Performance Exhaust, a company that makes performance exhaust systems for luxury and high performance cars, light trucks, and high performance watercraft. Boat has four children, with three girls and one boy. In 2014, Boat's son Chad began competing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series, driving a family-owned No. 84 Chevrolet. Billy Boat William Leonard \"Billy\" Boat (born February 2, 1966) is an American former open-wheel driver who raced in the Indy Racing League. Boat began his career in USAC where he won 11 straight Western Series races on his way to the 1995 championship. He won the Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car race in 1995. He was a three-peat winner in the event after winning in 1996 and 1997. He made his first IRL start in 1997 Indianapolis 500 driving"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Saint Augustine High School (Laredo, Texas) St. Augustine was founded by the Oblates and the Sisters of Divine Providence in 1927. It was named in honor of Aurelius Augustinus (also known as Augustine of Hippo or Saint Augustine), one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. The original St. Augustine campus was located in downtown in San Agustin Historical District in Laredo, Texas. During the mid-1970s the school was relocated. Through 1999 the school was under the control of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Corpus Christi. In 2000 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laredo was established and the control of the school transferred to it. St. Augustine School is accredited by the Texas Catholic Conference Education Department. There are 300 students enrolled with a class size of approximately 100/class and a student/ teacher ratio of 22:1; The Class of 2011 included 98 seniors, half of whom graduated “DAP”, as per the Distinguished Achievement Plan, the highest graduation plan, of the state of Texas. The grading scale is as follows- 90-100: A; 80-89: B; 70-79: C; 69- below: F (failing). St. Augustine High School, a college preparatory institution, bases its curriculum on the State of Texas’ Distinguished Achievement Plan (DAP) with the following courses: These courses collectively give every student at St. Augustine High School a total of 28 credits. Advancement Placement courses offered include Biology, Calculus, Environmental Science, English and World History. Dual Credit Opportunities Juniors and Seniors are given the opportunity to be concurrently enrolled at Laredo Community College or Texas A&M International University for dual credits of 12-24 college hours. With the college credit measure, over 50% of the Class of 2012 is projected to graduate DAP. In 2011, St. Augustine High School embarked upon the UT ChemBridge Program in which Seniors took CHEM 304&305 on-line as dual credit courses for 6 hours of college credit through the University of Texas at Austin. However, the school discontinued this program as of the 2013-2014 academic year. In 2012, the school partnered with Incarnate Word High School to offer Psychology online for dual credit. St. Augustine School offers sports programs for its students. Traditionally, all St. Augustine graduates apply, are accepted, and attend college- whether in Texas, throughout the U.S, or internationally. Of the Class of 2011, 72% of graduates are attending universities, 23%, colleges, and 5% are studying in Mexico; of the 72% attending universities, 15% are enrolled at Catholic universities, 15% at Texas A&M or UT; 10% at other universities in Texas, 5% out of state, and the remainder at A&M or UT System Schools. Top destinations include: Graduates have also attended: Class rank and GPA are calculated numerically each semester based upon a traditional 100 point scale. The average GPA for the top 25% of the Class of 2011 was 95 and the class median was 90. The average SAT score of the top 10% of the graduates of May 2011 was 1150 (Math & Reading) and of the top 25%, 1100. Our graduates receive scholarships based on need and merit, with last year’s class receiving nearly $3 million in awards. In the Class of 2011 one student earned the prestigious distinction of being named National Hispanic Scholar, while one earned the Gates Millennium Award. 30% of the graduating Senior class were active members in St. Augustine's National Honor Society. 50% of the Senior class graduated with Honors. 60% of the Senior class graduated DAP (Distinguished Achievement). A total of 9,000 service hours were completed collectively by the graduating class of 2012 and an average of 18 college hours were completed. In the Class of 2012 two students earned the prestigious distinction of being named National Hispanic Scholar and another student earned the Gates Millennium Award. [[Category:Catholic secondary schools in Texas]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1927]] [[Category:High schools in Laredo, Texas]] Saint Augustine High School (Laredo, Texas) St. Augustine was founded by the Oblates and the Sisters of Divine Providence in 1927. It was named in honor of Aurelius Augustinus (also known as Augustine of Hippo or Saint Augustine), one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. The original St. Augustine campus was located in downtown in San Agustin"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"1978 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Group 3 of the 1978 FIFA World Cup was one of four groups of nations competing at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The group consisted of Brazil, Austria, Spain and Sweden. For their come back, since 1958, Austrian players retrieved a part of their past glory. They win the group before an astonished Brazil. \"Auriverdes\" who scored only two goals are thrilling until the end of the third game. An Austrian equalizer could send Spain to the next round. Finally, Brazilians clinches the second place to reach the second round where they must played against Argentinians hosts and Peruvians in a \"Latin American coloured group\". 1978 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Group 3 of the 1978 FIFA World Cup was one of four groups of nations competing at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The group consisted of Brazil, Austria, Spain and Sweden. For their come back, since 1958, Austrian players retrieved a part of their past glory. They win the group before an astonished Brazil. \"Auriverdes\" who scored only two goals are thrilling until the end of the third game. An Austrian equalizer could send Spain to the next round. Finally, Brazilians clinches the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Indian Shores, Florida Indian Shores is a town in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The town is a beach-front community situated on a barrier island west of Seminole. The population was 1,420 at the 2010 census. Indian Shores is located at (27.850668, -82.843407). Indian Shores is bordered by the beach communities of Indian Rocks Beach to the north and Redington Shores to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (64.21%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,705 people, 989 households, and 483 families residing in the town. The population density was 5,097.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,994.9/km²). There were 2,547 housing units at an average density of 7,615.2 per square mile (2,980.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.36% White, 0.23% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.46% of the population. There were 989 households out of which 5.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.1% were non-families. 42.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.72 and the average family size was 2.26. In the town, the population was spread out with 6.1% under the age of 18, 2.6% from 18 to 24, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 40.0% from 45 to 64, and 32.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $61,641. Males had a median income of $45,375 versus $35,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $40,002. About 5.4% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. The town has recently undergone multiple construction and renovation projects, including utility undergrounding, road re-surfacing, and the placement of pedestrian safety measures. The town staff recently moved into a new municipal center which replaces the decades-old, antiquated facility. The new building houses all Town Departments, and a Council Chambers for official meetings. The fourth floor of the building has a large banquet hall, with waterfront balcony views on both sides. Indian Shores also maintains a municipal police department, staffed and operational 24 hours per day, 365 days a year. The ISPD occupies a new modernized operations facility in the Municipal Center. The Police Department also provides services to the neighboring town of Redington Shores. Services are provided through traditional vehicle patrol, as well as ATV patrol on the sand beach areas; and a police vessel for marine patrol. In addition to uniformed services, the department has a Criminal Investigation Division. Created in 1964, the Police Department is currently headed by Chief Terry Hughes. Indian Shores, Florida Indian Shores is a town in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The town is a beach-front community situated on a barrier island west of Seminole. The population was 1,420 at the 2010 census. Indian Shores is located at (27.850668, -82.843407). Indian Shores is bordered by the beach communities of Indian Rocks Beach to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Lukas Kasha Lukas Kasha is a Norwegian rock band, based in Oslo. They released their debut album, \"Animated People's Republic\", on January 29, 2007. The first single off the album was \"Love Abuse\", which was played on heavy rotation on Norwegian radio from the fall of 2006 to early 2007, and was later included in the soundtrack for the video game FIFA 08. Over the last few years, Lukas Kasha has played at the Popkomm festival in Berlin, the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen, the Reeperbahn festival in Hamburg, Liverpool Music Week and the IUSY festival in Alicante, besides touring Norway, including Øyafestivalen in Oslo and . They have supported or shared stage with, amongst others, Juliette & the Licks, Shout Out Louds, Infadels, The Dears, The Raveonettes, Dungen, Johnossi, Telex and Brakes. Lukas Kasha was formed in 2000, but after several changes in their line-up, only two founding members are still in the band: Andreas Prestmo (lead vocals/guitar) and Sven Andréen (drums/backing vocals). Kristian Singstad Pålshaugen (guitar), Eyvind Brox (keyboards) and Jon Karlsen (bass) joined the band collectively in 2004, while Eivind Henjum (keyboards) joined on a permanent basis in 2005, after first appearing as a stand-in when bass player Jon had an operation on his shoulder earlier the same year; Henjum originally being a bass player. As of January 2009 Lukas Kasha are in the process of making their yet untitled second album, expected to be released in the spring. The recordings took place in a studio belonging to Norwegian band The Margarets, on the island Giske on the west coast of Norway, during October–November 2008. The album will be mixed by Pelle Gunnerfeldt of Swedish band Fireside, also known as a producer for bands like The Hives, Moneybrother and Sahara Hotnights. On December 30, 2008, live video footage of two new songs was made available on YouTube, from a concert in Gjøvik. The two songs are called \"Girl Named Ricky\" and \"Feel It\", and are assumedly part of the material the band has recorded for their new album. The band took their name from the main character in the adventure novel \"The First Two Lives of Lukas-Kasha\" (1978) by American author Lloyd Alexander. Keyboard players Eyvind Brox and Eivind Henjum are second cousins. Henjum actually added the family name Brox to his name in 2006. Lukas Kasha Lukas Kasha is a Norwegian rock band, based in Oslo. They"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Galena High School (Missouri) Galena High School, home of the Bears, is a Public high school located on Missouri Route 413 in Galena, Missouri, the county seat of Stone County, Missouri. Galena High School is a member of the SouthWest Central League and the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA), which is the governing body for high school athletics and activities throughout the state. Galena High School contains students grade 7-12. Along with the typical core courses students can select from a wide rage of studies including: Agriculture, Business, Family and Consumer Sciences, Foreign Language, and Mass Media. Galena High School is host to a wide range of organizations and activities for students. GHS is home to local chapters of the National FFA Organization, Future Business Leaders of America, the National Beta Club, Future Teachers of America. Galena also offers both Student council and class leadership positions, including class officers and Prom Committee. Galena High School offers a variety of athletic opportunities for students. Men's sports include: Fall and Spring Season Baseball, Basketball, Golf, and Cross Country. Women's sports include Basketball, Softball, Cross Country, and Volleyball. Other Activities include Cheerleading, Archery, Scholar Bowl, and Fishing. Galena High School is a member of the SouthWest Central League and the Missouri State High School Activities Association. In 2013 Galena High School Alumnus, Leland Hancock, returned to his hometown and donated $1 million to help the school remodel and expand the gymnasium. During the expansion the seating capacity nearly doubled, new chair-back seats and updated bleacher seating replaced the old wooden bleachers, the roof was raised for a higher minimum clearance, and the a new floor and backboards were installed. In 2016 Galena also opened a newly constructed locker room and weight room complex attached to Hancock Gymnasium. This part of the facility also doubles as a storm shelter for the students and staff. The facility was dedicated at Homecoming 2013 as the Hancock Gymnasium. Galena High School (Missouri) Galena High School, home of the Bears, is a Public high school located on Missouri Route 413 in Galena, Missouri, the county seat of Stone County, Missouri. Galena High School is a member of the SouthWest Central League and the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA), which is the governing body for high school athletics and activities throughout the state. Galena High School contains students grade 7-12. Along with the typical core"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"I'm Not Rappaport (film) I'm Not Rappaport is a 1996 American film adaptation by Herb Gardner of his play by the same name. Also directed by Gardner, the film starred Walter Matthau, Ossie Davis, Amy Irving, Craig T. Nelson, Martha Plimpton, Peter Friedman, and Ron Rifkin. Inspired by two elderly men Gardner met in New York City's Central Park, it focuses on Nat Moyer, a cantankerous white Jew, and Midge Carter, a feisty African-American, who spend their days sitting on a bench, trying to mask the realities of aging, mainly through the tall tales that Nat spins. The play touches on several issues, including society's treatment of the aged, the difficulties dealing with adult children who think they know what's best for their parents, and the dangers that lurk in urban areas. Its title comes from an old vaudeville joke, a variation of which evolved into dialogue between the two protagonists: In the park every morning, elderly, half-blind Midge Carter tries to read his newspaper, but is distracted daily by Nat Moyer, an opinionated old man who reminisces about long-ago union activities and the love of his life. Midge is superintendent of a residential building and has been trying to steer clear of a tenant, Pete Danforth, whose committee is pushing for Midge's retirement. Nat insists that Midge stand up for his rights, going so far as to pass himself off as Midge's attorney. Nat's married daughter, Clara, is concerned about his welfare, particularly given how vulnerable a senior citizen can be in the park. She has good reason to worry because Nat encounters the Cowboy, a drug dealer who is owed money by a young woman named Laurie, and by J.C., a mugger who turns violent when Nat unwisely decides to fight back. Originally presented by Seattle Repertory Theatre in 1984, the play also saw two successful runs at the Booth Theatre on Broadway with 891 performances in 1985, and 53 in 2002. Both productions were directed by Daniel Sullivan and starred Judd Hirsch. The original role played by Cleavon Little was played by Ben Vereen in the 2002 revival. I'm Not Rappaport (film) I'm Not Rappaport is a 1996 American film adaptation by Herb Gardner of his play by the same name. Also directed by Gardner, the film starred Walter Matthau, Ossie Davis, Amy Irving, Craig T. Nelson, Martha Plimpton, Peter Friedman, and Ron Rifkin. Inspired by two"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Cache Creek (Sacramento River tributary) Cache Creek is an stream in Lake, Colusa and Yolo counties, California. Cache Creek starts at the outlet of Clear Lake. It has two main tributaries: North Fork (starting in the Mendocino National Forest north of Clear Lake, and dammed by the Indian Valley Reservoir); and Bear Creek (starting in Bear Valley). The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a network of canals. At the end of the Capay Valley, near Esparto, Cache Creek runs east into Sacramento Valley, ending in a settling basin east of Woodland, the overflow of which runs into the Sacramento River through a flood control canal. In addition to the recreational use of Clear Lake and Indian Valley Reservoir there are numerous trail-heads, parks and campgrounds, including the Bear Valley wildflower hotspot. Bear Creek and Cache Creek run in a scenic canyon along State Route 16 in Colusa and Yolo county, including the \"Cache Creek Regional Park\". Cache Creek provides white-water rafting, both in the spring when it is flooded, and through the summer using the agricultural water flow. The entire area south of Route 20 and west of Route 16 is a wildlife preserve, hosting two herds of Tule Elk. The name of the water body comes from Hudson's Bay Company trappers who cached their furs along the Sacramento River and smaller tributaries, one of which became known to them as Cache Creek. One of their camps, recognized by early settlers as French Camp, was situated in a grove of oaks on the north bank of Cache Creek one mile (1.6 km) east of the present town of Yolo, California. Cache Creek was originally known to the Hudson's Bay Company trappers as \"Rivière la Cache\". Cache Creek was temporarily blocked north of Rumsey by a landslide caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake : \"Our Rumsey correspondent mentions the fall of Cache Creek as a result of an earthquake shock Tuesday night. The water has continued to fall some since that date and in some places it is dry. Upon investigation by the officials of the Water Company it was found that a landslide had dammed the Creek near the Leonard ranch in Lake county...\" The creek subsequently broke through, causing severe flooding in Rumsey. Cache Creek has two main tributaries: North Fork, and Bear Creek. Cache Creek begins at the south-east end of Clear Lake (for which it is the outlet), flowing east to the dam which now controls the level of Clear Lake. The North Fork begins in Lake County in the Mendocino National Forest north of Upper Lake. It flows east, where it is joined by Bartlett Creek, and is then dammed by the Indian Valley Reservoir. It then flows south along New Long Valley Road, and turns east along State Route 20, which it crosses at the \"Cache Creek Recreation Area\". Cache Creek runs north-east from the dam, behind Perkins Creek Ridge and over The Jams Waterfall before joining the North Fork about 2 miles east of the bridge over Route 20. Bear Creek starts in Bear Valley and runs south through a canyon (joining Sulphur Creek near Wilbur Springs) until it meets Route 20. It then runs east in parallel with Route 20 for a few miles, and turns south, again cutting through a canyon following State Route 16 in Colusa and Yolo Counties. Meanwhile, Cache Creek cuts south-east between Cache Creek Ridge (on its north bank) and Little Blue Ridge (south bank), joining Bear Creek at Route 16 near the junction of Lake, Colusa and Yolo counties. The combined Cache Creek continues in the canyon until it emerges north of Rumsey in Capay Valley. The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a 175-mile (280 km) network of canals. At the end of the Capay Valley near Esparto Cache Creek runs east into Sacramento Valley, ending in a settling basin east of Woodland. If the Sacramento river is not in flood then any overflow runs into the \"Tule Canal\",continues as \"Prospect Slough\" and finally enters the Sacramento River at \"Cache Slough\". If the Sacramento IS in flood, then the overflow from the settling basin is swept into the Yolo Bypass and \"Sacramento Bypass\" flood control system, emerging directly at \"Cache Slough\". Water rights and flooding protection have been in dispute between Yolo and Lake Counties since the late 19th century. The Yolo County Flood Control & Water Conservation District (\"Yolo\") has \"an 1855 priority right to divert the natural flow of Cache Creek, and 1912 priority right to store waters in Clear Lake to elevation 7.56 feet Rumsey Gauge for later release and beneficial use.\" Various decrees attempt to ensure a balance between the needs of the two counties, although high-water conditions can cause temporary disagreements. Under the Solano Decree Yolo currently holds appropriative rights for up to per year from Clear Lake, and all the water from the Indian Valley dam. The Cache Creek Dam on the South Fork of Cache Creek, five miles (8 km) downstream from Clear Lake, was built to increase Clear Lake's capacity and to regulate outflow for downstream users of Cache Creek water. The dam was later modified to include a 3 MW hydroelectric plant. The stream has a relatively small capacity, less than a quarter of the amount the dam is able to release. There is a rock ledge a mile and a half downstream of Clear Lake, called the Grigsby Riffle, near the bridge on State Route 53. This ledge restricts the amount of water that can flow through at that point. The limited capacity of the stream means that it takes a very long time to drain excess flow from Clear Lake, increasing the chance of flooding around the lake. The bottleneck is seen as a backup to prevent flooding downstream and Yolo County is prohibited from increasing the capacity of the channel by the Gopcevic and Bemmerly Decrees. The Indian Valley dam on the North Fork of Cache Creek forms Indian Valley Reservoir. The dam's primary purpose is water storage for irrigation, but a 3.3 MW hydroelectric plant was built to take advantage of the falling water. The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a 175-mile (280 km) network of canals. For example, water is pumped into the Winters Canal, which runs south and ends in a reservoir near Winters. This feeds into Willows Canal, which runs east for miles alongside Putah Creek—the water of which is used primarily by Solano County. The 474 foot long, 15 foot high concrete dam was constructed in 1914. In 1994 its apron was raised with a 5-foot high inflatable bladder (the \"longest in the world\"), which can be raised or lowered in 30 minutes. It underwent substantial repairs starting in 2009. A large part of the creek within Lake County is designated a Wildlife Area by the state of California and the federal Bureau of Land Management, on which vehicles are prohibited but hiking, primitive camping, and hunting are allowed. The North Fork and Bear Creek each host a growing population of the rare tule elk, plus winter populations of bald eagles. The ruggedness of the area tends to ensure its isolation from human activity. In 2006 the United States Congress designated 27,245 acres (110 km²) of the area as the federally protected Cache Creek Wilderness. Cache Creek Conservancy has restored a 130-acre area downstream in the watershed. Whitewater boating on Cache Creek includes kayaking, rafting, canoeing and innertubing which are popular in the summer using the water released from the dams for downstream agriculture. Nominally a tributary of the Sacramento River, Cache Creek now only reaches it during extremely wet years due to damming and diversion of the stream's water. Degradation of the channel caused by invasive plants, such as \"Arundo donax\" and \"Tamarix\" spp., as well as gravel mining has left no suitable habitat for Chinook salmon and steelhead to spawn, even if there is enough water. Consequently, there are no longer any anadromous fish species",
"27,245 acres (110 km²) of the area as the federally protected Cache Creek Wilderness. Cache Creek Conservancy has restored a 130-acre area downstream in the watershed. Whitewater boating on Cache Creek includes kayaking, rafting, canoeing and innertubing which are popular in the summer using the water released from the dams for downstream agriculture. Nominally a tributary of the Sacramento River, Cache Creek now only reaches it during extremely wet years due to damming and diversion of the stream's water. Degradation of the channel caused by invasive plants, such as \"Arundo donax\" and \"Tamarix\" spp., as well as gravel mining has left no suitable habitat for Chinook salmon and steelhead to spawn, even if there is enough water. Consequently, there are no longer any anadromous fish species in Cache Creek. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released an advisory regarding eating fish caught from this creek based on the mercury level. Cache Creek was added to California's Wild and Scenic Rivers System in October 2005 which protects of the river from construction of new dams or diversions. Assembly member Lois Wolk introduced AB 1328 in 2005 which received support as well as opposition. New dam construction on Cache Creek was being considered in 2002 by the Yolo County Water District, the agency that had built the Indian Valley Dam and the present dam on Cache Creek. Cache Creek (Sacramento River tributary) Cache Creek is an stream in Lake, Colusa and Yolo counties, California. Cache Creek starts at the outlet of Clear Lake. It has two main tributaries: North Fork (starting in the Mendocino National Forest north of Clear Lake, and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Giacomo Piccardo Giacomo Piccardo (born 11 July 1999) is an Italian football player. He plays for Albissola on loan from Sampdoria. He is a product of Sampdoria youth teams and started playing for their Under-19 squad in the 2016–17 season. On 10 July 2018, Piccardo joined to Serie C club Albissola on a season-long loan deal. On 21 October he made his professional debut in Serie C for Albissola in a 2–0 away defeat against Arezzo as a starter. On 7 November he kept his first clean sheet for Albissola in a 1–0 away win over Novara. Four days later, on 11 November, he kept his second consecutive clean sheet in a 1–0 home win over Juventus U23. On 25 November he kept his third clean sheet in another 1–0 win over Pro Piacenza. Giacomo Piccardo Giacomo Piccardo (born 11 July 1999) is an Italian football player. He plays for Albissola on loan from Sampdoria. He is a product of Sampdoria youth teams and started playing for their Under-19 squad in the 2016–17 season. On 10 July 2018, Piccardo joined to Serie C club Albissola on a season-long loan deal. On 21 October he made his professional debut in Serie"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Frankie Goes to Hollywood Frankie Goes to Hollywood (FGTH) were a British band formed in Liverpool, England, in 1980. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson (vocals), with Paul Rutherford (vocals), Peter Gill (drums, percussion), Mark O'Toole (bass guitar), and Brian Nash (guitar). The group's 1983 debut single \"Relax\" was banned by the BBC in 1984 while at number six in the charts and subsequently topped the UK Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks, going on to enjoy prolonged chart success throughout that year and ultimately becoming the seventh best-selling UK single of all time. It also won the 1985 Brit Award for Best British Single. Their debut album, \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\", reached number one in the UK in 1984 with advanced sales of over one million. After the follow-up success of \"Two Tribes\" and \"The Power of Love\", the group became only the second act in the history of the UK charts to reach number one with their first three singles; the first being fellow Liverpudlians Gerry and the Pacemakers. This record remained unbeaten until the Spice Girls achieved a six-single streak in 1996–97. In 1985 the band won the Brit Award for Best British Newcomer, and also received Grammy Award and MTV Video Music Award nominations for Best New Artist. Songwriters Johnson, Gill and O'Toole received the 1984 Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for \"Two Tribes\". In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's 14th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. On the B-side to the group's first single, Johnson explained that the group's name derived from a page from \"The New Yorker\" magazine, featuring the headline \"Frankie Goes Hollywood\" and a picture of Frank Sinatra, although the magazine page Johnson referred to was actually a pop art poster by Guy Peellaert. The original group named \"Frankie Goes to Hollywood\" dates from 1980. The nucleus of the group emerged from the late 1970s Liverpool punk scene. Lead singer Johnson had played bass with Big in Japan and had also released two solo singles. Local musicians Peter Gill (drums), Jed O'Toole (bass), and O'Toole's cousin Brian Nash (guitar) initially joined Johnson, calling themselves the Sons of Egypt. This line-up secured a number of small local gigs before disbanding. The group was reprised when Johnson joined Mark O'Toole (bass) and Peter \"Ped\" Gill to form FGTH. During a particularly fluid period of personnel changes, Jed O'Toole joined FGTH on guitar, and a female vocalist, Sonia Mazumder, was also a band member for the first Frankie gig at the Leeds nightclub \"The Warehouse\", supporting Hambi & The Dance. Paul Rutherford – a member of the headline act who had also sung in seminal Liverpool punk band The Spitfire Boys – apparently got so caught up in Frankie's performance that he effectively replaced Mazumder that very night. The new all-male musical line-up subsequently toured locally with a leather-clad female duo known as \"The Leatherpets\" and managed to fund promotional videos and demos, despite being eventually turned down by both Arista Records and Phonogram Inc. In October 1982, the group recorded a John Peel Session for BBC Radio 1, comprising the originals \"Krisco Kisses\", \"Two Tribes\", \"Disneyland\", and \"The World Is My Oyster\". Around this time Jed O'Toole left the group, to be replaced by the returning Brian Nash. In February 1983, the group was invited to record a video for \"Relax\" by the Channel 4 show \"The Tube\" at the Liverpool State Ballroom. After the broadcast, the Peel session was repeated on radio, and a new session recorded for the BBC, comprising \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\", \"The Only Star in Heaven\" and \"Relax\". These performances, along with a repeat of the \"Tube\" video, convinced Trevor Horn to sign the group for his new label, ZTT Records, in May 1983. \"Relax\" was released by ZTT in October 1983, with production and remix directed by Trevor Horn, received a modicum of airplay, allowing it steady progress into the UK Top 40. Following a debut on the BBC's \"Top of the Pops\" on 5 January 1984 while at number 35, the single rose to number six the following week. On 11 January 1984, BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Mike Read was playing the record on his show when he noticed the front cover design (by Yvonne Gilbert). Read apparently became outraged by the \"overtly sexual\" nature of both the record sleeve and the printed lyrics, which prompted him to remove the disc from the turntable live on air, branding it \"obscene\". Two days later – almost three months after the single's initial release, and just eight days after the group's \"Top of the Pops\" appearance – the BBC banned the record from all its TV and radio outlets. \"Relax\" immediately shot to Number One in the UK charts and stayed there for five weeks, during which time the BBC could not feature the nation's best-selling single on \"Top of the Pops\". The original video was directed by Bernard Rose and depicted a gay S&M parlour where the band members were admired by muscular leathermen, a bleached blonde drag queen, and a large-bodied man dressed as a Roman emperor. The video featured a scene where one of the band members wrestled a live tiger, to the admiration of the clubgoers, and ended where the \"emperor\" was so excited he shimmied out of his toga. Filmed in the unused East London theatre Wilton's Music Hall, it was promptly banned by both the BBC and MTV, resulting in the production of a substitute video directed by filmmaker Brian De Palma to coincide with the release of his film \"Body Double\". The BBC lifted its ban on \"Relax\" at the end of 1984 to allow the band to perform it on the Christmas edition of \"Top of the Pops\" (it had been, aside from Band Aid of which Holly Johnson was a participant, the biggest-selling single of the year). \"Relax\" remained in the charts when the follow-up, \"Two Tribes\", was released in May 1984. The anti-conflict song was given an aggressively topical nuclear war slant. Featuring sirens, the unmistakable voice of Patrick Allen (who had voiced the British Government's actual nuclear warning ads, \"Protect and Survive\", two years earlier) and another innovative electronic backing, it went straight into the UK charts at Number One and stayed there for nine weeks (the first single to do so since John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John's \"You're the One That I Want\" in 1978), with total sales exceeding 1.5 million copies and becoming one of the top 30 best-selling records in the UK ever. Directed by Kevin Godley and Lol Creme, the video featured lookalikes of Cold War leaders Ronald Reagan and Konstantin Chernenko wrestling in a marquee while band members and others laid bets on the outcome. Ultimately, the audience – consisting of other world leaders – were brought into the fight, and eventually Earth was seen to explode. \"Two Tribes\" was a successful single in its own right, but its reign at the top of the charts was made even more notable by the continuing success of its predecessor. \"Relax\" had made a natural decline down the charts by May 1984, but on the release of \"Two Tribes\" its sales began to increase again, to the extent that FGTH held the top two spots in the UK charts during July 1984, the first active group to do so since the early 1960s. The release of \"Two Tribes\" also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign during the British summer of 1984, featuring such slogans as \"Frankie Say War! Hide Yourself\" and \"Frankie Say Relax Don't Do It!\" FGTH released a third single, \"The Power of Love\", at the end of 1984. Unlike the earlier singles, this song was a slower-paced ballad, but it also went to Number One in December and making the band the first act for two decades (since Gerry & the Pacemakers, a fellow Liverpool band, in 1963) to achieve chart-toppers with its first three releases. The video was not banned on this occasion but still caused trouble for the group – because it depicted a",
"held the top two spots in the UK charts during July 1984, the first active group to do so since the early 1960s. The release of \"Two Tribes\" also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign during the British summer of 1984, featuring such slogans as \"Frankie Say War! Hide Yourself\" and \"Frankie Say Relax Don't Do It!\" FGTH released a third single, \"The Power of Love\", at the end of 1984. Unlike the earlier singles, this song was a slower-paced ballad, but it also went to Number One in December and making the band the first act for two decades (since Gerry & the Pacemakers, a fellow Liverpool band, in 1963) to achieve chart-toppers with its first three releases. The video was not banned on this occasion but still caused trouble for the group – because it depicted a nativity scene (and on its first showing did not feature any members of the band, who were subsequently added as picture framing). The song's release was preceded by an advertising campaign that, cheekily, declared it to be the band's third number one single, as if this was a fait accompli. The Band Aid project, for which Johnson recorded a message for the B-side, meant that FGTH managed only one week at the top this time before it was replaced by \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" The title track from FGTH's album, \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\", was released as a fourth single in March 1985. Early promotional posters for the single proclaimed it as \"their fourth number one\", even prior to the single's release. However, the single peaked at Number 2. The twelve-inch singles featured Greek mythology/Samuel Taylor Coleridge spoken introduction. Geoffrey Palmer narrates on the second 12\", known as the \"fruitness\" mix. Only one sole new track appeared in the next eighteen months; \"Disneyland\", was released on the ZTT Records \"Zang Tuum Tumb Sampled\" album in late 1985. In 1986, FGTH appeared at the Montreux Rock Festival which was broadcast on UK television. This performance saw the first airings of two future singles, namely \"Rage Hard\" and \"Warriors of the Wasteland\". Both versions were different from the versions eventually released. In August 1986, the long-awaited new Frankie Goes to Hollywood single, \"Rage Hard\", was released, reaching number 4 in the UK. Initially showcased promotionally with songs like \"Warriors of the Wasteland\", the group's sound had developed a significantly harder edge with a less flamboyant, more nitty-gritty lyrical side. The album, \"Liverpool\", was released in October 1986 and reached UK No. 5. It was generally panned by the music press and chart returns declined rapidly with the follow-up singles \"Warriors of the Wasteland\" (No. 19) and \"Watching the Wildlife\" (No. 28). The group meanwhile threatened to implode of its own accord, in the course of a tour promoting the new album. Johnson kept himself markedly separate from the rest of the band when offstage at this period, tensions becoming exacerbated during a backstage altercation between Johnson and O'Toole at Wembley Arena in January 1987, reflecting the generally collapsing relationship between lead singer and the rest of the band. Things were so bad that fellow Liverpudlian singer Pete Wylie was approached to replace Johnson but declined the offer. FGTH completed the tour, but Johnson ultimately left the group thereafter, citing musical estrangement. In the aftermath of the group split, Johnson was offered a solo recording agreement with MCA Records. However, ZTT, which maintained they had invested heavily in \"Liverpool\" (to the extent that the digital recording system used to record the album was very nearly treated as a sixth member of the band on the sleeve of the \"Warriors of the Wasteland\" single), had other ideas, and promptly sued Johnson in an attempt to hold him to his original contract with the label. Among other things, ZTT believed that as a departing member of FGTH, Johnson was required to release all solo material through the label until the band's original multiple-album agreement was fulfilled. The suit was bitterly fought, exposing the inner workings of the ZTT/Frankie machine to a giddy UK music press. After two years, the High Court found in Johnson's favour, holding that the highly restrictive terms of the contract constituted an unreasonable restraint of trade. The court case also effectively freed the remaining members of FGTH from their ZTT contract. Johnson's solo career at MCA commenced in 1989, with a succession of high-placed singles and the number one album \"Blast\". The remix collection \"Hollelujah\" followed, trailed by a second studio album, \"Dreams That Money Can't Buy\". However, Johnson's relations with MCA cooled with this release, and he would ultimately become a reclusive but successful painter, after announcing in 1993 that he was HIV-positive. The following year, Johnson recounted his version of Frankie's history in his autobiography \"A Bone in My Flute\". His self-issued 1999 album \"Soulstream\" included a re-recording of \"The Power of Love\", which was also released as a single. Paul Rutherford, the other openly gay member of the band, released the partially ABC produced album \"Oh World\" and a handful of singles before retiring with his New Zealander partner to Waiheke Island. The \"other three\", as \"Smash Hits\" labelled them, continued to work together in what turned out to be a vain attempt to resurrect \"Frankie\" with various singers including Dee Harris from Fashion and Grant Boult (Jeckyl Ice) from The Premise, who had opened the shows on the band's UK and European tours. Under the name Boss Dog, with Boult on vocals, the band were offered a major deal with Virgin Records but on the condition they work as Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Johnson challenged the use of the name and the deal soured. Boult and Brian Nash continued with the material written by The Shuffle Brothers and under the name Low they released \"Tearing My soul Apart\" in 1992 on Swanyard Records. As \"Nasher\", Nash released a 2002 solo album entitled \"Ripe\". Ped worked behind the scenes and scored a top ten hit with the group \"Lovestation\". Mark O'Toole moved to Florida and played with punk outfit \"Trapped by Mormons\". The band's name lived on to the extent that re-issues of \"Relax\" and \"The Power of Love\" both returned to the UK Top 10 in 1993. Remixes of \"The Power of Love\" (which became a dance anthem from its original ballad format) and \"Two Tribes\" were Top 20 hits again in 2000, while \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\" also got commercially successful remix treatment, to the extent of a Top 20 placing four years earlier. The group's first two singles appeared sixth and 22nd respectively in the official all-time UK best-selling singles list issued in 2002. In 1998, a band calling itself alternately \"Frankie Goes to Hollywood\" and \"The New Frankie Goes to Hollywood Featuring Davey Johnson\" began to tour the United States. The band consisted of none of the original members of the band and formed without their knowledge or consent. The impostor band was led by an American using the stage name Davey Johnson, who alternately claimed he was Holly Johnson's brother and had performed as an uncredited session musician on \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\". The members of the actual band and their producer Trevor Horn refuted both claims. Mark O'Toole, who had been living in Florida, became aware of the band and warned concert promoters not to hire them. Likewise, A Flock of Seagulls frontman Mike Score, who had been a Liverpool acquaintance of the members of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, kicked the impostor band off his tour after discovering they were a fraud. After Holly Johnson contacted the trade magazine \"Pollstar\" to confirm that the American-based act was unauthorized, the impostor band was dropped by a booking agent, but continued to be booked by small clubs throughout the southern United States. The fake group continued to perform until at least September 2000, when a feature on the controversy",
"on \"Welcome to the Pleasuredome\". The members of the actual band and their producer Trevor Horn refuted both claims. Mark O'Toole, who had been living in Florida, became aware of the band and warned concert promoters not to hire them. Likewise, A Flock of Seagulls frontman Mike Score, who had been a Liverpool acquaintance of the members of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, kicked the impostor band off his tour after discovering they were a fraud. After Holly Johnson contacted the trade magazine \"Pollstar\" to confirm that the American-based act was unauthorized, the impostor band was dropped by a booking agent, but continued to be booked by small clubs throughout the southern United States. The fake group continued to perform until at least September 2000, when a feature on the controversy was published in that month's issue of \"Spin\". In 2003, the VH-1 program \"Bands Reunited\" brought Johnson, Rutherford, Gill, Nash, and Mark O'Toole together, in the hope of their agreeing to perform impromptu on the show. However, a reunion performance did not transpire. Both Johnson and Nash had reservations about performing at short notice in the contrived manner dictated by the TV show format. In 2004, a celebration of the 25th anniversary of Trevor Horn's involvement in the music industry a special concert took place at Wembley Arena in November, featuring three of the original FGTH line-up, Mark O'Toole, Peter (Ped) Gill and Paul Rutherford and another former member, Jed O'Toole. Original vocalist Johnson, who announced via the Internet that he would not be appearing and guitarist Nash, who declined to appear for his own reasons, did not take part. Jed O'Toole took over guitar duties for the event, whilst an open audition was held for a new singer for the concert. Ryan Molloy was recruited as a result. The same lineup reunited for a tour in 2005 playing festivals in Europe. They headlined the Big Gay Out festival at Hyde Park in London. After some confusion with ensuing tour dates, the band posted a warning on their website that many of the tour dates listed by ticket promoters were inaccurate. The band became increasingly focused on the release of a new album during 2007. However, in early April 2007 came the news that Gill, Rutherford, J. O'Toole and Molloy had formed Forbidden Hollywood to play their new songs alongside old FGTH material. This was to avoid legal issues with Holly Johnson over use of the Frankie Goes to Hollywood name. Live dates were announced but in June 2007, these were cancelled. ! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result In 1985, a computer game entitled \"Frankie Goes to Hollywood\" was developed by Denton Designs and published by Ocean Software. Based on the band's music, imagery and slogans, the objective of the game was to explore the town of Mundanesville to find the Pleasuredome. It also came boxed with an extra cassette with a live version of \"Relax\" on it. Frankie Goes to Hollywood Frankie Goes to Hollywood (FGTH) were a British band formed in Liverpool, England, in 1980. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson (vocals), with Paul Rutherford (vocals), Peter Gill (drums, percussion), Mark O'Toole (bass guitar), and Brian Nash (guitar). The group's 1983 debut single \"Relax\" was banned by the BBC in 1984 while at number six in the charts and subsequently topped the UK Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks, going on to enjoy prolonged chart success throughout that year and ultimately becoming the seventh best-selling UK single of all time."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Arm of Kannon Arm of Kannon, originally titled in Japan, is a manga by . The series was licensed in English by Tokyopop; the Tokyopop version of the manga is out of print as of August 31, 2009. The is a holy relic of the buddhist goddess Kannon (Kanzeon bosatsu); after the archeologist Tozo Mikami discovered it, he disappeared for three years. When he returns, his son, Mao, starts noticing something strange about him, and soon discovers that a secret military organization, Garama, is trying to unveil the secrets of the artifact to use it as a weapon. The first four volumes of the series see Mao infected by the Arm and his rapid growth in relation to the Arm's effects. He is captured by Garama and subsequently escapes to the surrounding forest which has also been affected by Garama. Several parties try to achieve different things in the forest. The first is Mao's sister Mayo, the swordsman from Isurugi, and a monk called Kakujo. These three try to find Mao to help him overcome the Arm's infection and release him. The second group following Mao is a group called the \"SDF\" who are employed by the government to capture Mao alive. This group consists of four people; a male cyborg, a female soldier, a male with cybernetic eyes and sonic abilities, and a psychic man. The third group is the Manma, these are four mutants who are to kill Mao. These four are a male illusionist, a mysterious female, a man wrapped in bandages, and a gremlin-like man. These three groups face off in the forest in a race to reach Mao first. Arm of Kannon Arm of Kannon, originally titled in Japan, is a manga by . The series was licensed in English by Tokyopop; the Tokyopop version"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Irish Hobby The Irish Hobby is an extinct breed of horse developed in Ireland prior to the 13th Century. The breed provided foundation bloodlines for several modern horse breeds, including breeds as diverse as the Connemara pony and the Irish Draught. Palfreys were known as \"haubini\" in France, which eventually became \"hobbeye\". These animals eventually found their way to Ireland where the Irish Hobby developed. The breed was mentioned in 1375 by the poet John Barbour, who called them \"hobynis\" in his poem, \"The Bruce.\" He also mentioned them in his work \"Reliquiae Antiquae\", noting their speed. And one amang, an Iyrysch man,<br>Uppone his hoby swyftly ran... Mares of Irish Hobby breeding may have been among the native horse breeds of Ireland that provided foundation stock for the Thoroughbred. There is a great deal of evidence that the Irish Hobby was imported to England and Scotland for various activities, including racing, \"...they be so light and swift.\" Horses were traded in Ireland at the Cahirmee Horse Fair near the town of Buttevant since Medieval times, reputed to be one of the oldest horse fair's. This quick and agile horse was also popular for skirmishing, and was often ridden by light cavalry known as \"Hobelars\". Hobbies were used successfully by both sides during the Wars of Scottish Independence, with Edward I of England trying to gain advantage by preventing Irish exports of the horses to Scotland. Robert Bruce employed the hobby for his guerrilla warfare and mounted raids, covering a day. The breed is the origin of the term hobby horse.. A common Irish phrase associated with the term is \"go get on your hobby horse\", which is an idiom to complain about a subject, topic, or issue in which one is excessively interested. Irish Hobby The Irish Hobby is an"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Cercospora beticola Cercospora beticola is a fungal plant pathogen which typically infects plants of the genus Beta, within the family of Chenopodiaceae. It is the cause of Cercospora leaf spot disease in sugar beets, spinach and swiss chard. Of these hosts, Cercospora leaf spot is the most economically impactful in sugar beets (\"Beta vulgaris)\". \"Cercospora beticola\" is a deuteromycete fungi that reproduces using conidia. There is no teleomorph stage. \"C. beticola\" is a necrotrophic fungi that uses phytotoxins specifically \"Cercospora beticola\" toxin (CBT) to kill infected plants. CBT causes the leaf spot symptom and prevents root formation. Yield losses from Cercospora leaf spot are around 20 percent. Hosts and Symptoms Hosts of \"Cercospora beticola\" include sugar beets (\"Beta vulgaris)\", swiss chard (\"Beta vulgaris\" L. subsp. \"cicla)\" and other leafy greens. Symptoms include the random distribution of spots with brownish red rings which eventually cause leaf collapse.Older leaves will have spots of larger diameters as rings grow outward. conidia are not observable by the unaided eye Disease Cycle Stromata (a sclerotia like survival structure containing conidia when made) in field debris starts the life cycle. Under favorable wet conditions conidia are rain splashed and insect carried to new hosts where under humid and wet conditions they germinate and penetrate through stomata. These conidia germinate in polycyclic microcycles until the end of the growing season. At the end of the growing season \"C. beticola\" produces stromata again as a survival structure. Microcycles like the one used by \"C. beticola\" are very effective at producing lots of conidia. Because these conidia are effective at penetrating the host, mycelium is not necessary and conidia produce their own conidia at each new infection (microcycle). There have been no direct observations of sexual spores in C. beticola. Management Copper was historically used to control \"C. beticola\" in the field though today fungicides are more common. \"C. beticola\" has been shown to have some resistance to benzimidazole and thiophanate class fungicides. As a result, experts often have recommended fungicide rotation to kill any potential fungicide resistant strains. Some varieties of sugar beet also show resistance to \"C. beticola\", unfortunately they have all had low yields in lab tests. Today the most common fungicides used are QoI, Headline, Proline, Inspire SB, Eminent and Super Tin or Agri Tin Cercospora beticola Cercospora beticola is a fungal plant pathogen which typically infects plants of the genus Beta, within the family"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"John \"Bugs\" Hamilton John \"Bugs\" Hamilton (March 8, 1911, St. Louis – August 15, 1947, St. Louis) was an American jazz trumpeter. Hamilton was a member of New York City-based trombonist Billy Kato's band in 1930-1931 and played with Chick Webb around the same time. Toward the middle of the 1930s he played with Kaiser Marshall, then joined Fats Waller's ensemble in 1938. He remained with Waller until 1942, recording with him often and appearing in several films as a member of Waller's group. During World War II he played with Eddie South and Roy Eldridge, but shortly after the end of the war, he contracted tuberculosis, resulting in his death at age 36. John \"Bugs\" Hamilton John \"Bugs\" Hamilton (March 8, 1911, St. Louis – August 15, 1947, St. Louis) was an American jazz trumpeter. Hamilton was a member of New York City-based trombonist Billy Kato's band in 1930-1931 and played with Chick Webb around the same time. Toward the middle of the 1930s he played with Kaiser Marshall, then joined Fats Waller's ensemble in 1938. He remained with Waller until 1942, recording with him often and appearing in several films as a member of Waller's group. During World"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Zeus and the Tortoise Zeus and the Tortoise appears among Aesop’s Fables and explains how the tortoise got her shell. It is numbered 106 in the Perry Index. From it derives the proverbial sentiment that ‘There’s no place like home’. The fable tells how the king of the gods invited all the animals to his wedding but the tortoise never arrived. When asked why, her excuse was that she preferred her own home, so Zeus made her carry her house about forever after. That excuse in Greek was Οἶκος φίλος, οἶκος ἄριστος, literally ‘the home you love is the best’. The fabulist then goes on to comment that ‘most people prefer to live simply at home than to live lavishly at someone else's’. The saying became proverbial and was noticed as connected with the fable by Erasmus in his \"Adagia\". The earliest English version of such a proverb, emerging in the 16th century, echoes the comment on the fable: “Home is home, though it’s never so homely”. The sentiment was eventually used as the second line in the popular song, “Home! Sweet Home!” (1823), which also features the equally proverbial “There’s no place like home” in the chorus. The first recorder of the fable was Cercidas some time in the 3rd century BCE. During the Renaissance it was retold in a Neo-Latin poem by Barthélémy Aneau in his emblem book \"Picta Poesis\" (1552) and by Pantaleon Candidus in his fable collection of 1604. Later it appeared in idiomatic English in Roger L'Estrange’s \"Fables of Aesop\" (1692). Earlier, however, an alternative version of the story about the tortoise had been mentioned by the late 4th century CE author Servius in his commentary on Virgil's \"Aeneid\". There it is a mountain nymph called Chelone (Χελώνη, the Greek for tortoise) who did not deign to be present at the wedding of Zeus. The divine messenger Hermes was then sent to throw her and her house into the river, where she was changed into the animal now bearing her name. In the late 15th century, the Venetian Laurentius Abstemius created a Neo-Latin variant on the fable which was subsequently added to their fable collections by both Gabriele Faerno and by L'Estrange. It relates how, when the animals were invited to ask gifts of Zeus at the dawn of time, the snail petitioned for the ability to carry her home with her. Zeus asked if this would not be a troublesome burden, but the snail replied that she preferred this way of avoiding bad neighbours. Another fable attributed to Aesop is being alluded to here, number 100 in the Perry Index. In that story, Momus criticized the divine invention of a house as a gift to mankind because it did not have wheels so as to avoid troublesome neighbours. What was once a divine punishment of the tortoise, Abstemius now reveals as a blessing bestowed. Illustrations in old books Zeus and the Tortoise Zeus and the Tortoise appears among Aesop’s Fables and explains how the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Scott Dawson (wrestler) David Michael Harwood (born June 30, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the Smackdown brand under the ring name Scott Dawson. Along with Dash Wilder, he is one half of the former two time NXT Tag Team Champions, The Revival. Harwood made his professional wrestling debut in 2004. He wrestled for a variety of independent promotions as KC McKnight, most notably for CWF Mid-Atlantic, AWA Superstars of Wrestling and a number of NWA-affiliated organizations including NWA Anarchy and Pro Wrestling Zero1. In 2010, he made an appearance for Ring of Honor in a dark match prior to \"ROH The Big Bang!\". He also performed as KC McKnight at various North Carolina independents including United Professional Wrestling Association in Wilmington North Carolina. He worked with the likes of Zane and Dave Dawson, Daniel Messina, Charlie Dreamer, Marcus Shields, etc. Harwood signed with WWE in 2012 and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center, taking the ring name Scott Dawson. He made his television debut on the 7 March 2013 episode of \"NXT\", teaming with Judas Devlin in a two-on-one handicap loss to Adrian Neville. Dawson made a further appearance in an enhancement role on the 10 April episode of \"NXT\", in a six-man tag-team defeat against The Shield. In May 2013 Dawson formed a tag-team with Garrett Dylan, with the two managed by Sylvester Lefort. On the 26 June episode of \"NXT\" Dawson and Dylan lost a number one contender's match for the NXT Tag Team Championship to Corey Graves and Kassius Ohno. The team disbanded shortly afterwards when Dylan was released from the company. Following Dylan's release, Dawson initially worked as a singles competitor with little success and then formed a tag-team with Alexander Rusev, who was also being managed by Lefort. Rusev and Dawson participated unsuccessfully in a contendership battle royal for the NXT Tag Team Championship on the 12 September episode of \"NXT\". Their alliance ended when Rusev turned on Lefort in favor of being managed by Lana, and shortly afterwards Dawson suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament which ruled him out of action for several months. On his return from injury, Dawson formed a team with Dash Wilder, with the two performing extensively at live events under the name The Mechanics. The duo made their debut on the 31 July 2014 episode of \"NXT\", losing to the team of Bull Dempsey and Mojo Rawley. The duo made only one further televised appearance in 2014, losing to Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady on the 23 October episode of \"NXT\", but continued to wrestle extensively at house shows. On the June 10, 2015 episode of \"NXT\", Dawson faced Samoa Joe in a losing effort during the show's main event. Dawson and Wilder's team resurfaced and picked up their first televised win on the July 29, 2015 episode of \"NXT\", defeating Amore and Cassady. The duo were involved in an 8-man tag-team match that was taped prior to . At , Dawson and Wilder were defeated in the semi-finals of the \"Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic\" by eventual winners Finn Bálor and Samoa Joe. On the October 21 episode of \"NXT\", The Mechanics' ring name was changed to Dash and Dawson. On the November 11 episode of \"NXT\", Dawson and Wilder defeated The Vaudevillains to win the NXT Tag Team Championship. They subsequently defended the titles against Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady at . Beginning in February 2016, the duo began performing under the team name The Revival. Dawson made his WWE main roster debut alongside Wilder at Roadblock, once again defending their NXT Tag Team Championships against Amore and Cassady. On April 1 at , The Revival lost the NXT Tag Team Championship to American Alpha (Chad Gable and Jason Jordan). but the two won back the titles from American Alpha two months later at . At , The Revival retained the titles against Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa. On November 19, 2016 at NXT TakeOver: Toronto The Revival lost the tag team titles in a two out of three falls match to #DIY (Tommaso Ciampa and Johnny Gargano). They failed in their attempt at winning back the titles at on April 1, 2017; in a triple threat tag team elimination match. On the Raw after WrestleMania 33 April 3 episode of \"Raw\", The Revival answered an open challenge issued by The New Day. The Revival defeated The New Day, and afterwards attacked Kofi Kingston, who was not participating in the match. The team was on hiatus due to Wilder's injury. Wilder returned seven weeks later on the May 22, 2017 episode of \"Raw\", walking backstage during the sneak attack on Enzo Amore, Big Cass would later accuse both Wilder and Dawson as the attackers, but they denied this. Two weeks later, on the \"Raw\" after Extreme Rules, The Revival also denied their involvement during the sneak attack on Cass, bringing out another suspect in Big Show, until the June 19, 2017 episode of \"Raw\" revealed that The Revival had nothing to do with the attack and that Cass was never attacked, with Corey Graves finally coming to the conclusion that Cass was indeed the culprit behind Enzo's sneak attack after The Revival stated their alibi of being innocent. Wilder returned to in ring competition on the June 26 taping of Main Event aired on June 30, teaming with Dawson to defeat Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows by pinfall, Dawson would have his first pinfall loss to Kalisto the following week. On August 7, 2017, WWE announced that over the weekend of August 5-6 at a live event in Canada, Dawson suffered an injury to his right bicep in a match against Cesaro and Sheamus. He was out of action for 5 to 6 months. Dawson returned on the December 18th episode of \"Raw\" with Wilder to defeat Heath Slater and Rhyno. The Revival participated in the Raw Tag Team Eliminator tournament to crown new champions, but lost in the semi-finals to Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt. At SummerSlam 2018 Pre-show, The Revival lost to Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel in an attempt to become the new Raw Tag Team champions. Dawson appears as a playable character in WWE 2K17 and WWE 2K18. He appears as a member of The Revival in both games. He also appears in the mobile card game WWE SuperCard. In 2012, Harwood married Maria Nickopoulos. Together, they have a daughter, Kayci (born 2014). He resides in North Carolina. Scott Dawson (wrestler) David Michael Harwood (born June 30, 1984) is an American professional"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Hu Mei Hu Mei (born 2 September 1958) is a Chinese film director, television director and producer. Usually classed as a Fifth Generation director, since she graduated from the Directors' class of the 1982 Beijing Film Academy cohort, she is a classmate of famous Fifth Generation directors such as Chen Kaige and Tian Zhuangzhuang. In 1997, she directed the historical television series \"Yongzheng Dynasty\", which received critical acclaim in mainland China. She has since directed a number of television series, including \"The Emperor in Han Dynasty\" (2005), \"Qiao's Grand Courtyard\" (2006), and \"Cao Cao\" (2014). In 2007, she was originally selected to direct a television series adaptation of the Chinese classical novel \"A Dream of the Red Chamber\" but withdrew from the job (she was replaced by Li Shaohong). Her 2010 film \"Confucius\", starring Chow Yun-fat as the eponymous character, was released in Beijing on 14 January 2010. Hu used to be an actress in the Modern Drama Troupe of the General Political Division of the People's Liberation Army. Her father was a conductor and mother was a singer, and Hu was trained to play the piano from a very young age. When the Beijing Film Academy reopened in 1978, she enrolled for the directing class under her father's encouragement. After graduation in 1982, she was assigned to the Bayi Film Studio. In 1984, she made her first film \"Women's Chamber\" (女儿楼, \"Nü'er Lou\"). Two years later, her film \"Times Away from War\" (远离战争的年代, \"Yuanli Zhanzheng de Niandai\"), which is said to be the first Chinese psychological film, won her a number of international awards. Hu nearly went to France to pursue a Ph.D. in film, but abandoned the idea at the last minute. She spent nearly ten years shooting television commercials. She also started directing more commercialized films. \"Yongzheng Dynasty\" was her first major successful television series. Since then, she is considered a top-tiered television series director in China. Hu Mei Hu Mei (born 2 September 1958) is a Chinese film director, television director and producer. Usually classed as a Fifth Generation director, since she graduated from the Directors' class of the 1982 Beijing Film Academy cohort, she is a classmate of famous Fifth Generation directors such as Chen Kaige and Tian Zhuangzhuang. In 1997, she directed the historical television series \"Yongzheng Dynasty\", which received critical acclaim in mainland China. She has since directed a number of television series,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Optimist (dinghy) The Optimist is a small, single-handed sailing dinghy intended for use by children up to the age of 15. Contemporary boats are usually made of fibreglass, although wooden boats are still built. It is one of the most popular sailing dinghies in the world, with over 150,000 boats officially registered with the class and many more built but never registered. The Optimist is recognized as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation. The Optimist was designed in 1947 by American Clark Mills at the request of the Clearwater Florida Optimist service club following a proposal by Major Clifford McKay to offer low-cost sailing for young people. The Optimist Club ran a soap box derby, but wanted more than a single-day event. Thus they were looking for a low-cost equivalent for sailing. He designed a simple pram that could be built from two 4' x 8' sheets of plywood, and donated the plan to the Optimists. The design was slightly modified and introduced to Europe by Axel Damgaard, and spread outwards across Europe from Scandinavia. The design was in 1960 and became a strict One-Design in 1995. The Optimist is sailed in over 120 countries and it is one of only two yachts approved by the International Sailing Federation exclusively for sailors under 16. The single sail of the Optimist is sprit-rigged. Two battens stiffen the leech. It is secured evenly with ties along the luff to the mast and along the foot to the boom, pulled down tightly by a vang/kicker. The light, slim third spar, the sprit, extends through a loop at the peak of the sail; the bottom rests in the eye of a short cable or string which hangs along the front edge of the mast. Raising and lowering the sprit and adjusting the boom vang allow for adaptation of sail trim to a range of wind conditions. Similarly, the Optimist has a small string outhaul on the end of the boom. It is usually correct to tighten the boomvang, outhaul, and sprit in heavy winds and loosen them in light winds. As well as this, huge adjustments can be made to sail shape, due to all of the ties running along the mast and boom. The spars may be made from aluminium or wood, but are invariably aluminium in modern boats. A monograph-style \"IO\" insignia (after IODA - the International Optimist Dinghy Association) on the sail is a registered trade-mark and may only be used under licence from the International Optimist Association. Optimists also have a national sail number using the Olympic abbreviation of their country and a sequential numbers. e.g. RSA for South Africa. The Optimist has a pram hull, originally formed primarily from five pieces of plywood. It was the biggest hull Clark Mills could make from two 4 ft by 8 ft sheets. Just in front of a bulkhead, which partitions the boat nearly in half, is the daggerboard case. Right behind it on the centerline of the hull floor are attached a pulley and ratchet block. These anchor the sheet and its pulley on the boom directly above. At the bow resides a thwart to support the mast which passes through a hole in its centre to the mast step mounted on the centre line of the boat. The painter, a rope used for securing a boat like a mooring line, is usually tied around the mast step. Buoyancy bags are installed inboard along each side in the front half of the boat and at the stern to add buoyancy in the event of capsizing. Two straps, known as \"hiking straps\", run lengthwise along the floor from bulkhead to stern. These and a tiller extension allow a sailor to hang off the side for weight distribution—commonly called \"hiking out\". This can be crucial to maintaining the boat in near horizontal disposition during heavy air, allowing greater speed through the water and more manoeuvrability. The vast majority of hulls today are made of Fiberglass, although it is still possible to make and buy wooden hulls. The rudder and daggerboard may be made from plywood or a composite of foam, glass fibre, and epoxy. While younger lighter sailors begin in Optimists, competitive sailors usually weigh between 35 and 55 kg (or between 80 lbs. and 125 lbs.). Optimists can be sailed by children from age 8 to 15. This wide range of weights which is not typical of most dinghies is made possible by different cuts of sail. Due to its inherent stability, unstayed rig, robust construction and relatively small sail, the Optimist can be sailed in winds of up to and above 30 knots. Optimists are manufactured to the same specification by over 20 builders on four continents. There is strong evidence that hulls from different builders are the same speed. Sails and spars of differing qualities enable sailors to upgrade their equipment as they progress. The Optimist is the slowest dinghy in the world according to the RYA Portsmouth Yardstick scheme, with a Portsmouth number of 1646. However saying that it is not indeed the slowest dinghy in the world, the Pelican is the slowest sailing dinghy in the world. Its equivalent rating in the US scheme is a D-PN of 123.6. Optimists are used for beginners. Light weight sailors continue to race them up 14 to 15 years of age. The age limit is 15. Very small children are sometimes \"doubled up\" but usually the boats are single-handers. Many sailing schools and yacht clubs own a number of them and they are the first boat most beginners will sail. The Optimist is the biggest youth racing class in the world. As well as the annual world championship the class also has six continental championships, attended by a total of over 850 sailors a year. Many of the top world Optimist sailors have become world-class Laser Radial or 4.7 sailors after they \"age-out\" but many also excel in double-handers such as the 420 and 29er. At the 2016 Olympics at least 85% of the boat skippers were former Optimist sailors. The first World Championships were held in Great Britain in 1962, and they have since been arranged annually. For the first 20 years, the class was dominated by sailors from the Scandinavian countries, with 13 world champions. In the 1990s Argentina was by far the dominant country but since the turn of the millennium there has been no single dominant country, with the 33 medallists coming from 20 countries on five continents. Currently, the United States and Singapore field the best sailors in the world for this class. This is decided at Optimist World Championships for team racing and individual racing. Other championships are held continentally, such as the European Championships, Asian, North American and South American. In recent years over 3,000 boats a year have been produced by around 30 builders worldwide. Optimist (dinghy) The Optimist is a small, single-handed sailing dinghy intended for use by children up to the age of 15. Contemporary boats are usually made of fibreglass, although wooden boats are still built. It is one of the most popular sailing dinghies in the world, with over 150,000 boats officially registered with the class and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Tropical savanna climate Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories \"Aw\" and \"As\". Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperatures above in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having less than 60 mm (2.36 inches) of precipitation and also less than 100 – [total annual precipitation {mm}/25] of precipitation. This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation but has \"more\" than 100 – [total annual precipitation {mm}/25] of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s). In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands, rather than thick jungle. It is this widespread occurrence of tall, course grass (called savanna) which has lead to Aw and As climates often being referred to as tropical savanna. However, there is some doubt whether tropical grasslands are climatically induced. Additionally, pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule. There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and northern South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands and southern North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterised by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco river llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name. Sometimes \"As\" is used in place of \"Aw\" if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days often due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off summer precipitation in a tropical area. This is the case in parts of Hawaii, East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya, Somalia), Sri Lanka (Trincomalee) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil (from Fortaleza through Natal to Maceió), for instance. The difference between 'summer' and 'winter' in such locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an \"As\" and \"Aw\" climate is a quibble. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of reduction of or lack of convection, which in turn is due to the meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climate Tropical savanna"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Damsgård Tunnel The Damsgård Tunnel () is a road tunnel in the city of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. It consists of two tubes, each of which carries two lanes of traffic through the Damsgårdsfjellet mountain between the neighborhoods of Lyngbø and Gyldenpris and the onwards towards the city centre. The northern end of the tunnel lies adjacent to the entrance to the Løvstakk Tunnel and the Puddefjord Bridge. The tunnel is one of the major arterial highways leading west from the city centre. The tube that carries eastbound traffic was opened in 1992 and it is long, while the other tube opened the following year and it is slightly shorter at long. The Damsgård Tunnel is part of Norwegian National Road 555 which runs from Fjell to Bergen's city centre. The average daily traffic through the Damsgård Tunnel was 35,127 vehicles in 2007, up from 29,336 in 2000. Damsgård Tunnel The Damsgård Tunnel () is a road tunnel in the city of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. It consists of two tubes, each of which carries two lanes of traffic through the Damsgårdsfjellet mountain between the neighborhoods of Lyngbø and Gyldenpris and the onwards towards the city centre. The"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"José Daporta Gozález José Daporta González (1911–1989) was a Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology as well as a prolific Fine arts Collector. Born in Habana (Cuba), the son of Galician emigrants, he returned to the land of his parents at an early age, where he started and finished his university studies, to become a Professor of the University of Santiago de Compostela at a young age. He devoted himself to his teaching career and to initiate and develop cooperation nexuses with different Latin-American countries; starting his work as a “Galician Ambassador for Latin-America” in the early 1940s and contributing to the creation of the “Galician Institute for Cooperation with Latin-America”. It is important to mention Daporta's insatiable interest in culture and social anthropology, which greatly contributed develop his skills as a tireless collector of all sorts of cultural objects from every single corner of the globe. At the time of his death in 1989 (in Santiago de Compostela) he was the owner of one of the most important fine arts collections in Galicia. Unfortunately, the Foundation and Museum of Fine arts which was meant to be opened in Santiago de Compostela after his death, never came to fruition. University of Santiago de Compostela José Daporta Gozález José Daporta González (1911–1989) was a Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology as well as a prolific Fine arts Collector. Born in Habana (Cuba), the son of Galician emigrants, he returned to the land of his parents at an early age, where he started and finished his university studies, to become a Professor of the University of Santiago de Compostela at a young age. He devoted himself to his teaching career and to initiate and develop cooperation nexuses with different Latin-American countries; starting his work as a “Galician Ambassador for Latin-America” in the early 1940s"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Disembarkation Disembarkation or debarcation is the process of leaving a ship or aircraft, or removing goods from a ship or aircraft. (\"debark\": from the French \"des\" meaning \"from\", and, \"barque\", meaning \"small ship\"). The loading and unloading of cargo has traditionally been handled by stevedores, also known as longshoremen, wharfies, etc. Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers, which are loaded and unloaded using specialized cranes. People normally board and depart a ship via a gangplank (gangway), a movable structure usually consisting of a ramp with stairs and railings. The gangplank may lead to either a dock or a small boat (or lighter) that connects to the shore. Accidents during disembarkation are most often due to being struck by a rope (line), railing or other item due to the ship's motion, or attempting to avoid such items. The second most common cause is slipping or tripping on the gangway. Military debarking procedures, even in non-combat zones, can be quite complex. In addition to routine operations, debarking can be conducted under fire as part of amphibious assaults, such as that of the Normandy landings during World War II. In such cases, it is vital that cargo be loaded so it can be unloaded in the order needed, rather than simply to maximize the use of space. This is called combat loading. Landing craft are used to transport both troops and cargo to the shore. Disembarkation Disembarkation or debarcation is the process of leaving a ship or aircraft, or removing goods from a ship or aircraft. (\"debark\": from the French \"des\" meaning \"from\", and, \"barque\", meaning \"small ship\"). The loading and unloading of cargo has traditionally been handled by stevedores, also known as longshoremen, wharfies, etc. Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Alexander Rummler Alexander Joseph Rummler (July 25, 1867 – 1959) was an American painter best known for his work on murals and billboards. Rummler was born in Dubuque, Iowa to German immigrants Joseph and Rosalia Rummler. In 1888 Rummler traveled to New York to study art at the Art Students League of New York. In 1905 Rummler moved with his wife, Maria, and their children to Europe to further study painting at the Académie Julian in Paris with Jean-Paul Laurens. He moved to South Norwalk, Connecticut in 1907. Rummler became known nationwide at the end of World War I when his painting of the signing of the armistice was displayed on billboards. In 1926 he was chosen to represent Connecticut in the Philadelphia Exposition of 1926, where his paintings took first place. In 1936 Rummler began working for the Works Progress Administration painting murals for the then still under construction Norwalk High School. He painted sixteen murals and eight smaller panels depicting life in Norwalk. During this time he also served as town treasurer of Norwalk. In 1942 Rummler moved to Stamford, Connecticut. He died at the age of 92 in 1959. Alexander Rummler Alexander Joseph Rummler (July 25, 1867"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Brett Roneberg Brett Roneberg (born 5 February 1979 in Sandringham, Victoria) is an Australian baseball player. Roneberg spent 11 seasons playing Minor League Baseball, most recently in 2007 was with the Pittsburgh Pirates organisation, playing for their Double-A affiliate, the Altoona Curve. His most productive season in the minors came in 2001, when he posted a combined batting average of .287 with 16 home runs and 82 RBI in 137 games for Class A+ Brevard County Manatees and Double-A Class Portland Sea Dogs. Roneberg represented Australia at the 2000 Summer Olympics and batted a .333 average. In 2004, he was part of the Australian Olympic baseball team, who achieved a Silver Medal in the baseball tournament at the Athens Olympics. Again he batted well with a .360 average. In the 2009 World Baseball Classic, Roneberg led the tournament in average (.714), slugging percentage (1.286) and on-base plus slugging (2.036). In between, Roneberg played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas and Pastora de los Llanos clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in part of two seasons spanning 2004–2006. After retiring from playing professional baseball, Ronebeig now plays in a small baseball league in Cairns called CBL [Cairns Baseball League] as a breakthrough Bandits player. <br> Brett Roneberg Brett Roneberg (born 5 February 1979 in Sandringham, Victoria) is an Australian baseball player. Roneberg spent 11 seasons playing Minor League Baseball, most recently in 2007 was with the Pittsburgh Pirates organisation, playing for their Double-A affiliate, the Altoona Curve. His most productive season in the minors came in 2001, when he posted a combined batting average of .287 with 16 home runs and 82 RBI in 137 games for Class A+ Brevard County Manatees and Double-A Class Portland Sea Dogs. Roneberg represented Australia at the 2000 Summer Olympics and batted a"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Despite the single level of local government in Australia, there are a number of extensive areas with relatively low populations which are not a part of any local government area. Powers of local governments in these areas may be exercised by special purpose bodies established outside the general legislation, as with Victoria's alpine resorts, or directly by state governments. The area covered by local councils in Australia ranges from as small as 1.5 km (0.58 sq mi) for the Shire of Peppermint Grove in metropolitan Perth, to the Shire of East Pilbara in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, which covers 380,000 km (150,000 sq mi), an area larger than Germany or Japan. \n Australia \n--- \nThis article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia \nConstitution (show) \n\n * Constitution of Australia \n * Statute of Westminster Adoption Act \n * Australia Act \n\n \nThe Crown (show) \n\n * Monarch:Elizabeth II \n * Governor-General:Sir Peter Cosgrove \n\n \nExecutive (show) \n\n * Prime Minister:Malcolm Turnbull \n * Deputy Prime Minister:(Office Vacant) \n * Federal Executive Council \n\n Ministry \n\n \n * Current (71st) \n * Cabinet \n\n \nLegislature (show) \n\n * Parliament \n * Senate \n\n President:Stephen Parry \n * House of Representatives \n\n Speaker:Tony Smith \n * Opposition \n\n Leader:Bill Shorten \n Shadow Ministry \n\n \nJudiciary (show) \n\n * High Court \n * Lower Courts \n * Laws of Australia \n\n \nElections (show) \n\n * Federal electoral system \n\n Electoral divisions \n * Political parties \n * Recent elections \n\n \n * Federal:2016 \n * 2013 \n * * Federal by-elections \n * Referendums \n\n \nStates and territories (show) \n\n * Governors and Administrators \n * Premiers and Chief Ministers \n * Parliaments and Assemblies \n * State courts \n * State electoral systems \n\n \nLocal government (show) \n\n * NSW \n * Vic \n * Qld \n * WA \n * SA \n * Tas \n * NT \n\n \nRelated topics (show) \n\n * Regions \n * Foreign relations \n * Defence Force \n * Public holidays \n * Republicanism \n\n \n \n * Other countries \n * Atlas \n\n \n \n * * * \n\n In South Australia, 60% of the state's area is unincorporated and communities located within receive municipal services provided by a state agency, the Outback Communities Authority. \n The first official local government in Australia was the Perth Town Trust, established in 1838, only three years after British settlement. The Adelaide Corporation followed, created by the province of South Australia in October 1840. The City of Melbourne and the Sydney Corporation followed, both in 1842. All of these early forms failed; it was not until the 1860s and 1870s that the various colonies established widespread stable forms of local government, mainly for the purpose of raising money to build roads in rural and outer-urban regions. Council representatives attended conventions before Federation, however local government was unquestionably regarded as outside the Constitutional realm. \n Almost all local councils have the same administrative functions and similar political structures, regardless of their naming, and retain a particular designation (\"Shire\", \"Borough\", \"Town\", \"City\") for historical reasons only. They will typically have an elected council and usually a mayor or shire president responsible for chairing meetings of the council. In some councils, the mayor is a directly elected figure, but in most cases the mayor is elected by their fellow councillors from among their own number. The powers of mayors vary as well. In some states such as Queensland, the mayors have broad executive functions, whereas in New South Wales mayors are essentially ceremonial figureheads who can only exercise power at the discretion of the council. \n * Local government areas of New South Wales \n * Local government areas of the Northern Territory \n * Local government in Queensland (List) \n * Local government areas of South Australia \n * Local government areas of Tasmania \n * Local government areas of Victoria \n * Local government areas of Western Australia",
"Local government powers are determined by state governments, and states have primary responsibility for funding and exclusive responsibility for supervision of local councils. \n Doctrines of new public management have shaped state government legislation towards increased freedoms aiming to allow greater flexibility on the part of local governments. \n State departments oversee local government councils and may intervene in their affairs, subject to relevant legislation. \n In the Northern Territory, 1.45% of the total area and 4.0% of the population are in unincorporated areas, including Unincorporated Top End Region (Finniss-Mary, the largest), areas covered by the Darwin Rates Act–Nhulunbuy, Alyangula on Groote Eylandt in the northern region, and Yulara in the southern region. \n Sometimes words other than \"City\" or \"Shire\" will be used in the names of LGAs. The word \"Municipality\" occurs in some states:in New South Wales, it is typically used for older urban areas and the word is also used for several rural towns in South Australia. Some rural areas in South Australia are known as \"District Councils\", while larger rural towns and small metropolitan centres in Queensland and Western Australia simply use the term \"Town\". New South Wales and Queensland have introduced a new term, \"Region\", for LGAs formed by the amalgamation of smaller shires and rural cities. Historically, the word \"Borough\" was common for small towns and metropolitan areas in Victoria, but only the Borough of Queenscliffe remains. In New South Wales, where the Local Government Act does not require a designation, some local governments are legally known simply as \"Councils\", such as Port Macquarie-Hastings Council, Inner West Council, or Federation Council. All the LGAs in Tasmania that were previously' Municipalities' have been renamed' Councils. ' \n Local government is mentioned in the annotated Australian constitution, as a department of the State Governments, and they are mentioned in the constitutions of each of the six states. A 1988 referendum sought to explicitly insert mention of local government in the federal constitution but this was comprehensively defeated. A further referendum was proposed in 2013, but was cancelled due to the change in the election date. \n New South Wales has 2 unincorporated areas:\n Local governments are subdivisions of the states and the Northern Territory. The Australian Capital Territory has no separate local governments; and functions in Canberra and the surrounding area normally performed by state and local governments are performed there by the territorial government of the Australian Capital Territory. \n The Australian Classification of Local Governments (ACLG) categorises Australian local governing authorities using the population, the population density and the proportion of the population that is classified as urban for the council. The classification, at the two-digit level, is:\n | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n There is no mention of local government in the Constitution of Australia, though it is mentioned several times in the Annotated Constitution of Australia namely where \"Municipal institutions and local government\" appears in Annotation 447, \"Power of the Parliament of a Colony\" under \"Residuary Legislative Powers\" on pages 935 and 936. \n In the 1970s, the Whitlam Government expanded the level of funding to local governments in Australia beyond grants for road construction. General purpose grants become available for the first time. \n * Unincorporated Far West Region, located in the far north west of the state is sparsely populated. A civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. \n * Lord Howe Island.",
"The councils' chief responsibility in the first half of the 20th century was the provision of physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges and sewerage. From the 1970s the emphasis changed to community facilities such as libraries and parks, maintenance of local roads, town planning and development approvals, and local services such as waste disposal. Child care, tourism and urban renewal were also beginning to be part of local governments' role. These are financed by collection of local land taxes known as \"rates,\" and grants from the state and Commonwealth governments. They are caricatured as being concerned only with the \"three Rs\":Rates, Roads and Rubbish. \n An increase in the range of services offered by councils, but only minor cost savings of less than 10% have been noted by academics as outcomes after mergers. The council mergers have resulted in widespread job losses and lingering resentment from some whose roles have experienced a larger workload. \n Victoria has 10 unincorporated areas, which are either ski resorts or small islands:\n The growth of the Regional Organisations of Councils has also been a factor in local government reform in Australia. In 1995, there were 50 such agreements across the country. A 2002 study identified 55 ROCs with the largest involving 18 councils. \n Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories, which in turn are beneath the federal tier. Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and two referenda in the 1970s and 1980s to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful. Every state government recognises local government in their respective constitutions. Unlike Canada, or the United States there is only one level of local government in each state, with no distinction such as cities and counties. \n Most of the capital city LGAs administer only the central business districts and nearby central suburbs. A notable exception is the City of Brisbane, the most populous LGA in the country, which administers a significant part of the Brisbane metropolitan area. In most cases, when a city's population statistics are used, it is the statistical division population rather than the local government area. \n Recent years have seen some State governments devolving additional powers onto LGAs. In Queensland and Western Australia LGAs have been granted the power to independently enact their own local subsidiary legislation, in contrast to the previous system of by-laws. Councils also have organised their own representative structures such as Local Government Associations and Regional Organisations of Councils. \n The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area. The ACT government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by a local government. \n Significant reforms took place in the 1980s and 1990s in which state governments used metrics and efficiency analysis developed within the private sector in the local government arena. Each state conducted an inquiry into the benefits of council amalgamations during the 1990s. In the early 1990s, Victoria saw the number of local councils reduced from 210 to 78. South Australia, Tasmania and Queensland saw some reductions in the number of local governments while Western Australia and New South Wales rejected compulsory mergers. New South Wales eventually forced the merging of some councils. The main purpose of amalgamating councils was for greater efficiency and to improve operations, but forced amalgamation of councils is sometimes seen as a dilution of representative democracy. \n The Australian Capital Territory is not divided into territory and local government. \n Local government in Australia is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the states or territories. The functions and practices of local government councils are similar throughout Australia, but may vary to some degree between jurisdictions. \n * Abrolhos Islands, which are officially uninhabited and controlled by the WA Department of Fisheries. \n * A-class reserves either in, or close to, the Perth metropolitan area, namely Rottnest Island (controlled by the Rottnest Island Authority) and Kings Park (Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority).",
"All local governments are approximately equal in their theoretical powers, although LGAs that encompass large cities such as Brisbane and the Gold Coast command more resources due to their larger population base. Unlike local governments in many other countries, services such as police, fire protection and schools are provided by state or territory government rather than by local councils. \n Although they are all essentially identical in function, Australian local governments have a variety of names. The term \"local government area\" is used to refer collectively to all local governments regardless of status, whilst the local governing body itself is generally known as a council. Today, the styles \"borough\", \"city\", \"district\", \"municipality\", \"region\", \"shire\", \"town\", \"community government\", \"Aboriginal shire\" and \"Island\" are used in addition to areas/councils without a specific style. \n Local government area types | NSW | Vic | Qld | WA | SA | Tas | NT | Total \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nBoroughs | | | | | | | | \nCities | 26 | 33 | 7 | 22 | 21 | 6 | | 121 \nCouncils | 28 | | | | | 23 | | 51 \nDistrict councils | | | | | 35 | | | 35 \nMunicipalities | 6 | | | | | | | 6 \nRegional councils | 8 | | 29 | 11 | | | | 52 \nRural cities | | 6 | | | | | | 7 \nShires | 58 | 39 | 24 | 107 | | | 10 | 238 \nTowns | | | | 12 | | | | 17 \nCommunity government councils | | | | | | | | \nAboriginal shires | | | 12 | | | | | 12 \nIsland councils | | | | | | | | \nSub-total | 126 | 79 | 74 | 152 | 63 | 29 | 16 | 543 \nUnincorporated | | 10 | | | | | 5 | 18 \nTotal | 128 | 89 | 74 | 152 | 64 | 29 | 21 | 561 \n However, the roles of local government areas in Australia have recently expanded as higher levels of government have devolved activities to the third tier. Examples include the provision of community health services, regional airports and pollution control as well as community safety and accessible transport. The changes in services has been described as a shift from' services to property' towards' services to people' . Community expectations of local government in Australia has risen in the 21st century partly as a result of wider participation in decision making and transparent management practices. \n Federal government interaction with local councils happens regularly through the provision of federal grants to help fund local government managed projects. \n The local governing body is generally referred to as a council, and the territories governed are collectively referred to as \"local government areas\"; however, terms such as \"city\" or \"shire\" also have a geographic interpretation. In August 2016 there were 547 local councils in Australia. \n Western Australia has 3 unincorporated areas:\n Unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. Aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of a local government area. Unincorporated areas are often in remote locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. \n In general, an urban or suburban LGA is called a city, as in the City of Canada Bay or City of Bunbury, and is governed by a City Council. A rural LGA covering a larger rural area is usually called a shire, as in Shire of Mornington Peninsula or Lachlan Shire, and is governed by a Shire Council. \n * RA–Rural Agricultural \n * RS–Rural Significant \n * RT–Rural Remote \n * UC–Urban Capital \n * UD–Urban Developed \n * UF–Urban Fringe \n * UR–Urban Regional \n\n\n * Falls Creek Alpine Resort \n * French Island and Sandstone Island \n * Elizabeth Island \n * Gabo Island \n * Lady Julia Percy Island \n * Lake Mountain Alpine Resort \n * Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort \n * Mount Buller Alpine Resort \n * Mount Hotham Alpine Resort \n * Mount Stirling Alpine Resort \n\n\n As of January 2017, the following table provides a summary of local government areas by states and territories by local government area types:"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Commissioner of Laws The Commissioner of Laws is an office in Malta that has been established by the 1980 Revisions of Statutory Laws Act. The current commissioner is Franco Debono, whose appointment was widely publicized in media on Malta. His appointment by the Labour Party-administration was lambasted by the Leader of the Opposition Lawrence Gonzi, because his party was not consulted beforehand while others his past as a rebel MP as a reason to pick a \"more unifying figure.\" According to Labour MP Owen Bonnici, the responsibilities of the post include working to remove conflicting, unconstitutional and human rights-breaching laws. Commissioner of Laws The Commissioner of Laws is an office in Malta that has been established by the 1980 Revisions of Statutory Laws Act. The current commissioner is Franco Debono, whose appointment was widely publicized in media on Malta. His appointment by the Labour Party-administration was lambasted by the Leader of the Opposition Lawrence Gonzi, because his party was not consulted beforehand while others his past as a rebel MP as a reason to pick a \"more unifying figure.\" According to Labour MP Owen Bonnici, the responsibilities of the post include working to remove conflicting, unconstitutional and human rights-breaching laws."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script. The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The filming of Breaking Dawn began in November 2010. The first part follows Bella and Edward as they get married and then learn that Bella has become pregnant. They deal with her struggle of being pregnant and almost passing away because of the half vampire-half human child. \n The Hollywood Reporter posted a positive review of The Twilight Saga:Eclipse, saying the film \"nails it\". Variety reports that the film \"finally feels more like the blockbuster this top-earning franchise deserves\". One review stated the film was the best in The Twilight Saga so far, acknowledging that, \"The person who should be worried is Bill Condon, the director tapped for the two-part finale, Breaking Dawn. He's got a real challenge to make movies as good as Eclipse.\" A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised David Slade's ability to make an entertaining film, calling it funny and better than its predecessors, but pointed out the acting hasn't improved much. \n The film was released theatrically starting on June 30, 2010, and is the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX. It set a new record for biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) in box office history, grossing an estimated $30 million in over 4,000 theaters. The previous record holder was the previous film in the series, The Twilight Saga:New Moon with $26.3 million in 3,514 theaters. The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in domestic history with $68,533,840 beating Transformers:Revenge of the Fallen's $62 million. The Twilight Saga:Eclipse has also become the film with the widest release ever, playing in over 4,416 theaters. \n The film was released theatrically starting on November 21, 2008. It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day, and has come to gross US$408.9 million worldwide. The DVD was released on March 21, 2009 and grossed an additional $201 million from sales. \n Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen:\"(Hardwicke) liked (him), but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for.\" For unknown reasons, that actor was not able to play the part, and Facinelli was selected in his place. The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was criticized by some fans because Greene is 7 inches (18 cm) taller than her character as described in the novel. Meyer said that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice. Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on the successful Thirteen (2003), which they co-wrote, and Lords of Dogtown (2005). \n While The Twilight Saga has been successful in the box office, critical reception of the films was mixed, and significantly declined as the series continued. \n The Twilight Saga \n--- \nDirected by | Catherine Hardwicke (1) Chris Weitz (2) David Slade (3) Bill Condon (4–5) \nProduced by | Wyck Godfrey (1–5) Mark Morgan (1) Greg Mooradian (1) Karen Rosenfelt (2–5) Stephenie Meyer (4–5) \nScreenplay by | Melissa Rosenberg \nBased on | Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer \nStarring | Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Taylor Lautner Ashley Greene Rachelle Lefevre Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Elizabeth Reaser Nikki Reed Kellan Lutz Jackson Rathbone Anna Kendrick Bryce Dallas Howard Michael Sheen Dakota Fanning Mackenzie Foy Bronson Pelletier Cameron Bright \nMusic by | Carter Burwell (1, 4–5) Alexandre Desplat (2) Howard Shore (3) \nCinematography | Elliot Davis (1) Javier Aguirresarobe (2–3) Guillermo Navarro (4–5) \nEdited by | Nancy Richardson (1, 3) Peter Lambert (2) Art Jones (3) Virginia Katz (4–5) Ian Slater (5) \nProduction company | Temple Hill Entertainment (1–5) Maverick Films (1, 3) Imprint Entertainment (1–3) Sunswept Entertainment (2–5) \nDistributed by | Summit Entertainment \nRelease date | 2008–2012 \nRunning time | 609 minutes \nCountry | United States \nLanguage | English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Ukrainian \nBudget | Total (5 films) $385,000.000 \nBox office | Total (5 films) $3,346,157.056 \n Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn. Following months of speculation and cast rumors, it was officially announced on April 28, 2010, that Academy Award winner Bill Condon, who directed Gods and Monsters and Dreamgirls, would direct Breaking Dawn; producing the film will be Wyck Godfrey, Karen Rosenfelt, and author Stephenie Meyer. \"I'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on-screen. As fans of the series know, this is a one-of-a-kind book–and we're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience,\" said Bill Condon. A November 18, 2011 release date has been set for the first part, while the second is scheduled for release on November 16, 2012. Following that announcement, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaption of the fourth book would start production in the fall on June 11, 2010. With this announcement, it was made clear that all major actors, including the three lead roles, the Cullen family, and Charlie Swan, would return for both parts. Bill Condon was also confirmed to direct both parts. \n The film has made $192.7 million in the United States and Canada, and a further $200.8 million in international territories for a total of $393.6 million worldwide. \n Twilight:The Score was composed and orchestrated by Carter Burwell over a 9-to 10-week period, and was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008. Burwell began the score with a \"Love Theme\" for Bella and Edward's relationship, a variation of which became \"Bella's Lullaby\" that Robert Pattinson plays in the film, and that is included on the Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The original theme is featured throughout the film, and serves to \"play the romance that drives the story\". Another theme Burwell composed was a \"Predator Theme\", which opens the film, and is intended to play Edward's vampire nature. Other themes include a bass-line, drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires, and a melody for the Cullen family. Twilight:The Score was released digitally on November 25, 2008 and in stores on December 9. \n Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21, 2008. It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day. For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater. \n Film | Release date | Budget | Box office revenue | Box office ranking \n---|---|---|---|--- \nNorth America | Other territories | Worldwide | All time North America | All time worldwide \nTwilight | November 21, 2008 | $37.000.000 | $192.769.854 | $200.846.934 | $393.616.788 | #181 | #233 \nNew Moon | November 20, 2009 | $50.000.000 | $296.623.634 | $413.087.374 | $709.711.008 | #64 #169 | #82 \nTwilight/New Moon (combo/one-night-only) | June 29, 2010 | | $2.385.237 | | $2.385.237 | #6159 | \nEclipse | June 30, 2010 | $68.000.000 | $300.531.751 | $397.959.596 | $698.491.347 | #63 #174 | #85 \nBreaking Dawn-Part 1 | November 18, 2011 | $110.000.000 | $281.287.133 | $430.918.723 | $712.205.856 | #79 #191 | #80 \nBreaking Dawn-Part 2 | November 16, 2012 | $120.000.000 | $292.325.737 | $537.422.083 | $829.746.820 | #69 | #53 \nTotal | $385.000.000 | $ 7009136592234600000 ♠ 1365922346 | $ 7009198023471000000 ♠ 1980234710 | $ 7009334615705600000 ♠ 3346157056 | \nList indicator (s) \n\n * indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).",
"Film | Rotten Tomatoes | Metacritic \n---|---|--- \nTwilight | 48% (206 reviews) | 56 (37 reviews) \nThe Twilight Saga:New Moon | 28% (220 reviews) | 44 (32 reviews) \nThe Twilight Saga:Eclipse | 49% (234 reviews) | 58 (38 reviews) \nThe Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn–Part 1 | 24% (195 reviews) | 45 (36 reviews) \nThe Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn–Part 2 | 49% (181 reviews) | 52 (31 reviews) \n The score for The Twilight Saga:Eclipse was composed by Howard Shore, who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy. The film's soundtrack was released on June 8, 2010 by Atlantic Records in conjunction with music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas' Chop Shop label. The lead single from the soundtrack is \"Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)\", performed by the British band Muse. The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144,000 copies. \n The opening weekend of The Twilight Saga:New Moon is the ninth-highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137. The film also has the sixth highest worldwide opening weekend with $274.9 million total. \n Originally scheduled for release in December 2008, Twilight was moved to a worldwide release of November 21, 2008, after Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince moved from a November 2008 release to being released in July 2009. \n Because of major physical changes that occur in the character of Jacob Black between Twilight and New Moon, director Chris Weitz considered replacing Taylor Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray \"the new, larger Jacob Black.\" Trying to keep the role, Lautner worked out extensively and put on 30 lbs. In January 2009, Weitz and Summit Entertainment announced that Lautner would continue as Jacob in The Twilight Saga:New Moon. \n In early 2009, before the release of The Twilight Saga:New Moon, Summit confirmed that they would begin production on The Twilight Saga:Eclipse. Since Weitz would be in post-production for New Moon when The Twilight Saga:Eclipse began shooting, he would not be directing the third film. Instead, The Twilight Saga:Eclipse was helmed by director David Slade, with Melissa Rosenberg returning as screenwriter. Filming began on August 17, 2009 at Vancouver Film Studios and finished in late October, with post-production beginning early the following month. In April 2010, it was revealed that re-shoots of the film were needed. Slade, who previously said he would not be around for them, was seen, along with Stephenie Meyer, on set. The three main stars were also present. \n In mid-2009, it was announced that Bryce Dallas Howard would be replacing Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria for the third Twilight film, The Twilight Saga:Eclipse. Summit Entertainment attributed the change to scheduling conflicts. Lefevre said she was \"stunned\" and \"greatly saddened\" by the decision. Jodelle Ferland was cast as the newly turned vampire, Bree. Other new cast members for the third film include Xavier Samuel as Riley, Jack Huston as Royce King II, Catalina Sandino Moreno as Maria, Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater, and BooBoo Stewart as Seth Clearwater. \n Twilight was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures's MTV Films, during which time a screen adaptation differing significantly from the novel was written. For example, the script transformed Bella into a star athlete. Stephenie Meyer stated that there was some debate in allowing the movie to be made because of the negative or positive outcome of the movie compared to the book, ' \"They could have put that (earlier) movie out, called it something else, and no one would have known it was Twilight!\" The idea of seeing a scene converted correctly, specifically the meadow scene, convinced Meyer to sell the rights. In seeing the script, she was frightened that she had made the wrong decision. When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full-service studio in April 2007, it successfully acquired the rights to the novel. Erik Feig, President of Production at Summit Entertainment, guaranteed a close adaptation to the book. The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer's book and its sequels. Meyer felt that Summit was open to letting her be a part of the film. Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film, and soon afterward, Melissa Rosenberg was selected to be the film's structural base as the writer of the film. \n The Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas. The album was released on November 4, 2008 by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, having sold about 165,000 copies in its first week of release, 29% of which were digital downloads. Twilight is the best-selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since Chicago. \n Principal photography for Twilight took 44 days, after more than a week of rehearsals, and completed on May 2, 2008. Similar to her directorial debut thirteen, Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand-held cinematography to make the film \"feel real\". Meyer visited the production set three times, and was consulted on different aspects of the story; she also has a brief cameo in the film. To make their bodily movements more elegant, and to get used to their characters' fighting styles, the cast playing vampires participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera. Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself, scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School. Other scenes were also filmed in St. Helens, Oregon, and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena, California, in August. \n Twilight was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg. It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between human teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampire Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires. \n Robert Ignizio of the Cleveland Scene described The Twilight Saga:New Moon as an \"entertaining fantasy\", and noted that it \"has a stronger visual look (than Twilight) and does a better job with its action scenes while still keeping the focus on the central love triangle.\" Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and half stars out of four, praised Kristen Stewart's performance in the film and wrote:\"Despite melodrama that, at times, is enough to induce diabetes, there's enough wolf whistle in this sexy, scary romp to please anyone.\" The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a \"B\" grading and said, \"the movie looks tremendous, the dialogue works, there are numerous well placed jokes, the acting is on point.\" Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle responded with a more mixed review, stating, \"(E) xpect this film to satisfy its fans. Everybody else, get ready for a bizarre soap opera/pageant, consisting of a succession of static scenes with characters loping into the frame to announce exactly what they're thinking.\" Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and said that it \"takes the tepid achievement of Twilight, guts it, and leaves it for undead.\" The release of the movie has also inspired feminist criticism, with Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly making light of the claim that Edward Cullen is little better than a stalker. In any case, the influx of female viewers into the theaters indicates the increasing importance of the female demographic in dictating Hollywood's tastes.",
"In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable, which would be substantially greater than the previous installments in the series, filming in Louisiana is also being negotiated. Shooting in Louisiana would provide larger tax credits, which a studio as low-profile as Summit Entertainment would benefit from. \n In late March 2009, Summit Entertainment released a list of the actors who would be portraying the \"wolf pack\" alongside Lautner. The casting for the rest of the Quileute tribe was headed by casting director Rene Haynes, who has worked on films with large American Indian casts, such as Dances with Wolves and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. \n Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month. \"(She) was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I'd finish off scenes and send them to her, and get back her notes.\" Because of the impending WGA strike, Rosenberg worked full-time to finish the screenplay before October 31. In adapting the novel for the screen, she \"had to condense a great deal.\" Some characters were left out, and others were combined. \"(O) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book,\" Rosenberg explained, \"and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters' arcs and emotional journeys are the same.\" Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey the protagonist's internal dialogue, since the novel is told from Bella's point of view; and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production. \n The 2010 Portuguese teen series Lua Vermelha (Red Moon) had a similar premise of vampire romance but differed in the story. A parody film released that same year titled, Vampires Suck spoofed the film series. A television show within the canon of Canadian teen vampire film My Babysitter's a Vampire and the television series sequel called Dusk is a parody of Twilight. \n Rachelle Lefèvre wanted a role in the film because Hardwicke was director; she saw \"the potential to explore a character, hopefully, over three films\"; and she wanted to portray a vampire. \"(She) thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive.\" Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley, but she \"fell totally in love with Angela\" after reading the books and took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber. The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick, who got the part after two mix-and-match auditions with various actors. \n The Twilight Saga:New Moon set records for advance ticket sales, causing some theaters to add additional showings. The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million in 3,514 theatres, before expanding to 4,024 theaters. The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which grossed $22.2 million domestically during its midnight premiere. The film grossed $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history, beating The Dark Knight's $67.2 million. This opening strongly contributed to another record:the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $100 million in a single day. \n The 2012 film Breaking Wind (parodying the title of Breaking Dawn, but parodying the whole film series), directed by Craig Moss (best known for The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It), is also a spoof of the films and a parody version of Breaking Dawn Part–1. The animated movie Hotel Transylvania was released the same year, and has a scene inspired by Twilight. \n In early November 2008, Summit announced that they had obtained the rights to the remaining books in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series:New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. On November 22, 2008, one day after the theatrical release of Twilight, Summit confirmed that they would begin working on New Moon. Melissa Rosenberg had been working on adapting the novel prior to Twilight's release and handed in the draft for New Moon during Twilight's opening weekend in November 2008. \n A more negative review said that while \"Eclipse restores some of the energy New Moon zapped out of the franchise and has enough quality performances to keep it involving\", the film \"isn't quite the adrenaline-charged game-changer for love story haters that its marketing might lead you to believe. The majority of the' action' remains protracted and not especially scintillating should-we-or-shouldn't-we conversations between the central triangle.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a more positive review than for the first two films in the saga, but still felt the movie was a constant, unclever conversation between the three main characters. He criticized the \"gazes\" both Edward and Jacob give Bella throughout the movie, and noted that the mountain range that appears in the film looks \"like landscapes painted by that guy on TV who shows you how to paint stuff like that.\" He also predicted that a lack of understanding for the film series in general would not bode well with the audience, stating, \"I doubt anyone not intimately familiar with the earlier installments could make head or tails of the opening scenes.\" He gave the film 2 stars out of 4. \n The Breaking Dawn–Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles:\"A Thousand Years\" by Christina Perri and \"It Will Rain\" by Bruno Mars. The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100. \n New York Press critic Armond White called Twilight \"a genuine pop classic\", and praised Hardwicke for turning \"Meyer's book series into a Brontë-esque vision\". USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote:\"Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight, but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film.\" \n Breaking Dawn–Part 1 received mostly negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that just 24% of critics (of the 195 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review, and the site's consensus reads \"Slow, joyless and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise\". Part 2 had a mixed critical reception but was much more favorable than Part 1. Bruce Diones of New Yorkers gave the film a positive review, citing \"A feast of ripe dialogue and bloodsucking action\". On the other hand, Richard Roeper said that \"The fifth and final entry in the historically successful Twilight franchise is the most self-aware and in some ways the most entertaining\". \n | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n The 2013 Filipino comedy sitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes. \n The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21, 2009 through midnight release parties, and sold over 3 million units in its first day. It has continued to sell units, totaling as of July 2012, making $201,323,629.",
"| This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n The 2013 Filipino comedy sitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes. \n The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21, 2009 through midnight release parties, and sold over 3 million units in its first day. It has continued to sell units, totaling as of July 2012, making $201,323,629. \n The Twilight Saga:New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows Bella Swan's fall into a deep depression until she develops a strong friendship with werewolf Jacob Black. Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria, and a gregarious herd of vampires. The film was released theatrically starting on November 20, 2009, and set numerous records. It is currently the biggest advance-ticket seller on Fandango and held the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million. Its sequel, The Twilight Saga:Eclipse, broke that record in June 2010, grossing $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, $709Million Worldwide and becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history. It is the twelfth highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137. \n Film | DVD release date | Revenue | Rank | Units sold | Reference \n---|---|---|---|---|--- \nTwilight | March 21, 2009 | $203.682.678 | #1 | 11,500,688 | \nThe Twilight Saga:New Moon | March 20, 2010 | $186.996.950 | #3 | 9,124,830 | \nThe Twilight Saga:Eclipse | December 4, 2010 | $167.551.921 | #5 | 9,715,029 | \nThe Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn–Part 1 | February 11, 2012 | $99.421.341 | #3 | 5,493,262 | \nThe Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn–Part 2 | March 2, 2013 | $67.057.551 | #1 | 4,468,455 | \nTotal | $657.652.890 | | 35,833,809 | \n The Twilight Saga:Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script. The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The second was released on November 16, 2012. The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward's relationship. Bella must learn, as a newly transformed vampire, to adapt both to immortality and to motherhood. \n The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures, during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written. Three years later, Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film. After Twilight grossed $35.7 million on its opening day, Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month. A two-part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18, 2011, and November 16, 2012, respectively. \n The Twilight Saga:Eclipse was directed by David Slade and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows Bella Swan as she develops awareness of the complications of marrying Edward Cullen. As Victoria draws nearer with a group of newborn vampires, Jacob Black and the rest of the werewolves form a temporary alliance to destroy her, in turn, to keep Bella safe. While Bella tries to decide who she is, a fight brews and the consequences are paid once Jacob gets hurt. Intent on keeping a compromise with Edward, she vows to keep true to her engagement and marry him. \n Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test, which \"captivated\" the director. Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen; but, after an audition at her home with Stewart, he was selected. Meyer allowed Pattinson to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun, which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward's point of view. Meyer was \"excited\" and \"ecstatic\" in response to the casting of the two main characters. She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward, respectively, prior to pre-production. \n * indicates the yearly rank based on the number of DVDs sold during the year released (calculated by The Numbers).",
"The score for The Twilight Saga:New Moon was composed by Alexandre Desplat while Alexandra Patsavas returned as music supervisor for the rest of the soundtrack. Weitz has a working relationship with Desplat, who scored one of his previous films, The Golden Compass. The Twilight Saga:New Moon:Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on October 16, 2009 by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records. The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, later jumped to #1 with 153,000 copies sold. The Twilight Saga:New Moon:The Score was released on November 24, 2009. \n In early December 2008, it was announced that Twilight director Catherine Hardwicke would not be returning to direct the sequel. Hardwicke cited time restrictions as the reason behind her leaving the project. Instead, Chris Weitz, director of The Golden Compass and co-director of American Pie, was hired to direct The Twilight Saga:New Moon. Filming for New Moon began in Vancouver in late March 2009, and in Montepulciano, Italy, in late May 2009. \n The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer. The films star Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner. The series has grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists, to date, of five motion pictures. The first installment, Twilight, was released on November 21, 2008. The second installment, New Moon, followed on November 20, 2009, breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history, grossing an estimated $72.7 million. The third installment, Eclipse, was released on June 30, 2010, and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX. \n Kellan Lutz was in Africa, shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill, when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted. The role had already been cast by the time the HBO production ended in December 2007, but the selected actor \"fell through\". Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon, where Hardwicke personally chose him. \n Meyer, the author, and Hardwicke, the director, had a close relationship while developing Twilight. Hardwicke wanted to embrace the experience and make the characters in the books come to life. She would call Meyer after changing a scene slightly, which surprised the author because, \"I've heard the stories ... I know it's not normally like that when you adapt a book.\" Meyer, a natural pessimist, was waiting for the worst but, instead, called her experience in the book's film adaptation \"the best I could have hoped for.\""
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Olga Grjasnowa Olga Grjasnowa (born November 14, 1984 in Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR) is a German writer currently living in Berlin, Germany. Olga Grjasnowa was born into a Russian-Jewish family in Baku, Azerbaijan. Her father, Oleg Grjasnow, practiced law and her mother, Julija Winnikowa, was a musicologist. The family came to Hesse in 1996 as so-called 'quota refugees' (\"Kontingentflüchtlinge\"). Grjasnowa started learning German when she was 11 years old. She completed her secondary education in Frankfurt. Beginning in 2005, Grjasnowa first pursued a degree in art history and Slavic studies at the University of Göttingen. She then changed courses to enroll in the \"Creative Writing\" program offered by the German Institute for Literature in Leipzig, obtaining her bachelor's degree in 2010. After studying abroad in Poland, Russia (at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute), and Israel, Grjasnowa took up dance studies at the Free University of Berlin. She is a member of the PEN Centre Germany. Olga Grjasnowa is married to Syrian actor Ayham Majid Agha, with whom she has one daughter. In 2007, Grjasnowa took part in the \"Klagenfurter Literaturkurs\". She received a scholarship from the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation in 2008. Grjasnowa took part in the \"Jürgen-Ponto-Writer's-Workshop\" in 2010. She received the \"WIENER WORTSTAETTEN\"'s dramatist prize for her first play \"Mitfühlende Deutsche\" (Sympathetic Germans) in the same year. Grjasnowa was also awarded a Crossing Borders scholarship by the Robert Bosch Stiftung in 2011 and the Hermann Lenz Scholarship in 2012. Her debut novel \"All Russians Love Birch Trees\" (published in the original as \"Der Russe ist einer, der Birken liebt\") caused an immediate stir upon its publication in 2012 and was praised in the arts sections of many German newspapers. Olga Grjasnowa Olga Grjasnowa (born November 14, 1984 in Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR) is a German"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.