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Compsolechia niobella Compsolechia niobella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is about . The forewings are grey with an oblique streak of brown suffusion from the dorsum towards the base reaching two-thirds across the wing. The discal and dorsal areas are suffused brownish from one-third to near the termen, a suffused dark brown streak from the disc at one-third to the termen beneath the apex, below this a paler area posteriorly, brown streaks on veins 8-11 except towards the costa. The hindwings are dark grey, paler towards the base. Compsolechia niobella Compsolechia niobella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is about . The forewings are grey with an oblique streak of brown suffusion from the dorsum towards the base reaching two-thirds across the wing. The discal and dorsal areas are suffused brownish from one-third to near the termen, a suffused dark brown streak from the disc at one-third to the termen beneath the apex,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dan Greaves (athlete) Daniel Greaves (born 4 October 1982) is a British athlete who specialises in the discus throw. Greaves was born in Anstey, Leicestershire in 1982. Greaves won the gold medal in the F44/46 category discus throw at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, establishing a new world record with a throw of 55.12m. He had previously won silver at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney. Despite being born with a deformity of the feet, Greaves was selected to join the British able-bodied team in a competition against the United States in 2001. Greaves competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, winning a bronze medal in the F44 discus throw. He broke the world record again at the pre-IPC World Athletics Championships in New Zealand in January 2011, throwing 59.98m on his fourth throw. Dan Greaves (athlete) Daniel Greaves (born 4 October 1982) is a British athlete who specialises in the discus throw. Greaves was born in Anstey, Leicestershire in 1982. Greaves won the gold medal in the F44/46 category discus throw at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, establishing a new world record with a throw of 55.12m. He had previously won silver at the 2000 Summer	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
1.1.1-Propellane [1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula CH or C(CH). The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C–C bond. [1.1.1]Propellane is a highly strained molecule. The bonds of the two central carbon atoms have an inverted tetrahedral geometry, and the length of the central bond is 160 pm. The strength of that bond is disputed; estimates vary from 59–65 kcal/mol to no strength at all. The energy of the biradical state (with no central bond at all) is calculated to be 80 kcal/mol higher. The compound is highly unstable, and at 114 °C it will spontaneously isomerize to 3-methylidenecyclobutene with a half-life of 5 minutes. Its strain energy is estimated to be 102 kcal/mol (427 kJ/mol). Surprisingly, [1.1.1]propellane is persistent at room temperature and is somewhat less susceptible to thermal decomposition than the less strained (90 kcal/mol) [2.2.2]propellane system, which has an estimated half-life of only about 1 h at 25 °C. The type of bonding in this molecule has been explained in terms of charge-shift bonding. [1.1.1]Propellane was first synthesized by K. Wiberg and F. Walker in 1982, according to the following scheme: Synthesis begins with conversion of the 1,3-di-carboxylic acid of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1 in a Hunsdiecker reaction to the corresponding dibromide 2 followed by a coupling reaction with "n"-butyllithium. The final product 3 was isolated by column chromatography at −30 °C. However, a much simplified synthesis was published by Szeimies. It starts with dibromocarbene addition to the alkene bond of 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)propene 6 followed by deprotonation by methyllithium and nucleophilic displacements in 7 not isolated but kept in solution at −196 °C. [1.1.1]Propellane spontaneously reacts with acetic acid to yield a methylidenecyclobutane ester (4 above). [1.1.1]Propellane undergoes a polymerization reaction where the central C–C bond is split and connected to adjacent monomer units, resulting the so-called staffanes. A radical polymerization initiated by methyl formate and benzoyl peroxide results in a distribution of oligomers. An anionic addition polymerization with "n"-butyllithium results in a fully polymerized product. X-ray diffraction of the polymer shows that the connecting C–C bonds have bond lengths of only 148 pm. The compound 1,3-dehydroadamantane, which can be viewed as a bridged [1.3.3]propellane, also polymerizes in a similar way. 1.1.1-Propellane [1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula CH	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Christian Lasegue Christian Lasegue is an international recording and performing artist. He was formerly with the critically acclaimed music group Jag Panzer until his departure in 2011. Additionally, he is an educator/researcher/psychologist in the Denver area, where his interest is focused on the neuropsychology of human learning and optimal performance. Christian Lasegue joined Jag Panzer prior to recording Chain of Command; following the release of that album, he left the band in order to pursue other musical and educational goals. Rejoining the band in 2008, he recorded the critically acclaimed album The Scourge of the Light in 2010, which placed at No. 117 on the Billboard New Artist Chart, making the album Jag Panzer's most successful to date. . Lasegue left Jag Panzer in 2011. Christian has been featured on several other albums, including "Shredding Across the World, Volume Three", Leviathan's "Beholden to Nothing, Braver Since Then", and Sylencer's "A Lethal Dose of Truth" (in which he recorded the track "Rise and Die", alongside Dream Theater's Jordan Rudess). Lasegue has performed/recorded with classic rock artists such as Kenny Loggins, members of Steppenwolf, Frank Zappa, Loggins and Messina, Spencer Davis, Chris Hillman, Herman's Hermits, Warren Zevon, Axe, and Badfinger. Christian Lasegue	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Atlanta Sociological Laboratory The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory is a department of Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia. In July 1895, President Horace Bumstead of Atlanta University proposed a plan to the board of trustees to conduct yearly studies on the transition of Negroes from their time in slavery to their transition into freedom. The findings and research was to be presented at conferences that were to be held yearly entitled Atlanta Conferences. Bradford's and Bumstead's original plan was to hold conferences and present general social problems faced by African-Americans in major cities (Wright 2002). Bradford and Bumstead got the idea to hold conferences from other institutions such as Hampton University and Tuskegee University (Wright, 2002). According to president Bumstead,“We are simply to study human life under certain conditions- conditions which, if repeated with any other race, would have practically the same result”. He considered that the employments of city Negroes are different from those of their rural brethren, agriculture being replaced by trade, or the various form of personal service, and to some extent by mercantile and professional pursuits. Their social life is also different”. Another reason Bumstead wanted to study Negroes was because he thought that their problems and living conditions received little attention (Chase, 1896 pg. 5). He wanted to know how Negroes were able to establish themselves in cities on their own and thought it was good that graduates were a part of that. Once the proposal was approved it was decided that the first study was the "Mortality among Negroes in Cities". Bumstead and trustee George Bradford were in charge of the studies. During this study Bumstead and Bradford wanted to study not just the African Americans but the country as a whole including Whites. His findings indicated that there was an alarming increase in the death of the Negro population of cities and large towns from problems of drunkenness, ignorance, poverty, and neglect. The second study conducted was the "Social and Physical Condition of Negroes". It was intended to find out how and why the mortality rates of Negroes were so high. Statistical research was found and the study was executed by three colored graduate students. The findings indicate that conditions of Negroes needed to improve in order for the Negroes to have a stable life. In 1896, William Edward Burghardt DuBois, was offered a position to teach history and political science at Atlanta University. DuBois had intentions when he accepted the position at Atlanta University; for example, he wanted to expand the boundaries of sociological analysis, document the Negroes, and assist in training fellow black intellectual elites at Atlanta University. It was important to DuBois that blacks becomes elites and help their communities because it was better for the advancement of the race if Negroes were educated. W.E.B DuBois accepted the position and started in 1897. DuBois was considered for the position because of his own independent studies of Negroes in the US. Before he arrived, two studies were already conducted under the direction of Bumstead and Bradford. DuBois thought that the way in which the studies were conducted had room to improve. DuBois officially arrived in 1897 and immediately wanted to take charge of the studies of Negroes as well. He wanted to take charge of the studies because he felt that they were not gathering and using the data correctly. He indicated that, “as a scientific accomplish the first conference was not important. Soon after taking charge, he developed a new plan and indicated, “When I took charge of the Atlanta Conference, I did not pause to consider how far my developed plans agreed or disagreed with the ideas of the already launched project". It made an essential difference, since only one conference been held and the second planned. DuBois' original plan for the Atlanta Conferences was to present a single African-American issue each year and not combine general findings yearly. DuBois planned to create a program that lasted for 100 (look at to get specifics on how he planned studies) years worth of studies in 10-year increments. DuBois began conducting studies and presented them yearly at the Atlanta Conferences. DuBois believe that social problems among Negroes would be better understood by approaching the studies inductively. Methods in which were used to collect the data was the systematic method triangulation (social science). Methodical triangulation (social science) was the method executed to create more precise social facts by using multiple forms and sources of data. DuBois, students and colleagues used participant observation, surveyed individuals, historical research, and census data to get more accurate results. The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory was the first university department to exercise method and theory triangulation, and the first to use insider researchers (Wright 2010). As time went on, DuBois made sure he increased the awareness of the conditions in which Negroes endured. He also noticedng that his findings of Negro studies was starting to impact the nation in a positive way. According to DuBois, “. . . the kindergarten system of the city of Atlanta, white as well as black; the Negro Business League, and various projects to better health and combat crime” were all inspired by DuBois’s work. DuBois continued to work with the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory for 13 years and resigned in 1910, but remained a director of Atlanta Conference publication until 1914. After DuBois left Atlanta University, he was still a very active participant in the Atlanta conferences until the final publication in 1917. 1924 was the last year of the Atlanta Conferences. DuBois reasons for resigning included lack of advertising on his behalf, “Either I myself or someone for me should have called public attention to what had been done or otherwise it would quickly forgotten. Indeed the philosophy then current and afterwards triumphant was that the Deed without Advertising was worthless and in the long run Advertising without the Deed was the only lasting value”. DuBois faced great adversary while conducting the Negro studies that lead to his resignation, for example funding became an issue because of there was a lack of support that came from the state of Georgia to Atlanta University. There became a lack of support for Negro studies because Atlanta University was refusing to accept funds from the state of Georgia in exchange that they end the Negro studies. Because Atlanta University did not accept funds, it led to the deterioration of the Atlanta Conferences of which the last publication was in 1917 (Wright 2002). “According to DuBois, had Atlanta University accepted funding from the state of Georgia it would have been forced to succumb to the racial intolerance that contradicted the original charter of the university, but the school would not have experienced the level of financial crisis it was later troubled by. Because of the racial tensions in the South during the time in which DuBois lived, it was hard to get information about minorities without disrupting Jim Crow laws. Of the lesser known members who made important contributions to the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory, Monroe Nathan Work, a graduate from the University of Chicago department of Sociology, whose work was influenced by DuBois’s studies at Atlanta University that he began working with the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory conducting research and having it appear in Atlanta University Publications. Work’s contributions to the Atlanta University Publications include reports on religion and crime that were published in the 1903 and 1904 monographs and a 1917 offering on economic cooperation”. Lucy Craft Laney graduated from Atlanta University in 1873. After Laney graduated from Atlanta University, she became a teacher and opened up her own school in 1886. She	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
without disrupting Jim Crow laws. Of the lesser known members who made important contributions to the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory, Monroe Nathan Work, a graduate from the University of Chicago department of Sociology, whose work was influenced by DuBois’s studies at Atlanta University that he began working with the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory conducting research and having it appear in Atlanta University Publications. Work’s contributions to the Atlanta University Publications include reports on religion and crime that were published in the 1903 and 1904 monographs and a 1917 offering on economic cooperation”. Lucy Craft Laney graduated from Atlanta University in 1873. After Laney graduated from Atlanta University, she became a teacher and opened up her own school in 1886. She opened her own school to teach Negroes based on the curriculum on literature, social sciences and the classics. Laney, thought like DuBois and thought Blacks should obtain a liberal arts degree and not get technical or vocational degree like Booker T. Washington theory for Negroes. Laney was known to have participated in at least five Atlanta Conferences. Quotes by DuBois include “So far as the American world of science and letters as concerned, we never “belonged”; we remained unrecognized in learned societies and academic groups. We rated merely as Negroes studying Negroes, and after all, what had Negroes to do with America or science."Ashgate Research Companion to Black Sociology " “We are simply to study human life under certain conditions- conditions which, if repeated with any other race, would have practically the same result”. Atlanta Sociological	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Mario With more than 500 million units sold worldwide, the overall "Mario" franchise is the best-selling video game franchise of all time. Outside of the "Super Mario" platform series, other "Mario" genres include the "Mario Kart" racing series, sports games such as the "Mario Tennis" and "Mario Golf" series, role-playing games such as "Mario & Luigi", "Super Mario RPG" and "Paper Mario", and educational games such as "Mario Is Missing!", "Mario's Time Machine" and "Mario Teaches Typing". The franchise has branched into several media, including television shows, film, comics, and licensed merchandise. Since 1990, Mario has been voiced by Charles Martinet. Shigeru Miyamoto created Mario while developing "Donkey Kong" in an attempt to produce a best-selling video game for Nintendo; previous titles like "Sheriff" had not achieved the same success as titles like "Pac-Man". Originally, Miyamoto wanted to create a video game that used the characters Popeye, Bluto, and Olive Oyl. At the time, however, Miyamoto was unable to acquire a license to use the characters (and would not until 1982 with "Popeye"), so he ended up making an unnamed player character, Donkey Kong, and Lady (later known as Pauline). In the early stages of "Donkey Kong", Mario was unable to jump, and the focus was to escape a maze. However, Miyamoto enabled Mario to jump, saying "If you had a barrel rolling towards you, what would you do?" While the protagonist was unnamed in the Japanese release, he would be named Jumpman in the game's English instructions and Mario in the sales brochure. Miyamoto originally named the character "Mr. Video", and he was to be used in every video game Miyamoto developed. According to a widely circulated story, during localization of "Donkey Kong" for American audiences, Nintendo of America's warehouse landlord Mario Segale confronted then-president Minoru Arakawa, demanding back rent. Following a heated argument in which the Nintendo employees eventually convinced Segale he would be paid, they opted to name the character in the game Mario after him. Miyamoto commented that if he had named Mario "Mr. Video", Mario likely would have "disappeared off the face of the Earth". By Miyamoto's own account, Mario's profession was chosen to fit with the game design. Since "Donkey Kong" was set on a construction site, Mario was made into a carpenter. When he appeared again in "Mario Bros.", it was decided he should be a plumber, since a lot of the game is played in underground settings. Mario's character design, particularly his large nose, draws on western influences; once he became a plumber, Miyamoto decided to "put him in New York" and make him Italian, lightheartedly attributing Mario's nationality to his mustache. Other sources have Mario's profession chosen to be carpenter in an effort to depict the character as an ordinary hard worker, and make it easier for players to identify with him. After a colleague suggested that Mario more closely resembled a plumber, Miyamoto changed Mario's profession accordingly and developed "Mario Bros.", featuring the character in the sewers of New York City. Due to the graphical limitations of arcade hardware at the time, Miyamoto clothed the character in red overalls and a blue shirt to contrast against each other and the background. A red cap was added to let Miyamoto avoid drawing the character's hairstyle, forehead, and eyebrows, as well as to circumvent the issue of animating his hair as he jumped. To give distinctly human facial features on an 8×8 pixel head, Miyamoto drew a large nose and a mustache, which avoided the need to draw a mouth and facial expressions. Miyamoto envisioned a "go to" character that could be put into any game as needed, albeit in cameo appearances, as at the time Miyamoto was not expecting the character to become singularly popular. To this end, he originally called the character "Mr. Video", comparing his intent for appearances in later games to the cameos that Alfred Hitchcock had done within his films. Over time, Mario's appearance has become more defined; blue eyes, white gloves, brown shoes, a red "M" in a white circle on the front of his hat and gold buttons on his overalls have been added. The colors of his shirt and overalls were also reversed from a blue shirt with red overalls to a red shirt with blue overalls. Miyamoto attributed this process to the different development teams and artists for each game as well as advances in technology. Nintendo did not initially reveal Mario's full name. In a 1989 interview, his full name was stated not to be "Mario Mario" though it may be inferred from the title of the "Mario Bros." series. The first notable use of "Mario Mario" is in the 1993 live-action film adaptation. This was again used in two of Prima's official strategy guides, in 2000 for "Mario Party 2" and in 2003 for "". In 2012 after Charles Martinet voiced Mario declaring himself "Mario Mario" at the San Diego Comic-Con the next month Satoru Iwata said he had no last name, which Shigeru Miyamoto agreed with the month after. Two months after Iwata's death in July 2015, Miyamoto changed his stance September 2015 at the Super Mario Bros. 30th Anniversary festival, asserting that his name was indeed Mario Mario. Mario debuted as "Jumpman" in the arcade game "Donkey Kong" on July 9, 1981. He is shown to be a carpenter and has a pet ape called Donkey Kong. The carpenter mistreats the ape and Donkey Kong escapes to kidnap Jumpman's girlfriend, originally known as the Lady, but later named Pauline. The player must take the role of Jumpman and rescue the girl. Jumpman was later renamed "Mario" in the 1982 arcade game "Donkey Kong Junior", the only game in which he has been portrayed as an antagonist. In the 1983 arcade game "Mario Bros.", Mario and his younger brother Luigi are portrayed as Italian-American plumbers who have to defeat creatures that have been coming from the sewers below New York City. In "Super Mario Bros." for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mario saves Princess Toadstool (later known as Princess Peach) of the Mushroom Kingdom from King Koopa. To save Princess Toadstool, Mario conquers the eight worlds of the Mushroom Kingdom by going to the castle in each to defeat a minion of King Koopa. To reach each castle, Mario battles through three sub-worlds by defeating King Koopa's henchmen. If Mario successfully fights his way through the castle and defeats the minion, he frees a Mushroom Retainer. Inside the eighth castle, Mario has a final fight with King Koopa and frees Princess Toadstool. In "Super Mario Bros. 2", the player can choose between Mario, Luigi, Toad, or Princess Peach. Each character possesses unique abilities (Luigi has stronger jumping ability, Toad can dig the fastest, and Peach can float), with Mario being the most well-rounded. In "Super Mario Bros. 3", Mario quests to save the rulers of seven kingdoms from Bowser and his children, the Koopalings, and Mario travels across eight worlds to restore order to the Mushroom World and to rescue Princess Peach. Mario is introduced to new power-ups that augment his abilities. In "Super Mario Land", an alien named Tatanga appears, hypnotizes the inhabitants of an area called Sarasaland, and kidnaps its ruler, Princess Daisy. Mario sets out to rescue her, traveling through the four geographical areas of Sarasaland and defeating Tatanga's minions along the way. He corners Tatanga in the skies of the Chai kingdom, bringing down the alien warship and rescuing Daisy. In "Super Mario World", Mario and Luigi take Princess Peach for a vacation in Dinosaur World sometime after the events of "Super Mario Bros. 3"; during the vacation, Peach is kidnapped by Bowser. Mario and Luigi meet the Yoshis, dinosaurs that live in Dinosaur World, and they help rescue Peach by allowing Mario and Luigi to ride them. In "", whose events take place immediately after the original "Super Mario Land", Mario's evil counterpart Wario has put an evil	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
the inhabitants of an area called Sarasaland, and kidnaps its ruler, Princess Daisy. Mario sets out to rescue her, traveling through the four geographical areas of Sarasaland and defeating Tatanga's minions along the way. He corners Tatanga in the skies of the Chai kingdom, bringing down the alien warship and rescuing Daisy. In "Super Mario World", Mario and Luigi take Princess Peach for a vacation in Dinosaur World sometime after the events of "Super Mario Bros. 3"; during the vacation, Peach is kidnapped by Bowser. Mario and Luigi meet the Yoshis, dinosaurs that live in Dinosaur World, and they help rescue Peach by allowing Mario and Luigi to ride them. In "", whose events take place immediately after the original "Super Mario Land", Mario's evil counterpart Wario has put an evil spell over Mario Land while Mario was away in Sarasaland, renaming the area Wario Land. The inhabitants are brainwashed into thinking that Wario is their master and Mario is their enemy. Wario's motive behind this sudden attack was to take control over Mario's castle in order to have one of his own. To stop Wario, Mario finds the 6 Golden Coins throughout Mario Land and regains access to his castle. In "", a stork carries Baby Mario and Baby Luigi across the sea, but the evil Magikoopa Kamek steals Baby Luigi, and Baby Mario falls onto an island called Yoshi's Island, home to Yoshis. After Mario meets the Yoshis, the group journeys through the game's six worlds to rescue Baby Luigi and the stork from Baby Bowser and Kamek. Mario made his 3D debut in "Super Mario 64" for the Nintendo 64. Princess Peach sends Mario a letter inviting him to join her at her castle for cake; however, when he arrives, Mario discovers that Bowser has invaded the castle and imprisoned the princess and her servants within it using the castle's 120 Power Stars. Many of the castle's paintings are portals to other worlds, in which Bowser's minions guard the stars. Mario explores the castle and other worlds to recover the stars. He gains access to more painting portals as he recovers more stars, and he traverses three obstacle courses that lead him to battles with Bowser. Defeating Bowser the first two times earns Mario keys that open new levels of the castle, while the final battle releases Peach, who rewards Mario by baking the cake that she promised him. In "Super Mario Sunshine", Mario, Toadsworth, and Princess Peach take a vacation to Isle Delfino, a tropical island. A person resembling Mario, known as "Shadow Mario", vandalizes and pollutes the entire island using a magic paintbrush. The vandalism has caused the Shine Sprites to flee from the island's main city, Delfino Plaza, and blanket the island in darkness. Blamed for the mess, Mario is arrested by the island authorities and ordered to clean up Isle Delfino. Mario is equipped with FLUDD, a robotic hosing device invented by Professor E. Gadd, which he uses to clean up the pollution and collect the Shine Sprites. Meanwhile, Peach is kidnapped by Shadow Mario, who reveals himself to be Bowser Jr., one of Bowser's children, having stolen the paintbrush from Professor E. Gadd. Mario eventually confronts Bowser and Bowser Jr. and rescues the princess. With the island cleaned up, Mario and Peach begin their vacation. Mario went to 2.5D in "New Super Mario Bros." While Mario and Peach take a walk together through the Mushroom Kingdom, Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach and flees. Mario gives chase, venturing through eight worlds. Mario eventually catches up, defeating both Bowser and Bowser Jr. and rescuing Peach. In "Super Mario Galaxy", Mario is invited by Princess Peach to the centennial Star Festival in the Mushroom Kingdom. Upon arrival, Bowser invades the kingdom and rips Peach's castle from its foundations and lifts it into outer space. After failing to prevent the princess from being kidnapped, Mario meets star-like creatures called Lumas and their companion, Rosalina. Rosalina tells Mario that Bowser has stolen the Power Stars, the source of power for Rosalina's mobile observatory, and has taken Peach to the center of the universe. Mario then travels to various galaxies to reclaim the Power Stars to restore power to the observatory and reclaim Princess Peach. In "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", another 2.5D game, Mario, Luigi, and two Toads are attending Princess Peach's birthday party when Bowser Jr. and the other seven Koopalings ambush the princess and kidnap her. Mario, Luigi, and the two Toads chase after them across eight worlds, defeating each Koopaling as they progress. The quartet eventually confronts Bowser, defeating him and saving the princess. In "Super Mario Galaxy 2", Bowser, who has transformed himself into a giant using the Power Stars, attacks the Mushroom Kingdom and abducts Peach, taking her to the center of the universe. With the help of the Lumas, Mario pilots Starship Mario, a mobile planet in the shape of his head, in order to travel to various galaxies and gather the Power Stars, used to fuel the ship. After multiple battles against both Bowser and Bowser Jr., Mario eventually arrives at Bowser's lair at the center of the universe, where he defeats him and rescues the princess. In 2012, Mario returned in "New Super Mario Bros. 2" where he collects several coins scattered across the Mushroom Kingdom in addition to saving Princess Peach from the evil clutches of Bowser and the Koopalings. Mario returns to defeat Bowser and his minions in "New Super Mario Bros. U". Mario is one of the playable characters in "Super Mario 3D World", where he has average running speed and jump height compared to other characters. Mario is the protagonist of the Nintendo Switch game "Super Mario Odyssey", where the character Cappy replaces Mario's traditional hat, allowing Mario to throw it like a long-range weapon, and "capture" enemies to gain their abilities. "Mario" games of other genres include various "Game & Watch" games; "Mario Pinball Land", a pinball game for the Game Boy Advance; various educational games; and the "Dr. Mario" puzzle video game, (with "Dr. Mario" itself first released in 1990). In these games, Dr. Mario throws vitamins that the player must align to destroy the viruses that populate the playing field. 1996's "Super Mario RPG" is the first "Mario" role-playing game; ten games have followed, including five in the "Paper Mario" series ("Paper Mario" for the Nintendo 64, "" for the GameCube, "Super Paper Mario" for the Wii, "" for the Nintendo 3DS, and "" for the Wii U) and six in the "Mario & Luigi" series ("" for the Game Boy Advance, "" and "" for the Nintendo DS, "", "", and for the Nintendo 3DS). Several other sub-series of "Mario" video games, especially those inspired from sports, have been released. The "Mario Kart" franchise, which began with "Super Mario Kart" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992, is the most successful and longest-running kart racing franchise. Other "Mario" sports games include the Camelot-developed series "Mario Golf" and "Mario Tennis", and, respectively, the baseball and soccer games "Mario Superstar Baseball" and "Super Mario Strikers". In 1999, Hudson Soft developed the "Mario Party" series, which began on the Nintendo 64. The games revolve around a set of minigames and are playable with up to four players. "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games", released for both Nintendo DS and Wii, is a collection of 24 events based on the 2008 Summer Olympic Games from Beijing, in which characters from Sega's "Sonic the Hedgehog" series compete with "Mario" characters. This was followed in 2009 by "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games" on both systems, based on the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Two more sports games for the Wii were released in 2011, "Mario Sports Mix" and the third "Mario & Sonic" game, "Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games" while the latter was released for the Nintendo 3DS in February 2012, which is based on the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The fourth	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
began on the Nintendo 64. The games revolve around a set of minigames and are playable with up to four players. "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games", released for both Nintendo DS and Wii, is a collection of 24 events based on the 2008 Summer Olympic Games from Beijing, in which characters from Sega's "Sonic the Hedgehog" series compete with "Mario" characters. This was followed in 2009 by "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games" on both systems, based on the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Two more sports games for the Wii were released in 2011, "Mario Sports Mix" and the third "Mario & Sonic" game, "Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games" while the latter was released for the Nintendo 3DS in February 2012, which is based on the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The fourth edition of the "Mario & Sonic" series for the Wii U is called "Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games", which is based on the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. A fifth title, "Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games", which is based on the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, was released in 2016 for the Nintendo 3DS, Wii U and Arcade. Apart from his platformer and spin-off game appearances, Mario has made guest appearances in non-"Mario" games, such as "Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!", where Mario is a referee. Mario appears as a playable character in "NBA Street V3" and "SSX on Tour". He makes countless cameo appearances in many forms in many games, such as portraits and statues in "", "", and "". The first appearance of Mario in other media than games was "Saturday Supercade", an animated television series produced by Ruby-Spears Productions in 1983. Each episode was composed of several shorter segments featuring video game characters from the golden age of video arcade games. Mario (voiced by Peter Cullen) appeared in Donkey Kong segments where he and Pauline would try to recapture Donkey Kong. Mario stars in "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!", played by "Captain" Lou Albano. Mario stars in "The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3" and "Super Mario World", voiced by Walker Boone. Mario appears in the live-action film "Super Mario Bros." as played by Bob Hoskins. Mario finds himself in an alternate universe in which dinosaurs rule where he must save the Earth from invasion. The film was a commercial failure at the box office. Outside the original games, television shows, and film, Mario has influenced the creation of a line of licensed merchandise and has appeared in popular culture. The Nintendo Comics System series, along with the Nintendo Adventure Books, were created due to Mario as well. Mario will appear at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka in the upcoming section of Super Nintendo World, which is scheduled to open in 2020 in time of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. One of the rides will be themed to "Mario Kart". Universal Parks & Resorts also has plans to import Super Nintendo World to Universal Studios Hollywood in Los Angeles, California and Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida. Mario is depicted as a portly plumber who lives in the fictional land of the Mushroom Kingdom with Luigi, his younger, taller brother. In the television series and film, Mario and Luigi are originally from Brooklyn, New York. Little is known of Mario's childhood, though the infant version of Mario, Baby Mario, first appeared in 1995 in "", and has often appeared in Nintendo sports games since then. Baby Mario has a major role along with Baby Luigi in "" and appears in "Yoshi's Island DS". He, along with the adult Mario, is voiced by Charles Martinet. He wears a longsleeved red shirt, a pair of blue overalls with yellow buttons, brown shoes, white gloves and a red cap with a red "M" printed on a white circle. In "Donkey Kong", he wore a pair of red overalls, and a blue shirt. In "Super Mario Bros.", he wore a brown shirt with red overalls. He has blue eyes, and, like Luigi, has brown hair, and a dark brown or black mustache. This consistent difference in color is attributed to being a relic from designing the characters for their original platforms, wherein certain features were actively distinguished while others had to be curtailed due to technical limitations. In a 2005 interview, Miyamoto stated that Mario's physical age was about 24-25 years old. Mario's occupation is plumbing, though in the original "Donkey Kong" games he is a carpenter. Mario has had several other occupations: in the "Dr. Mario" series of puzzle games, which debuted in 1990, Mario is portrayed as a medical physician named "Dr. Mario"; in the Game Boy game "Mario's Picross", Mario is an archaeologist; and in "", Mario is the president of a profitable toy-making company. Mario is an athlete in various "Mario" sports titles including "Mario Sports Mix", "Mario Strikers Charged", and "Mario Tennis Aces"; as well as a kart racer in the "Mario Kart" series. Mario usually saves Princess Peach and the Mushroom Kingdom and purges antagonists, such as Bowser, from various areas. Mario has gained fame in the Mushroom Kingdom due to his heroic deeds, as shown in "", where the brothers are referred to as "superstars". In September 2017, Nintendo confirmed on their official Japanese profile for the character that Mario was no longer considered a plumber, most likely due to his various occupations and hobbies. However as of March 2018, the Japanese profile has since been changed to state that Mario's occupation is still a plumber. Since his first game, Mario has usually had the role of saving the damsel in distress. Originally, he had to rescue his girlfriend Pauline in "Donkey Kong" from Donkey Kong. Pauline was soon replaced by a new damsel in distress, Princess Peach, in "Super Mario Bros.", but returned in the Game Boy remake of "Donkey Kong" in 1994, and in "" in 2006, although the character is now described as "Mario's friend". Mario has rescued Princess Peach multiple times since "Super Mario Bros." In a role reversal, Peach rescues Mario in "Super Princess Peach". Mario rescued Princess Daisy of Sarasaraland in "Super Mario Land", but Luigi seems to be more linked to her. In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", the text explaining Daisy's trophy states that "after her appearance in "Mario Golf", gossips portrayed her as Luigi's answer to Mario's Peach". Luigi is Mario's younger fraternal twin brother. He is a companion in the "Mario" games, and the character whom the second player controls in two-player sessions of many of the video games, though he occasionally rescues Mario, as seen in "Mario Is Missing!" and "Luigi's Mansion". "" for the Game Boy saw the arrival of Wario, Mario's greedy counterpart, who is often Mario's antagonist or an antihero. Yoshi is a dinosaur whose species is also named Yoshi. They vary in color, though the original Yoshi is green. Yoshi serves as Mario's steed in games such as "Super Mario World", and is depicted as an independent character in games like "Super Mario Kart" and "". During the development of "Donkey Kong", Mario was known as "Jumpman". Jumping—both to access places and as an offensive move—is a common gameplay element in "Mario" games, especially the "Super Mario" series. By the time "Super Mario RPG" was released, jumping became such a signature act of Mario that the player was often tasked with jumping to prove to non-player characters that he was Mario. Mario's most commonly portrayed form of attack is jumping to stomp on the heads of enemies, first used in "Super Mario Bros." This jump-stomp move may entirely crush smaller enemies on the stage, and usually deals damage to larger ones, sometimes causing secondary effects. This attack often enables Mario to knock the turtle-like Koopa Troopas into or out of their shells, which can be used as weapons. Subsequent games have elaborated on Mario's jumping-related abilities. "Super Mario World" added the ability to spin-jump, which allows Mario to break blocks beneath him. The Game Boy version of "Donkey Kong"	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
the time "Super Mario RPG" was released, jumping became such a signature act of Mario that the player was often tasked with jumping to prove to non-player characters that he was Mario. Mario's most commonly portrayed form of attack is jumping to stomp on the heads of enemies, first used in "Super Mario Bros." This jump-stomp move may entirely crush smaller enemies on the stage, and usually deals damage to larger ones, sometimes causing secondary effects. This attack often enables Mario to knock the turtle-like Koopa Troopas into or out of their shells, which can be used as weapons. Subsequent games have elaborated on Mario's jumping-related abilities. "Super Mario World" added the ability to spin-jump, which allows Mario to break blocks beneath him. The Game Boy version of "Donkey Kong" allows Mario to jump higher with consecutive jumps, and perform a back-flip. In "Super Mario 64", Mario gains new jumping abilities such as a sideways somersault; a ground pound, which is a high-impact downward thrusting motion; and the "Wall Kick", which propels him upwards by kicking off walls. Mario uses items, which give him various powers, and differ between the games he is in. The first power-up Mario used was the Hammer in "Donkey Kong". "Super Mario Bros." introduced the basic three power-ups that have become staples for the series, especially the 2D games — the Super Mushroom, which causes Mario to grow larger; the Fire Flower, which allows Mario to throw fireballs; and the Starman, which gives Mario temporary invincibility. These powers have appeared regularly throughout the series. Throughout the series' history, there have been several kinds of Mushroom power-ups, including the 1-up Mushroom, which gives Mario an extra life; the Poison Mushroom, which causes Mario to either shrink or die; the Mega Mushroom, which causes Mario to grow very large; and the Mini Mushroom, which causes Mario to shrink. A reoccurring power-up throughout the series is an item that gives Mario the ability of flight. The first of this type was introduced in "Super Mario Bros. 3": one power-up, which gives Mario a raccoon suit, is called the Super Leaf, while another is called the Tanooki Suit (a transliteration of tanuki) and grants Mario the ability to fly or turn into a statue. In "Super Mario World", an item called the Cape Feather was introduced that gave Mario a cape. In "", a carrot was available that gave Mario rabbit ears that allowed him to fly, and in "Super Mario 64", Mario could acquire an item called the Wing Cap, which temporarily gave him the ability of flight. "Super Mario Sunshine" introduces a pump-water spraying device named "F.L.U.D.D.", which abilities included spraying water and hovering. "Super Mario Galaxy" introduced new power-ups, including the Bee Mushroom, which turned Mario into a bee and allowed him to fly temporarily; the Boo Mushroom, which turned Mario into a ghost, allowing him to float and pass through walls; the Spring Mushroom, which encased Mario in a spring, allowing him to jump higher; and the Ice Flower, which allowed the player to temporarily walk on water and lava without sinking or taking damage. "Super Mario Galaxy 2" introduced more power ups, including the Cloud Flower which allows Mario to create platforms in midair and Rock Mario, which transforms Mario into a boulder that could be used to break through barriers. "New Super Mario Bros. Wii" updated the Ice Flower, which allows Mario to shoot ice balls that temporally freeze enemies; and introduced the Propeller Mushroom, which allows him to fly; as well as the Penguin Suit, which allows Mario to easily traverse ice and swim through water in addition to shooting ice balls. "Super Mario 3D Land" introduced the Boomerang Flower, which allows Mario to throw boomerangs at nearby enemies; and the Statue Leaf, which allows Mario to turn to a statue. In "New Super Mario Bros. U", a Super Acorn makes its debut. This transforms Mario to his new Flying squirrel form where he can glide and stick on walls. "Super Mario 3D World" introduced the Super Bell, which transforms Mario into his cat form as well as a Double Cherry to make multiple copies of himself. As Nintendo's primary mascot, Mario is widely considered to be the most famous video game character in history, and has been called an icon of the gaming industry. The "Mario" series of video games has sold more than 510 million copies, making it the best-selling video game franchise. Mario was one of the first video game character inductees at the Walk of Game in 2005, alongside Link and Sonic the Hedgehog. Mario was the first video game character to be honored with a wax figure in the Hollywood Wax Museum in 2003. In the 1990s, a national survey found that Mario was more recognizable to American children than Mickey Mouse. Mario has also been called the "most recognisable" figure in the gaming industry. Creator Shigeru Miyamoto has stated that Mario is his favorite out of all characters that he has created. "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave Mario their "Coolest Mascot" award for 1996, calling him "an age-old friend." "Nintendo Power" listed Mario as their favorite hero, citing his defining characteristics as his mustache, red cap, plumbing prowess, and his mushrooms. In a poll conducted in 2008 by Oricon, Mario was voted the most popular video game character in Japan. GameDaily listed the "unlikely hero" on its top 25 video game archetypes, and used Mario as an example of this. It stated that in spite of the fact that he should have run out of energy through the first level, he kept going. Mario ranked fourth on GameDaily's top ten "Smash Bros." characters list. Mario was fourth on UGO's list of the "Top 100 Heroes of All Time". They also listed Mario's hat twenty-first on their list of "The Coolest Helmets and Headgear in Video Games", stating "there's always somebody at your Halloween party wearing one." CNET listed him first on its list of the "Top 5 video game characters". He was voted 100th in IGN's Top 100 Villains for his appearance in "Donkey Kong Junior", adding "This Mario is a total jerk, holding Donkey Kong Jr.'s dad hostage", and he has also been elected by GamesRadar as the 90th "most dastardly ne'er-do-wells" villain in video games in their "top 100". Mario has been established as a pop culture icon, and has starred in numerous television shows, comic books, and in a feature film. He has appeared on lunch boxes, T-shirts, magazines, commercials (notably, in a Got Milk? commercial), in candy form, on shampoo bottles, cereal, badges, board games, and as a plush toy. Nintendo produced a 60-minute anime film based on the original "Super Mario Bros." titled "" in 1986, although this film has not been released outside Japan and has not been released on any home video format except VHS. The animated series "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!" featured a live-action series of skits which starred former WWF manager "Captain" Lou Albano as Mario and Danny Wells as Luigi. Mario appeared in a book series, the Nintendo Adventure Books. Mario has inspired unlicensed paintings, performances on talent shows such as "India's Got Talent", and short films, which have been viewed hundreds of thousands of times. The character has been present in a number of works created by third parties other than Nintendo, such as in the iOS and Android video game "Platform Panic", in which one of the purchasable skins is a reference to him. Many people and places have been named or nicknamed after Mario. Bergsala, the distributor of Nintendo's products in the Nordic and the Baltic countries, is located at Marios Gata 21 (Mario's Street 21) in Kungsbacka, Sweden, named after Mario. Many sports stars, including Bundesliga football players Mario Götze and Mario Gómez, National Hockey League player Mario Lemieux, Italian footballer Mario Balotelli, and Italian cyclist Mario Cipollini have been given the nickname "Super Mario". In a suburb of the Spanish city of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
have been viewed hundreds of thousands of times. The character has been present in a number of works created by third parties other than Nintendo, such as in the iOS and Android video game "Platform Panic", in which one of the purchasable skins is a reference to him. Many people and places have been named or nicknamed after Mario. Bergsala, the distributor of Nintendo's products in the Nordic and the Baltic countries, is located at Marios Gata 21 (Mario's Street 21) in Kungsbacka, Sweden, named after Mario. Many sports stars, including Bundesliga football players Mario Götze and Mario Gómez, National Hockey League player Mario Lemieux, Italian footballer Mario Balotelli, and Italian cyclist Mario Cipollini have been given the nickname "Super Mario". In a suburb of the Spanish city of Zaragoza, streets were named after video games, including "Avenida de Super Mario Bros". Mario's legacy is recognized by Guinness World Records, who awarded the Nintendo mascot, and the series of platform games he has appeared in, seven world records in the "Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008". These records include "Best Selling Video Game Series of All Time", "First Movie Based on an Existing Video Game", and "Most Prolific Video Game Character", with Mario appearing in 116 distinct titles (not including remakes or re-releases). Mario appeared in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony to promote the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. In a pre-recorded video, the prime minister Shinzō Abe became Mario to use a Warp pipe planted by Doraemon from Shibuya Crossing to Maracanã Stadium. Abe then appeared dressed as Mario in an oversized Warp Pipe in the middle of the stadium. Mario Day (previously known as National Mario Day) is celebrated on March 10, as when that date is presented as Mar 10 it resembles the name MARIO. Since 2016, the day was officially observed by Nintendo, and celebrates this day annually by promoting "Mario" games and holding "Mario"-related events. Mario With more than 500 million units sold worldwide, the overall "Mario" franchise is the best-selling video game franchise of all time. Outside of the "Super Mario" platform series, other "Mario" genres include the "Mario Kart" racing series, sports games such as the "Mario Tennis" and "Mario Golf" series, role-playing games such as "Mario & Luigi", "Super Mario RPG" and "Paper Mario", and educational games such as "Mario Is Missing!", "Mario's	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ferdinando Marescalchi Ferdinando, comte Marescalchi (26 February 1754, Bologna - 22 June 1816, Milan) was an Italian diplomat and politician. He was from an old noble family which had originated in Vicenza. He studied law at the University of Bologna, became a magistrate and became a hereditary member of the senate which governed Bologna. When the French invaded Italy, he led the faction which openly declared in their favour and came to the attention of Bonaparte, who placed much trust and confidence in him. He was a strong supporter of the political reform of 1796 and when the Cispadane Republic was formed that year he became part of its executive directory. The Cisalpine Republic sent him to Vienna as its plenipotentiary in 1799, but he was only able to gain a single audience with Francis I of Austria. He then became plenipotentiary to the Second Congress of Rastatt (9 December 1797 to 23 April 1799). On his return he was elected director-president in March 1799, but soon the Russo-Austrian invasion forced him and his colleagues to flee to France until they were able to return after the Battle of Marengo. In July 1800 he was made the Cisalpine representative to Paris. He took part in the 1801-02 Consulte de Lyon in the former chapel of the Jesuit college of the trinity (now the chapel of the Lycée Ampère on rue de la Bourse). At first it suggested electing Francesco Melzi d'Eril, then Antonio Aldini, as president, but they both declined. Talleyrand then intervened and suggested that the Italians elect Bonaparte himself, due to the presence of French troops in Italy and the reluctance of the other Italian states to recognise the Cisalpine Republic - this suggestion was accepted, with Marescalchi's full support. Napoleon made his acceptance speech in Italian on 26 January 1802 (he had effectively arrived in France aged 9 speaking Italian and no French and always spoke French with an accent on certain words and used several unusual spellings) and in it changed the Cisalpine Republic's name to the Italian Republic. This led to riotous applause. Bonaparte then chose Melzi d'Eril as vice-president, to reside in Milan. Marescalchi lived in Paris as the Republic's foreign minister from 1802 to 1805. He was strongly supported in his work by Bernier, bishop of Orléans, who with Giovanni Battista Caprara co-organised the Concordat between Rome and Italian Republic, signed in Paris on 9 September 1803. Marescalchi also assisted in the coronation of Napoleon I on 2 December 1804. After the 'acte de la consulta', which made Napoleon king of Italy, Marescalchi became his representative in France, but with limited autonomy in Italy. He Emmanuel Crétet and signed a Franco-Italian trade treaty on 20 June 1808. He rented Hôtel de Massa as his Paris residence and held many festivities there, making it a key meeting point for the nobility of the First French Empire and launching the fashion for masked or fancy-dress balls. In 1809 he received the emperor himself before setting off for the Battle of Wagram. When the Grand Orient of Italy was set up on 20 June 1805, Marescalchi was its grand conservator and prince Eugène de Beauharnais its grandmaster. Napoleon also made Marescalchi a count of the Kingdom of Italy in December 1810 (by letters patent of 12 April 1809), grand chancellor of the Order of the Iron Crown and a member of all the Napoleonic orders. He was also member of the electoral college of Reno. After Napoleon's abdication, Marie-Louise of Austria made Marescalchi governor of the Grand Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. He was also the Austrian emperor's plenipotentiary at Modena, where he died on 22 June 1816. He also published sonnets and 'canzoni'. Ferdinando Marescalchi Ferdinando, comte Marescalchi (26 February 1754, Bologna - 22 June 1816, Milan) was an Italian diplomat and politician. He was from an old noble family which had originated in Vicenza. He studied law at the University of Bologna, became a magistrate and became a hereditary member of the senate which governed Bologna. When the French invaded Italy, he led the faction which openly declared in their favour and came to the attention of Bonaparte, who placed much trust and confidence	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Omey Island Omey Island () is a tidal island situated near Claddaghduff on the western edge of Connemara in County Galway, Ireland. From the mainland the island is inconspicuous and almost hidden. It is possible to drive or walk across a large sandy strand to the island by following the arrowed signs. At high tide, the water is deep enough to cover a car. In the early-to-mid-1990s a team of archaeologists from University College Dublin began work to study the monastic heritage of the island, long known for being the site of a monastery and settlement reportedly founded by the prodigious St Feichin. In fact, its name derives from the Irish "Iomaidh Feichín" meaning "Feichín's bed or seat". The excavation gave new insights into the life of early Christianity in Ireland and included one of the few known burials of a woman within a monastic burial ground. The site is believed to date from the early 6th century. The island of Omey remains a place of devotion to Saint Feichín to this day, with a Holy Well situated by the western edge and several other key landmarks of piety. This includes a later medieval parish church - with the majority of its vast stones still very much in place (having been buried in centuries of sand until the parish priest took matters into his own hands and, with the help of locals, dug up the area surrounding it). St Feichín is reported to have established many such communities across the west of Ireland and is considered one of the most important of the early founders of the rich tradition of Irish Christianity. The O'Tooles of Leinster settled here in the early 1500s, under the protection of the O'Flahertys. During the Cromwellian settlements the Browns and D'Arcys took over. In the early 1800s two townlands on Omey belonged to the Martins of Ballynahinch and one to the D'Arcys of Clifden. John MacNeice, a Church of Ireland bishop famous for his opposition to the Ulster Covenant was born and raised on Omey. A description of the desolate island appeared in "Duffy's Hibernian Magazine": "Can there be anything to distinguish that flat unpicturesque abode of misery from any other spot in which human wretchedness prevails along the most desolate tracts of the Irish coast? We answer, yes: that poor unfavoured island in the remote west, nearly half the surface of which is covered by a lough and spewy marsh, while the other half is little better than drifting sand, the scanty vegetation on which is frequently blasted by the “red wind” of the Atlantic—that island, we say, has a history of its own. It was the “Imagia insula” of the old Latin hagiologists, and was, as far as we know, the very last spot in which paganism lingered in Ireland. In the latter half of the seventh century, St. Feichin, the holy abbot of Fore, in Westmeath, found the inhabitants of Omey still pagans, and encountered violent opposition from them when building a monastery there..." During the winter of 1880-81, Bernard Henry Becker, correspondent for the "Daily Mail," toured Ireland and wrote about Omey Island: "Over against the inhabited part of the island is what is now a mere sandbank. It is covered with sand, and not a soul dwells thereon. But there were people there once who clung in their stone cabins till the sand finally covered them; so that they might fairly be described as dwellers or burrowers therein... Now I have seen superb potatoes grown literally in the sand at Scheveningen, and was not surprised to hear that Omey Island was once so famous for the national staff of life that few cared to grow anything else. But there are difficulties everywhere, and it is parlous work to break up ground at Omey. There is too much fresh air; for it blows so hard that people are afraid to disturb the thin covering of herbage which overspreads the best part of the island. 'If ye break the shkin of 'um, your honour, the wind blows the sand away and leaves your pitaties bare. And, begorra, there are nights when the pitaties themselves 'ud be blown away." Statements like this must be taken at a reduction, but, judging from my own experience, Omey is a 'grand place for the weather entirely.'" In several places shell middens can be found on the island. Some of those have been carbon-dated to AD 1000–1500. The ruin of Teampaill Feichin, the medieval parish church, excavated from the sand in 1981, stands on the site of the abbey said to have been founded by Saint Feichín. Nearby is a Holy Well with a small shrine around it. The population of the island has diminished drastically from its maximum when hundreds of people lived there in the early 19th century. The National School (opened in 1883) closed in 1973. In 1988 there were just three households left. In 2003, the Irish Artist Sean Corcoran witnessed a strange creature in the lake that he describes as being similar to a Dobhar-chu (Master Otter). There is a graveyard on the island that is still in use today (Ula Bhreandain). The beach is the site of the annual Omey Races, reestablished in 2001. This horse racing event is held in late summer (July/August). The table below reports data on Omey Island's population taken from "Discover the Islands of Ireland" (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. The last permanent resident of the island, stuntman Pascal Whelan, died in February 2017 aged 75. Omey Island Omey Island () is a tidal island situated near Claddaghduff on the western edge of Connemara in County Galway, Ireland. From the mainland the island is inconspicuous and almost hidden. It is possible to drive or walk across a large sandy strand to the island by following the arrowed signs. At high tide, the water is deep enough to cover a car. In the early-to-mid-1990s a team of archaeologists from University College Dublin	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Kosmos 176 Kosmos 176 ( meaning "Cosmos 176"), also known as DS-P1-Yu No.10 was a Soviet satellite which was used as a radar calibration target for tests of anti-ballistic missiles. It was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and launched in 1967 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 176 from Site 133/1 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch occurred at 17:00 UTC on 12 September 1967, and resulted in Kosmos 176's successful deployment into Low earth orbit. Kosmos 176 was operated in an orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , 81.9 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 100.74 minutes. It remained in orbit until it decayed and reentered the atmosphere on 3 March 1968. It was the tenth of seventy nine DS-P1-Yu satellites to be launched, and the ninth of seventy two to successfully reach orbit. Kosmos 176 Kosmos 176 ( meaning "Cosmos 176"), also known as DS-P1-Yu No.10 was a Soviet satellite which was used as a radar calibration target for tests of anti-ballistic missiles. It was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, and launched in 1967 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Superstar (Lupe Fiasco song) "Superstar" is a song performed by rapper Lupe Fiasco featuring Matthew Santos. It is the first single off his 2007 album "Lupe Fiasco's The Cool". iTunes released "Superstar" on September 25, 2007 along with a radio version of "Dumb It Down." On November 5, 2007 the official video was released and it was directed by Hype Williams. It premiered on BET's "106 & Park" on November 23 and on February 19 it moved up to the number one spot on the countdown. As of December 31, it appeared at number 84 on BET's "Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2007" countdown. The song is featured on the soundtrack of NFL Tour and recently NHL 2K10. Star baseball player Hanley Ramírez used the song as his walk-up music at Florida Marlins home games. In the song Lupe yells "FREE CHILLY" that is a reference to another song on his album. The song "Free Chilly" is about Lupe's business partner "Chilly" who was sentenced to 44 years in jail during the recording of "The Cool". Most critics were positive towards the single. Complex ranked it at 95 on best songs of the decade. Bill Lamb, representing the music website About.com, awarded the song four-and-a-half stars, and gave primary praise to "Lupe Fiasco's dense lyrical meditation on life in the spotlight", "Matthew Santos' haunting vocals", and the "immediate setup of the melodic hook"; however, he did emphasize Santos' vocal delivery to be similar to that of Coldplay frontman Chris Martin — of which both Fiasco and Santos are reportedly fans — citing it as "both" a positive and negative characteristic of the song. Pitchfork, in an otherwise positive outlook, expressed a similar sentiment: "The hooky first single [is] "Superstar", with Fiasco protégé Matthew Santos (who has probably heard a few Coldplay albums) playing Adam Levine to Fiasco's Kanye West", thus comparing the song's style to that of "Heard 'Em Say", a Kanye West song released in 2005. However, music editor Nick Levine argues that "the hazy, gospel-inflected chorus, sung by Chicago folkie Matthew Santos, is just as memorable, suggesting everyone but Kanye should be quaking in his diamond-studded Reeboks." Blues&Soul felt that the song "blended Lupe's characteristic easy vocal flow with a pleasantly lumbering piano-led beat, a soulful hook, and the odd sample and sound effect." In a review for Yahoo Music, Jaime Gill wrote: "'Superstar' is a melancholy look at celebrity, with Fiasco delivering a languid rap about the insecurities that linger behind fame's brittle armour. Its set to a low-key piano part and a piercing, haunting chorus sung by one Matthew Santos. In one brilliant line, Lupe describes the luxuries of celebrity while skewering its loneliness: "chauffeur, chauffeur, come and take me away." It may be too subtle, slow and sad to be a hit in today's hip hop climate, which would be deeply depressing." On December 27, "Superstar" was moved to BBC Radio 1's A-List after being made Record of the Week by both Sara Cox and Jo Whiley. As a result, the song debuted on the UK Singles Chart in the top ten at number 7 on downloads alone, the next week, it climbed to its peak of number 4. It became Lupe Fiasco's highest charting single there to date, outperforming both of his previous biggest hits, "Kick, Push" and "Daydreamin'", both of which made the top thirty there. It peaked at #13 on the Billboard Pop Charts, and #10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Lupe Fiasco's first Top Ten single. It also surpassed the success of his first single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at #19, and was his first song to appear on the Rhythmic Top 40, peaking at #8. The song was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the Grammy Awards of 2009. It was also nominated for 2008 Teen Choice Music: Rap/Hip-Hop Song award. Additionally, "Superstar" was the theme song of Fox8's Football Superstar. The video depicts a Mercedes-Benz S-Class stopping at the red carpet. Two girls leave the car. Director Hype Williams manages to slip in two characters from Lupe Fiasco's The Cool. The Cool with his characterizing skeleton hand and The Streets with her dollar signs in her eyes. The Cool apparently sold his soul to The Game for fame and fortune. In return, The Game's wife The Streets made him The Coolest and gave him the Mercedes as well as his bling and the gold key he has around his neck. The Video itself has been nominated for a MTV's VMA for Best Hip Hop Video. There is an official remix to the song, featuring Matthew Santos, Young Jeezy & T.I.. A recent performance on MTV was made, with Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy performing the vocals of the end of the song. A third version of the song was performed by Fiasco and Santos on BBC Radio and featured an entirely acoustic instrumental without any percussion accompaniment. It was unofficially released on the internet and later officially released (20 October 2008) on BBC "Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 3". Superstar (Lupe Fiasco song) "Superstar" is a song performed by rapper Lupe Fiasco featuring Matthew Santos. It is the first single off his 2007 album "Lupe Fiasco's The Cool". iTunes released "Superstar" on September 25, 2007 along with a radio version of "Dumb It Down." On November 5, 2007 the official video was released	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Jakob Rosenfeld Jakob Rosenfeld (January 11, 1903 – April 22, 1952), more commonly known as General Luo, served as the Minister of Health in the 1947 Provisional Communist Military Government of China under Mao Zedong. Rosenfeld, a Jew born in Lemberg, the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Lviv, Ukraine), was raised in Wöllersdorf near Wiener Neustadt. He graduated in medicine with a specialization in urology from Vienna University. After the Anschluss, Rosenfeld was deported to Dachau concentration camp and later to Buchenwald. In 1939, he was released and had to leave the country within two weeks. Since China did not require Jews to apply for a visa, he fled to the Shanghai Ghetto. From 1941 he served the Chinese Communist force as a field doctor for the New Fourth Army, the Eighth Route Army and the Northeast People's Liberation Army during the outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese war and Chinese civil war. He chose to remain in China after the fall of the Nazi regime and participated in the People's Liberation Army's march on Beijing before returning in 1949 to Europe to search for relatives, most of whom had perished in the Holocaust. He reunited with his sister in Austria in 1949. In 1950, after unsuccessfully attempting to return to China, he emigrated to Israel and was reunited with his brother. He died two years later after suffering heart failure. China has erected a statue in his honour, a hospital in Junan County, Shandong was named after him, and in 2006 a large exhibit was mounted in Beijing's National Museum of China in tribute to him. The museum exhibit in his honor was inaugurated by Chinese President Hu Jintao. A bronze memorial (from 1993) at the entrance of Unfallkrankenhaus (UKH) hospital in Graz, Austria depicts Rosenfeld. Jakob Rosenfeld Jakob Rosenfeld (January 11, 1903	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Laurie Dearle Laurie Dearle (16 October 1919 – 25 October 1979) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1940s. Dearle started his career with East Fremantle and in 1942 arrived at Essendon under a war time service permit. A premiership player in his debut season, Dearle kicked two goals as a centreman in the 1942 Grand Final win over Richmond. He appeared in another Grand Final the following season and finished on the losing team. In 1944 he kicked 23 goals for the year, over half of his final tally of career goals. Laurie Dearle Laurie Dearle (16 October 1919 – 25 October 1979) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1940s. Dearle started his career with East Fremantle and in 1942 arrived at Essendon under a war time service permit. A premiership player in his debut season, Dearle kicked two goals as a centreman in the 1942 Grand Final win over Richmond. He appeared in another Grand Final the following season and finished on the losing team. In 1944 he kicked 23 goals for the year, over half of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Rikiwulf Rikiwulf ("The rich and powerful wolf" or "The Ruler of the wolves") was probably a member of the Wulfing dynasty. In the ninth century, he sailed with his Viking warriors down the river Lys in Flanders, and settled inter alia Rikiwulfinga-haim near Tielt, Rekkem near Menin, and Richebourg, Reclinghem, Racquinghem and Erquinghem-Lys in present Artois, France. He was possibly related to he Norwegian Viking Hrolf of Heidmark who was also a wulfing who had settled in Normandy, The wulfings were the ruling clan of the ancient Scandinavian Östergötland area. It is said that the famous Viking warrior Beowulf may likely have been from what was the Östergötland region (Sweden). Dr. Sam Newton, and Historians Boydell & Brewer proposed that the “Beowulf Saga” itself was composed in ancient Scandinavian Ostergland, inside the Wulfing Court. Rikiwulf Rikiwulf ("The rich and powerful wolf" or "The Ruler of the wolves") was probably a member of the Wulfing dynasty. In the ninth century, he sailed with his Viking warriors down the river Lys in Flanders, and settled inter alia Rikiwulfinga-haim near Tielt, Rekkem near Menin, and Richebourg, Reclinghem, Racquinghem and Erquinghem-Lys in present Artois, France. He was possibly related to he Norwegian Viking Hrolf	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Morelia spilota cheynei Morelia spilota cheynei, or the jungle carpet python, is a python subspecies found in the rainforests of Queensland, Australia. The specific name, "cheynei", is in honor of Cheyne Wellington. The type locality given is "Ravenshoe, on the Atheron Tableland, north Queensland, in Lat. 17° 36' S, Long 145° 29' E" (Australia). Adults of these medium-sized pythons typically measure 5–7 ft (1.5-2.1 m) in total length. However, wild caught females are known to grow to over . As with most species of snakes, females are typically larger than males. This is not, however, always the case. These semiarboreal snakes are strictly carnivorous. They feed on medium-sized rodents such as rats, mice, and baby rabbits in captivity. Morelia spilota cheynei Morelia spilota cheynei, or the jungle carpet python, is a python subspecies found in the rainforests of Queensland, Australia. The specific name, "cheynei", is in honor of Cheyne Wellington. The type locality given is "Ravenshoe, on the Atheron Tableland, north Queensland, in Lat. 17° 36' S, Long 145° 29' E" (Australia). Adults of these medium-sized pythons typically measure 5–7 ft (1.5-2.1 m) in total length. However, wild caught females are known to grow to over . As with most	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Bachelor of Information Technology A Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations BIT, BInfTech, B.Tech(IT) or BE(IT)) is an undergraduate academic degree that generally requires three to five years of study. While the degree has a major focus on computers and technology, it differs from a Computer Science degree in that students are also expected to study management and information science, and there are reduced requirements for mathematics. A degree in computer science can be expected to concentrate on the scientific aspects of computing, while a degree in information technology can be expected to concentrate on the business and communication applications of computing. There is more emphasis on these two areas in the e-commerce, e-business and business information technology undergraduate courses. Specific names for the degrees vary across countries, and even universities within countries. This is in contrast to a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology which is a bachelor's degree typically conferred after a period of three to four years of an undergraduate course of study in Information Technology (IT). The degree itself is a Bachelor of Science with institutions conferring degrees in the fields of information technology and related fields. In BIT is a three-year or four-year undergraduate degree. At the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), a BIT At the University of New South Wales a BIT is referred to as "Business in Information technology" and is also a co-op scholarship degree that lasts four years. At the University of Sydney a BIT is a four-year technical program, related to degrees such as Computer Science and Software Engineering. At Swinburne University of Technology, a BIT is a three-year co-op scholarship degree incorporating two six-month job placements. At RMIT University a BIT is offered as a three-year program, giving the student the choice of a majors These major are: Application Programming, Business Applications, Multimedia Design, Network Programming, System Administration and Web Systems The state of the BIT program in Australia is unstable, as many universities offer it as a technical program while others as a business, e-commerce related program. The Australian Computer Society recognizes all BIT degrees, however Engineers Australia only recognises BIT degrees that are technical. In Canada, Carleton University and Algonquin College have jointly created four programs under the Bachelor of Information Technology Degree; Interactive Multimedia & Design, Network Technology, Photonics & Laser Technology, and Information Resource Management. University of Ontario Institute of Technology also offers streams in Networking & Information Technology Security, and Game Development and Entrepreneurship. In India, the Bachelor of Information Technology is a 4-year undergraduate course. The course is divided into eight semesters, and the degree is awarded after completion of a four-year program. The degree is conferred by government and private institutions, as well as a host of other prestigious institutes (both public and privately funded) for their professional engineering programs. However, most other institutions in India use the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.)/Bachelor of Engineering (BE) in IT degrees. Admission to the program is done through a nationwide entrance test. There is also a three-year course which awards a B.Sc degree at the end of the program. Some universities even offer a B.Sc IT course either through regular programs or through distance-learning courses. However, there is not much as demand for the B.Sc. course as there is for the B.Tech or BE IT courses. There are some top colleges in India for IT degree like IIT's,NIT's,Vjti,ModernCOE and Coep The Polytechnic of Namibia offers a 3-year degree in IT in three areas of specialization: Business Computing, system administration and networks & software development In the Netherlands Bachelor of Information and Communication Technology degrees are awarded after four years of study and the completion of a thesis with a specialization in a certain field such as Informatics, Computer Engineering, Information Science or Software Engineering. The formal title awarded to a student after successfully defending his thesis before an examination committee is ingenieur (abbr. ing.) and B.ICT, the former being the Dutch equivalent of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. In the Iran Bachelor of Information Technology degrees are awarded after four years of study and the completion of a thesis with a specialization in a certain field such as e-learning, computer networks, information security, data mining, software development, e-commerce In Iran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) and University of Tehran are specified universities holding this course in Bsc and Msc. Also, Tehran Virtual University and Noure-Touba Virtual University are virtual learning where hold IT course in Iran. In Iran, Students whom graduated from this course has been passed subjects about Data Structures, Algorithm Design, Computer Networking, Artificial Intelligence, Database Concepts, Operating Systems, Computer Architecture, Software Engineering, Management Theories, Engineering Economics and... In South Africa the University of Pretoria offers the Baccalaureus in Information Technology (BIT) degree as a four-year undergraduate programme. The University of Pretoria is also the first university in South Africa to offer this degree. Upon successful completion of a BIT degree a student can continue with either a part-time or full-time MIT programme at the University of Pretoria to round off his or her professional training or enter the workforce. The BIT course includes, but is not limited to, the following subjects: Business Management, Economics, Statistics, Mathematics, English, Programming and Advanced Programming, Systems Development, Philosophy, Financial Accounting, Data Structures and Algorithms, Operating Systems, Databases, Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Information Organization and Retrieval, Computer Architecture, Software Engineering, Multimedia. As an alternative to BIT, the University of Pretoria's Computer Science Department offers two three-year degrees, BSc CS and BSc IT. In Sri Lanka, Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) is 3 year undergraduate degree without any specialization, mostly awarded as an external degree. The University of Colombo School of Computing (UCSC) and the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Moratuwa offers the three year external degree programmes leading to Bachelor of Information Technology (External). It was first introduced UCSC in 2000, it incorporates e-learning. The Faculty of Applied Science of the Vavuniya Campus of the University of Jaffna (VCUoJ) and the Faculty of Applied Science of the Rajarata University offers the three year internal degree programmes leading to Bachelor of Information & Communication Technology (BICT) which mostly are 3 years without a specialization or 4 years with a specialization. The University of Colombo School of Computing, used to award a BICT which has since been renamed as Bachelor of Information Systems (BIS). In Bangladesh, University of Dhaka and Jahangirnagar University offer 4 years bachelor degree in Information Technology. Bachelor of Information Technology A Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations BIT, BInfTech, B.Tech(IT) or BE(IT)) is an undergraduate academic degree that generally requires	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
John Gadsden John Gadsden was the twenty-eighth mayor of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1827 to 1829. John Gadsden was born on March 4, 1787, to Philip Gadsden (1761–1824) and Catherine (Edwards) Gadsden (1766–1816). He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1819 and was the U.S. Attorney for South Carolina from 1820 to 1831. On September 3, 1827, Gadsden was elected to a second term as intendent of Charleston, defeating N.G. Cleary by a vote of 655 to 281. He died January 24, 1831, and he is buried at St. Philip's Church in Charleston, South Carolina. John Gadsden John Gadsden was the twenty-eighth mayor of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1827 to 1829. John Gadsden was born on March 4, 1787, to Philip Gadsden (1761–1824) and Catherine (Edwards) Gadsden (1766–1816). He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1819 and was the U.S. Attorney for South Carolina from 1820 to 1831. On September 3, 1827, Gadsden was elected to a second term as intendent of Charleston, defeating N.G. Cleary by a vote of 655 to 281. He died January 24, 1831, and he is buried at St.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
David Cousins Air Chief Marshal Sir David Cousins, is a retired senior Royal Air Force (RAF) commander. Cousins joined the RAF in 1961 and spent three years at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then had a number of operational flying tours, initially flying Lightnings in the air defence role in the UK and with RAF Germany and then Buccaneers for RAF Germany. In 1983 he became Station Commander at RAF Laarbruch, home to two RAF Squadrons flying Jaguars and Tornados. He then held a number of staff appointments in air plans, operational requirements and operations. Following attendance at the Royal College of Defence Studies, he held a number of senior air rank positions on the Air Staff at the Ministry of Defence, in the MoD Procurement Executive, as Commandant of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell and, from 1994, as Air Officer Commanding No. 38 (Transport) Group. He was appointed Air Member for Personnel on the Air Force Board and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Personnel and Training Command in May 1995 and served in that role until he retired in August 1998. Cousins has served as Honorary Air Commodore of No. 7630 (Volunteer Reserve) Intelligence Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force since August 2008: the unit provides support for intelligence analysis and briefings. He has also served as the controller of the RAF Benevolent Fund. He is married to Maggie. He has three children. David Cousins Air Chief Marshal Sir David Cousins, is a retired senior Royal Air Force (RAF) commander. Cousins joined the RAF in 1961 and spent three years at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then had a number of operational flying tours, initially flying Lightnings in the air defence role in the UK and with RAF Germany and then Buccaneers for RAF Germany. In 1983 he became	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Irving (band) Irving is an American indie rock band. It was founded by Alex Church, later of Sea Wolf, Brian Canning and Steven Scott in 1998, after playing together for the first time at an arts festival. Soon after, they added keyboardist Shana Levy and Brent Turner; Levy remained with the group until 2003, when Aaron Burrows joined. Rather than having a frontman, the vocal and songwriting aspects are shared by at least three people. They acquired modest popularity after airplay on MTV2 for the song "Situation" in spring 2006. Members Aaron Burrows, Brian Canning, Steven Scott and Brent Turner formed the band Afternoons along with, Grammy Award winning producer Tom Biller, and multi-instrumentalist Sam Johnson. Irving (band) Irving is an American indie rock band. It was founded by Alex Church, later of Sea Wolf, Brian Canning and Steven Scott in 1998, after playing together for the first time at an arts festival. Soon after, they added keyboardist Shana Levy and Brent Turner; Levy remained with the group until 2003, when Aaron Burrows joined. Rather than having a frontman, the vocal and songwriting aspects are shared by at least three people. They acquired modest popularity after airplay on MTV2 for	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Phil Parkes (footballer, born 1950) Philip Benjamin Neil Frederick Parkes (born 8 August 1950, Sedgley, Staffordshire, England) is a former football goalkeeper. He was a pupil at Dormston School from September 1961 to December 1965. Beginning his football career at Walsall, turning professional in 1968, he made over 50 appearances in the Black Country before moving to London, signing for Queens Park Rangers for £15,000 in June 1970. His QPR debut was on Saturday 22 August 1970 in a 3–1 defeat at home to Leicester City. Parkes was part of the QPR team that reached the last eight of the FA Cup in 1974 and were League runners-up to Liverpool in 1976. Many observers consider that side, managed by Dave Sexton, the finest team never to have won the League. His club career at QPR spanned 344 league appearances (406 in all competitions). He gained his only England cap during this period, against Portugal in 1974. Parkes was sold to West Ham United in 1979 for £565,000, a world record for a goalkeeper at the time. It is reported that Sexton, who by then was manager of Manchester United, put in six bids for the player but saw them all turned down. It was only the half-million-pound bid from West Ham United that QPR chairman Jim Gregory could not resist. Upon John Lyall's signing of Parkes it was thought that he was a huge risk due to the severity of the condition of his knees but his signing was to pay off as Parkes was to remain first choice keeper for the next ten years. Despite this longevity, however, he only ever gained one piece of silverware, when West Ham beat Arsenal 1–0 to win the 1980 FA Cup Final. Parkes appeared as himself in Thunderbolt and Smokey! in the boys' comic "Eagle" in 1982, giving a coaching session to a schoolboy striker who was having to play in goal in a cup semi-final due to the regular keeper being injured. Although Parkes collected just one major trophy during his long playing career, his time at Upton Park saw him come close to picking up honours more than once later on in the 1980s. He was on the losing side in the 1981 Football League Cup Final against Liverpool, the same year that he collected a Second Division title medal as the Hammers returned to the First Division after three years away. In 1983–84, the Hammers were in the title race mid season but fell away to finish ninth. They re-emerged as title challengers in 1985–86 and were in the hunt for the title right up to the end of April, finally finishing third. He also helped them reach the League Cup semi-finals in 1988–89, but it was a disappointing season for the Hammers who were then relegated to the Second Division. Parkes had sat out much of the season despite new signing Allen McKnight making many mistakes before Parkes was finally reinstated as first choice. Parkes finished his West Ham career having played exactly the same number of league games for them as he had for QPR – 344. In 1990, he left the Hammers on a free transfer after 11 years and linked up with John Lyall who had returned to management at Ipswich Town. He played three league games in 1990–91 and moved into coaching. In 2003, an official West Ham United members poll for the greatest West Ham XI named him as the team's goalkeeper, beating Ludek Miklosko to that position. He is considered by QPR supporters to be one of the three best goalkeepers in the club's history, the others being Reg Allen and David Seaman. Parkes had great ability, and was unfortunate to only ever win one England cap. He would have won a second soon after his first as, during a game against Wales in 1976, the manager Don Revie said Parkes would play the second half, but at half-time with the score still at 0–0 Revie decided to keep Ray Clemence on. After the game Parkes went home and said to his wife he would never make himself available for England again. West Ham United In 2014, Parkes received treatment for Dukes stage A bowel cancer. Phil Parkes (footballer, born 1950) Philip Benjamin Neil Frederick Parkes (born 8 August 1950, Sedgley, Staffordshire, England) is a former football goalkeeper. He was a pupil at Dormston School from September 1961 to December 1965. Beginning his football career at Walsall, turning professional in 1968, he made over 50 appearances in the Black Country before moving to London, signing for Queens Park Rangers for £15,000 in June 1970. His QPR debut was on Saturday 22 August 1970 in a 3–1 defeat at home to Leicester City. Parkes was part of the QPR team that reached the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Rotaliana Rotaliana is a subclass of benthic Foraminifera with multichambered tests of perforate hyaline calcite. Tests may be planospiral, low or high trochospiral, or serial. Interiors may be complex with secondary chambers and interconnecting canal systems. Rotaliana are separate from the planktonic Globigerinana although both have tests of similar composition. The Textulariana, which contains forms that are rather similar, differs in be agglutinated. Sixteen orders are included (Mikhalevich, 1980) among which are the Asterigerinida, Bolivinitida, Discorbida, and Rotaliida. Loeblich and Tappan (1988), with Foraminifera an order, lists 24 superfamilies within the suborder Rotaliina, which are equivalent to or contained within the orders of the Rotaliina Mikhalevich. Forminiferal Genera and Their Classification Rotaliana Rotaliana is a subclass of benthic Foraminifera with multichambered tests of perforate hyaline calcite. Tests may be planospiral, low or high trochospiral, or serial. Interiors may be complex with secondary chambers and interconnecting canal systems. Rotaliana are separate from the planktonic Globigerinana although both have tests of similar composition. The Textulariana, which contains forms that are rather similar, differs in be agglutinated. Sixteen orders are included (Mikhalevich, 1980) among which are the Asterigerinida, Bolivinitida, Discorbida, and Rotaliida. Loeblich and Tappan (1988), with Foraminifera an order, lists 24 superfamilies	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ning Zetao Ning Zetao ( or "Níng Zétāo"; or ; born 6 March 1993) is a Chinese competitive swimmer. Specializing in the freestyle, he won a gold medal in the 100 metre freestyle at the 2015 World Championships. At the 2014 Asian Games, he won gold medals in the 50 metre freestyle, 4 × 100 metre medley relay, 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, and 100 metre freestyle, breaking the Asian records in the latter two events. Ning also swam for China at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Ning Zetao was born in Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan. He is the only child of Ning Feng (宁锋) and Liu Wenhong (刘文红).Ning’s father Ning Feng served four years in the air force reserve prior to working for a state broadcasting company; his mother, Liu Wenhong served in the Chinese People's Armed Police Force; both of his grandfathers also served in the Chinese military. Ning started swimming at age 8. Before then, he even feared hair-washing. His parents took him to a swimming school to help him overcome his fear of water and to improve his physical health. Local coach Guo Hongyan noticed Ning’s quick grasp on learning different strokes and techniques. She persuaded Ning’s parents to have him trained under her. At age 11, Ning Zetao became a member of Henan provincial swimming team. At age 14, Ning was accepted to the PLA Navy's swimming team; he started training under Ye Jin, a well-known coach who remains his coach today. Initially, he trained for the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley races. Because he suffered from chronic bone calcification on his right knee, he switched from individual medley to sprint freestyle. Following his family's military background, Ning served as a lieutenant in the Chinese Navy. Ning idolizes Alexander Popov as his role model. At the age of sixteen, Ning competed in his first National games. He advanced to the 400-meter medley final and finished in 8th place. This was his first time competing in a sprint freestyle event. He advanced to the 100-meter free final and finished 4th with a time of 50.05. Lv Zhiwu from Team Zhejiang finished in first place with a time of 49.46. Ning defeated two-time defending champion Lv Zhiwu, winning his first national championship in the 100-meter free in his hometown, setting the new national record with a time of 48.60 on April 5, 2013. He also won first place in the 50-meter free with a record time of 22.41 on April 7, 2013. This event marks the beginning of his dominance in sprint freestyle in China. He broke his own record time in the 100-meter free, establishing a new Asian record at 48.27 on September 8; the very next day, he continued his record breaking performance, setting a new Asian record for the 50-meter free at 21.91. Ning placed first in both the 100-meter free with a time of 48.41, and the 50-meter free with a time of 22.20 on October 13 and 14, respectively. He also won silver in the 4 × 100-meter free relay. His record breaking streak earned him a spot in Chinese national swimming team. On October 26, Ning won a gold medal in 50-meter butterfly with a time of 24.13. Due to a fever, however, he did not compete in any other events. Competing for the Chinese Liberation Army, Ning earned a gold medal in the 100-meter free, setting a new CISM world record at 48.48. He won another gold in the men’s 50-meter free. He was not in his best physical state at the games due to a wrist injury sustained a few months prior to the competition. The 2014 Incheon Asian games was the first major championship outside China he competed in. September 23, Ning earned his first gold in the 50-meter free in an Asian Games with a time of 21.95. On September 25, he beat South Korea's Park Tae-hwan and Japan's Shioura Shinri setting the new Asian record time of 47.70 in the 100-meter free; he was the first Asian swimmer to break the 48-second barrier. On September 24, in the men's 4 × 100-meter free relay, teamed with Yu Hexin, Lin Yongqing, Sun Yang, Ning swam the fourth leg and ensured China finished in first place and set a new Asian record with a time of 3:13.47. On September 26, in the men's 4 × 100-meter medley relay, with Xu Jiayu, Li Xiang, Li Zhuhao, swimming the fourth leg, Ning overtook strong rival, Japan's Shioura Shinri in the last 50 meters and helped China win gold in a time of 3:31:37, but failed to break the Asian record. Continuing his dominance in the freestyle sprints, Ning broke his previous Incheon Asian record of 47.70 in the 100-meter free with a new time of 47.65 on October 17. He also won a silver medal in the 50-meter butterfly with a time of 23.65. Due to food poisoning, he did not compete in the 50-meter free event. At the 2014 world cup meet in Beijing, Yu Hexin, Suo Ran, Lu Ying, with Ning swam the fourth leg in the mixed 4 × 50-meter medley relay, finished in first place with a time of 1:40.10. In the 50-meter free final, he placed in third with a time of 21.35. Chad le Clos of South Africa won first place with a time of 21.28. At the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Doha, again with Ning swimming the final leg in the mixed 4 × 50-meter medley relay, China finished in the 6th place, but Ning recorded a split-time of 20.59. In the men’s 4 × 100-meter free relay heats, he swam the second leg with a time of 46.13, putting China in 10th place overall. In the 50-meter free heat, he reached a personal best of 21.26 and finished in 12th place in the semi-final with a time of 21.37. Due to a wrist injury, he did not compete in the 100-meter free final. This national swimming event served as Chinese swimmers' qualifying selection for the 16th FINA World Aquatics Championships held in Kazan, Russia. From April 12 to April 15, Ning competed in two events: 100-meter freestyle and 50-meter freestyle. In the 100-meter freestyle semifinal, he finished first with a time of 48.34. In the final, he recorded a time of 48.36 and a reaction time of 0.72 winning the first place. Yu Hexin finished 2nd with a time of 49.11. Both swimmers meet the 16th FINA 100-meter freestyle Level A qualifying time of 49.39. In the 50-meter freestyle semifinal, Ning recorded a time of 22.31 with reaction time of 0.62; in the final, he finished in first place with a time of 22.17 and a reaction time of 0.72. Again, Yu Hexin finished in the 2nd place with a time of 22.47. Ning has met 16th FINA’S Level A qualifying time of 22.25 for this event. In an interview with CCTV5 Sports, Ning confirmed that he had not fully recovered from his wrist injury and was hoping to undergo more effective treatment in preparation for the upcoming World Championships. He also expressed in this interview his desire to train overseas. Competing for the Chinese National swimming team, Ning with teammates Yu Hexin, Lin Yongqing and Jiang Qiheng competed in the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay on Aug 2. He swam the first leg and led the Chinese team to advance to the final, marking the first time a Chinese men's team reached this far in this event at the FINA World Aquatics Championships. China finished 7th in the final with a time of 3:15:41. Ning’s lead-off time of 48.37 made him the tied 2nd best among the lead-off legs in this event. On Aug 5th, Ning competed in the 100-meter freestyle heats. Ning finished in first place with a time of 48.11. In the semifinals, Ning delivered another solid performance with a time of 48.13, coming in 2nd place. On Aug 6th, in the 100-meter freestyle final, Ning gave his best performance, taking the lead at 50 meters and finishing in first place with a time of 47.84 (RT: 0.67, 1st 50 meters: 22.76), 0.09 seconds ahead of Cameron McEvoy who finished in 2nd place. Ning winning the gold marked a milestone achievement in the Chinese swimming, as prior to Ning's victory, no Asian swimmer had ever advanced to the final or won medals in this event at the FINA world championships. Legendary Russian swimmer Alexander Popov presented Ning with the gold medal; Ning had been a longtime fan of Popov and has expressed his	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
in the 100-meter freestyle heats. Ning finished in first place with a time of 48.11. In the semifinals, Ning delivered another solid performance with a time of 48.13, coming in 2nd place. On Aug 6th, in the 100-meter freestyle final, Ning gave his best performance, taking the lead at 50 meters and finishing in first place with a time of 47.84 (RT: 0.67, 1st 50 meters: 22.76), 0.09 seconds ahead of Cameron McEvoy who finished in 2nd place. Ning winning the gold marked a milestone achievement in the Chinese swimming, as prior to Ning's victory, no Asian swimmer had ever advanced to the final or won medals in this event at the FINA world championships. Legendary Russian swimmer Alexander Popov presented Ning with the gold medal; Ning had been a longtime fan of Popov and has expressed his admiration of Popov on numerous occasions. In the interview after the race, Ning credited his success to the six weeks he spent training under Australian Coach Matthew Brown. On Aug 7th, Ning raced in the men’s 50-meter freestyle, finishing in 14th place with a time of 22.43 and advancing to the semifinal. He came in 15th place in the semifinal with a time of 22.28 and failed to advance to the final. These were Ning's first Olympic Games. In individual events, Ning finished in 30th place in the Men's 50 metre freestyle and in 12th place in the Men's 100 metre freestyle. In the relay races, due to teammates' false starts, Ning finished as disqualifications both in the Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay and Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay. Key: AS = Asian Record, NR = National Record In April 2011, eighteen-year old Ning was tested positive for clenbuterol, which led to a one-year suspension. He filed an appeal to overturn the ban, but was denied. Ning received the CCTV Sports Award for Best Male Athlete in 2014 for his achievements in sprint freestyle. Ning won the Best Male Athlete of the Year again in 2015 at CCTV Sports Personality of Year Award for his gold winning performance at the 16th FINA World Championships in Kazan, Russia. Since 2014 Incheon Asian Games, Ning has gained great popularity nationwide, having become the spokesperson for Skullcandy, China and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., FitBit China, Gillette China, De Beers China, Alexander Wang and Adidas. The Chinese National Swimming team has endorsement deals with 361 Degrees, Chinese automaker Geely and Midea. Ning often appears in advertisements or promotional events alongside other members of the Chinese National Swimming Team. Ning, as a very popular swimming icon nationwide, he has various appearances in magazine covers, commercial posters and TV shows. But after 2016 Summer Olympics, the conflict between Ning and General Administration of Sport broken out. General Administration of Sport strongly criticized Ning's overmuch off-the-court activities. Some gossips even claim that Ning will be expelled from the National Team. But Ning also complained his pressure and upset. On the other hand, Ning signed a new contract with Adidas in January 2017. He is often called "Baozi" by friends, teammates and fans. The name is a reference to his ample cheeks at the time he joined the Navy swimming team, as well as his love for the food he was nicknamed after. His fans and Weibo followers also call him Lieutenant Ning, in reference to his Navy rank. He was voted as the "most attractive male athlete" at the Incheon Asian Games. Known for his physical beauty, charisma, and athletic achievement, he has gained a large number of online followers and has been the subject of much online attention. As of August 2015, his Weibo follower count has exceeded 2.8 million. As of September 2016,his weibo follower count exceeded 7.7 million. Ning Zetao Ning Zetao ( or "Níng Zétāo"; or ; born 6 March 1993) is a Chinese competitive swimmer. Specializing in the freestyle, he won a gold medal in the 100 metre freestyle at the 2015 World Championships. At the 2014 Asian Games, he won gold medals in the 50 metre freestyle, 4 × 100 metre medley relay, 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, and 100 metre freestyle, breaking the Asian records in the latter two events. Ning also swam for	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Burnside railway station Burnside railway station serves the Burnside and Blairbeth areas of the Royal Burgh of Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by Abellio ScotRail and is located on the Newton branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines, which has been electrified since 1962 by British Railways. This is the busiest railway station on the Newton branch. The station was opened by the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 August 1904. Later taken over by the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the 1923 Grouping and subsequently the Scottish Region of British Railways at nationalisation in 1948. B.R electrified the line through the station in 1962, when the section beyond was closed - since that time, all services have run to/from Glasgow only, though it became possible to travel there via both sides of the Circle following track alterations in the Carthcart area carried out as part of the modernisation work. Access to this station is by one of two railway bridges and as a result there is no disabled access to trains from here. A single waiting room serves both platforms. The ticket office is only open on Mondays to Saturdays. Customer information screens are also available at this station. A help point is available, like on every other ScotRail station in Glasgow. Automatic announcements have recently been fitted at this station as well as all the stations on the Cathcart Circle. There is no dedicated car park, but six cycle storage places are available. Following the electrification of the West Coast Main Line by British Rail, the basic service was: Following the opening of the Argyle Line in November 1979 by British Rail, services on the Cathcart Circle were reorganised. The basic service was: Burnside railway station	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Lana Zakocela Lana Zakocela (born ) is a Latvian fashion model based in Paris. Zakocela was born in Daugavpils, Latvia. At the age of 16, she moved to England. She studied in Chatham Grammar School for Boys and Institute of Integrative Nutrition. Zakocela has appeared in some advertising for Garnier, Dior, Clarins, Lancaster, and Thierry Mugler, Lancôme, Cartier, and Graff. She appeared in a supplemental piece about parties in "Vogue" Taiwan in 2013. Zakocela was featured in 2015 for a Spanish advert for Antonio Banderas' fragrance "Queen of Seduction". She was "Maxim"s May 2017 cover girl. In 2015, Zakocela, married entrepreneur and diplomat Justin Etzin in a lavish wedding in Seychelles. Etzin filed for an uncontested divorce in February 2017, but Zakocela contested, wanting a large financial settlement. The couple are still married and negotiating a divorce settlement. Lana Zakocela Lana Zakocela (born ) is a Latvian fashion model based in Paris. Zakocela was born in Daugavpils, Latvia. At the age of 16, she moved to England. She studied in Chatham Grammar School for Boys and Institute of Integrative Nutrition. Zakocela has appeared in some advertising for Garnier, Dior, Clarins, Lancaster, and Thierry Mugler, Lancôme, Cartier, and Graff. She appeared	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Bobby Broom Organi-Sation The Bobby Broom Organi-Sation is a Chicago based jazz organ trio composed of jazz guitarist Bobby Broom, Hammond B3 organist Ben Paterson and drummers Makaya McCraven or Kobie Watkins. Broom is a three-time DownBeat Critics Poll honoree for his work as one of the top jazz guitarists in the world, McCraven and Watkins also perform with Broom's main group, The Bobby Broom Trio. Broom formed the group in 2014 after a call by Steely Dan's Walter Becker and Donald Fagen for the Deep Blue Organ Trio which had disbanded following the rock group's 2013 tour. The Bobby Broom Organi-Sation opened for Steely Dan on their Jamalot Ever After 2014 national tour that spanned 52 dates, and 43 cities, across the United States and Canada. The group is the evolution of Broom's passion for the concept of the guitar-organ-drum trio established by, among others, the ground-breaking Jazz legend Wes Montgomery with his landmark 1959 album "" The group includes: Bobby Broom, Ben Paterson a Philadelphia-born jazz organist based in New York City, and drummer Makaya McCraven or Kobie Watkins. The Bobby Broom Organi-Sation The Bobby Broom Organi-Sation is a Chicago based jazz organ trio composed of jazz	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Masters M70 hammer throw world record progression Masters M70 hammer throw world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M70 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. <section begin=M70HAMMER /> The M70 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 70 but have not yet reached the age of 75, so exactly from their 70th birthday to the day before their 75th birthday. The M70 division throws a 4 kg implement. <section end=M70HAMMER /> Masters Athletics Hammer Throw list Masters M70 hammer throw world record progression Masters M70 hammer throw world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M70 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. <section begin=M70HAMMER /> The M70 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 70 but have not yet reached the age of 75, so exactly from their 70th birthday to the day before their 75th birthday. The M70 division throws a 4	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Lady Huang Lady Huang, also known in fiction and folklore as Huang Yueying, was the wife of Zhuge Liang, the chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was a woman renowned for her intelligence in astronomy, geography, military strategy and engineering. She has helped the Shu kingdom countless times. Her name was not recorded in history; "Huang Yueying" is simply a fictional name. The only mention of Lady Huang in historical sources was in the "Xiangyang Ji" (襄陽記; "Records of Xiangyang"). In the fifth century, the account was added as an annotation by Pei Songzhi to Zhuge Liang's biography in the historical text "Records of the Three Kingdoms", which was written by Chen Shou two centuries earlier. The account stated that Huang Chengyan once told Zhuge Liang: "I heard you are looking for a wife. I have an ugly daughter with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent matches yours." Zhuge Liang then married Huang Chengyan's daughter. At the time, there was a saying in their village: "Don't be like Kongming when you choose a wife. He ended up with [Huang Chengyan]'s ugly daughter." A story tells that Huang Yueying challenged her suitors to visit her personally by claiming that she was ugly. In the event that a suitor would visit her, she would hide herself under veils as a quiet dare to test their resolve. When Zhuge Liang came to her, her figure was silhouetted by moonlight and her head was covered with two red veils. Unlike other men, Zhuge Liang entered her room alone and did not hesitate in removing her disguises. As he removed the first veil from her face, he calmly stated that her ugliness was a misunderstanding by her father. Zhuge Liang was then rewarded by Huang Yueying's joyful visage and gratification. A memorial for her exists in her supposed hometown of Huangjiawan (黄家湾) in Yao'an Village (姚庵村) outside Xiangyang. Huang Yueying is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. She is referred to as "Yue Ying" in the games up to "Dynasty Warriors 7". Since "Dynasty Warriors Next" (on PS Vita) and "Warriors Orochi 3", she is referred to as "Yueying" instead. She also appears in other games produced by Koei, such as "Kessen II" and all instalments of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" strategy game series. She also appears in various other video games, such as "Hou Feng San Guo Online", "Zong Heng San Guo Online", "Meng Jiang Zhuan Online", and "Qun Ying Fu Online". She is portrayed by Gui Gui in the Taiwanese television drama "K.O.3an Guo", which spoofs the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in a modern high school setting. Lady Huang Lady Huang, also known in fiction and folklore as Huang Yueying, was the wife of Zhuge Liang, the chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
AIDS amendments of 1988 AIDS amendments of 1988, better known as the "Health Omnibus Programs Extension (HOPE) Act of 1988", is a United States statute amending the Public Health Service Act. The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome amendments were compiled as "Title II - Programs with Respect to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" within the HOPE Act of 1988. The Title II Act appropriated federal funding for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) education, prevention, research, and testing. The U.S. legislative title provisioned the establishment of the presidentially appointed National Commission on AIDS. The S. 2889 legislation was passed by the 100th U.S. Congressional session and signed by the 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan on November 4, 1988. The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome was officially recognized on June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a clinical article in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. The CDC article acknowledged five young males in the Los Angeles, California, area who were infected with the cytomegalovirus and an infrequent form of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP). On July 3, 1981, The New York Times published a report concerning forty-one males with scarce cases of Kaposi's sarcoma in California and New York. By the close of 1981, there had been two hundred and seventy cases of severe immune deficiency cases in males across the United States. Of the two hundred and seventy cases, one hundred and twenty-one of those cases resulted in mortality rates in the United States. On April 13, 1982, the first U.S. congressional hearings were conducted on the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome by U.S. Representative Henry Waxman. By September, U.S. Representatives Phillip Burton and Henry Waxman provided U.S. legislation to fund five million for opportunistic infection surveillance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and ten million for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome research by the National Institutes of Health. The 1982 U.S. Congressional deliberations concluded on December 17, 1982, when the 97th Congressional session passed the Orphan Drug Act of 1983. The AIDS amendments established policy for five primary elements with respect to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS amendments of 1988 AIDS amendments of 1988, better known as the "Health Omnibus Programs Extension (HOPE) Act of 1988", is a United States statute amending the Public Health Service Act. The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome amendments were compiled as "Title II - Programs with	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Flower Kings The Flower Kings are a Swedish progressive rock band formed in 1994 by guitarist and singer-songwriter Roine Stolt. The group began as Stolt's touring band to support his third solo album "The Flower King". They continued performing after the tour and have gone on to become one of the most prolific studio recording units in progressive rock, having released nearly twenty hours of music spread across twelve studio albums. Their music is similar to early symphonic progressive rock groups such as Yes, marked by sharp dynamic changes, polyrhythmics, heavy bass, vocal harmonies, abstract and occasionally nonsensical lyrics, and extended song lengths. In early 1993, guitarist and singer Roine Stolt had written material for his third solo album "The Flower King" and sought for musicians to perform it. He had wanted to release a progressive rock-style album for a while and felt the time was right to pursue the project. The album features Stolt on vocals, guitar, bass and keyboards, Jaime Salazar on drums, and Hasse Fröberg on vocals, and was recorded in Sweden between May 1993 and January 1994. In preparation for Stolt's concert tour to support the album's release, Stolt, Salazar, and Fröberg were joined by Stolt's brother Michael on bass and Tomas Bodin on keyboards. The five performed their first gig on 20 August 1994 at an outdoor festival in Uppsala, Stolt's hometown and the city where "The Flower King" was recorded. After they decided to become a full time band, they officially adopted the name The Flower Kings, named after Stolt's album. Stolt had produced a list of potential titles for the record, one of which was "The Flower King", and chose it because of its positive meaning and its reference to the hippie era of the 1960s. After performing a series of concerts through 1994, the band entered the studio in December 1994 to record their debut album, "Back in the World of Adventures". The recording process was gradual, finishing in September 1995. In 2000, Michael Stolt was replaced by Jonas Reingold. Two years later, Salazar was replaced by Zoltan Csörsz. Daniel Gildenlöw of Pain of Salvation joined the band the same year as a multi-instrumentalist and vocalist. Other contributors have included Hasse Bruniusson (percussion) and Ulf Wallander (saxophone). Stolt has written the vast majority of the material the band has recorded, with Bodin contributing most of the rest. The music is best described as symphonic progressive rock, bearing a strong resemblance to the music of Yes, King Crimson, Gentle Giant, and early Genesis, with jazz fusion and blues influences. The band's lyrics are almost uniformly positive and uplifting, affirming such values as love, peace, and spirituality, and furthering their association with Yes. Their 1999 album "Flower Power" contains the eighteen-section, almost 60-minute "Garden of Dreams". In June 2007 they released "The Road Back Home", a compilation of remixed songs from 1994 to 2006, plus "Little Deceiver" (a previously unreleased track) and the full version of their cover of "The Cinema Show" by Genesis. Zoltan Csörsz was replaced by new drummer Marcus Liliequist for one album, but returned for the 2007 album, "The Sum of No Evil". He was subsequently replaced by Erik Hammarström in 2008. In 2008, Ola Heden, previously of Reingold's side project Karmakanic, joined on guitar, vocals and keyboards. In November 2008 the band were the opening act of the Ecco Prog Fest in Moscow. After touring in 2008, The Flower Kings were inactive for four years. Stolt felt the band had varied levels of focus in their direction and had started to feel lost. They reunited in 2011 to work on new material after Stolt felt it was the right time and sensed eagerness from the other members to work together. This marked the arrival of 27-year-old German drummer Felix Lehrmann. "Banks of Eden", the group's eleventh album, was released in June 2012 and was recorded with analogue recording techniques and styles during the height of vinyl records. This was followed by "Desolation Rose" in October 2013. In December 2017, the first part of a career-spanning box set titled A Kingdom of Colours was released. This first box, with 10 discs, covers the period from 1995-2002 and includes the studio albums from Back in the World of Adventures to Unfold the Future. The second box set, titled A Kingdom of Colours 2 and covering the albums Adam and Eve through to Desolation Rose was released in June 2018. In September 2018, Stolt announced a new album named "Manifesto of an Alchemist" will be released on November 23. The album will not feature long-time keyboardist Tomas Bodin, and as such it is credited to "Roine Stolt's The Flower King" rather than "The Flower Kings" Current members Former members Guest musicians Studio albums Live albums Official bootlegs Fan Club albums Compilations Box Sets The Flower Kings The Flower Kings are a Swedish progressive rock band formed in 1994 by guitarist and singer-songwriter Roine Stolt. The group began as Stolt's touring band to support his third solo album "The Flower King". They continued performing after the tour and have gone on to become one of the most prolific studio recording units in progressive rock, having released nearly twenty hours of music spread across twelve studio albums. Their music is similar to early symphonic progressive rock groups such as Yes, marked by sharp dynamic changes, polyrhythmics, heavy bass, vocal harmonies, abstract and occasionally	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dicey's Song Dicey's Song is a novel by Cynthia Voigt. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1983. Picking up where "Homecoming" left off, Dicey Tillerman and her three siblings, Sammy, Maybeth, and James, are now living with their crazy and widowed grandmother Abigail Tillerman, or Gram as the children call her, on her farm just outside Crisfield, Maryland. Because the Tillermans' mom just left them in the parking lot in Provincetown, the children have the chance to start living a completely new life in their new family home, even though several of the major issues of "Homecoming" are not resolved. Dicey has trouble letting go of her siblings enough to let Gram take over as the parent character. She also worried about her mother Liza, who is catatonic and seriously ill in a psychiatric hospital in Boston. While in their new school, the Tillermans make several new friends: Mr. Lingerle, the elementary school's music teacher, who begins giving Maybeth piano lessons; Mina, a friendly African-American girl who goes to school with Dicey; and Jeff, a high school student who likes to play the guitar. To help Gram support the family, Dicey starts to work for Millie Tydings, the owner of the local grocery store, whom Gram has known since childhood. Gram soon comes to terms with having to accept Social Security payments to help with the costs of raising her four grandchildren. She also must confront and reexamine her past, particularly her relationship with her deceased husband and her three children. Gram refuses to discuss her past with the children, and their attempts to find out about it by climbing into the attic are met with anger. As the children settle into the routines of their new school and after-school jobs, Gram receives a number of letters from the psychiatric hospital in which the children's catatonic mother resides. The letters do not appear to bring hopeful news, although Gram does not discuss their contents with the children. Dicey is frustrated that Gram will not open up and talk about her past, or their mother's past as a child growing up with her two siblings in the same house that Dicey and her brothers and sister are now living. She is also frustrated that her grandmother will not tell her what is in the letters from Boston, beyond the fact that her mother is no better. In December, the psychiatric hospital in Boston calls and informs Gram that Liza is in a critical state and may not live much longer. Dicey and Gram travel to Boston, and find Liza catatonic, not responding to any treatment. Liza soon dies and, since they can't afford the cost of a funeral or of transporting Liza's body from Boston to Crisfield, Gram and Dicey decide to cremate her. Dicey is given a hand-carved wooden box by the owner of a local gift store who is touched by her situation. When Dicey and Gram arrive back in Crisfield, the family buries the wooden box containing their mother's ashes under the paper mulberry tree in their front yard, which to the Tillermans is important to the family because of its fragility and beauty. Dicey's Song Dicey's Song is a novel by Cynthia Voigt. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1983. Picking up where "Homecoming" left off, Dicey Tillerman and her three siblings, Sammy, Maybeth, and James, are now living with their crazy and widowed grandmother Abigail Tillerman, or Gram as the children call her, on her farm just outside Crisfield, Maryland. Because the Tillermans' mom	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Heartland (George Strait song) "Heartland" is a song written by Steve Dorff and John Bettis, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in January 1993 as the second single from his soundtrack album "Pure Country". The song reached the top of the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The song is an uptempo country-rocker, in which the narrator sings about the heartland of America – "The only place I feel at home" and "Where they still know wrong from right." A music video was filmed for the single, which combines a live performance of the song and short clips from the movie. Per the liner notes of Strait's 1995 box set "Strait Out of the Box". All parts were recorded on April 28, 1992, except for the electric guitar, which was recorded one day later. The song debuted at number 73 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated January 2, 1993. It spent 20 weeks on that chart, and reached Number One on the chart dated March 20, 1993. Heartland (George Strait song) "Heartland" is a song written by Steve Dorff and John Bettis, and recorded by American	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Goodwin Steel Castings Goodwin Steel Castings Limited is a heavy engineering firm located in Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England. The company specialises in the production of large, bespoke, machined steel castings. Goodwin Steel Castings has been a supplier of machined castings since 1883. The foundry, with 180 employees, is supported by its sister company, Goodwin International Ltd, located 5 km away which carries out machining, fabrication and assembly work on the castings produced by the foundry. The Goodwin machine shop employs some 270 people in its modern CNC machining facility. Goodwin Steel Castings Ltd, part of the engineering group Goodwin PLC, is the foremost independent producer of high alloy and high quality integrity castings in the United Kingdom. The company has been in the casting industry since its formation in 1883. It is one of the 10 oldest companies listed on the UK Stock Exchange. In 1984 Goodwins was the first steel foundry in the world to be awarded accreditation by the British Standards Institution to BS5750 (now ISO9001) for casting production and also for the computer simulation of casting feeding. In 2006 the company was awarded the . The company specialises in cast parts for suppliers to the engineering, nuclear, oil, petrochemical, and process industries worldwide. Materials supplied include carbon, low alloy, stainless steel, heat resistant, duplex and super duplex stainless steels and super nickel alloys. They supply machined castings from 200 kg to 10,000 kg as single pieces and up to 18,000 kg as fabricated single components. Welded assemblies up to 50,000 kg can be supplied. Steel and nickel alloys are melted in the electric arc furnace and can be processed through the AOD refining vessel. Goodwin castings are used in a variety of projects. Some of the more high-profile projects are listed below. Goodwin have been heavily involved in Nickel alloy development programs for fossil fuel power plants for Advanced Super Critical Applications (A-USC). These projects include: Goodwin Steel Castings Goodwin Steel Castings Limited is a heavy engineering firm located in Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England. The company specialises in the production of large, bespoke, machined steel castings. Goodwin Steel Castings has been a supplier of machined castings since 1883. The foundry, with 180 employees, is supported by its sister company, Goodwin International Ltd, located 5 km away which carries out machining, fabrication and assembly work on the castings produced by the foundry. The Goodwin machine shop	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Rubus kennedyanus Rubus kennedyanus is a rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It is found in eastern Canada (Québec and Newfoundland) and in the north-central United States (Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin). "Rubus kennedyanus" is a bristly shrub. Leaves are compound with 3 or 5 egg-shaped leaflets, each leaflet with a distinctive long, narrow tip at the end. Flowers are in small groups of 1-3. The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy. Rubus kennedyanus Rubus kennedyanus is a rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It is found in eastern Canada (Québec and Newfoundland) and in the north-central United States (Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin). "Rubus kennedyanus" is a bristly shrub. Leaves are compound with 3 or 5 egg-shaped leaflets, each leaflet with a distinctive long, narrow tip at the end. Flowers are in small groups of 1-3. The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
National Wilderness Conference The 50th Anniversary National Wilderness Conference is the culminating commemorative event for the 50th anniversary of the Wilderness Act. The conference was held in Albuquerque, NM, from October 15-19, 2014. This conference is a multi-day event including presentations, panel discussions, exhibits, field trips, and skill-development workshops. The conference will provide ample opportunity to network and share ideas, celebrate recent successes, share lessons learned, and discuss emerging challenges in wilderness stewardship. Conference tracks will include history, stewardship, education, experience, civic engagement, and science. The conference is convened to provide a forum for discussing growing challenges to wilderness values while deepening and enabling participants’ engagement in wilderness stewardship in a time of unprecedented environmental and social change; meanwhile, it also aims to honor the achievement of a half-century of permanent protection for America’s wild places under the Wilderness Act. The National Wilderness Conference was produced by the Wilderness50, a diverse coalition of non-profit organizations, government agencies, and academic institutions—including the Pew Charitable Trusts, Wilderness Society, Sierra Club, Back Country Horsemen of America, Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics, Conservation Lands Foundation, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, Forest Service, and National Park Service. National Wilderness Conference	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Hidebehind The Hidebehind is a nocturnal fearsome critter from American folklore that preys upon humans that wander the woods, and was blamed for the disappearances of early loggers when they failed to return to camp. As its name suggests, the Hidebehind is noted for its ability to conceal itself. When an observer attempts to look directly at it, the creature hides again behind an object or the observer and therefore can't be directly seen: a feat it accomplishes by sucking in its stomach to a point where it is so slender that it can easily cover itself behind the trunk of any tree. The Hidebehind uses this ability to stalk human prey without being observed and to attack without warning. Their victims, including lumberjacks who frequent the forests, are dragged back to the creature's lair to be devoured. The creature subsists chiefly upon the intestines of its victim, and has a severe aversion to alcohol, which is considered a sufficient repellent. Tales of the Hidebehind may have helped explain strange noises in the forest at night. Early accounts describe hidebehinds as large, powerful animals, despite the fact that no one was able to see them. The Hidebehind has been featured and referenced in popular culture including games, novels, stories, and television. Hidebehinds are mentioned in Diane Duane's "Young Wizards" series. In the series, they are described as being mostly small creatures with the fear they engender in those they stalk being a defense mechanism. In 2016, the official "Harry Potter" themed newsite Pottermore by J. K. Rowling released a new story about the wizarding school Ilvermorny, which featured a Hidebehind. This "nocturnal, forest-dwelling spectre" preys on humanoid creatures, but a witch and Pukwudgie working together were able to defeat the creature. Hidebehind The Hidebehind is a nocturnal fearsome critter from	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Borlase Borlase is a surname. A branch of the family De Taillefer, of Périgord, who were descended from the Count of Angoulême, came to England before the reign of Henry III (1207–1272). A King granted lands in the parish of St Wenn in Cornwall known as Frank (French) Borlas Taillefer. Following the ancient Cornish tradition, they adopted the name of their place of residence, Borlas, as their surname. Originally Borlase was a manor but the name now exists as three farms: Borlase-Vath, Borlase Burgess and Borlase farm near Rosenannon. A common saying in west Cornwall was ″Borlases were in Cornwall before the birth of Christ″. People with the surname include: Borlase Borlase is a surname. A branch of the family De Taillefer, of Périgord, who were descended from the Count of Angoulême, came to England before the reign of Henry III (1207–1272). A King granted lands in the parish of St Wenn in Cornwall known as Frank (French) Borlas Taillefer. Following the ancient Cornish tradition, they adopted the name of their place of residence, Borlas, as their surname. Originally Borlase was a manor but the name now exists as three farms: Borlase-Vath, Borlase Burgess and Borlase farm near Rosenannon. A	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Raphael Sealey Raphael Sealey (14 August 1927, Middlesbrough, England – 29 November 2013, Berkeley, California) was a classical scholar and ancient historian. Sealey studied at University College, Oxford in England under George Cawkwell, receiving an M.A. from Oxford University in 1951. Raphael Sealey was Professor of History at the University of California at Berkeley in California, United States, from 1967 to 2000, specialising in Ancient Greek history and law. On retirement, he became an Emeritus Professor. Before coming to Berkeley, he had taught at the University College of North Wales, at Queen Mary College, University of London, and at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Sealey's books include: Raphael Sealey Raphael Sealey (14 August 1927, Middlesbrough, England – 29 November 2013, Berkeley, California) was a classical scholar and ancient historian. Sealey studied at University College, Oxford in England under George Cawkwell, receiving an M.A. from Oxford University in 1951. Raphael Sealey was Professor of History at the University of California at Berkeley in California, United States, from 1967 to 2000, specialising in Ancient Greek history and law. On retirement, he became an Emeritus Professor. Before coming to Berkeley, he had taught at the University College of North Wales,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
NASA-TLX The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a widely used, subjective, multidimensional assessment tool that rates perceived workload in order to assess a task, system, or team's effectiveness or other aspects of performance. It was developed by the Human Performance Group at NASA's Ames Research Center over a three-year development cycle that included more than 40 laboratory simulations. It has been cited in over 4,400 studies, highlighting the influence the NASA-TLX has had in human factors research. It has been used in a variety of domains, including aviation, healthcare and other complex socio-technical domains. NASA-TLX originally consisted of two parts: the total workload is divided into six subjective subscales that are represented on a single page, serving as one part of the questionnaire: There is a description for each of these subscales that the subject should read before rating. They are rated "for each task" within a 100-points range with 5-point steps. These ratings are then combined to the task load index. Providing descriptions for each measurement can be found to help participants answer accurately. These descriptions are as follows: The second part of TLX intends to create an individual weighting of these subscales by letting the subjects compare them pairwise based on their perceived importance. This requires the user to choose which measurement is more relevant to workload. The number of times each is chosen is the weighted score. This is multiplied by the scale score for each dimension and then divided by 15 to get a workload score from 0 to 100, the overall task load index. Many researchers eliminate these pairwise comparisons, though, and refer to the test as "Raw TLX" then. There has been evidence evaluating and supporting this shortened version over the full one since it might increase experimental validity. When using the "raw TLX", individual subscales may be dropped if less relevant to the task. The Official NASA-TLX can be administered using a paper and pencil version, or using the Official NASA TLX for Apple iOS App. There are also numerous unofficial computerized implementations of the NASA TLX. It should be noted that these unofficial versions may collect Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which is a violation of NASA Human Subject Research Guidelines for the Collection of PII as set down by the NASA Independent Review Board (IRB). If a participant is required to answer the TLX questions multiple times, they only need to answer the 15 pairwise comparisons once per task type. If a participant's workload needs to be measured for intrinsically different tasks, then revisiting the pairwise comparisons may be required. In every case, the subject should answer all 6 subjective rating subscales. It is these successive ratings that are then scored using the original pairwise questions as weighting factors, that leads to an understanding of the overall workload change. While there are multiple ways to administer the NASA-TLX, some may change the results of the test. One study showed that a paper-and-pencil version led to less cognitive workload than processing the information on a computer screen. To overcome the delay in administrating the test, the Official NASA TLX Apple iOS App can be used to capture both the pairwise question answers and a subjects subjective subscale input, as well as calculating the final weighted and unweighted results. A feature found in the Official NASA TLX App is a new computer interface response rating scale, termed a Subjective Analogue Equivalent Rating (SAER) scale, that provides the closest possible user experience to that found in the paper and pencil version of NASA TLX. No other computerized version of the NASA TLX has successfully implemented this critical element for properly capturing a user subjective input. This can be seen in many unofficial computerized (both web and software application) versions that use an anchored or locking scale. This defeats the subjective purpose of the original paper and pencil implementation of the NASA TLX. An unofficial version of the NASA TLX that uses a non-subjective anchored rating scale can also be found on the android app store. NASA-TLX The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a widely used, subjective, multidimensional assessment tool that rates perceived workload in order to assess a task, system, or team's effectiveness	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Nye Initiative The Nye Initiative (or "Nye Report" or "East Asia Strategic Report"), named after former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Joseph S. Nye, Jr., more officially known as the United States Security Strategy for the East Asia Pacific Region, published in February 1995, is a report on the United States security strategy toward East Asia and the Pacific area, emphasizing the importance of the U.S. forward presence in Asia and its alliance with Japan. The aim of this plan was to reassure Japan and other states in the region of U.S. commitments to the alliance after a series of security crises in the early 1990s. It argued that U.S. military presence in the region had important consequences for the stability of the region, and for the success of America’s political, economic, and security goals. Specifically, Nye advocated that the United States should maintain a total of 100,000 troops in East Asia, emphasizing the importance of the U.S. Marine Corps and other military forces in Okinawa. While maintaining the U.S.-Japan alliance, it also aimed to check the structural forces, such as the rise of China and development of nuclear weapons capability by North Korea. The Nye Initiative had defined U.S.-Japan relations as the most important bilateral relationship and the Japanese security as the linchpin of the U.S. security policy in the region, helping Japan gain greater military autonomy and power projection capability in the future. Such process of re-strengthening the U.S.-Japan security tie was not forced or imposed by any of the two, but rather a product of the mutual recognition of each other’s needs and interests. Nye Initiative The Nye Initiative (or "Nye Report" or "East Asia Strategic Report"), named after former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Joseph S. Nye, Jr., more officially	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Tony Soprano Anthony John Soprano (born 1959) is a fictional character and the protagonist in the HBO television drama series "The Sopranos" (1999–2007), portrayed by James Gandolfini. Usually referred to as Tony, the Italian-American character was conceived by "Sopranos" creator and showrunner David Chase, who was also largely responsible for the character's story arc throughout the show's six seasons. The character is loosely based on real-life New Jersey mobster Vincent "Vinny Ocean" Palermo, a former "caporegime" ("capo") and "de facto" boss of the DeCavalcante crime family. Bobby Boriello and Mark Damiano II portrayed Soprano as a child in one episode each; Danny Petrillo played the character as a teenager in three episodes. In the first season, Tony is a "capo" in the DiMeo crime family. Between the first and second seasons, he is promoted to street boss, a position he retains until the sixth season; his uncle Corrado "Junior" Soprano is the official boss up until early in the sixth season, but has little or no actual power. Throughout the series, Tony struggles to balance the conflicting needs of his actual family wife Carmela, daughter Meadow, son A. J., and mother Liviawith those of the Mafia family he controls. He often displays behavior traits characteristic of a violent sociopath, but also struggles with depression and is prone to panic attacks. He seeks treatment from Dr. Jennifer Melfi in the first episode and remains in therapy on and off up until the penultimate episode of the series. Both the Tony Soprano character and Gandolfini’s performance garnered widespread critical acclaim, with Soprano being often cited as one of the greatest and most influential characters in television history. Gandolfini, for his portrayal of the character, won three Emmy Awards for Best Lead Actor in a Drama Series, three Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Male Actor in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama as well as two additional SAG Awards for Best Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Tony Soprano was born in 1959, to Livia and Johnny Soprano. His father was a "capo" in the DiMeo crime family. He grew up living with his parents and two sisters, Janice and Barbara, in the Ironbound neighborhood of Newark, New Jersey. Tony's paternal grandfather, Corrado Soprano Sr., was an Italian immigrant and master stonemason who helped to build a church in Tony's old neighborhood. In adulthood, Tony recalls how Johnny used Janice as a cover for attending meetings with criminal associates at a children's amusement park, leading him to assume she was his father's favorite child. In therapy, when asked to remember happy childhood memories about his mother, Tony struggles to come up with any; he later describes his mother as a cruel, joyless woman who wore his father down "to a little nub". Tony has a troubled relationship with Janice, because she is always asking him for money and once tried to sell Livia's house by herself. Tony is also forced to dispose of the body of Janice's re-acquainted boyfriend, Richie Aprile, after she killed him. In high school, Tony met his future bride Carmela DeAngelis, and became friends with Artie Bucco and Davey Scatino. He was also close to his cousin Tony "Tony B" Blundetto, and their mutual relatives called them Tony-Uncle-Al and Tony-Uncle-Johnny (after their fathers) to tell them apart. The two Tonys spent summers at the farm of their uncle Pat Blundetto, a DiMeo "soldato" (soldier). Tony B was arrested for his part in a hijacking when the two Tonys were young men. Tony was supposed to join Tony B on the job, but failed to appear because of a panic attack after an argument with his mother. At the time, he told people he had been attacked and injured by black gangsters. He attended Seton Hall University for a semester and a half before dropping out to pursue a life of crime. Tony was part of an unofficial crew of young criminals consisting of Silvio Dante, Ralph Cifaretto, and Jackie Aprile, Sr. He and Jackie gained notoriety in the DiMeo family by robbing a card game run by Feech La Manna. He committed his first murder in 1982 at the age of 22, killing a small-time bookie named Willie Overall. In season one, Tony states that he knew real-life Mafia boss John Gotti in the 1980s. (This was a joke played on his golf companions who were mystified by Tony's mafia ties, it is unclear if Tony knew Gotti or not.) Johnny shepherded Tony through his ascendancy until his death in 1986 from emphysema. When he died, Johnny had risen to the level of "capo" of his own crew, as had his older brother, Junior. Junior took over as Tony's mentor and parental figure Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero and Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri passed their loyalty to Tony upon Johnny's death, while Silvio joined the crew. Tony became acting "capo" of his father's old crew, a position which eventually became permanent. By 1995, Jackie Aprile, Sr. became acting boss after Ercole "Eckley" DiMeo was sent to prison. The DiMeo family was prosperous under Jackie's rule until 1998, when he was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. With Jackie in and out of the hospital, a power struggle develops between Tony and Junior. With Jackie's death in mid-1999, a succession crisis reaches a point where a war within the family appears imminent. However, Tony brings a quick end to the conflict by making Junior the official boss of the family. Junior would unknowingly act as the lightning rod for the Feds, while Tony would run the family from behind the scenes as a "de facto" boss starting in 2000. Tony has personally committed eight murders in the show. Furthermore, as a Boss, he is responsible for the deaths of others killed on his orders. The eight known murders, all explicitly presented onscreen, were: It is made clear that some of these murders leave Tony perplexed as to how to cope with the situation; most notably, after murdering Christopher Moltisanti, he feels a rush of relief for finally being rid of an associate whom he feels he can no longer trust. He has to "show the sad face" while the rest of the family grieves, but Tony reassures himself that Moltisanti's murder was necessary, despite the hurt caused to the family. The murder of Fabian "Febby" Petrulio in "College" is out of retaliation for Febby getting members of Tony's crew killed in prison when he ratted them out to get immunity. Tony does this out of a feeling of justice since he has contempt for Febby getting away with it initially. The murder of "Big Pussy" in "Funhouse" weighs heavily on Tony. He is at first tempted to spare his old friend, and even seems to be in denial for quite a long time, but in the end realizes his priorities. In the years to follow, Tony talks about this with Paulie and Silvio, who also participated in the murder, and all three have had haunting dreams of the murder of their friend. Tony kills Ralph Cifaretto after their horse, Pie-O-My, dies amid suspicious circumstances in "Whoever Did This". Tony tries to confront Ralph about the situation but, after some heated words, Tony loses control and murders Ralph following a violent fight. Though no solid proof was found that the fire killing Pie-O-My was arson, Tony is convinced Ralph did it. It is also implied that this burst of rage could have been fueled by delayed revenge for Ralph's brutal murder of stripper Tracee, considering Tony uttered "She was a beautiful, innocent creature. What'd she ever do to you? You fucking killed her!", which could apply to both the female horse and the young woman. The murder of Matthew Bevilaqua is vengeance, an act that had to be carried out since the fact that Christopher was shot was a direct affront to him as Boss. Tony takes satisfaction in it, as it is revenge for an attempt on the life of one of his relatives. This murder was the closest Tony came to getting in trouble with the authorities, due to having been seen by a witness. In addition to the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
was found that the fire killing Pie-O-My was arson, Tony is convinced Ralph did it. It is also implied that this burst of rage could have been fueled by delayed revenge for Ralph's brutal murder of stripper Tracee, considering Tony uttered "She was a beautiful, innocent creature. What'd she ever do to you? You fucking killed her!", which could apply to both the female horse and the young woman. The murder of Matthew Bevilaqua is vengeance, an act that had to be carried out since the fact that Christopher was shot was a direct affront to him as Boss. Tony takes satisfaction in it, as it is revenge for an attempt on the life of one of his relatives. This murder was the closest Tony came to getting in trouble with the authorities, due to having been seen by a witness. In addition to the potential arrest, Tony was also uneasy about the murder due to Bevilaqua's young age and that his last words were "mommy". This inspires Tony to spend more quality time with his son. The murder of his cousin, Tony Blundetto (in "All Due Respect"), is solely to save him from a far worse death if he were to fall into Phil's hands, and so that Tony does not lose his reputation as a Boss (as well as sparing the other members of his own crew from Phil's threats of retaliation, thus preserving their loyalty). The murder of his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti (in "Kennedy and Heidi") is not done out of mob-related necessity. Christopher had been addicted to heroin, cocaine, and alcohol for many years and had not conquered his addiction in rehab. While Moltisanti presents a threat to Tony's life and the New Jersey Mob, it is ultimately an emotional reaction. Tony is about to call 911 following a motor vehicle accident. Christopher, who obviously needs urgent medical attention, tells him that he would "never pass the drug test" and would therefore lose his driver's license. He asks Tony to call for a taxi. Tony looks at the baby seat on the backseat of the SUV which had been destroyed by a tree branch, closes his phone, and suffocates Christopher by holding his nose shut so that he chokes to death on his own blood. Tony does not plan to murder Christopher but sees the opportunity after the car accident. Tony is never suspected of this murder. Tony has two children: Meadow Soprano and Anthony (A.J.) Soprano. He also treats Christopher Moltisanti, his wife's first cousin once removed, as a son in many ways. Tony is often portrayed as a loving father—he attends his children's sporting events on a regular basis and does all he can to ensure they have luxuries and opportunities. He hopes that both his children will escape the life of crime he has led. Tony takes great pride in Meadow's achievements. In Season 1, he is moved to tears by her performance at a choir recital. He often tells people about her aspiration to become a pediatrician. He also sometimes alienates his children with his behavior. He has always tried to conceal his criminal life from them—something that Meadow saw through early on and A.J. also realizes with guidance from his sister. Tony's over-protectiveness of Meadow leads to feuds between them on several occasions. For example, her first boyfriend at college is of black and Jewish ancestry, and Tony's racism leads him to try to drive him away. Meadow learns of her father's actions and does not speak to him for several months, eventually reconciling at Christmas in 2001. Meadow's next boyfriend is Jackie Aprile Jr., the son of Tony's old friend, the late Jackie Aprile Sr. Tony had promised Jackie Jr.'s father that he would keep his son out of the Mafia life. Tony is initially pleased with the relationship, believing Jackie to be a hard-working pre-med student from a good family. However, since Jackie's uncle Richie Aprile's release from prison and subsequent death, Tony realizes that Jackie had become more involved in the Mafia when he sees him at strip clubs and a casino. He eventually beats Jackie up to warn him about abusing his daughter's feelings and confiscates his gun. Tony begins seeing much of himself and his treatment of Carmela in Jackie's relationship with Meadow. Jackie is killed by Vito for his involvement in a robbery at Christopher's and Furio's executive card game, and for shooting a made man, Furio. This drives Meadow to drinking and depression, although they'd broken up shortly before his death. After Jackie's death, Tony accepts Meadow's college friends and gets along well with her fiancé, Finn, before the two separate under unrevealed circumstances. When Meadow is out for dinner with her "mystery" boyfriend Patrick Parisi, New York mob member Coco walks up to the table and makes drunk remarks about her looks and how "Tony must love tucking you in at night". After taking advice from her mother, Meadow tells Tony, who hides his rage and says Coco is "harmless" and "an idiot". Tony then tracks down Coco and Butch DeConcini at John's Restaurant on East 12th Street in Manhattan. Tony viciously pistol-whips Coco several times with a snubnose revolver and warns Butch at gunpoint to shut up and remain seated at his table. After breaking off some of Coco's teeth with a curb stomp, Tony leaves the restaurant. Tony's feelings toward his son are mixed; he worries about his future. From the beginning, Tony has doubts that his son could succeed in the Mafia telling Dr. Melfi "he'd never make it". His fears are confirmed as A.J. consistently demonstrates throughout the series that he lacks his father's cunning and dominating persona. Tony tells A.J. numerous times that he is proud that his son is gentle and kind. Tony is especially proud of A.J.'s prowess on the football field, even amid his failing grades in high school, but is frustrated with A.J.'s lack of focus after graduation. After flunking out of Ramapo State, A.J. loafs around the house, parties, and for a time holds a job at Blockbuster, until his father gets him a job working construction. There, A.J. meets Blanca, and in Tony's opinion, A.J. does well until he and Blanca break up. Tony worries about A.J.'s depression, the "rotten putrid Soprano gene" that Tony believes he passed down to his son. Hoping to get A.J. back on track, Tony rekindles A.J.'s friendship with "the Jasons", sons of two of his associates, and A.J. seems to be doing better. With the help of a therapist and medication, A.J. is finally getting back to college, this time at Rutgers University, to take classes and party with girls as Tony believes every college kid should. This later turns sour after A.J. sees his new friends attack a Somalian student on a bike and he regresses into depression. A.J. tries to drown himself in a swimming pool, but decides he wants to live; he is unable to escape the pool, however. Tony hears his cries for help and rescues him. After A.J. is released from a mental health ward, Tony and Carmela dissuade him from joining the Army, and convince him instead to become involved in a film bankrolled by Carmine Lupertazzi Jr., with the possibility of opening his own club. Tony is an avid animal lover, and enjoys feeding the ducks which visit his pool. He has a sentimental attachment towards animals, as he had been traumatized by the loss of his childhood dog (as revealed in the episode "In Camelot"), whose name was "Tippy". When he goes to confront Angie Bonpensiero as she's walking her poodle, the dog greets Tony in a friendly manner, which Tony reciprocates. During Christopher Moltisanti's intervention, when Tony hears Christopher accidentally suffocated Adrianna's dog, he is furious, saying, "I oughta suffocate you, you little prick!" He becomes involved in horse racing through his friend Hesh Rabkin, who owns a stable, and invests in a racehorse named Pie-O-My. When his horse is killed in a fire – possibly set by Ralph Cifaretto – Tony is deeply upset and saddened and kills Cifaretto, yelling: "She was a beautiful innocent creature. What did she ever do to you?" He repeats "You fucking killed her!",	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
by the loss of his childhood dog (as revealed in the episode "In Camelot"), whose name was "Tippy". When he goes to confront Angie Bonpensiero as she's walking her poodle, the dog greets Tony in a friendly manner, which Tony reciprocates. During Christopher Moltisanti's intervention, when Tony hears Christopher accidentally suffocated Adrianna's dog, he is furious, saying, "I oughta suffocate you, you little prick!" He becomes involved in horse racing through his friend Hesh Rabkin, who owns a stable, and invests in a racehorse named Pie-O-My. When his horse is killed in a fire – possibly set by Ralph Cifaretto – Tony is deeply upset and saddened and kills Cifaretto, yelling: "She was a beautiful innocent creature. What did she ever do to you?" He repeats "You fucking killed her!", while banging Cifaretto's head against the floor. When informed by Carmela that a black bear has been foraging in his home's backyard while they were separated, during Season 5, he reacts with interest, rather than fear. During his stay in the hospital after his shooting, he can be seen reading a book about dinosaurs, given by Carmela. In the series finale, Tony finds a stray cat at his safehouse during the war with New York and takes a liking to it. He brings it back to Satriale's, where it stares at the deceased Chris Moltisanti's photo (much to Paulie's dismay). Tony is seen many times over the course of the show engaging in both freshwater and saltwater angling. His son Anthony Jr. sometimes accompanies him on fishing outings. During the second season he presents his son with a Fenwick rod and a Penn International reel, both extremely high quality products. In the sixth season, while in Florida with Paulie, he rents a sport fishing boat. He is sometimes haunted by visions of Pussy Bonpensiero incarnated in the form of a fish – presumably a reference to the disposal of his body in the ocean. A Big Mouth Billy Bass novelty singing fish, brought into the Bada Bing by Georgie and another later presented to him as a Christmas present by his daughter Meadow, recall his nightmare and disturb him greatly. Throughout the series, Tony is shown to be a frequent cigar smoker, as well as an occasional cigarette smoker. He can be seen smoking a cigar during important events, such as shortly before being told of his mother's death and when disposing of Ralph Cifaretto's corpse. in the Season 1 episode "A Hit Is a Hit", he gives his doctor and next-door-neighbor Bruce Cusamano a box of Cuban cigars as a thank-you present for referring him to Dr. Melfi. He is also a gun enthusiast and is shown to have an arsenal in his home. He gives guns as birthday gifts to his father-in-law Hugh DeAngelis (in "Marco Polo") and receives one from Bobby Baccialieri on his own birthday (in "Soprano Home Movies"). Tony enjoys sports, particularly baseball, football, basketball, golf, and horse racing. He played baseball and football at West Essex High School, and is a fan of the New York Yankees and New York Jets. He has taken A.J. to New Jersey Nets and New Jersey Devils games occasionally throughout the series. Some objects and posters in A.J.'s room confirm this. He plays golf with John Sacrimoni at Upper Montclair Country Club. A large portion of his income is derived from illegal sports betting. Tony is an amateur yachtsman and has owned two motor yachts over the course of the show: "Stugots" and "Stugots II". The name comes from the Southern Italian phrase "stu cazz" meaning "This dick", or in paraphrase, "Fuck it". Tony maintains an avid interest in history, particularly World War II. Throughout seasons 4 and 5, Tony is seen watching Vietnam War documentaries. He is a big fan of President John F. Kennedy and owns one of his captain sailor hats, which he won at an auction. He is often shown watching programs on the History Channel about great leaders such as George S. Patton, Erwin Rommel, and Winston Churchill. He reads "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu, which is quoted by several other characters on the show, particularly Paulie Gualtieri. Tony is often seen watching classic mob films. For example, he is shown watching "The Public Enemy" (1931) throughout the episode "Proshai, Livushka", which addresses his mother's death. He also shares a love for "The Godfather" series (wondering what went wrong in the third installment). Tony listens to classic rock and pop music, particularly of the 1960s and 1970s. Over the course of the show he is seen to enjoy AC/DC, Deep Purple, Eagles, Eric Clapton, Jefferson Airplane, Jethro Tull, Journey, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Pink Floyd, Rush, Steely Dan, The Clash, The Chi-Lites, The Lost Boys, Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers, and Van Morrison. Like most of the mobsters in the series, Tony is shown to be partial to Cadillac and Lincoln vehicles. When discussing with Dr. Melfi a bizarre dream in which his penis falls off, he mentions that he went to the guy who used to "work on my Lincoln, when I drove Lincolns". For the first four seasons, Tony drives a burgundy 1999 Chevrolet Suburban LT 4x4, but in season 5, this has been replaced with a black Cadillac Escalade ESV. This black Escalade is totaled in an accident, and quickly replaced with a white Escalade ESV. Tony has this Escalade until the end of the series. Throughout the series Tony is shown to be a serial adulterer. He typically has mistresses whom he consistently sees for long periods of time, though he also has a number of brief one-night stands with strippers from the Bada Bing. His wife Carmela is tacitly aware of his infidelity and usually views it as a form of masturbation, though sometimes the bottled-up tensions explode in domestic arguments. At the end of Season 4, Irina telephones Carmela in a jealous rage at Tony's cheating on her with her cousin Svetlana, which causes Carmela to finally snap. Carmela throws Tony out of the house and begins divorce proceedings. Tony has a strong preference for women of European, particularly Italian descent, with dark hair and eyes and exotic features. His mistresses have been, in chronological order, of Russian (Irina and later Svetlana), Italian (Gloria Trillo), Italian/Cuban (Valentina La Paz), and Jewish descent (Julianna Skiff). He favors dark features but also has a few brief flings with blonde American European women, including a stewardess from Icelandic Airways and a medical assistant. He has one very short encounter with an Asian-American escort during "The Test Dream". Mistresses: Tony has suffered from panic attacks that sometimes cause him to lose consciousness since his childhood. He has his first on-screen panic attack while cooking sausages at his son's birthday party—this occurs in a flashback in the pilot episode. Tony loses consciousness and causes a small explosion when he drops a bottle of lighter fluid onto the coals. Tony describes the experience of the panic attack as feeling like he had "ginger ale in his skull". This prompts him to seek help for the attacks. After extensive testing that includes an MRI scan and blood work, no physical cause can be found, so Dr. Cusamano refers Tony to psychiatrist Dr. Jennifer Melfi. Tony's therapy allows a discussion of his thoughts and feelings away from both aspects of his life—this forum for reaching into the character's thoughts has been described as a Greek chorus, and as a key for viewers to understand the character. Tony is initially very resistant to the idea that there was a psychiatric cause for his symptoms. He resents being in therapy, and refuses to accept the diagnosis of panic attacks given him by the neurologists who had investigated his illness. Tony begins to open up once Dr. Melfi explains the doctor-patient confidentiality rules. He tells her about the stress of his business life—he has a feeling that he has come in at the end of something, and describes a reverence for the glorified "old days" of the Mafia. Tony leaves out the violence associated with his criminal career. Tony tells Dr. Melfi a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
and feelings away from both aspects of his life—this forum for reaching into the character's thoughts has been described as a Greek chorus, and as a key for viewers to understand the character. Tony is initially very resistant to the idea that there was a psychiatric cause for his symptoms. He resents being in therapy, and refuses to accept the diagnosis of panic attacks given him by the neurologists who had investigated his illness. Tony begins to open up once Dr. Melfi explains the doctor-patient confidentiality rules. He tells her about the stress of his business life—he has a feeling that he has come in at the end of something, and describes a reverence for the glorified "old days" of the Mafia. Tony leaves out the violence associated with his criminal career. Tony tells Dr. Melfi a story about ducks landing in his pool. He describes his mother Livia, a cold, mean-spirited woman with whom he has an openly hostile relationship. By the end of the first session Tony has admitted that he feels depressed, but storms out when Dr. Melfi presses him further about the relationship between his symptoms and the ducks. When the family visits Green Grove, a Nursing Home where Tony is trying to place his mother, Livia's derisive outburst prompts a second panic attack. Melfi prescribes Prozac as an anti-depressant, telling him that no one needs to suffer from depression with the wonders of modern pharmacology. Tony fails to attend their next scheduled session. At their next session, Tony is still reluctant to face his own psychological weaknesses. Tony is quick to credit the medication for his improved mood, but Dr. Melfi tells him it cannot be that, as it takes six weeks to work—she credits their therapy sessions. Tony describes a dream where a bird steals his penis. Melfi extrapolates that Tony has projected his love for his family onto the family of ducks living in his pool. This brings him to tears, to his consternation. She tells him that their flight from the pool sparked his panic attack through the overwhelming fear of somehow losing his own family. In the episode "46 Long", they continue discussing Tony's mother and her difficulties living alone. Tony admits that he feels guilty because his mother could not be allowed to live with his family. We learn that he has been left to care for his mother alone by his sisters. When Dr. Melfi asks him to remember good experiences from his childhood, he has difficulty. He blames Carmela for preventing his mother from living with them. Later they discuss Livia's car accident, and Melfi suggests depression may have contributed to the accident – Tony misunderstands her and becomes angry. Tony has a panic attack while visiting his mother's home after she moves to Green Grove. In a later session, Dr. Melfi pushes Tony to admit he has feelings of anger towards his mother, and he again storms out. During this episode Tony introduces the concept of him acting like the sad clown – happy on the outside but sad on the inside. In "Denial, Anger, Acceptance", Tony discusses Jackie's cancer with Dr. Melfi. She tries to use it as an example of Tony's negative thinking contributing to his depression. Tony becomes angry and storms out. He feels she is trying to trick him and manipulate his thoughts using the pictures that decorate her office. After Jackie worsens and Tony is called a Frankenstein by a business associate, he returns to therapy to discuss these things with Dr. Melfi. She asks him if he feels like a monster. In "Fortunate Son", Tony discusses a childhood memory of an early panic attack. He saw his father and uncle mutilate Mr. Satriale, the local butcher, and later fainted at a family dinner made with free meat from Satriale's shop. Dr. Melfi makes a connection between meat and Tony's panic attacks. She explores his mother's attitude to the fruits of his father's labor. Later Dr. Melfi tries prescribing Lithium as a mood stabilizer. In the episode "Isabella", Tony sinks into a severe depressive episode and experiences hallucinations—he sees a beautiful Italian woman named Isabella in his neighbor's garden. Tony sees Isabella several times during the episode, and later learns that she never existed. Melfi theorizes that Isabella was an idealized maternal figure that Tony's subconscious produced because he was deeply upset about his own mother's actions at the time. In "I Dream of Jeannie Cusamano", Tony abruptly ends his therapy and persuades Dr. Melfi to go into hiding when he discovers that Uncle Junior has found out about their sessions. The relationship between Tony and Dr. Melfi is up-and-down, with Tony reaching a level of comfort with Dr. Melfi that he has never experienced with anyone else before, not even his wife. This closeness leads Tony to have something of a "crush" on Dr. Melfi, something that is unattainable. However, the "prying" from Dr. Melfi is uncomfortable for Tony and he often turns sarcastic and antagonistic towards her, leading to an ongoing strain in their relationship. In the episode when Tony's sister, Janice, goes back to Seattle, it is revealed during a rushed conversation between Janice and Tony that their mother suffers from narcissistic personality disorder. During the episode "The Second Coming", aired in part II of season six, Melfi's own therapist suggests to her that her work with Tony could be considered enabling toward Tony's sociopathic tendencies. Finally, in the penultimate episode of the series, "The Blue Comet", Melfi severs her relationship with Tony after reading research recommended by her own therapist that indicates sociopaths can use talk therapy to improve their skills in manipulating others, and use what is learned in therapy to become more capable criminals. In the first season, Tony is attacked by William Johnson "Petite" Clayborn and Rasheen Ray, two hitmen sent by Donnie Paduana to execute Tony. Tony sustains an injury to his ear, which is partially shot off, and minor bruises and cuts from crashing his vehicle. One of the two assailants, Clayborn, is shot dead by Ray in an attempt to kill Tony, and Ray is left bruised, but runs off. In the premiere of the sixth season, "Members Only", Junior Soprano, suffering from dementia, believes Tony to be "Little Pussy" Malanga, and shoots him in the abdomen. Tony dials 911 but loses consciousness before being able to tell the operator what happened. The second episode of the sixth season, "Join the Club", Tony is in a medically induced coma in the hospital. In the second and third episode the viewer sees Tony in a dream-like state, eventually arriving at what could be purgatory, where he is greeted by a man who takes the physical form of his late cousin Tony Blundetto. The shadowy figure in the doorway of the house has the profile of his mother, who is dead. The voice of a younger version of his daughter calls him back. At the end of the third episode, he awakes from his coma in a confused but stable state. By the fourth episode, Tony is mobile and fully aware, and has regained his voice. Tony's attitude to life is changed by his near death experience. He has yet to discuss his experiences while unconscious with anyone close to him. However, in the Season 6 episode "Kaisha", he admits to Phil Leotardo (who had just suffered a heart attack), that while he was in a coma, he went to a place where he never wants to go again. While talking philosophy with John Schwinn, another patient at the hospital, he mentions that while in the coma he had the experience of being drawn towards somewhere he did not want to go and narrowly avoided it. In the sixth episode of season 6, part 2, "Kennedy and Heidi", Tony sustains minor injuries in a car accident that seriously injures his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti. Tony suffocates Christopher after this accident. Tony is on bed rest for a few days and quickly recovers. Nonetheless, this gives his family quite a scare and a painful memory of his nearly fatal shooting the previous year.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
However, in the Season 6 episode "Kaisha", he admits to Phil Leotardo (who had just suffered a heart attack), that while he was in a coma, he went to a place where he never wants to go again. While talking philosophy with John Schwinn, another patient at the hospital, he mentions that while in the coma he had the experience of being drawn towards somewhere he did not want to go and narrowly avoided it. In the sixth episode of season 6, part 2, "Kennedy and Heidi", Tony sustains minor injuries in a car accident that seriously injures his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti. Tony suffocates Christopher after this accident. Tony is on bed rest for a few days and quickly recovers. Nonetheless, this gives his family quite a scare and a painful memory of his nearly fatal shooting the previous year. Tony sometimes has vivid dreams that are shown to the viewer. Episodes with dream sequences include "Pax Soprana", "Isabella", "Funhouse", "Everybody Hurts", "Calling All Cars", and "The Test Dream". In the pilot, Tony tells Dr. Melfi about a dream he had wherein a screw in his belly button, when removed, causes his penis to fall off. He tries to find a car mechanic (who had worked on his Lincoln when Tony drove Lincolns) to put it back on, but a duck swoops down and snatches it from his hand. In "Meadowlands", Tony has a dream that several people in his life are present in Dr. Melfi's office: Herman "Hesh" Rabkin scrolling by the window, A. J. behind the door, Silvio Dante having sex with a woman in the waiting room, and Paulie Walnuts and Big Pussy reading Chinese newspapers. This causes him to worry that people will find out he is seeing a psychiatrist. The dream ends with Tony confronting Melfi, seeing Jackie Aprile, Sr. in his death bed smoking a cigarette, asking Tony, "You smell that? That's rain," and only to find out that Melfi is his mother, Livia. In "Pax Soprana", Tony has several dreams and fantasies about Dr. Melfi. He becomes convinced that he is in love with her, but she turns him down when he makes advances towards her. In "Isabella", Tony, suffering from depression after Big Pussy disappears, acquaints himself with a dental student named Isabella who is staying in the Cusamano home while they are on vacation. He later discovers that he'd hallucinated Isabella due to taking too much lithium, and that Isabella represented the mother he never had. In "Funhouse", an extended dream sequence exposes many of Tony's subconscious thoughts and feelings through symbolic and sometimes bizarre events: he attempts suicide to preempt a doctor's diagnosis of early death by dousing himself in gasoline and lighting himself on fire; he witnesses himself shooting Paulie "Walnuts" Gaultieri to death during a card game; he has an innuendo-laden conversation with his therapist Dr. Melfi while sporting a prominent erection; and a fish that speaks with the voice of Sal "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero confirms his suspicions that the longtime friend and soldier is a federal informant. In "Everybody Hurts", Tony dreams of his ex-comaré Gloria Trillo shortly after learning of her suicide by hanging. He visits her apartment and finds her in a black dress with a black scarf around her neck. She is cooking dinner, and when she goes over to the oven the scarf drapes across Tony. Plaster falls down in front of Tony and when he looks up, he sees that the chandelier is almost pulled out of the ceiling. Gloria is suddenly back at the table and offers Tony a choice between seeing what she has under her dress or under her scarf. As she begins to peel away the scarf, Tony wakes up and makes his way to the bathroom for some medication. In "Calling All Cars", Tony has two dreams featuring Ralph Cifaretto. In the first, he is being driven by Carmela in the back of his father's old car while Ralph sits in the passenger seat. There is a caterpillar crawling on the back of Ralph's head. Tony's fellow passenger in the back seat changes—Gloria Trillo and Svetlana Kirilenko are both seen. The caterpillar turns into a butterfly. Dr. Melfi later tells him that the dream signifies a change for Ralphie (recently killed by Tony) and Carmela being in control, which Tony doesn't like. In the second dream, Tony follows Ralph to an old house, which Ralph enters. Tony is dressed in trousers, suspenders, and an undershirt. He knocks on the door and a female figure descends slowly in shadow; the door creaks ominously. Tony says he is there for the stonemason job but does not speak English well (Tony's grandfather was an immigrant stonemason). Just as Tony is about to enter the house, he wakes up. In "The Test Dream", Tony comes to terms with having to kill his cousin Tony Blundetto. The episode reflects on his inner demons and fears, including his children's future, his relationship with his wife, his infidelities, deceased acquaintances—including some who have died by his hand or by his orders—his fate, and his relationship with his father. He is again shown in his father's old car, accompanied by a range of past associates. In "Join the Club", a comatose Tony finds himself in an alternate universe where he is a law-abiding salesman on a business trip. Among other differences, his accent has changed and his hotel's bartender condescends to him (in sharp contrast to the bartender at The Bing, who is a recurring punching bag for Tony). Tony has mistakenly taken another man's briefcase – Kevin Finnerty's – along with all of his identification and work. The episode follows his attempts to discern his identity, recover his briefcase, and get back to his family. In "Kennedy and Heidi", a stressed Tony Soprano has a dream following the death of Christopher Moltisanti. In this dream, he tells his therapist that Christopher was a burden and that he is relieved that he was dead. After that he also tells her that he murdered Big Pussy and his cousin Tony Blundetto. Following the dream, he acts differently to his friends and family, trying to see if they also feel relieved now that Christopher is dead. Following Gandolfini's death on June 19, 2013, Gandolfini's portrayal of Soprano was praised for its influence on subsequent other TV characters. "TV Guide" columnist Matt Roush stated, "Without Tony, there's no Vic Mackey of "The Shield", no Al Swearengen of "Deadwood", no Don Draper of "Mad Men"" (whose creator, Matthew Weiner, honed his craft as a writer on "The Sopranos"). Similar testimonials were included by his co-stars and colleagues; Bryan Cranston stated that his "Breaking Bad" character, Walter White, would not have existed without Tony Soprano. Tony Soprano quickly became a pop culture icon during the show’s run. In an article for the "Los Angeles Times", Chris Lee referred to Tony Soprano as a “cultural sensation” who became the “unlikeliest of sex symbols.” On the importance of Gandolfini’s performance, Lee stated: “He forever rejiggered television's fascination with morally challenged antiheroes and less-than-physically-perfect protagonists.” Mark Lawson of "The Guardian" praised Gandolfini for his “towering central performance” as Tony Soprano, writing: “The Sopranos was part of a wave of American TV dramas that finally persuaded cineastes and critics who had been snobbish and dismissive about television as a medium to accept the smaller screen as an artistic equivalent of the larger one. Although many of those who watched and wrote about TV had got this message much earlier, the remarkable and sustained range of Gandolfini's portrayal of Tony Soprano played a major part in ending any remaining inferiority complex about the medium.” Tony Soprano Anthony John Soprano (born 1959) is a fictional character and the protagonist in the HBO television drama series	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Gutierrezia elegans Gutierrezia elegans, the Lone Mesa snakeweed, is a species of "Gutierrezia" endemic to the United States. "Gutierrezia elegans" was discovered by Peggy Lyon, a Colorado State University botanist, and Al Schneider, an amateur botanist of the Four Corners area, August 4, 2008. Lyon and Schneider found the plant while they were putting together a list of plant species in Lone Mesa State Park in Colorado. Peggy said that they would have missed noticing the plant if they were only looking for known rare plants. They sent the specimen to Guy Nesom, a plant expert. Guy and other experts examined the plant and agreed that it was a previously undiscovered species of "Gutierrezia". Tim Hogan, an employee of the University of Colorado Herbarium, said that the discovery shows us how little we know about biodiversity. The Lone Mesa snakeweed was the sixth new plant discovered in Colorado in roughly 15 years. Gutierrezia elegans Gutierrezia elegans, the Lone Mesa snakeweed, is a species of "Gutierrezia" endemic to the United States. "Gutierrezia elegans" was discovered by Peggy Lyon, a Colorado State University botanist, and Al Schneider, an amateur botanist of the Four Corners area, August 4, 2008. Lyon and Schneider found	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
FirstMerit Corporation FirstMerit Corporation was a diversified financial services company headquartered in Akron, Ohio, with assets of approximately $26.2 billion as of June 30, 2016, and 359 banking offices and 400 ATM locations in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Pennsylvania. FirstMerit provided a range of banking and other financial services to consumers and businesses. Principal affiliates included: FirstMerit Bank, N.A., and FirstMerit Mortgage Corporation. It was acquired by Huntington Bancshares in August 2016. FirstMerit predecessors go back as far as 1845. In 1981, First National Bank of Ohio and Old Phoenix National Bank of Medina merged into First Bancorporation of Ohio (First Ohio). The next year, First Ohio purchased Twinsburg Banking Company. In 1985, Exchange Bank in Canal Fulton in Stark County, Ohio was acquired by First Ohio. The Bank continued expansion in Ohio buying bank branches in many Ohio counties for the following nine years. Following the 1995 purchase of CIVISTA Corporation in Canton, Ohio, parent of Citizens Savings, the holding company name changed from First Bancorporation to FirstMerit Corporation. FirstMerit added to its portfolio in 1997 Abell & Associates, a life insurance and financial consulting firm. Expansion of the corporation continued in Ohio and Lawrence County, Pennsylvania with the purchase of 32 more branches. FirstMerit made two deals in 2009 with St. Louis-based First Bank and its affiliate for 24 Chicago-area branches with $1.2 billion in deposits and for the affiliates' asset-based loans. In 2010, the acquired First Banks are either closed or converted into FirstMerit branches. Expansion into Chicago continued that year with the acquisition of George Washington Savings Bank and Midwest Bank and Trust, both failed banks. On September 13, 2012, it was announced that FirstMerit would acquire Citizens Republic Bancorp in a stock-for-stock transaction valued at approximately $912 million. The acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter of 2013. With the stock payment worth less than the stock's tangible book value, several law firms started looking into a possible case of breached fiduciary duties by Citizens Republic Board of Directors. Sandy Pierce was appointed in January 2013 as FirstMerit's vice chair and chairman and CEO of FirstMerit Michigan. In early April, both Bank Corporations' shareholders approved the merger. On April 12, 2013, FirstMerit Corporation closed the acquisition of company which will operate as of April 13 as "Citizens Bank, now part of FirstMerit Bank." The banks owned by Citizens Republic Bancorp were officially renamed FirstMerit Bank on June 13, 2013. On November 2013, the landmark Citizens Bank weather ball on top of the former Citizens Republic Bancorp headquarters in Flint, Michigan was refaced with the letters C B replaced with F M. On January 26, 2016, Huntington Bank announced it would purchase FirstMerit, subject to regulatory approval, in a deal that would make Huntington the largest bank in Ohio. Huntington completed the acquisition of FirstMerit on August 16. Due to anti-trust concerns by the Justice Department, 11 branches in Canton and two in Ashtabula are being sold to First Commonwealth Bank. Additionally 107 branches located within 2.5 miles of other Huntington / FirstMerit branches will be closed. All remaining FirstMerit branches and accounts are expected to be converted to Huntington in early 2017. FirstMerit, founded in 1845, is currently headquartered in Akron, Ohio at the FirstMerit Tower. The building, built in 1931, is the tallest in Akron with 27 floors. FirstMerit Corporation FirstMerit Corporation was a diversified financial services company headquartered in Akron, Ohio, with assets of approximately $26.2 billion as of June 30, 2016, and 359 banking offices and 400 ATM locations in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Pennsylvania. FirstMerit provided a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Samuel A. Ramirez Sr. Samuel A. Ramirez Sr. (born 1941) made Wall Street history by becoming the first Hispanic to launch a successful investment banking firm. Ramirez's parents moved from Puerto Rico to New York City in the late 1920s in search of a better way of life. They moved to Spanish Harlem where Ramirez was raised and educated. His father worked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and his mother was a seamstress. After he graduated from high school, he applied for admission to go to college. Ramirez enrolled in Brooklyn's St. Francis College where he earned his bachelor's degree in Economics in 1965. He barely started college when during his summers he worked for Kidder, Peabody & Co. gaining experience in equity transactions. After he graduated, he went to work for the investment banking firm Stoever Glass & Co. During the years that he worked for Stoever Glass, he became an expert in municipal bonds and earned a reputation amongst the firms clientele as a reliable investor. The experience which Ramirez gained and the satisfaction of helping others to obtain their financial goals motivated him to start his own investment banking firm. In 1971, with an investment of $50,000, Ramirez launched his own firm "Ramirez & Co.". The company specializes in the distribution of municipal bonds, and provides retail and institutional sales along with investment banking services to corporations and state and local governments. In order to gain recognition and alliances from other firms, Ramirez decided to not make the yet small Hispanic market his primary focus. His reputation of putting an emphasis on the preservation of capital instead of running risks in pursuit of a big payoff, has been a prime factor in his clients entrusting him to $2 Billion dollars of investments. The company established an equity research department focusing on the growing market of Hispanic owned companies. In February 2004, the firm began offering the "Ramírez Hispanic Index". The index is set up as an equally weighted Unit Investment Trust (UIT), which means buyers invest equally in the 10 fastest-growing, Hispanic-owned companies in the United States, which include Univision, Banco Popular, and Doral Financial. The company purchased a five percent ownership in AztecAmerica Bank, based in Chicago, Illinois and headed by Carlos X. Montoya. This bank is actively positioning itself as a unique financial services bridge for Latinos. The firm operates out of eight offices across the United States, on both coasts and in Texas, Chicago, and San Juan, Puerto Rico and has a total of 110 employees. His son Samuel A. Ramirez Jr. is Senior Vice President and the Managing Director of the firm. His daughter Christa, also works for the company and has underwritten new issues and his son-in-law Chris Harpen, is an investment consultant. Ramirez's wife, Diane, is the president of Halstead Property, one of Manhattan's largest real estate companies. During his spare time he enjoys playing golf and working out. Samuel A. Ramirez Sr. and his son Samuel A. Ramirez Jr. were featured on the cover of the December 2005/January 2006 issue of Hispanic Trends Magazine. Samuel A. Ramirez Sr. Samuel A. Ramirez Sr. (born 1941) made Wall Street history by becoming the first Hispanic to launch a successful investment banking firm. Ramirez's parents moved from Puerto Rico to New York City in the late 1920s in search of a better way of life. They moved to Spanish Harlem where Ramirez was raised and educated. His father worked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and his mother was a seamstress. After he graduated from high school, he applied for admission to go to	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Cyanotic heart defect Cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defect (CHD) that occurs due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation or a mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation. It is caused by structural defects of the heart (i.e.: right-to-left, bidirectional shunting, malposition of the great arteries), or any condition which increases pulmonary vascular resistance. The result being the development of collateral circulation. According to a study in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) in Sohag University, Upper Egypt. 50 neonates were diagnosed as suffering from cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), they concluded that cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) frequency was significant (9.5%) with D-TGA being the commonest type. Majority of neonates with Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) showed survival with suitable management. Cyanotic heart defect Cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defect (CHD) that occurs due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation or a mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation. It is caused by structural defects of the heart (i.e.: right-to-left, bidirectional shunting, malposition of the great arteries), or any condition which increases pulmonary vascular resistance. The	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Maonan language The Maonan language is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Hechi, northern Guangxi by the Maonan people. Approximately half of all Maonan people are capable of speaking Maonan. In addition to this, many Maonan also speak Chinese or a Zhuang language. About 1/3 of all people who self-identify as Maonan are concentrated in the southern Guizhou province. They speak a mutually unintelligible dialect commonly called "Yanghuang", which is more common known as the Then language in Western literature. The Maonan do not have a writing system. Other than Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi, Maonan is also spoken in the following locations. Maonan is a tonal language with 8 tones (Lu 2008:90–91), featuring an SVO clause construction (Lu 2008:169). For example: - - - Maonan displays a head-first modification structure, i.e. the modifier occurring after the modifier (Lu 2008:170). For example: - - - Occasionally, a head-final modification structure is also possible with the involvement of a possessive particle (P.P.) ti. For example: (cf. the more common bo ja:n nda:u) (Lu 2008:173-174). The Maonan writing system was established in 2010 based on the 26 Latin alphabets to facilitate standard keyboard input. The letters "z, j, x, s, h" are attached to the end of each syllable as tonal markers, representing tones 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. The first tone is not marked with tonal markers. Syllables ending in -b, -d, -g, -p, -t, -k are not marked with tonal markers, either. The writing system is being used among a limited number of Maonan intellectuals. For example: Maonan language The Maonan language is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Hechi, northern Guangxi by the Maonan people. Approximately half of all Maonan people are capable of speaking Maonan. In addition to	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
It Ain't 4 Play It Ain't 4 Play is the first and only album released by American rap group, Funk Mobb. It was released July 15, 1996 on Sick Wid It Records and Jive Records. The album was produced by G-Note, D-Shot, K-1, K-Lou, Levitti, Mac Shawn, and Studio Ton. It peaked at number 46 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 28 on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers. One single was released, "I Wanna See Ya". The last track, "Mr. Bubble", is a bonus track exclusive to the CD release. One song, "It's Time to Mobb", originally appeared on the Sick Wid It Records compilation, "The Hogg in Me". Allmusic – "It Ain't 4 Play is an entertaining...set of Californian gangsta rap...the rhyming skills of the Funk Mobb are first-rate, making...this overlong album entertaining." It Ain't 4 Play It Ain't 4 Play is the first and only album released by American rap group, Funk Mobb. It was released July 15, 1996 on Sick Wid It Records and Jive Records. The album was produced by G-Note, D-Shot, K-1, K-Lou, Levitti, Mac Shawn, and Studio Ton. It peaked at number 46 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Eugene W. Chafin Eugene Wilder Chafin (November 1, 1852 – November 30, 1920) was a United States politician from the Prohibition Party. Chafin was born in East Troy, Wisconsin and worked as a lawyer in Waukesha, Wisconsin from 1876 to 1900. He was the Prohibition Party candidate for Congress (Wisconsin) in 1882 and (Chicago) in 1902, for Attorney-General of Wisconsin in 1886 and 1900, for Governor of Wisconsin in 1898, and for Attorney-General of Illinois in 1904. In 1908 he was appointed to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States and in the following year moved to Arizona. While in Arizona he ran for that state's United States Senate Seat. He was the Prohibition Party candidate for President of the United States in the 1908 election and 1912 election receiving 253,840 and 207,972 votes, respectively, approximately 1.5% each time. He also ran as the Prohibition Party candidate in the U.S. Senate election in Arizona in 1914. He died in 1920 at his home in Long Beach, Los Angeles, California, and was later buried at Prairie Home Cemetery in Waukesha, Wisconsin. Chafin married Carrie Arvilla Hunkins, daughter of Robert Hastings Hunkins and Hannah Emerson on November 24, 1881. They had a daughter Desdemona Eleanor (born March 17, 1893). Eugene W. Chafin Eugene Wilder Chafin (November 1, 1852 – November 30, 1920) was a United States politician from the Prohibition Party. Chafin was born in East Troy, Wisconsin and worked as a lawyer in Waukesha, Wisconsin from 1876 to 1900. He was the Prohibition Party candidate for Congress (Wisconsin) in 1882 and (Chicago) in 1902, for Attorney-General of Wisconsin in 1886 and 1900, for Governor of Wisconsin in 1898, and for Attorney-General of Illinois in 1904. In 1908 he was appointed to the bar of the Supreme Court of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of King George III. Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of King George V, it was decided to keep the date at mid-year. Boxing Day is on the day after Christmas, i.e. 26 December each year, except in South Australia. In South Australia, the first otherwise working day after Christmas is a public holiday called Proclamation Day. If a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by ad hoc proclamation. If a worker is required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday, they will usually be entitled to be paid at a holiday penalty rate. The days of Easter vary each year depending on the day determined by the Western Christian calendar. Until 1994 Easter Tuesday was a Bank Holiday in Victoria (it retains this status partially in Tasmania). For the basis of how the days are determined see Easter. The NSW Public Holidays Act 2010 refers to the day after Good Friday as "Easter Saturday," but the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993 refers to it merely as "the Saturday before Easter Sunday." Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus. In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies. Though a Christian religious festival, it does not breach the constitution's separation of Church and State provision, because it is declared under State law, which is not subject to the provision. Recorded celebrations of the 26 January date back to 1808 in Australia, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day. 26 January was chosen because it is the day of the establishment of the first English settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip in 1788. It was made a public holiday in New South Wales in 1836, and Victoria adopted the day as a public holiday in 1931. The 26 January commenced to be recognised by all states and territories as Australia Day in 1946. In all states and territories except Queensland and Western Australia, Queen's Birthday is observed on the second Monday in June. Because Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia proclaims the day on which the state will observe the Queen's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show. There is no firm rule to determine this date before it is proclaimed, though it is typically the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October:in 2011 the Queen's Birthday holiday in Western Australia was moved from Monday, 3 October 2011 to Friday, 28 October 2011 to coincide with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which was held in Perth. Specifically, for 2015, 2016 and 2017:See Queensland Government–public holiday dates for 2015–2017 (1) If Christmas day (25 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 27 December is also a public holiday. If Boxing day (26 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 28 December is also a public holiday. Because of the variable days of Easter, Anzac day could fall on an Easter holiday. When ANZAC falls on Saturday, there is no week day public holiday. In such situations it is generally expected that the minister will proclaim extra public holidays on week-days to ensure every year has the same number of public holidays on week-days. Public holidays in Australia are declared on a state and territory basis. Melbourne Show Day used to be observed on the Thursday in the last full week of September as a half-day public holiday–later changing to full day–until 1994 (abolished by the state government). Easter Tuesday was observed as a Bank Holiday in Victoria until 1994 (also abolished by the state government). All states have their own public holidays in addition to national public holidays, and in some states public holidays are provided on a local basis, such as Melbourne Cup Day. On that day the "Queen's Birthday honours list" is released naming new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours. This occurs on the date observed in the Eastern States, not the date observed in Western Australia. * Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia. * Proclamation Day is in December in South Australia only. * Canberra Day is held on the 2nd Monday in March in the ACT. Prior to 2008, this holiday was celebrated on the 3rd Monday of March. * Melbourne Cup Day is held on the first Tuesday of November–the day of the Melbourne Cup. It was originally observed only in the Melbourne metropolitan area. From 2007 to 2009 in ACT, Melbourne Cup day was also a holiday called "Family and Community Day". The holiday continues from 2010 but no longer coincides with Melbourne Cup day. In Victoria, the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) was amended from 24 September 2008 and made the Melbourne Cup Day holiday applicable in all parts of the state (unless another day is observed in substitute). It also made the holiday applicable to employees covered by federal awards. * Recreation Day is the first Monday of November, and celebrated in Northern Tasmania where Regatta Day is not a holiday. * Regatta Day is the second Monday in February, and is celebrated in Southern Tasmania. Previously it was held on the second Tuesday in February. * Geelong Cup Day is held on the fourth Wednesday of October in the city of Geelong, Victoria * Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June each year, but not with a public holiday. * Adelaide Cup Day is held on the second Monday in March in South Australia (held in May before 2006) * Western Australia Day in Western Australia on the first Monday in June. * Picnic Day in the Northern Territory in August, and also May Day * Tasmania has Easter Tuesday as a bank holiday (for bank and government employees only). * New South Wales has the first Monday in August as a bank holiday (for bank employees only). * Many cities and towns observe local public holidays for their local Agricultural Show. For example: * Darwin Show Day in Darwin area in late July * Royal Queensland Show Day in Brisbane area in August * Gold Coast Show in Gold Coast area in October	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Employee entitlements to public holidays and additional pay depend on whether they are covered by a federal award or agreement. * Melbourne Cup Day is observed in most of the state, but various cup days and show days in the state's west are locally substituted. See the list at (3). Date \| ACT \| NSW \| NT \| QLD \| SA \| TAS \| VIC \| WA ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- 1 January \| New Year's Day 26 January \| Australia Day 2nd Monday in February \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| H Royal Hobart Regatta \| No \| No 1st Monday in March \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Labour Day 2nd Monday in March \| Canberra Day \| No \| No \| No \| March Public Holiday (Adelaide Cup) * \| Eight Hours Day \| Labour Day \| No variable date \| Good Friday Easter Saturday \| No \| Easter Saturday \| No Easter Sunday \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Easter Sunday \| No Easter Monday No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| C Easter Tuesday \| No \| No 25 April \| ANZAC Day 1st Monday in May \| No \| No \| May Day \| Labour Day \| No \| No \| No \| No 1st Monday in June \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Western Australia Day 2nd Monday in June \| Queen's Birthday \| No \| Queen's Birthday \| No 1st Monday in August \| No \| No \| Picnic Day \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No variable date \| No \| No \| No \| Royal Queensland Show \| No \| No \| No \| No As proclaimed by the Governor of Western Australia (September/October) \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Queen's Birthday 1st Monday of 3rd term school holidays (Sept/Oct) ^ \| Family & Community Day \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No Day before the last Saturday in September or first Saturday in October \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Friday before the Australian Football League Grand Final \| No 1st Monday in October \| Labour Day \| No \| Queen's Birthday \| Labour Day \| No \| No \| No 1st Monday in November \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| NH Recreation Day \| No \| No 1st Tuesday of November \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| No \| Melbourne Cup † \| No 24 December \| No \| No * * \| P Christmas Eve \| No \| P Christmas Eve \| No \| No \| No 25 December \| Christmas Day 26 December \| Boxing Day \| Proclamation Day \| Boxing Day 31 December \| No \| No \| P New Year's Eve \| No \| P New Year's Eve \| No \| No \| No Total holidays \| 13 \| 11 \| 11+2 part days \| 11 \| 11+2 part days \| 12 \| 13 \| 10 Legend: C = Conditional:Public Service employees or where defined in Employment Agreement/Award H = Hobart area only NH = Not Hobart area ^ Note that when Family and Community Day falls on Labour Day holiday in the ACT, this holiday changes to the 2nd Monday of 3rd term school holidays. P Part day, from 7 pm to midnight † Outside of Melbourne, another day may be substituted instead. * The holiday is legislated for the 3rd Monday of May. Since 2006 it has been moved via the issuing of a special Proclamation by the Governor, to the 2nd Monday of March, on a trial basis. * * Depends on occupation, generally from 6 pm to midnight ANZAC Day commemoration features marches by veterans and by solemn "Dawn Services", a tradition started in Albany, Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around the country, accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of The Last Post on the bugle. The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen (known as the "Ode of Remembrance") is often recited. Labour Day commemorates the achievements of the Australian labour movement. The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest. On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day. In Tasmania the public holiday is called Eight Hours Day and in the Northern Territory it is called May Day. Alcohol licences in several states prevent sale of alcohol on certain public holidays, such as Good Friday. Boxing Day is noted for the start of the post-Christmas sale season. The day has also become a significant sporting day. Melbourne hosts the Boxing Day Test match; the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race also starts on this day. The Queen's Birthday weekend and Empire Day, 24 May, were long the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. Although they still occur, the tradition has recently been overshadowed by larger New Year's Eve fireworks, as the sale of fireworks to the public was banned by the states in the 1980s, and in the ACT as of 24 August 2009. New Year's Day:1 January, and if 1 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday. Australia Day:26 January, and if 26 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday. Good Friday:on the date it is publicly observed, always a Friday. The day after Good Friday:Always a Saturday, one day after Good Friday. Easter Monday:The next Monday after Good Friday. ANZAC Day:25 April, and if 25 April is a Sunday, 26 April. Labour Day ("May Day"):1st Monday in May. Birthday of the Sovereign:1st Monday in October. Christmas Day:25 December. Boxing Day:26 December. Public holidays are determined by a combination of: * Statutes, with specific gazetting of public holidays; and * Industrial awards and agreements.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Public holidays generally follow the national pattern, but special cases are resolved by the State Government and advised by proclamation. Details of future holidays can be found on the NSW Industrial Relations website. Public holidays are regulated by the New South Wales Public Holidays Act 2010 No 115, which supersedes the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912 No 43. The minister of the state may proclaim and adjustments or additions, such as the date of the Brisbane Ekka Show day holiday. This day has historically always been proclaimed for the second Wednesday in August, except if there are 5 Wednesday's in August, in which case the third Wednesday in August. See Queensland Government–public holiday dates for 2015–2017 (2) Name \| ACT \| NSW \| NT \| QLD \| SA \| TAS \| VIC \| WA ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- New Year's Day \| Yes Australia Day \| Yes Easter Monday \| Not applicable (always on a Monday) \| Yes (when another public holiday coincides) ANZAC Day \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| No \| Yes Christmas \| Yes Boxing Day/Proclamation Day \| Yes \| Yes \| Yes \| Sunday only \| Yes New Year's Eve \| Not applicable (not a holiday) \| Sunday only \| Not applicable (not a holiday) When a public holiday falls on a weekend, the following work day may be considered a public holiday depending on the state/territory and the holiday in question. The Labour Day public holiday varies considerably between the various states and territories. It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia. In both Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March. In Western Australia, Labour Day is the first Monday in March. In the Northern Territory and Queensland, it is the first Monday in May. The Victorian public holidays are as follows: Since Easter Monday can occur as late as 26 April (see Date of Easter) it is possible for the Easter Monday holiday to coincide with Anzac Day, as occurred in 2011. State Acts do not give a provision to separate the days when this occurs, so no additional public holiday is given by law. However an extra day is usually proclaimed by the minister, so as to have a steady number of public holidays each year. In the year 2038, Anzac Day will coincide with Easter Sunday. Name \| Date ---\|--- New Year \| 1 January Australia Day \| 26 January Labour Day \| 2nd Monday in March Good Friday \| Friday before Easter Holy Saturday \| Day before Easter Easter Sunday \| Day of Easter Easter Monday \| Day after Easter Anzac Day \| 25 April Queen's Birthday \| 2nd Monday in June Day before Australian Football League Grand Final \| Variable date in late September/early October Melbourne Cup Day \| 1st Tuesday of November * Christmas \| 25 December Boxing Day \| 26 December The entitlement to penalty rates was eliminated entirely in many workplaces under WorkChoices; however since the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009 and the modern awards in 2010, most public holiday penalty rates have increased dramatically. Currently, employees are generally paid at a penalty rate–usually 2.5 times (known as "double time and a half") the base rate of pay when they work on a public holiday. Note:Holidays that always fall on a particular day of the week are not listed in this table. Prior to 2008, Victorian law only specified substitute holidays for New Year and Boxing Day, and only if they fell on a Sunday. From 2008, Victorian law specifies the substitute holidays in the table above. Besides designating days as public holidays, some of these days are also designated as restricted trading days. Since 1960, the winner of the Australian of the Year award is announced by the Prime Minister on the eve of Australia Day (25 Jan). Nationally, Australia Day was originally celebrated on 30 July 1915 Public holidays in Victoria are regulated by the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993. The days are set in the "Holidays Act 1983". Holidays Act 1983 (PDF) Most public holidays include a second public holiday on a week-day if they happen to fall on Saturday or Sunday. In which case, both days are public holidays. Employees not covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays under the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993. Also, all permanent employees not covered by a federal award or agreement who would normally work on a public holiday (or a substitute public holiday) are entitled to the holiday without loss of pay. Their employers are not required to provide additional payment if they work on a public holiday, but this does not exclude the possibility of employees and employers negotiating for additional pay. Victorian employees fall under the Workchoices system either as coming within the Commonwealth constitutional power (called "constitutional corporation employees") or because of Victoria's referral of its legislative powers to the Commonwealth for particular workplace relations matters. Penalty rates are the rates of pay which an employee is paid higher than their standard base rate for working at times or on days, such as public holidays, which are outside the normal working week. These rates of pay are set by the Fair Work Ombudsman. they were introduced in 1947 for workers who those days were Christians for Sabbath. In August 2015, the day before the AFL Grand Final, as well as Easter Sunday, were gazetted as Public Holidays within Victoria. This date of the holiday is as gazetted by the Victorian Government and can not be accurately predicted. Australia Day has (only) been celebrated as a national public holiday on 26th January since 1994.. Employees who are covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays as provided by the relevant federal award or agreement and the Public Holidays Act 1993. Many federal awards and agreements also provide for additional penalty rates for work performed on a public holiday. ANZAC Day is a day on which the country remembers those citizens who fell fighting or who served the country in wars. ANZAC Day is commemorated on 25 April every year. The tradition began to remember the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who landed at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I. The first Monday in August is a Bank Holiday, during which banks and financial institutions are closed. Restricted shop trading laws apply to Good Friday, Christmas Day and before 1 pm on Anzac Day. On these days only exempted businesses are permitted to open for trading. All public holidays and substitute public holidays are bank holidays. Traditionally, people who work, either in the public or private sector, were entitled to take off a public holiday with regular pay. In recent years this tradition has somewhat changed. For example, businesses that are normally open on a public holiday may request employees to work on the day. Refusal can only be denied by the employer on reasonable business grounds.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
New Smyrna Beach, Florida New Smyrna Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States, located on the central east coast of the state, with the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Its population was estimated to be 23,230 in 2013 by the United States Census Bureau. The downtown section of the city is located on the west side of the Indian River and the Indian River Lagoon system. The Coronado Beach Bridge crosses the Intracoastal Waterway just south of Ponce de Leon Inlet, connecting the mainland with the beach on the coastal barrier island. The surrounding area offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation: these include fishing, sailing, motorboating, golfing and hiking. Visitors participate in water sports of all kinds, including swimming, scuba diving, kitesurfing, and surfing. In July 2009, New Smyrna Beach was ranked number nine on the list of "best surf towns" in "Surfer." It was recognized as "one of the world's top 20 surf towns" by "National Geographic." in 2012. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull, a friend of James Grant, the governor of British East Florida, established the colony of New Smyrna. Dr. Turnbull had married the daughter of a Greek merchant at Smyrna in Greece and so named it in honor of his wife’s birthplace and the homeland of those in his future labor force who were Greek.. No one had previously attempted to settle so many people at one time in a town in North America. Turnbull recruited about 1300 settlers, intending for them to grow hemp, sugarcane, and indigo, as well as to produce rum, at his plantation on the northeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. The majority of the colonists came from Menorca (historically called "Minorca"), one of the Mediterranean Balearic Islands of Spain, and were of Catalan culture and language. Around 500 or so came from Greece. Although the colony produced relatively large amounts of processed indigo in its first few years of operation, it eventually collapsed after suffering major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Indian raids, and growing tensions caused by mistreatment of the colonists on the part of Turnbull and his overseers. The survivors, about 600 in number, marched nearly 70 miles north on the King's Road and relocated to St. Augustine, where their descendants live to this day. In 1783, East and West Florida were returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony to retire in Charleston, South Carolina. The St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine on St. George Street in St. Augustine honors the Greeks among the settlers of New Smyrna; they were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the chapel tells the story of their plight, with accompanying exhibits, and of their contributions to the city. Central Florida remained sparsely populated by white settlers well into the 19th century, and it was frequently raided by Seminole Indians trying to protect their territory. United States troops fought against them in the Seminole Wars, but they were never completely dislodged. During the Civil War in the 1860s, the "Stone Wharf" of New Smyrna was shelled by Union gunboats. In 1887, when New Smyrna was incorporated, it had a population of 150. In 1892, Henry Flagler provided service to the town via his Florida East Coast Railway. This led to a rapid increase in the area's population. Its economy grew as tourism was added to its citrus and commercial fishing industries. During Prohibition in the 1920s, the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rum-runners, who came from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet. "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents. Like St. Augustine, established by the Spanish, New Smyrna has been under the rule of four "flags": the British, Spanish, United States (from 1821, with ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty), and the Confederate Jack. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, it returned with Florida to the United States. "See also:" New Smyrna Beach Historic District New Smyrna Beach's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." The city is located in the so-called "Fun Coast" region of the state of Florida, a regional term created by the Daytona Beach/Halifax area Chamber of Commerce. This coincides with the local area code, 386, which spells FUN on touchtone phones. According to the United States Census Bureau, it has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (8.46%) is covered by water. It is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County to the north, the census-designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the cities of Edgewater and Bethune Beach and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River. The city is connected to other parts of the state by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1, State Road 44, and State Road 442. Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee, New Smyrna Beach has a humid subtropical (Köppen "Cfa") climate characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, mostly dry winters. The rainy season lasts from May until October, and the dry season, from November to April. New Smyrna averages only about four frosts per year, and many species of subtropical plants and palms are grown in the area. The city has recorded snowfall only three times in its 250-year history. The summers are long and hot, with frequent severe thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of North America. Winters are pleasant with frequent sunny skies and dry weather. Weather hazards include hurricanes from June until November, though direct hits are rare. Hurricane Charley exited over New Smyrna Beach on August 13, 2004, after crossing the state in a northeastern direction from its initial landfall in Punta Gorda. The storm caused extensive damage to the beachside portion of the city, and toppled many historic oak trees in the downtown area and along historic Flagler Avenue. As of the census of 2010, 22,464 people, 11,074 households, and 6,322 families resided in the city. The population density was 724.1 inhabitants per square mile (279.5/km). The 16,647 housing units averaged 491.9 per square mile (189.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.8% White, 5.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2.8% of the population. Of the 11,074 households, 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were not families. About 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.54. In the city, the population was distributed as 13.9% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 20 to 24, 17.9% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.3 years. Females were 52.1% of the population, and males were 47.9%. The median income for a household in the city was $49,625, and for a family was $62,267. Males had a median income of $38,132 versus $32,087 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,013. About 10.9% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. The population continues to increase with new condo development. All public education is run by Volusia County Schools. Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for the Arts", New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
the age of 18, 3.6% from 20 to 24, 17.9% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.3 years. Females were 52.1% of the population, and males were 47.9%. The median income for a household in the city was $49,625, and for a family was $62,267. Males had a median income of $38,132 versus $32,087 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,013. About 10.9% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. The population continues to increase with new condo development. All public education is run by Volusia County Schools. Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for the Arts", New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts, an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre, and a gallery of fine arts, Arts on Douglas. Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year. According to the "International Shark Attack File" maintained by the University of Florida, in 2007, Volusia County had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world. Experts from the university have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world's shark-bite capital". The trend continued in 2008, during which time the town broke its own record, with 24 shark bites. An "Orlando Sentinel" photographer shot a picture of a four-foot spinner shark jumping over a surfer, a reversal of "jumping the shark". Sharks bit three different surfers on September 18, 2016, in the span of a few hours at the same beach. Elected city government officials include: New Smyrna Beach, Florida	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Pathirakalam Pathirakalam (English: Nocturnal Times) is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Priyanandanan and starring Mythili. The film is about the dark and violent activities that happen in society today. The plot begins with finding Hussain who is a renowned researcher at Berlin University of the Arts and the father of Jahanara (Mythili), the main protagonist. Hussain has missing for the past three months and there has been no followup on the missing case by the local police or judiciaries. Jahanara decides to take things into her own hands and, with her friend Mahesh Jahanara, sets out to find her father. The story follows Jahanara's journey and the difficulties and problems she encounters. Pathirakalam Pathirakalam (English: Nocturnal Times) is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Priyanandanan and starring Mythili. The film is about the dark and violent activities that happen in society today. The plot begins with finding Hussain who is a renowned researcher at Berlin University of the Arts and the father of Jahanara (Mythili), the main protagonist. Hussain has missing for the past three months and there has been no followup on the missing case by the local police or judiciaries. Jahanara decides to take things	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS), is an analytical chemistry technique for the sensitive detection of trace gases. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated hydronium cluster ions in a plasma afterglow of helium or argon carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample. These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by mass spectrometry. Over the years many variations of the instrument have been made. In the beginning during the 1960s there was the study of flowing afterglow plasma. This study was done by Eldon Ferguson, Art Schmeltekopf and Fred Fehsenfeld at National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado. Then in the 1970s it was flowing drift tube, flowing afterglow Langmuir probe (FALP), and variable temperature flowing afterglow Langmuir probe (VT-FLAP). With the addition of the drift tube the kinetics of a reaction could be studied in the gas phase. With the flowing afterglow Langmuir probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied. With the VT-FLAP version of flowing afterglow the reactions temperature dependence could be studied. Now in the 2000s the ambient version of flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS).The FAPA allows for simple or no sample preparations but the humidity of the instrument's environment may have an effect on an sample fragmentation pattern. Since the cost of helium is steady rising some have started to use alternative methods with ambient flowing afterglow to conserve resources. Instead of using continuously flowing afterglow helium some use interrupted helium flow to conserve gas and Schlieren imaging to maximize the molecular ions produced and the instrument step-up. One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere. This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow when the movable Langmuir probe was introduced. The flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions. This problem is circumvented by implementing the selected ion flow tube (SIFT). The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known. The commonly used ions are HO, O, and NO. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to identify the VOCs include using gas chromatography coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Also in addition to being able to detect volatile organic compounds, the flowing afterglow technique has also been used to study chronic kidney disease. Studies have been done to create a spectrum of deuterium water and its isotopes to measure total body water, which can be used to determine the water body overload of a patient. That measurement will then be used to determine the stage of renal failure for a patient. Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS), is an analytical chemistry technique for the sensitive detection of trace gases. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated hydronium cluster ions in a plasma afterglow of helium	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
1908 West Carmarthenshire by-election The West Carmarthenshire by-election, 1908 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of West Carmarthenshire in West Wales on 26 February 1908. Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act of 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The West Carmarthenshire by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal MP, John Lloyd Morgan as Recorder of Swansea. Morgan, who had held the seat since 1889, having been unopposed at the general elections of 1900 and 1906 fought the seat again in the Liberal interest but, again, there were no nominations against him and he was therefore returned unopposed. 1908 West Carmarthenshire by-election The West Carmarthenshire by-election, 1908 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of West Carmarthenshire in West Wales on 26 February 1908. Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act of 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The West Carmarthenshire by-election was caused by the appointment of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The British Four-wheel Drive Tractor Lorry Super Engineering Company The British Four-wheel Drive Tractor Lorry Super Engineering Company was an engineering company based in Slough (Berkshire, England) during the 1920s. It was the UK-based subsidiary of the Four Wheel Drive which had been founded in 1909 in Clintonville, Wisconsin by Otto Zachow and William Besserdich. The UK subsidiary was formed by Henry Nyberg and Chares Cleaver and operated from premises on the Slough Trading Estate. In 1922 they supplied a 4-wheel rail lorry to the Derwent Valley Light Railway which was located in Yorkshire. The lorry was unsuccessful struggling with heavy loads and was returned to its manufacturer. Other lorries were sold, one operating at Dinorwic Quarry for many years. Later in the 1920s the company was recorded as building half-tracks for military use and by 1929 was marketing a lorry. The company did not seem to get sufficient support from the parent so on 15 October 1929 they entered into an agreement with the Associated Equipment Company (AEC) and on 31 October 1929 a new company called 4-wheel Drive Motors Limited was formed with the major shareholder being the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited with Nyberg and Cleaver holding the remaining shares. The British Four-wheel Drive Tractor Lorry Super Engineering Company The British Four-wheel Drive Tractor Lorry Super Engineering Company was an engineering company based in Slough (Berkshire, England) during the 1920s. It was the UK-based subsidiary of the Four Wheel Drive which had been founded in 1909 in Clintonville, Wisconsin by Otto Zachow and William Besserdich. The UK subsidiary was formed by Henry Nyberg and Chares Cleaver and operated from premises on the Slough Trading Estate. In 1922 they supplied a 4-wheel rail lorry to the Derwent Valley Light Railway which was located in Yorkshire. The	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Landing of the first Filipinos On 18 October 1587, the first Filipinos landed onto what is now the Continental United States in Morro Bay. They arrived aboard the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza", which had sailed from Macao, as part of the Manila galleon trade. During about three days of travels ashore around Morro Bay, the crew of the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" came in contact with the Chumash people, ultimately resulting in the deaths of two crew members: one Spaniard and one Filipino. Departing Morro Bay after the deaths of the crew members, the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" eventually reached its initial destination of Acapulco. The next time a Filipino would be documented in California would not be until 1595. In 1995, a monument on Morro Bay was dedicated to commemorate the events that occurred in 1587. Beginning in 2009, October was recognized as Filipino American History Month in recognition of the events that occurred in 1587. Thousands of years before their first contact with Europeans, the Chumash people made the region around the Channel Islands and areas from San Luis Obispo to Malibu their territories. At the beginning of the 16th century, European explorers began to explore the Pacific. The Spanish traveled westward with Vasco Núñez de Balboa first seeing the Pacific Ocean from Panama, then the Pacific was crossed by Ferdinand Magellan, who reached the Philippines. The Chumash's first contact with Europeans occurred on 10 October 1542, when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo's expedition sailed into the area. Their next contact with Europeans would be 45 years later. Beginning in the mid-16th century, led by Miguel López de Legazpi, Spain conducted its campaign to conquer the Philippines, concluding with Spanish forces repelling Chinese ambitions to control Manila. As a consequence of the conquest of the Philippines, in 1565 the Manila galleon trade began, sailing from Acapulco initially to Cebu, and after 1571 to Manila. These ships were crewed largely by Filipinos, or "Indios Luzones" as they were known at the time. The Filipinos who sailed experienced arduous conditions, poor rations, disease, and the lowest pay among the crew. From 1582 until his death, Francisco Gali plied the Manila galleon route, initially as a navigator; on his return voyage to Mexico, which ended in 1584, Gali navigated the ship he was on to a high latitude, which brought the ship along the North American coast, which Gali had thought was astride the Strait of Anián. In 1585, a mission from Archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras to survey the California coast, and to avoid China, was given to the westward-bound captain of the Manila Galleon, who at that time was Gali. Gali died in Manila later that year, leaving the mission to one Pedro de Unamuno. Unamuno, who had sailed with Gali from Acapulco, had been paid by merchants there to acquire goods in China. Upon reaching Macao, Portuguese authorities seized his two galleons, leaving him and his crew stuck in China. Hearing of this, the Real Audiencia of Manila sought the arrest of Unamuno for disobeying instructions to avoid China. Fortunate for Unamuno, who would have received the death penalty for his insubordination, Franciscans who wanted to return to Mexico provided the funds to purchase a ship, which was christened the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza". One of those Franciscans was Martín Ignacio de Loyola; another person who came aboard for the eastward journey was a Japanese boy. The ship was a fragata. Leaving the Far East in mid-July 1587, the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" sailed eastward across the Pacific Ocean for a largely uneventful trip. In early September, the ship was damaged when the "masts were sprung". More than a month on, the ship spotted land through a fog and fires were seen onshore. Initial reconnaissance led to the discovery of Morro Bay, which had resources that could replenish the ship's provisions; there were also trees which could be utilized for masts. When people were observed on a hill looking at their ship, it was decided that a landing party should go ashore and claim the bay. On 18 October, the feast day of San Lucas, the initial landing parties came ashore. One party consisted of Unamuno and a dozen soldiers, another party "Luzon Indians" and a priest; the priest was Father Martín Ignacio de Loyola, nephew of Ignatius of Loyola. Two of the Filipinos went ahead of the parties scouting for the locals observed from the ship. Initial attempts to make contact with local people were unsuccessful. When a group of nine Native Americans was observed, they ran off before the landing party could attempt to communicate with them. Taking possession of the land, placing a cross atop a hill as a sign of the claim, the landing party returned to the ship. After a second landing the next day for exploration and gathering of supplies for the ship, the landing party spent the night ashore, camping on land. The next morning, part of the landing party was approached by 23 Native Americans, who ended up taking clothing and canteens from the landing party. Not long after, an attempt to capture Loyola was stopped when a gun was fired. Afterwards, the landing party began to return to their ship and were attacked, resulting in the deaths of one Spaniard and one Filipino, both due to javelin wounds, and several others injured. Reinforced by a complement from the ship, the group repelled the attack. The next day, the 21st of October, the galleon departed, continuing its journey to Acapulco. After departing Morro Bay, the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" sailed southward. It was a few days behind the "Santa Ana", which had sailed at a lower latitude eastward and ultimately fell victim to Thomas Cavendish's privateering, a fate which the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" avoided. Inland expeditions were prohibitive following the hostility encountered at Morro Bay, and attempts to contour the coastline were made difficult due to poor weather, including fog. More than a month after departing, the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" arrived at Acapulco. After its initial voyage across the Pacific, the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" continued to be utilized in the Manila galleon trade, but was lost off the coast of Negros Island in 1647. The next documentation of Filipinos in California would be in 1595, when the Manila galleon "San Agustin" was wrecked at Point Reyes. Unlike the interaction of the crew of the "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" with the local people, the encounter of the "San Agustín" with the Coast Miwok did not result in deaths. In November 1595, the "San Agustin" became the first European ship to wreck on the California coast. Following the wrecking of the "San Agustin", which resulted in a few deaths among the crew, the crew departed in a salvaged launch and made it to Acapulco. As late as the Portolà expedition, the Chumash maintained a large population within their lands. However, by the 1910 United States Census, fewer than one hundred remained. One reason for the reduction of their population was introduction of Old World diseases. These diseases included pleuropneumonia and smallpox. The discovery of "Puerto San Lucas" by the crew of the galleon was recorded in the logs of the voyage. However, the discovery faded into obscurity, until 1929 when it was translated into English, and published by the California Historical Society. Before then it was believed that Unamuno had sailed into Monterey Bay; another early 20th century source pointed towards Cape Mendocino or San Francisco Bay. More recently, the precise location of where the landing occurred has come into dispute, citing inaccurate navigation tools and presumptions in past writings of the event. The 1587 event marks the first documentated instance of Asians in what is now California, in what is now the United States, in North America, and in the Americas. The landing of the first Filipinos at Morro Bay,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
smallpox. The discovery of "Puerto San Lucas" by the crew of the galleon was recorded in the logs of the voyage. However, the discovery faded into obscurity, until 1929 when it was translated into English, and published by the California Historical Society. Before then it was believed that Unamuno had sailed into Monterey Bay; another early 20th century source pointed towards Cape Mendocino or San Francisco Bay. More recently, the precise location of where the landing occurred has come into dispute, citing inaccurate navigation tools and presumptions in past writings of the event. The 1587 event marks the first documentated instance of Asians in what is now California, in what is now the United States, in North America, and in the Americas. The landing of the first Filipinos at Morro Bay, which occurred 33 years before the events at Plymouth Rock, is often overlooked, even by Filipino Americans. For instance, the Filipinos who landed in 1587 have been described as "invading troops", and more focus is placed on Filipino immigration to the United States during, and after, the American period. Although the landing is an important milestone, it would not be until the latter half of the 18th century when Filipinos finally began to settle in what would become part of the continental United States. Beginning in 1992, the Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) began efforts to commemorate the landing. On 21 October 1995, with the mayor of Morro Bay in attendance, a monument was placed at Morro Bay to commemorate the events of 1587. The monument was placed in Coleman Park. By 2009, after follow-up efforts by FANHS, Filipino American History Month was recognized by California, as well as nationally by resolutions in state and national legislatures; it occurs every October, in recognition of the landing at Morro Bay. Landing of the first Filipinos On 18 October 1587, the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Intellcorp Intellcorp is a Lisbon, Portugal, based international intelligence and security firm that works in Portuguese-speaking markets. The company also has offices in Brasilia, Brazil, Maputo, Mozambique, Dubai, UAE, and New York City. Intellcorp was founded by David G. Santos and Ruben Ribeiro in 2016. Santos has worked as a professor at the University of Beira Interior since 2009 having taught Political Science and International Relations for 5 years. He was also a chairman, co-founder and shareholder for a period of five years in an investment consulting company that worked specifically in Africa and the Gulf. Ribeiro on the other hand worked as an Information Officer at the Strategic Defense Information Service (SIED) where he had worked in strategic and tactical analysis as well as in the operational area. The company became the first Portuguese speaking company working in global intelligence and security for both public and private sector. The company works on protecting personal lives of its customers from criminal elements as well as works as in the business intelligence. Intellcorp assists other companies in entering Portuguese speaking markets by connecting them with decision makers and influences. The company has hired over 70 employees who are former intelligence officers, diplomats, ex-security forces personnel, ex-special forces and analysts. These in combination with the founders experiences have received extensive media coverage in regards to IntellCorp. Intellcorp is a member of AFCEA. Intellcorp Intellcorp is a Lisbon, Portugal, based international intelligence and security firm that works in Portuguese-speaking markets. The company also has offices in Brasilia, Brazil, Maputo, Mozambique, Dubai, UAE, and New York City. Intellcorp was founded by David G. Santos and Ruben Ribeiro in 2016. Santos has worked as a professor at the University of Beira Interior since 2009 having taught Political Science and International Relations for 5 years. He	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
XO-2 (star) XO-2 Is a binary star. It consists of two components: XO-2S (Also known as XO-2A) and XO-2N (Also known as XO-2B). This system is located approximately 500 light-years away from Earth in the Lynx constellation. Both of these stars are slightly cooler than the Sun and are nearly identical to each other. The system has a magnitude of 11 and cannot be seen with the naked eye but is visible through a small telescope. These stars are also notable for their large proper motions. XO-2N and XO-2S have a separation of approximately AU. One known exoplanet, XO-2Nb (or rarely XO-2Bb), which is classified as a hot Jupiter, was discovered by the XO Telescope using the transit method orbiting XO-2N (XO-2B) in 2007. Two planets were reported to orbit around XO-2S in 2014 using radial velocity method. One of them is Jupiter-mass and another has a mass comparable to Saturn. Both stars also show RV-trends, which may indicate the presence of additional long-periodic jovians or brown dwarfs around each of them. XO-2 (star) XO-2 Is a binary star. It consists of two components: XO-2S (Also known as XO-2A) and XO-2N (Also known as XO-2B). This system is located approximately	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Erkki Pulliainen Erkki Ossi Olavi Pulliainen (born June 23, 1938) is a Finnish biologist and politician and former member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. He was first elected to the parliament in 1987 and was continuously a member until the election in spring 2011. From 1985 to 1999 he was also a member of the city council of Oulu. Pulliainen has held positions of trust in numerous scientific and political organisations. Pulliainen was born in Varkaus, Finland. He has a Ph.D. in zoology and a master's degree in agriculture and forestry. During his career he has been the professor of zoology at the University of Oulu and the dean of the faculty of science until his retirement. He was also a reader at the University of Helsinki where he performed extensive research on large carnivores in the Nordic fauna. Pulliainen has published more than 500 scientific articles and more than 30 books. An expert on wolves and dogs, he is popularly known as "Susi" ("Wolf") Pulliainen. Pulliainen is married to Riitta Haaranen and they have three children, Annariina (b. 1978), Annamiina (b. 1981), and Rauli (b. 1983). He also has two children, Harri (b. 1962), Virpi (b. 1963), from a previous marriage. In his free time Pulliainen enjoys fishing, hunting, philately, and classical music. Erkki Pulliainen Erkki Ossi Olavi Pulliainen (born June 23, 1938) is a Finnish biologist and politician and former member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. He was first elected to the parliament in 1987 and was continuously a member until the election in spring 2011. From 1985 to 1999 he was also a member of the city council of Oulu. Pulliainen has held positions of trust in numerous scientific and political organisations. Pulliainen was born in Varkaus, Finland. He has a Ph.D. in	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Torbert Street Livery Stables Torbert Street Livery Stables, also known as Hercules Powder Company Printing Department, Charles Printing Co., Wilmington Motorcycle Club, Cann Bros & Kindig Printers, and Barclay Bros Printing, is a historic livery stable located at Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It was built in 1887, and consists of two separately-built, two-story livery stables, joined together and expanded through additions and internal alterations. A connecting hyphen was built during or after 1946. Both structures are constructed of brick and have gable roofs. The interior consists of large open spaces supported by cast iron columns and historic wood beams reinforced with iron rods. Also on the property is a contributing cast iron street lamp. The buildings housed livery stables into the early 20th century, after which they were occupied as a cabinet-making shop, a cycle club, auto garages, commercial and corporate printing facilities, and a warehouse. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. Torbert Street Livery Stables Torbert Street Livery Stables, also known as Hercules Powder Company Printing Department, Charles Printing Co., Wilmington Motorcycle Club, Cann Bros & Kindig Printers, and Barclay Bros Printing, is a historic livery stable located at Wilmington, New Castle	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Zealot (Wildstorm) Zealot (Zannah) is a fictional comic book superhero who has appeared in books published by Wildstorm Productions and DC Comics. Created by artist Jim Lee and writer Brandon Choi, she first appeared in "WildC.A.T.s" #1 (August 1992), as a member of that titular superhero team, during the period when Wildstorm and its properties were owned by Jim Lee. In that incarnation, Zealot was a millennia-old member of the alien race known as the Kherubim, and a Coda warrior, and was later associated with the organizations Wildcore and Team 7. In 1999, Lee sold Wildstorm to DC Comics, and ownership of all Wildstorm characters, including Zealot, transferred to DC Comics. Her backstory and continuity remained the same, however, until DC's 2011 relaunch of their entire comics line, The New 52, which rebooted the continuity for most of its characters. Since then, Zealot was featured as a supporting character "Deathstroke" and later made appearances in "Stormwatch". The character was also a cast member in the 1994 - 95 animated TV series "Wild C.A.T.s", in which she was voiced by Roscoe Handford. Zealot's real name is Lady Zannah of Khera. Born on the planet of Khera, Zannah and her daughter Kenesha (who at the time believed Zealot was actually her sister) were stranded on Earth thousands of years ago when their Explorer ship crashlanded after a battle with a Daemonite warship. Zealot just survived thanks to her lover, Stratos, who put her in an escape pod. Zannah and the other survivors were scattered, forced to hide themselves amongst the human population. Their enemies had likewise been forced down, and though less humanoid, the Daemonites used their powers of possession and shapeshifting to blend in, too. For the next few millennia, a secret war raged, with the Kherubim defending the vulnerable and oblivious humans from their would-be conquerors. Zannah took the name Zealot when she formed a sisterhood of warriors, known as The Coda, on earth. She fought with them for many years, even leading the group for a while. However, an incident occurred in Troy (presumably during the Trojan War), causing her to be branded a traitor and expelled from the order. She arranged for the Coda to help the Greeks conquer Troy in exchange for 99 female babies to be raised as new coda. She helped Ulysses conceive of the trojan horse and stationed Coda warriors inside it. During the fighting she decided that the killing of all of the unarmed women and children of Troy was going too far, so she saved the life of the royal family. In doing so it was decided by her fellow Coda that she had betrayed the precepts of the Coda. She was engaged in combat by her closest friend Artemis, whom she beat, but refused to kill. This was considered by Artemis to be a mortal insult. The two violations of Coda precepts made her a lifetime (in their case nearly immortal lifetimes) enemy of the Coda. Subsequent to this event, Zealot spent a century serving the witch known as Tapestry. She did this as payment for Tapestry saving Kenesha's life after having been poisoned. During this period Tapestry tried to brainwash Zealot to her way of thinking, but although Zealot was changed by her time working for the witch, she managed to retain her true self inside. During her stay with Tapestry though, Zealot became a proficient wielder of magics. The magic taught though was dark magic and soul corrupting. Because of this Zealot swore never to use it again, but had to break her promise when she battled Tapestry many years after her original servitude. For a period in the 20th century, Zealot lived in America and went by the name Lucy Blaize. During this time she worked for the US Government and went on to become a member of the ill-fated Team One, with fellow Kherubim Mr. Majestic (the father of Savant) and Lord Emp. After an affair with John Colt, Zealot became pregnant. Not wishing for the child to become involved in the Kheran/Daemonite war she gave the child away to a human couple living in Siberia. During an adventure many years later, the psychic oracle character, Providence, told Zealot that she would be reunited with her long lost child. Soon after she meets the Stormwatch hero, Winter, and is surprised to see his white hair similar to her own and hear his Russian accent. Despite her suspicions, Zealot decides to not tell Winter of her discovery. Years later, Zealot formed a close relationship with Cole Cash, and took the unprecedented step of training him, a man, in the ways of the Coda; he became the superhuman known as Grifter. Later both of them joined the WildC.A.T.s. She served with them for a number of years, though she also briefly joined Wildcore during a period when the rest of the WildC.A.T.s were believed dead. During a mission with the WildC.A.T.S to destroy an Irish village full of genetically engineered soldiers created with Daemonite technology, she and Grifter found a group of kids hiding in a basement. The two of them tried to get the kids to a safe place before they could blow up the village. Zealot was shot whilst protecting the children and was left behind by her teammates, who believed her dead after the explosion. However, it was revealed she wasn't dead, but had been targeted by several Coda factions. It was during this time that Zealot found Grifter in a bar. He was having one-night stands with women similar to her and he was too drunk to realize she wasn't just a lookalike. They had sex and were attacked by several Coda warriors. After the battle, she ran away, but they later caught up with each other. In "Wildcats Version 3.0", Zealot was captured and sentenced to death by Earth's Coda Sisterhood. While captured she was tortured to near death multiple times. It was her old friend Grifter (in control of the android Ladytron) and his ragtag group of warriors that later came to her rescue. Once more on the loose, she had to team up alongside Mr. Majestic yet again to fight an evil plot from the Shapers Guild to recreate Kherubim on Earth (using a device known as the planet shaper). It was during this battle that Zealot's mother, Lady Harmony, was killed. Shortly after Savant was told that her true parents were Zealot and Stratos. Zealot then teamed up with many former Wildcat members, such as Grifter and Majestic, to fight Zealot's longtime rival, Nemesis. Zealot joins with many of her ex-Wildcat teammates in an unofficial form of the group as they fight with Captain Atom. Zealot's lover, Stratos, did not die during the crash. He found the time-traveling WildC.A.T.s-member, Condition Red, on the ship before the crash and was taken along when Condition Red travelled back to the present in "WildC.A.T.s" #49. Stratos' storyline has not been explored since then. Zealot is in a Coda Sisterhood building on the planet Khera, having retired there from Earth. However, her (future) return to Earth was precipitated by a large Daemonite attack; although Majestic arrives and destroyed all the Daemonites, he drops to the floor and tells Zealot that their next target was Earth. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, which merges the Wildstorm universe, Zealot makes her first appearance in "Deathstroke" #9 by Rob Liefeld. Is later revealed this version already met with Midnighter in the past when he and Apollo ask for her help. Zealot is a master in weaponry and hand-to-hand combat, and has displayed a low level of superhuman strength (up to 2 tons). Like her former mate Lord Majestros (Mr. Majestic) she is a Kherubim High Lord, gifted with extremely long life, superhuman constitution, stamina and durability. Was once taught in the ways of Dark Magic by a powerful witch named Tapestry, which granted her godlike mystical abilities that put her on par with the former mistress who enslaved her; but willingly cast them aside twice due to their corrupting nature. Zealot (Wildstorm) Zealot (Zannah) is a fictional comic book superhero who has	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Zealot makes her first appearance in "Deathstroke" #9 by Rob Liefeld. Is later revealed this version already met with Midnighter in the past when he and Apollo ask for her help. Zealot is a master in weaponry and hand-to-hand combat, and has displayed a low level of superhuman strength (up to 2 tons). Like her former mate Lord Majestros (Mr. Majestic) she is a Kherubim High Lord, gifted with extremely long life, superhuman constitution, stamina and durability. Was once taught in the ways of Dark Magic by a powerful witch named Tapestry, which granted her godlike mystical abilities that put her on par with the former mistress who enslaved her; but willingly cast them aside twice due to their corrupting nature. Zealot (Wildstorm) Zealot (Zannah) is a fictional comic book superhero who has appeared in books published by Wildstorm Productions and DC Comics. Created by artist Jim Lee and writer Brandon Choi, she first appeared in "WildC.A.T.s" #1 (August 1992), as a member of that titular superhero team, during the period when	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Caldecote, Hertfordshire Caldecote is a village and civil parish in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It is located around three miles north of Baldock and around a mile and a half east of Stotfold in the neighbouring county of Bedfordshire. The Great North Road passes just to the west of the village. Caldecot forms part of the Caldecote and Newnham grouped parish council, which covers an area of only . The village consists of a cluster of cottages around the redundant Church of St. Mary Magdalene, which dates from the 14th and 15th centuries and is in Perpendicular style. The church is currently in the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches charity. To the south of the church is a manor house dating from the 14th century. In the year 1724, several Roman urns, containing burnt bones and ashes, were discovered in this parish. During the 1970s archaeological excavations were carried out for a number of summers under the direction of Professor Guy Beresford. These revealed that during the 12th and 13th centuries there were approximately nine crofts lying to the north of the church and possibly three others close to the northwest boundary of the present manor garden. The population declined heavily during the mid-14th century, mainly due to the Black Death; no subsidy was paid in 1428 indicating that by then there were less than ten householders. The excavations demonstrated that after the manor was granted to the Priory the lands of the peasantry were gradually amalgamated. Caldecote, Hertfordshire Caldecote is a village and civil parish in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It is located around three miles north of Baldock and around a mile and a half east of Stotfold in the neighbouring county of Bedfordshire. The Great North Road passes just	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Valentin Zamotaykin Valentin Alekseyevich Zamotaykin (; 27 December 1939 in Partizansk – 7 October 1987 in Moscow) was a sailor from the Soviet Union. Zamotaykin represented his country at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Enoshima. Zamotaykin took 13th place in the 5.5 Metre with Konstantin Aleksandrov (sailor) as helmsman and Konstantin Melgunov as fellow crew member. His second Olympic appearance was during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Zamotaykin took 7th place in the Soling with Timir Pinegin as helmsman and Rais Galimov as fellow crew member. In 1976 Zamotaykin returned to the Olympics. This time with helmsmen Boris Budnikov and fellow crew member Nikolay Poliakov Zamotaykin took 4th place in Kingston again in the Soling. Valentin Zamotaykin Valentin Alekseyevich Zamotaykin (; 27 December 1939 in Partizansk – 7 October 1987 in Moscow) was a sailor from the Soviet Union. Zamotaykin represented his country at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Enoshima. Zamotaykin took 13th place in the 5.5 Metre with Konstantin Aleksandrov (sailor) as helmsman and Konstantin Melgunov as fellow crew member. His second Olympic appearance was during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Zamotaykin took 7th place in the Soling with Timir Pinegin as helmsman and Rais Galimov as	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Pushcha-Vodytsia Pushcha-Vodytsia (also Pushcha-Voditsa, ; ) is a historic neighbourhood, climate resort and an urban-type settlement (1981-2001) in the northwestern part of Kiev (Obolon Raion). Located within a dense forest and away from the urban Kiev, it is known for number of sanatoriums and state cottages for government officials such as presidents, prime-ministers etc. The southern border of the neighborhood is considered Hostomelske shose (Hostomel Highway), the eastern – Minsky prospekt (Minsk Parkway), the western – the road to the village of Moshchun, Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion (Kiev Oblast). The area stretches north to the village of Demydiv, Vyshhorod Raion (Kiev Oblast). The name was combined from two Slavic words, "pushcha" (пуща), which stands for a dense forest, and "Vodytsia" (Водиця), the name of a nearby river (not existing). In 1724 by the orders of Peter I here was established a forestry. Until the end of the 18th century the area was contested between the Mezhyhirya Monastery and Brotherhood Monastery. In 1793 the argument was decided by the Senate transferring the neighborhood into the possession of the Kiev city as a cottage settlement Pushcha-Vodytsia, which soon turned into a small khutor. In 1899, a dacha- or cottage-type settlement was founded in the Pushcha-Vodytsia forests. Later on, Soviet sanatoriums were located in the settlement, as well as in other settlements nearby. In 1981, the village acquired the status of an urban-type settlement, subordinate to the Podilskyi Raion (district) of Kiev, later in 2002 the area was passed to the Obolon Raion, and settlement lost its separate administration. A 1910 church designed by Eduard Bradtman still stands in the city. Pushcha-Vodytsia Pushcha-Vodytsia (also Pushcha-Voditsa, ; ) is a historic neighbourhood, climate resort and an urban-type settlement (1981-2001) in the northwestern part of Kiev (Obolon Raion). Located within a dense forest and away from the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Otaño The surname Otaño derives from the surname ‘Otanović’ which derives from the Serbian region. During the 16th century, the Otanović family resided in the northern part of Serbia (Subotica) which borders Hungary to the north. It is not known if the Otanović family resided in this region prior to the 16th century. After the loss of independence to the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the country of Serbia briefly regained sovereignty under Jovan Nenad in the 16th century. Three Austrian invasions and numerous rebellions left the Otanović family with less than 300 members of the family from killings and a tough decision to make to flee Serbia to Western territories in Europe. As the Great Serb Migrations depopulated most of Kosovo and Serbia, the Otanović family sought refuge with other Serbs across the Danube river in Vojvodina to the north and Military Frontier in the West where they were granted rights by the Austrian crown under measures such as the Statuta Wallachorum of 1630. As immigration decreased in the 17th century, the Otanović family migrated to Western territories in search of independence, new territories, and favorable conditions. Most of the Otanović family was of Jewish descent and settled in areas of Holland, France and Germany but were then out casted as the German Protestants sect grew in the territories of Germany and Holland. Generally, they settled in rural areas where they subsisted typically as blacksmiths and farmers. In France, the Otanović families had the reputation of being exiled royalty. Colonies forced the people out of the country and into northern parts of Spain. This led to the change of the surname Otanović to the Otaño surname in the late 17th century. This change occurred between 1678 and 1684. The change was made when the family settled in the northern regions of Spain and Basque country (Spain/France). Today, the Otaño surname is a popular one but one that remains tied to the same family tree. Anyone with the last name Otaño falls under the same family tree. Otaño's are found in the USA and Spanish speaking territories such as northern Spain (Asturias, Irun, San Sebastian,Pamplona, Galicia, Basque country, Canary Islands; Fuerteventura region), Puerto Rico (Lares, Rio Piedras, San German, Isabela, Ponce), Cuba (Havana, Cien Fuegos) and Argentina (Mar del Plata, Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz). Otaño's can also be found in southern regions of France (Bayonne, Biarritz, Hendaye, Landes, Pau, Capbreton, Hossegor, Bordeaux, Anglet). Most of the Otaño family reside in regions of southern France and northern Spain and are Roman Catholic and Jewish. Otaño The surname Otaño derives from the surname ‘Otanović’ which derives from the Serbian region. During the 16th century, the Otanović family resided in the northern part of Serbia (Subotica) which borders Hungary to the north. It is not known if the Otanović family resided in this region prior to the 16th century. After the loss of independence to the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the country of Serbia briefly regained sovereignty under	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Green Hackworth Green Haywood Hackworth (Prestonsburg, Kentucky, January 23, 1883 – Washington, DC, June 24, 1973) was an American jurist who served as the first U.S. judge on the International Court of Justice, as President of the International Court of Justice, as the longest running Legal Adviser to the US Department of State (1925 -1946) and as a member of Secretary of State Cordell Hull's inner circle of advisers. Hackworth was instrumental in the development of plans for the post World War II world order and was a key member of the U.S. delegation to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944). He served as a member of the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy (1942), as a member of Post War Programs Committee (1944) and as Chairman of the Committee of Jurists that drafted the initial statutes for the International Court of Justice (1945). Hackworth also represented the U.S. Delegation on Committee IV at the United Nations Conference on International Organization where the articles in the United Nations Charter pertaining to the International Court of Justice were finalized. Green Haywood Hackworth was born in Prestonburg Kentucky and his youth was spent in the area of the Big Sandy River. He received a B.A. degree from Valparaiso University, a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Kentucky and an L.L.B degree from George Washington University. In 1916, after completion of his legal studies, Hackworth secured a job as a law clerk with the U.S. Department of State and in 1918 was promoted to Assistant Solicitor within the department. Although a Democrat, Hackworth was chosen in 1925 by republican U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, for nomination by the President and subsequent approval by the Senate to become Solicitor of the Dept. of State. As the longest running Legal Adviser of the Department of State, Hackworth was relied upon for legal advice by five successive U.S. Secretaries of States: Charles Evans Hughes, Frank B. Kellogg, Henry L. Stimson, Cordell Hull and Edward R. Stettinius. Hackworth was noted for being a skilled legal draftsman concerning the area of treaty provisions and was a perforce in matters involving the U.S. and its foreign relations from the period of U.S. neutrality to the country's entry into World War II. He provided advice to the U.S. President, the U.S. Secretary of State, members of congress and other departments within the U.S. State Department. As Legal Adviser to the Department of State, Hackworth represented the U.S Government before the International Joint Commission formed by the United States and Canada under the Boundary Waters treaty of 1909. He was a U.S. delegate in 1930 to the First Conference for the Codification of International Law, held at the Hague under the auspices of the League of Nations. Hackworth participated in the 8th Conference of American States (1939) held in Lima, in the 8th Scientific Congress of American States (1940) and in the Inter - American Maritime Conference (1941). Following the outbreak of war in Europe, Hackworth served as Adviser to Secretary of State Hull at the 2nd Meeting of foreign Ministers of the American Republics (1941) held in Havana. On Sunday Dec. 7 Hackworth was in conclave with Secretary of State Hull at the state department prior to the scheduled meeting with Japanese ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu when President Roosevelt called at 1:30PM and informed Hull of the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor. Hull consulted with Hackworth and Josheph Ballentine, a state department expert on the Far East, on whether or not to see the waiting Japanese diplomats. After seeing and then dismissing the diplomats, Hull met with President Roosevelt and then later again with Hackworth where the two discussed drafting a proclamation of war between Japan and the United States. As the war progressed, Hackworth advised Secretary Hull, President Roosevelt, Judge Samuel Rosenman, and numerous agencies within the government. His role was to consider past legal developments in the laws of war, the laws of neutrality, laws of belligerency and the effect of these laws on the U.S. and other countries. In 1943, Hackworth served as an adviser to Secretary of State Hull at the Moscow Conference and in 1945 he served as Adviser to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius at the Conference of American States on Problems of War and Peace held in Mexico City. In Feb. of 1942, Secretary of State Cordell Hull organized the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy which was followed by the Special Subcommittee on International Organization of which Hackworth was an integral part. The subcommittee prepared draft proposals that clarified the U.S. State Dept.'s vague views on a postwar organization. In over 40 meetings in 1943, the Special Subcommittee on International Organization made intensive studies of key issues upon which any plans for a future world organization would have to depend. In March 1943, Hull formed the Political Agenda Group which was composed of Hackworth, Edward R. Stettinius and other members of Hull's inner circle. This organization championed a global organization as opposed to Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles' vision of a regional post war system. In December 1943, this group prepared and delivered to President Roosevelt a detailed post war plan that became the founding framework of the United Nations. After President Roosevelt approved outline of the plan, Hull created The Policy Committee and the Post War Programs Committee, composed of Hackworth and other close advisers from the previously established Informal Agenda Group, to implement the vision of a United Nations. Prior to the Dumbarton Oaks conference, the U.S. State Dept. originated the American Planning Group for preparation. This group was divided into three sections and each section was responsible for a different topic that was to be addressed at Dumbarton Oaks. Hackworth headed the second group charged with studying arrangements for the peaceful settlements of international disputes and the development of a World Court. At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, Hackworth chaired a special Legal Subcommittee that was established to deal with the issue of a World Court. The subcommittee used as a base the American draft statute that Hackworth's section had developed prior to the conference. Hackworth was nominated by three former U.S. Secretaries of State for an initial six-year term on the Court and was subsequently elected to a full nine-year term in 1951. In 1955 he succeeded Sir Arnold McNair of Great Britain for a three-year term as President of the International Court of Justice. During his tenure on the Court, Hackworth adjudicated seventeen contentious cases and was asked to give eleven advisory opinions. Due to Hackworth's experience as a legal draftsman, the task of consolidating views of Court members was frequently assigned to him. In the case "Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations", Hackworth disagreed with the Court in its interpretation of the implied powers doctrine and in his dissent maintained that, "powers not expressed cannot freely be implied. Implied powers flow from a grant of express powers, and are limited by those that are "necessary" to the exercise of powers expressly granted." He disagreed with the majority in that he felt that the majority used an unduly wide version of the implied powers doctrine by relating the power to be implied not to an express provision but rather to the functions and objectives of the organization concerned. 1916 - Law Clerk, U.S. Department of State<br> 1918 - Assistant Solicitor, U.S. Department of State<br> 1925 - Solicitor of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State,<br> 1931 - Legal Adviser of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State<br> 1930 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference on the Codification of International Law <br> 1939 - Adviser to U.S. Secretary of State, Meeting of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Implied powers flow from a grant of express powers, and are limited by those that are "necessary" to the exercise of powers expressly granted." He disagreed with the majority in that he felt that the majority used an unduly wide version of the implied powers doctrine by relating the power to be implied not to an express provision but rather to the functions and objectives of the organization concerned. 1916 - Law Clerk, U.S. Department of State<br> 1918 - Assistant Solicitor, U.S. Department of State<br> 1925 - Solicitor of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State,<br> 1931 - Legal Adviser of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State<br> 1930 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference on the Codification of International Law <br> 1939 - Adviser to U.S. Secretary of State, Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics <br> 1940 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference of American States <br> 1943 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Moscow Conference <br> 1944 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Dumbarton Oaks Conference <br> 1945 - Chairman, Committee of Jurists for Drafting Statutes of the International Court of Justice <br> 1945 - Adviser to US. Delegation, San Francisco Conference on International Organization of the United Nations <br> 1946 - U.S. Judge, International Court of Justice Green Hackworth Green Haywood Hackworth (Prestonsburg, Kentucky, January 23, 1883 – Washington, DC, June 24, 1973) was an American jurist who served as the first U.S. judge on the International Court of Justice, as President of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Western Latin character sets (computing) Several binary representations of character sets for common Western European languages are compared in this article. These encodings were designed for representation of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic, which use the Latin alphabet, a few additional letters and ones with precomposed diacritics, some punctuation, and various symbols (including some Greek letters). Although they're called "Western European" many of these languages are spoken all over the world. Also, these character sets happen to support many other languages such as Malay, Swahili, and Classical Latin. "This material is technically obsolete, having been functionally replaced by Unicode. However it continues to have historical interest." The ISO-8859 series of 8-bit character sets encodes all Latin character sets used in Europe, albeit that the same code points have multiple uses that caused some difficulty. The arrival of Unicode, with a unique code point for every glyph, resolved these issues. The earlier seven-bit U.S. ASCII encoding has characters sufficient to properly represent only English, Latin, and Swahili. It is missing some letters and letter-diacritic combinations used in other Latin-alphabet languages. However, since there was no other choice on most U.S.-supplied computer platforms, ASCII was unavoidable in most of the non-English-speaking world (seven-bit encoding was necessitated by the limitations of early computing networks). There was the ISO 646 group of encodings which replaced some of the symbols in ASCII with local characters, but space was very limited, and some of the symbols replaced were quite common in things like programming languages. Although seven-bit communication was the norm, most computers internally used eight-bit bytes, and they mostly put some form of characters in the 128 higher byte positions. In the early days most of these were system specific, but gradually a few standards were settled on. In recent years, as storage and memory costs fall, the issues associated with multiple meanings of a given eight-bit code (there are seven ISO-Latin code sets alone) have ceased to be justified. All major operating systems have moved to Unicode as their main internal representation. However Windows does not support Unicode using their 8-bit character interfaces (by supporting UTF-8 in standard interfaces such as fopen), so many applications continue to be restricted to these legacy character sets. The euro and its euro sign introduced significant pressure to support the euro sign (€), and most 8-bit character sets had to be adapted in some way. All of these issues have been resolved as operating systems have been upgraded to support Unicode as standard, which encodes the euro sign at U+20AC (decimal 8364). Code points to U+007F are not shown in this table currently, as they are directly mapped in all character sets listed here. The ASCII coding standard defines the original specification for the mapping of the first 0-127 characters. The table is arranged by Unicode code point. Character sets are referred to here by their IANA names in upper case. Western Latin character sets (computing) Several binary representations of character	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Nitronium ion The nitronium ion, , is a cation. It is an onium ion because of its tetravalent nitrogen atom and +1 charge, similar in that regard to ammonium. It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule, or the protonation of nitric acid (with removal of HO). It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion is generated "in situ" for this purpose by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the equilibrium: The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has a similar vibrational spectrum to carbon dioxide. Historically, the nitronium ion was detected by Raman spectroscopy, because its symmetric stretch is Raman-active but infrared-inactive. The Raman-active symmetrical stretch was first used to identify the ion in nitrating mixtures. A few stable nitronium salts with anions of weak nucleophilicity can be isolated. These include nitronium perchlorate (), nitronium tetrafluoroborate (), nitronium hexafluorophosphate (), nitronium hexafluoroarsenate (), and nitronium hexafluoroantimonate (). These are all very hygroscopic compounds. The solid form of dinitrogen pentoxide, NO, actually consists of nitronium and nitrate ions, so it is an ionic compound, [][], not a molecular solid. However, dinitrogen pentoxide in liquid or gaseous state is molecular and does not contain nitronium ions. The compounds nitryl fluoride, NOF, and nitryl chloride, NOCl, are not nitronium salts but molecular compounds, as shown by their low boiling points (−72 °C and −6 °C respectively) and short N–X bond lengths (N–F 135 pm, N–Cl 184 pm). Addition of one electron forms the neutral nitryl radical, ; in fact, this is fairly stable and known as the compound nitrogen dioxide. The related negatively charged species is , the nitrite ion. Nitronium ion The nitronium ion, , is a cation. It is an onium ion because of its tetravalent nitrogen atom and +1 charge, similar in that regard to ammonium. It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule, or the protonation of nitric acid (with removal of HO). It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dichomeris bipunctellus Dichomeris bipunctellus is a moth in the Gelechiidae family. It was described by Walsingham in 1882. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec to Maine, south to Florida and Louisiana. The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are pale brownish ochreous, dusted with widely scattered black scales and with a rather elongate black discal dot before the middle with a few whitish scales along its anterior and lower edges, followed by a smaller black dot at the end of the cell, also surrounded by whitish scales on its anterior and lower edge. There is a row of eight marginal black dots around the apex and apical margin. The hindwings are pale greyish ochreous. Adults are on wing from February to October. The larvae feed on "Myrica aspleniifolia", "Myrica gale" and "Myrica pensylvanica". Dichomeris bipunctellus Dichomeris bipunctellus is a moth in the Gelechiidae family. It was described by Walsingham in 1882. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec to Maine, south to Florida and Louisiana. The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are pale brownish ochreous, dusted with widely scattered black scales and with a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Vin Bruce Ervin "Vin" Bruce (April 25, 1932 - June 8, 2018) was one of the first Cajun musicians to appear on the Louisiana Hayride and Grand Ole Opry. Bruce was born in Cut Off, Louisiana. His father, Levy Bruce, worked as a trapper and fisherman, and played fiddle at local Cajun dances, usually held in someone's front room. Being from a musical family, Vin's interest in Cajun music grew and at the early age of 10 he learned how to play the guitar on his own. He also learned to sing. Bruce began his musical career playing guitar with the Southern Serenaders and the Hillbilly Swing Kings. On October 22, 1951, Bruce signed a recording contract with Columbia Records in Nashville, Tennessee and recorded all time popular Cajun songs such as "Dans La Louisiane" (1952), "Fille de la Ville," and "Clair de la Lune," recording with Chet Atkins, Grady Martin, Tommy Jackson, Owen Bradley and Shook Jackson. Vin was one of the first Cajuns to perform on the stage of the Grand Ole Opry and the "Louisiana Hayride". In the mid-1950s, Vin's career took a downturn as Rock and Roll became popular. Columbia released his contract, and Vin returned to Louisiana and raised cattle. In 1961 he signed a contract with Swallow Records, and had a hit single with "Jole Blon". For his contribution and performance in Cajun music, Bruce is known as "the King of Cajun Singers" and has been inducted into the Nashville Music Hall of Fame, the CFMA Cajun Music Hall of Fame, the Westbank Musicians Hall of Fame, and was chosen the Lafourche Parish Citizen of the Year. Vin Bruce Ervin "Vin" Bruce (April 25, 1932 - June 8, 2018) was one of the first Cajun musicians to appear on the Louisiana Hayride and Grand	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae are a family of 16 genera and approximately 695 known species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. The family name, from the type genus "Dipterocarpus", is derived from Greek ("di" = two, "pteron" = wing and "karpos" = fruit) and refers to the two-winged fruit. The largest genera are "Shorea" (196 species), "Hopea" (104 species), "Dipterocarpus" (70 species), and "Vatica" (65 species). Many are large forest emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the genera "Dryobalanops", "Hopea" and "Shorea"), with the tallest known living specimen ("Shorea faguetiana") 93.0 m tall. The species of this family are of major importance in the timber trade. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India, Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia. The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in Borneo. Some species are now endangered as a result of overcutting, extensive illegal logging and habitat conversion. They provide valuable woods, aromatic essential oils, balsam, resins and are a source for plywood. The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies: A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae, a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the Dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. The first dipterocarp pollen has been found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the Indian plate) and it dates from the upper Oligocene. The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-Miocene Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the Eocene of India. 52-million-year-old amber found in the Gujarat province, India, containing a large amount of fossilized arthropods, was identified as sap from the Dipterocarpaceae family. Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous. Species occurring in Thailand grows from sea level to c. 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include: Lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m; Riparian fringe; Limestone hills; and Coastal hills. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae are a family of 16 genera and approximately 695 known species of mainly	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Area boys Area boys (also known as "Agberos") are loosely organized gangs of street children and teenagers, composed mostly of males, who roam the streets of Lagos, Lagos State in Nigeria. They extort money from passers-by, public transporters and traders, sell illegal drugs, act as informal security guards, and perform other "odd jobs" in return for compensation. Area boys have existed in the city of Lagos since the early 1980s. However, under various names, types of Area Boys have been traced back to the 1920s. In 2007, the total number of area boys in Lagos was estimated at over 35,000 by a member of the Lagos State Judiciary; as of 1996, the number of them operating on Lagos Island alone was placed around 1,000. A 1996 study of area boys on Lagos Island by Abubakar Momoh showed that only 26.4% of area boys were from Lagos State, while the rest were natives of Ogun State (22.6%), Kwara State (14.2%), and Oyo State (14.1%), amongst other states. Most were between twelve and thirty-five years old. Asked whether they were "proud" to be area boys, 18% of respondents said yes, while 75% said no (7% did not respond). A United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2001 report on Nigeria described the impact of the gang members as such: The coercive and persuasive requests, petty crimes and sometimes violent offences by the so-called "area boys" to acquire resources, generally cash in the urban main business and crowded areas, have disturbed the civil society and defied the civic authority. Drug abuse among them has been variously reported as the cause of delinquent behaviour and crime. One of the methods the groups use for extortion is to surround pedestrians, drivers, and passengers in vehicles, which are stuck in traffic, and force them to pay (for some actual or pretended service) before letting them go. To aid in collecting money during traffic jams, the area boys place nails in the road and dig up the streets. When the streets are flooded, however, they also aid motorists in avoiding ditches and pot holes amidst other services. According to Momoh, much of the extortion from Igbo merchants by area boys is instigated by Lagos landlords, indigenous inhabitants of the city. Among the area boys are both sellers and users of illegal drugs; this drug use has been fingered as the cause of further crime. Momoh states "most of them use drugs (cocaine, heroine, marijuana, etc.) either as occasional users or addicts, or as peddlers." (Of 77 respondents to Momoh's survey, 12.2% dealt drugs, while 60.3% were addicts themselves.) Sale of drugs takes place both in Nigeria and abroad, and sales abroad have earned a small percentage of the sellers significant amounts of money. Groups of area boys have been known to raid rival, Igbo drug sellers based in Central Lagos. During the Hausa-Yoruba riots in Lagos in 2000, where thousands of Hausa fled to military barracks and nearly 100 people died, area boys took advantage of the chaos and joined in the mayhem, throwing glass and bottles at shops. At the Mile 12 Market (also in Lagos), soldiers were reported to work hand in hand with gang members as late as 2004. However, in May 2005, after a Nigerian soldier was assaulted and stabbed by several area boys as he tried to prevent them from taking money from a bus driver, the military began a crackdown against the group. Following this, the group's activity was noted to be in decline. Area boys Area boys (also known as "Agberos") are loosely organized gangs of street children and teenagers, composed mostly	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Aryeh Altman Aryeh Altman (, 6 January 1902 – 21 August 1982) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Herut and Gahal between 1951 and 1965. Born in Balta in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Altman studied law and economics at Odessa University. In 1921 he joined Tzeiri Zion, and chaired the organisation until 1924. After being imprisoned three times by Soviet authorities, he was sent into exile in 1924. He made aliyah to Mandate Palestine in 1925, and was amongst the founders of the Working Zionists Organization. In 1927 moved to the United States to study sociology and political science at the University of Detroit and then New York University, where he was awarded a PhD in 1935. In 1928, he joined the Revisionist Zionism movement, and three years later was elected head of the Revisionist Zionists of America. He returned to Palestine in 1935 following the completion of his PhD, and joined the editorial staff of "HaYarden", a Revisionist publication, where he headed the Foreign Affairs department. In 1937, he became head of the Palestine branch of the Revisionist Zionist Movement, and the following year became a member of the World Presidium of the movement. Between 1939 and 1940 he was a member of the Jewish National Council. Following Ze'ev Jabotinsky's death in 1940 he became head of the Revisionist Zionist's political department. In 1943 he went to Turkey as an emissary to try to save European Jews from the Holocaust. In 1945, he became chairman of the Presidium of the Revisionist Zionist Movement. In the 1949 Knesset elections he headed the Brit Hatzohar list, but it failed to cross the electoral threshold. He then joined the rival Revisionist movement, Herut, and was elected to the Knesset on its list in 1951. He was re-elected in 1955, 1959 and 1961, before losing his seat in the 1965 elections. Between 1955 and 1965 he also served as a member of Jerusalem city council. He died in 1982 at the age of 80. Altman's legacy in politics is continued by his great-grandson, Aylon Berger, an American political operative who served as national chairman of the High School Democrats of America from 2016 until 2017. Aryeh Altman Aryeh Altman (, 6 January 1902 – 21 August 1982) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Herut and Gahal between	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Best of 4Minute Best of 4Minute is the first Japanese compilation album by the South Korean girl group 4Minute. It is composed of all the Japanese tracks released by the group since their debut in Japan. It was released on September 26, 2012 in three different editions: 2 limited CD+DVD (Type A with a live event and Type B with all Japanese music videos) and a Regular edition. The album includes tracks released by the group since their debut in Japan in 2010, all singles, some b-sides and album tracks. The album was released in three different editions: 2 CD+DVD, Type A includes the live event "4Minute Live Energy Vol.2 "Diamond" 2010.12.04 Zepp Tokyo", Type B has all Japanese music videos released at the date and a regular edition, with only the CD itself. The album also includes the song "Goodbye", b-side of the single "I My Me Mine", two songs from the album "Diamond", "Can't Make Up My Mind" and "December" and a Japanese version of their debut song "Hot Issue", previously unreleased. The art covers of the album features individual photos of the girls and jacket covers of the group's past releases. The album includes five singles that were not included in any album or compilation release: The first single is the song "Dreams Come True", which was released as a double A-side single along with "First". "First" was included on the group's Japanese debut album "Diamond". The single was released in October 24, 2010 and sold around 6,500 copies of the physical single at the date. The second single is the song "Why", released on March 9, 2011. At the date, it is the most successfully selling single of the group with around 15,000 copies sold physically. It ranked #17 on Oricon's weekly chart. The song was chosen as theme song for the Japanese drama "Akuto~Juuhanzai Sousa Han". Promotions ended quickly due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the group's only TV performance was on "Happy Music". The third single is a Japanese version of the song "Heart to Heart", released on September 7, 2011, alongside the group's first DVD "Emerald of 4minute". The physical single sold around 10,000 copies at the date and reached number 18 on the Oricon weekly chart. The original version of the song is the first single of the group's first Korean studio album "4minutes Left". The song's music video was released on August 15, in the Universal Music Japan's official YouTube account. It differs from the Korean music video, omitting a storyline and showing more solo and choreographed dance shots. The fourth single is the song "Ready Go", released on December 7, 2011. The full music video was released exclusively on the music channel MTV Japan on November 11. The physical single sold around 8,000 copies, peaking at No. 23 on Oricon's weekly singles chart. It also charted at No. 1 on Gaon's international singles chart and No. 100 on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart. The B-Side is a Japanese version of "Sweet Suga Honey!", previously released on 4Minute's first Korean album "4minutes Left". "Ready Go" was used as opening theme song for the Japanese drama "Welcome to the El-Palacio". The fifth and final single is the song "Love Tension", released on August 22, 2012. The music video premiered exclusively on MTV Japan on August 4. The physical single was the most unsuccessfully selling single of the group in Japan, with 3,701 copies sold in the first week. It ranked No. 26 on Oricon's weekly singles chart. The B-side, a Japanese version of "Volume Up", was also included on the album. The original version of the song is the lead single of the group's third mini album of same name. Best of 4Minute Best of 4Minute is the first Japanese compilation album by the South Korean girl group 4Minute. It is composed of all the Japanese tracks released by the group since their debut in Japan. It was released on September 26, 2012 in three different editions: 2 limited CD+DVD (Type A with a live event and Type B with all Japanese music videos) and a Regular edition. The album includes tracks released by the group since their debut	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Alpha Kappa Rho The Alpha Kappa Rho International Fraternity and Sorority (AKRHO) is a fraternity established in the Philippines in 1973. The fraternity made up of men and women from different universities was established to promote loyalty, unity and pride in the fraternity amongst its members. However it is now registered as an International Humanitarian Service Fraternity that encourages members to be involved in humanitarian projects and various service to people wherever it exists. The fraternity is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines) as a non-profit and non-dividend Corporation with the name of Alpha Kappa Rho International Humanitarian Service Fraternity and Sorority Inc. It was founded in the Philippines, and operated in several other countries like United States, Australia, Malaysia,Macau, Japan, Hongkong, Singapore, UAE, Kuwait, Canada, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Thailand. The Alpha Kappa Rho Fraternity and Sorority was founded on August 8, 1973 by sixteen college students of the University of Santo Tomas (UST). Except for the leader and elder of the group, Jose "Boy" Chua, who was enrolled at the UST College of Medicine, the 15 other founders of Alpha Kappa Rho Fraternity were enrolled at the UST College of Commerce. The Alpha Kappa Rho founders are: 1. Jose "Boy" Chua 2. Raymund "Magnus" Gutierrez 3. Edwin Solano 4. Tanny Bernabe 5. Obet Posadas 6. Arnel Lorenzo 7. James Bracewell 8. Renato Go 9. Philip Balangue 10. Roger Sarmiento 11. Ted Aves 12. Monchet Cabrera 13. Philip Diman 14. Gil Villegas 15. Mark Queyquep 16. Noli Manalo The Alpha Kappa Rho Sorority began in 1975 and the Sorority Founders are: 1. Girlie Tesoro 2. Joyce Gregorio 3. Alda Altiveros Bernabe 4. Marisa Cumuyog 5. JJ Aquino (Deceased) 6. Irene Ileto The fraternity was founded on August 8 because it coincided with the Feast Day of St. Dominic, which is a university holiday at UST, which is run by the Dominican Order or also known as the Order of Preachers (OP). The fraternity after it was established in 1973 became notorious in the Philippines because of the initiation rites members had to undergo to join it. Those who wanted to join the fraternity had to undergo interviews and orientations followed by a period when the aspiring member is asked to do humiliating acts in public. This is followed by an initiation rite where the aspirant is blindfolded and receives blows in the back of the thigh with the use of a wood paddle. Those who are unable to bear the pain are given an option to resume on another day or can choose to quit. If the aspirant is able to complete the initiation rite, the aspirant undergoes the final rite of initiation known as the ritual where a heated coin is placed at the back of the aspirant's right wrist leaving a circular scar as a sign of full membership to the fraternity. However, with the introduction of the Anti-Hazing Law by the Philippine Government in 1995, the fraternity initiation rites are no longer sanctioned or approved by the fraternity leadership. Its motto "Vincit Omnia Veritas" meaning "Truth Conquers All" or "Truth Prevails" comes from the emblem of the University of Santo Tomas where the Alpha Kappa Rho Fraternity & Sorority was founded. Members are called "Skeptrons" a Greek word for the "ceremonial staff" or sceptre carried by a monarch as a symbol of sovereignty. The Alpha Kappa Rho Fraternity merged with the Omega Fraternity & Sorority International (OFSI) of San Sebastian College (SSC) and Zeta Upsilon Fraternity of the University of the East Recto campus (UE-Recto) in 1976. The ritual (burn mark which is a circular scar from a heated coin applied to the back of the member's right wrist) and the hand sign of AKRHO began at OFSI but became part of AKRHO after the merger agreement between AKRHO and OFSI. From 1976, the new RITUAL was required for all new members and the hand sign was to recognise AKRHO members. 5 of the 16 founders of Alpha Kappa Rho were alumni of Notre Dame of Greater Manila High School (NDM HS). Except for the leader and elder of the fraternity, Jose "Boy" Chua who graduated in 1972, the others belonged to NDM HS graduating batch of 1973. A number of other NDM 1973 graduates would also later join AKRHO. In August 1975, AKRHO grew in numbers with the acceptance of high school students from the University of the East Recto campus (UE-Recto) into the fraternity. The first Junior AKRHO was headed by Jun "Labo" Pasaporte, Rey Quitariano (another NDM alumni) and Noriel Arcadio. They began the Junior AKRHO in the High School of UE-Recto, and at the Far Eastern University (FEU), Jose Rizal College High School (JRC), Philippine School of Business Administration (PSBA) and National College of Business and Arts (NCBA). Alpha Kappa Rho	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
IPod advertising Apple has used a variety of advertising campaigns to promote its iPod portable digital media player. The campaigns include television commercials, print ads, posters in public places, and wrap advertising campaigns. These advertising techniques are unified by a distinctive, consistent style that differs from Apple's other ads. The very first advert for the first iPod (only compatible with Macs) featured a man in his room grooving to his digital music collection on his Apple iBook. He drags his music to his iPod, closes his laptop, and plugs in the ear phones. He hits play and the music increases its volume. He then dances and hops around the room, then puts on his jacket, sliding the iPod into the pocket. He dances to the door and leaves the room. The song used was "Take California" by the Propellerheads, which became the hallmark of all subsequent advertisements. One of the problems, noted Apple ad agency creative director Ken Segall, was the use of what he termed a 'real person.' Steve Jobs, he stated, avoided using people in his ads because it was difficult to find an actor who appealed to everyone. Another problem was that, "It was somewhat uncomfortable to watch, and on the web some started to refer to it as the iCloud commercial...it was a young guy trying to act cool, and doing so in a fairly pitiful way". Susan Alinsangan, a Chiat/Day art director, came up with the design of the iPod silhouette commercials in 2003, along with the help of Chiat/Day's director Lee Clow, and James Vincent, a former DJ and musician. She worked on the print campaign with artist Casey Leveque of Santa Monica's Rocket Studio The silhouette advertising campaign featured dark silhouetted characters against brightly colored backgrounds. They were usually dancing and, in television commercials, backed by up-beat, energetic music. The silhouetted dancers held iPods while listening to them with Apple's supplied earphones. The iPods and earphones appeared in white to stand out against the colored background and black silhouettes. Apple changed the style of these commercials often depending on the song's theme or genre. "It had a hook that was really was captivating and didn't try to impress us with the coolness of any particular person. Instead, it did what Apple does best: it created an iconic image, which immediately came to communicate Apple and iPod." At first, however, Steve Jobs did not like the Silhouette campaign when it was presented to him. He was not certain that the silhouettes would work since they didn't show the product in detail and they didn't explain what the iPods did. The ad designers fought to convince Steve and copywriter James Vincent suggested adding the tagline "1,000 songs in your pocket" to address the issue. Steve Jobs decided to go with it. He would later claim it was his idea to push for the more iconic ads. This change of strategy was a very successful one for the company. Previous ads for Apple's computers usually featured a high-quality photograph of the product on a white background with a short tag-line. In those ads the focus was entirely on the product and its craftsmanship. With the creation of the Silhouette campaign, however, the focus shifted from convincing consumers to purchase the device to asking them to "buy the emotion." Everything about the ads was energetic — the bright shades of tropical-like colors of lime green, yellow, fuchsia, bright blue, and pink, to the energetic and danceable rock, pop, and hip hop music, and the simple tag-lines. The whiteness of the iPod and the earphones against the black of the silhouette and the bright backgrounds further helped launch the iPod into icon status. The white earbuds also became an icon signifying the iPod itself. The ubiquitous nature of the advertising campaign ensured everyone was exposed to ads. The original television commercials and posters featured solid black silhouettes against a solid bright color, which usually changed every time the camera angle changed. Some of the television adverts also depict highlights on the silhouettes using darkened shades of the background color, and shadows on the floor. Since then, various commercials in the campaign have changed the format further: IPod advertising	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Libyan Desert The Libyan Desert forms the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert. It describes that part of the Sahara that lies within the present-day state of Libya; it also historically describes the desert to the south of Ancient Libya, a territory which lay to the east of the present-day state. The Libyan Desert is one of the driest, harshest and most remote parts of the Sahara, the world's largest hot desert. This extended desert country is barren, dry and rainless. Modern Libya is divided into the regions of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and the Fezzan. The country covers an area of . most of which is desert save for a narrow coastal strip to the north on the shore of the Mediterranean, and the mountains of Cyrenaica (the Jebel Akhdar, or "Green Mountains"). The desert covers an area of approximately , and extends approximately 1,100 km from east to west, and 1,000 km from north to south, in about the shape of a rectangle slanting to the south-east. Like most of the Sahara, this desert is primarily sand and hamada or stony plain. Sand plains, dunes, ridges, and some depressions (basins) typify the endorheic region, with no rivers draining into or out of the desert. The Gilf Kebir plateau reaches an altitude of just over , and along with the nearby massif of Jebel Uweinat is an exception to the uninterrupted territory of basement rocks covered by layers of horizontally bedded sediments, forming a massive sand plain, low plateaus, and dunes. The desert features a striking diversity of landscapes including mountains, oases, and sand seas. To the south lie the main mountain ranges, from the Jebel Uweinat (), on the Libya-Egypt-Sudan border, the Tibesti to the south, on the border with Chad, and the Acacus to the southwest. The main oases are Jaghbub and Jalo in east, in Cyrenaica, Kufra in the southeast, and Murzuk in the south, in Fezzan. The sand seas lie in a ring around the border of Libya. To the east lies the Calanshio Sand Sea, the western lobe of the Great Sand Sea straddling the Libya-Egypt border, and stretches 800 kilometres from Jaghbub and Jalo in the north to Kufra in the south. To the south-east lies the Rebiana Sand Sea, near the border with Sudan. To the south west is the Idehan Murzuq, bordering Chad, and to west lies the Idehan Ubari, bordering Algeria. The sand seas contain dunes up to 512 meters in height, and cover approximately one quarter of the total desert region. Other features are the Aswad al Haruj (the "Black Desert"), a large circular region of black volcanic shield in the centre of the country, and the Hamada al Hamra (the "Red Desert") a rocky plateau to the west, on the Tunisian border, coloured by iron oxide deposits. To the southeast, between Kufra and the Libya-Egypt-Sudan border, lies the Jebel Arkenu, with the associated Arkenu structures, thought to be caused by meteorite strikes. North of the Gilf Kebir plateau, among the shallow peripheral dunes of the southern Great Sand Sea, is a field of Libyan desert glass. This is thought to be associated with a meteorite impact, marked by the Kebira crater, on the Libya-Egypt border. A specimen of the desert glass was used in a piece of Tutankhamun's ancient jewellery. The Libyan Desert is barely populated apart from the modern settlements at oases of the lower Cyrenaica region in southeastern Libya. The indigenous population are Bisharin tribe, Mahas, and Berber. Where the desert extends into Egypt and no longer in Libya, it is generally known as the "Western Desert". The term "Western Desert" contrasts with the Eastern Desert to the east of the Nile River, which lies between the Nile and the Red Sea. The Libyan desert is said to be one of the least hospitable regions on Earth. Its climate is surprisingly variable, being hot in summer, with average daytime temperatures of and above, though this drops rapidly at night. In winter, days are cool, with temperatures averaging , but at night this can drop below freezing, with temperatures of recorded. At these times the formation of hoar frost is not uncommon, and are known as "White Nights". Contrariwise, at 'Aziziya a daytime temperature of was seen in 1922, the highest naturally occurring temperature on record. In the north, along the Mediterranean shore, cool onshore winds blow inland, while further south, hot, dry winds, known as "Ghibli", blow from the interior, creating blinding sand-storms. Historically, "Libya" referred to an ill-defined area to the west of Ancient Egypt, whose boundary traditionally was the lake of Mareotis, outside Alexandria. The ancient Greeks, such as Herodotus, regarded the whole of the North African littoral, to Cape Spartel in Morocco, as “Libya”. Later, the Romans organized the region the provinces of Libya Inferior and Libya Superior, which covered western Egypt and Cyrenaica. Thus the "Libyan Desert" was the desert to the south of Ancient Libya. With the organization of the Italian colony of Libya in the 20th century the term "Libyan Desert" for this region became a misnomer, and the area of desert within Egypt became known as the "Western Desert" (i.e. west of the Nile, in contradistinction to the Eastern Desert, east of the Nile). Following the conquest of the territory by Italy during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-12, the desert became the scene of a two-decade struggle between the Italians and the Senussi, who were centred on the Jebel Akhdar in Cyrenaica and on the Kufra oasis. It ended in 1931 with the conquest of Kufra by the Italians. During the 1930s the Libyan desert was the scene of exploration and mapping by the Italian Army and Air Force. Others, such as Ralph Bagnold and Laszlo Almasy also travelled in south-eastern Libya and southern Egypt, searching for the lost oasis of Zerzura. Bagnold also travelled into northern Chad, to the Mourdi Depression, recording his findings in his book "Libyan Sands: Travel in a Dead World", which was published in 1935. During the Second World War the north-eastern desert between El Agheila and the Egyptian border was the scene of heavy fighting between the Axis powers and the Western Allies, a period known as the Western Desert Campaign. The deep desert saw operations by the Italian Auto-Saharan Companies, in combat with the Allied Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) and the Free French "Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad" (RTST). Other actions included the Siege of Giarabub (now Jaghbub), the battle of Kufra and the raid on Murzuk, all in 1941. The Calanshio Sand Sea is the site of the missing World War II aircraft ""Lady Be Good"". The wreck was discovered north of Kufra 15 years after it was reported missing in 1943. Libyan Desert The Libyan Desert forms the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert. It describes that part of the Sahara that lies within the present-day state of Libya; it also historically describes the desert to the south of Ancient Libya, a territory which lay to the east of the present-day state. The Libyan Desert is one of the driest, harshest and most remote parts of the Sahara, the world's largest hot desert. This extended desert	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dungiven Dungiven () is a small town, townland and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is on the main A6 Belfast to Derry road. It lies where the rivers Roe, Owenreagh and Owenbeg meet at the foot of the Benbradagh. Nearby is the Glenshane Pass, where the road rises to over . It had a population of 2,993 people in the 2001 Census, an increase of 6% over 1991. It is within Causeway Coast and Glens district. Dungiven sprang up around Dungiven Castle and the Church of Ireland (Anglican church) at the eastern end of the town, later spreading westwards along Chapel Road and Main Street towards the bridging point on the River Roe. Because of the River Roe's flood plain and the line of a proposed by-pass, housing development has been mostly to the east and north of the town. It is an important service centre for the surrounding rural hinterland; offering educational, health, commercial, social, community and recreational facilities. An interesting site in Dungiven is the 11th century Augustinian priory of St Mary's and the tomb of O'Cahan (Cooey na Gall O' Cahan), laid to rest in 1385. A thicket of thorn bushes hung with rags conceals a bullaun stone, visited for wart cures. Between the 12th and 17th centuries the area was ruled by the Ó Catháin clan, one of the most influential clans in Ulster and respected throughout Ireland. In the early 17th century they built Dungiven Castle, which - having been substantially rebuilt in the 19th century - remains today as a restaurant and guesthouse. The world-famous song "Danny Boy" is taken from a melody composed by the Ó Catháin bard, Ruairí Dall Ó Catháin. The original version concerns the passing of the Chief Cooey-na-Gall, whose death brought an end to the long line of O'Cahan chiefs. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, seven people were killed in or near Dungiven in connection with the conflict, six of whom were members of the security forces. The one civilian, Francis McCloskey, was found beaten to death in disputed circumstances during street riots, in which the police were called to respond. He has sometimes been deemed as the first person killed in the last installment of the Troubles (1969-1997). The village is part of the East Londonderry Parliamentary constituency, coterminous with the Northern Ireland Assembly constituency of the same name. It forms part of Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council district. Dungiven Celtic F.C. is an association football club playing in the Northern Ireland Intermediate League. Gaelic games are the most popular sports in the area. St Canice's Dungiven is the local Gaelic football club; the team plays at O'Cahan Park and have won the Derry Senior Football Championship 7 times, and won the Ulster Senior Football Championship once, in 1997. Kevin Lynch's is the local hurling club; they have won the Derry Senior Hurling Championship a record 22 times and are the current county champions, for the fourth successive year. The team plays at Kevin Lynch Park. Dungiven is classified as an intermediate settlement by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 2,250 and 4,500 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 2,993 people living in Dungiven. Of these: For more details see:NI Neighbourhood Information Service Dungiven is mentioned in the Brian Friel play "Making History", as the place where Mabel Bagnel goes after the Siege of Kinsale. Dungiven Dungiven () is a small town, townland and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is on the main A6 Belfast to Derry road. It lies where the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
1965 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year The 1965 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 39th year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The industry experienced a small rise in attendances and totalisator turnover for the first time since 1946. The National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) affiliated tracks saw 11,213,730 paying customers at 5972 meetings with tote turnover of £58,480,219. However the possibility of future increases was unlikely because there was competition from television, which had found its way into many of Britain's households, bingo halls (a recent gambling rival) which was now established and dance halls pulled in the younger generation. In addition many companies that owned tracks had evaluated that selling them for redevelopment brought large short term financial gain, especially in major cities. Staines Greyhound Stadium was demolished, five years after closing and the Mexborough greyhound track called the Dog Daisy Stadium, which was situated on the corner of Sedgefield Way and Harlington Road also shut. Seaforth Greyhound Stadium closed on 31 December. Romford Stadium Ltd sold their controlling interest in the Dagenham Greyhound Stadium track for £185,000 stating that government restrictions on fixtures forced both tracks to race on the same day which impacted attendances. Incidentally The Dagenham Coup court case continued. On 25 January Juvenile champion Hi Joe trained by Noreen Collin and owned by bookmaker Victor Chandler Sr. was stolen from his Epping kennels. Initial hopes were that he could be recovered quickly to allow him to line up for the English Greyhound Derby but as the weeks passed he had not been recovered. John Sutton became the Managing Director of the Greyhound Racing Association and the GRA extended its board by adding Major Percy Brown, John Cearns (son of WJ Cearns) and Charles Chandler Jr. to the directors. They then sold the Kingsfurze breeding establishment at Naas in County Kildare, the seven acre grounds had been breeding greyhounds for over 17 years. This was followed by the sale of Upper Childown Farm and Fan Court Farm grounds in Longcross near Chertsey. The two properties were used as a nursery and rearing establishment by the GRA. Further cutbacks by the GRA included the sacking of two advertising executives and five trainers from the Hook Estate and Kennels. Harry Buck, Dick Clark, Albert Jonas, Eric Hiscock and Jack Cooper all left while the remaining ten Hook Kennels trainers would cover the three tracks of White City Greyhounds, Harringay Stadium and Stamford Bridge Greyhounds. The Chairman and Directors were rewarded for their work by gaining a significant rise, doubling their salaries, which was deferred until 1966. Track Chromatography (a drug testing unit) was first used at Walthamstow in their purpose built lab. Leading owner, the 70 year old shipping magnate Noel Purvis retired after forty years owning greyhounds, he rated Mile Bush Pride as his greatest greyhound. Des Hanrahan became Chairman of the Bord na gCon and actively sought to buy any Irish tracks in danger of being sold to developers. At the seaside resort of Ballybunion in County Kerry, Matt Sullivan finally received a licence to open Ballybunion Greyhound Stadium despite having to go to court against the Bord na gCon, who had reservations that it was too close to the Kingdom Greyhound Stadium in Tralee. A litter whelped in February 1965, at the kennels of Leo Stack at Duagh, Co. Kerry, would become one of the greatest litters in the history of track racing. The litter, of five dogs and four bitches, was by Crazy Parachute out of Supreme Witch and included Forward Flash (a black dog), Forward King (a fawn dog), Spectre II and Tric-Trac (two black dogs) and Gezira (a fawn bitch). The Grand Prix at Walthamstow Stadium is cancelled for the second year in succession due to problems over filling the event. Walthamstow had applied for a change to 700 yards at late notice but it is refused by the NGRC. They will however apply for a longer distance the following year and be successful. Conna Count, a white and brindle dog became the fourth greyhound to successfully defend the Laurels at Wimbledon Stadium for a new increased prize of £1,500. Clonmannon Flash, the Jim Hookway trained greyhound won the Scottish Greyhound Derby, Northern Flat, Edinburgh Cup, Pall Mall Stakes, Gimcrack and Stewards' Cup. 1965 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year The 1965 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 39th year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The industry experienced a small rise in attendances and totalisator turnover for the first time since 1946. The National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) affiliated tracks saw 11,213,730 paying customers at 5972 meetings with tote turnover of £58,480,219. However the possibility of future increases was unlikely because there was competition from television, which had found	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Blue Heaven (2003 TV series) Blue Heaven is a Scottish television documentary series filmed by BBC Scotland which followed aspiring young footballers at Rangers Football Club as they tried to forge a career in football. The series was originally broadcast in the winter of 2003 with a follow up episode in 2011. The building of Rangers' new training facility in July 2001 was the catalyst for the filming of a six-part television series by BBC Scotland. The show documented the hopes and aspirations of a group of young footballers as they try to make the breakthrough at Rangers. The production company, Saltire Films, was given unprecedented access for two years, the series begins during the Dick Advocaat era and continues through to the Alex McLeish's reign. The length of filming allowed for the following of particular youngsters. Some of those would go on to graduate to the first team, Chris Burke for example. His Rangers debut covered during the series. Other players never made it as a professional footballer at all. Rangers-daft David Ford and his family's story is covered as Ford struggles to make an impact due to his lack of height and slight frame. The Head of Youth Development, Jan Derks, is replaced part-way through filming the series and is replaced by George Adams. Derks was seen deciding on the futures of young players, including Kevin Morrison, who was eventually released by the club. In May 2011, a follow up episode was broadcast featuring several of the trainees from the original documentary. Blue Heaven (2003 TV series) Blue Heaven is a Scottish television documentary series filmed by BBC Scotland which followed aspiring young footballers at Rangers Football Club as they tried to forge a career in football. The series was originally broadcast in the winter of 2003 with	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
KK Rogaška Košarkarski klub Rogaška (), commonly referred to as KK Rogaška or simply Rogaška, is professional basketball team from Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia, playing in the Slovenian League. The team plays its home games at the ŠD Rogaška Slatina. The basketball in Rogaška Slatina started playing in the early 1960s. After the Slovenian independence, the team played in top-tier and FIBA Korać Cup. Because of financial difficulties in 1997, the club abolished senior team and competed just in youth competitions, before on February 20, 1998, the club was re-founded as "KK Rogaška 98". Rogaška earned a promotion to the top division in 2011. In the 2014–15 and 2016–17 seasons, Rogaška reached the final of the top division, where they lost 3–1 on both occasions, to Tajfun and Union Olimpija, respectively. <section begin=roster /> <section end=roster /> KK Rogaška Košarkarski klub Rogaška (), commonly referred to as KK Rogaška or simply Rogaška, is professional basketball team from Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia, playing in the Slovenian League. The team plays its home games at the ŠD Rogaška Slatina. The basketball in Rogaška Slatina started playing in the early 1960s. After the Slovenian independence, the team played in top-tier and FIBA Korać Cup. Because	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Gao Ying Gao Ying (高郢) (740 – July 24, 811), courtesy name Gongchu (公楚), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Dezong and Emperor Shunzong. Gao Ying was born in 740, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His ancestors were originally from Bohai (渤海, in modern Cangzhou, Hebei), but later moved to the later Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang, Henan), and claimed common ancestry with but not descendant from the imperial house of Northern Qi. His grandfather Gao Zhi (高質) served as a prefectural secretary general. Gao Ying himself was said to understand the "Spring and Autumn Annals" at age eight and already capable of writing, such that he was praised by the Confucian scholars. When the Anshi Rebellion erupted, and the rebel Yan forces captured the capital Chang'an, Gao Ying's father Gao Boxiang (高伯祥) was serving as the sheriff of nearby Haozhi County (好畤, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and tried to resist, but was captured by Yan forces. He was set to be executed, but the young Gao Ying spread his legs and loosened his clothes, offering to be executed in his father's stead. The Yan officers praised him for his filial piety and released them both. Gao Ying later passed the imperial examinations and was selected in the special class of those with great talents or unusual deeds. He was made the sheriff of Huayin County (華陰, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). In 767, when Emperor Xuanzong's grandson Emperor Daizong, who was then emperor, was building a large Buddhist temple — Zhangjing Temple (章敬寺) — in honor of his mother Lady Wu, Gao changed into white clothes (to show fear) and submitted petitions against the waste of money in building the temple, but Emperor Daizong did not heed his advice. Later, while the general Guo Ziyi was serving as the military governor ("Jiedushi") of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), he invited Gao to serve on his staff as a scribe. In 778, Guo was angry with his deputy Zhang Tan (張曇), believing that Zhang disrespected him on account of the fact that he rose from the soldier ranks. Guo's associate Wu Yao (吳曜) thereafter made false accusations against Zhang, and Guo executed Zhang under the pretense that Zhang was encouraging soldiers to disobey orders — over Gao's objection. Guo thus demoted Gao to be the secretary general of Yishi County (猗氏, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). (It was said, however, that when other staff members subsequently began to resign, Guo regretted both killing Zhang and demoting Gao.) After the general Li Huaiguang became the military governor of Binning Circuit (邠寧, headquartered in modern Xianyang) in 779, during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, he invited Gao Ying to serve as a secretary, and Gao was eventually promoted to be his assistant. When Li rebelled against Emperor Dezong (who was then also battling a rebellion by Zhu Ci and who had been forced to flee to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) in response to Li's rebellion) in 784, Gao tried to get him to change his mind and again submit to Emperor Dezong, but Li refused. When Li gathered his troops at his base Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng) and prepared to again attack west against the Tang general Hun Jian, Gao and fellow staff member Li Yong spoke against it, and Gao further persuaded Li Huaiguang's son Li Wei (李琟) as well, and while Li Wei was fearful of the consequences of acting against imperial forces, he was also unable to persuade Li Huaiguang. Later in 784, after Zhu was destroyed by another imperial general, Li Sheng, Gao was able to get Li Huaiguang to agree to resubmit to Emperor Dezong. However, when Emperor Dezong's emissary Kong Chaofu (孔巢父) arrived at Hezhong, he angered Li Huaiguang and his soldiers by not immediately offering the command back to Li Huaiguang, and the soldiers, with Li Huaiguang's tacit approval, killed Kong and the eunuch Dan Shouying (啖守盈). Li Huaiguang thereafter continued to stand against imperial forces. In 785, when Gao's colleague Lü Mingyue (呂鳴岳) secretly submitted to imperial forces and was discovered by Li Huaiguang, Li Huaiguang killed Lü and his family and arrested Gao and Li Yong when they revealed that, they, too, had been in communication with imperial forces, but as Li Huaiguang was unwilling to execute them as well, he kept them imprisoned. After Li Huaiguang, after defeats at the hands of the imperial general Ma Sui, committed suicide later in 785, Ma invited Gao and Li Yong to serve on his own staff. Not long after that, Gao was recalled to Chang'an to serve as "Zhuke Yuanwailang" (主客員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, "Libu"). He later successively served as "Xingbu Langzhong" (刑部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of justice (刑部, "Xingbu"), and then "Zhongshu Sheren" (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, "Zhongshu Sheng"), where he served for nine years. He was then made deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, "Libu Shilang"), and he was put in charge of the imperial examinations. It was said that at that time, the examinees often neglected their studies and spent their time on feasting and associating with officials to receive preferential treatment. Gao had long despised this trend, and after he became in charge of the imperial examinations, he refused the other officials' intercessions on part of the examinees, and it was said that within three years of Gao's becoming in charge of the examinations, the habits of the examinees had changed for the better. Gao later served as the minister of worship (太常卿, "Taichang Qing"). Around the new year 804, Gao was made "Zhongshu Shilang" (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, and given the designation "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor, along with Zheng Xunyu. He was also given the honorific title "Yinqing Guanglu Daifu" (銀青光祿大夫). After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and was succeeded by his severely ill son Emperor Shunzong, Gao was made the minister of justice (刑部尚書, "Xingbu Shangshu") and continued to serve as chancellor. When, later in the year, Emperor Shunzong passed the throne to his son Emperor Xianzong, Gao was removed from his chancellor post but continued to serve as the minister of justice and acting minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, "Libu Shangshu"). In 806, he was made the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan). Later in 806, Gao was recalled to Chang'an to again serve as minister of worship, and soon he was made the chief imperial censor (御史大夫, "Yushi Daifu"). Several months later, he was made the minister of defense (兵部尚書, "Bingbu Shangshu"). Just after a month, he requested retirement, and Emperor Xianzong agreed, giving him the title of "You Puye" (右僕射), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, "Shangshu Sheng") before approving the retirement. Gao died in 811 and was give posthumous honors and the posthumous name "Zhen" (貞, meaning "clean"). Gao Ying Gao Ying (高郢) (740 – July 24, 811), courtesy name Gongchu (公楚), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dave Rice (American football) David Rice (born c. 1940) is a former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Western Connecticut State University from 1972 to 1974 and at Fordham University from 1975 to 1978, compiling career college football coaching record of 32–30–2. He led Fordham Rams to the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Conference (MIC) championship in 1977. Rice was the athletic director at Fordham from 1979 to 1985. Rice grew up in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York and attended Hastings High School, graduating in 1957. He went on to play football at Ithaca College from 1957 to 1960, and then earned a master's degree from New York University. He is married to Jeanne Taylor, the former assistant athletic director at the University of Mississippi. They reside in Marco Island, Florida. Dave Rice (American football) David Rice (born c. 1940) is a former American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Western Connecticut State University from 1972 to 1974 and at Fordham University from 1975 to 1978, compiling career college football coaching record of 32–30–2. He led Fordham Rams to the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Conference (MIC) championship in 1977. Rice	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Boss of the Blues The Boss of the Blues is a 1956 album by the American blues shouter Big Joe Turner. Originally released on the Atlantic label, the album has been reissued many times on cassette and CD by Atlantic, Rhino and Collectables. From the 1920s through the 1930s, Turner and boogie-woogie pianist Pete Johnson enjoyed a successful and highly influential collaboration that, following their appearance at Carnegie Hall on December 23, 1938, helped launch a craze for boogie-woogie in the United States. After the pair separated, Turner continued to experience cross-genre musical success, establishing himself as one of the founders of rock and roll with such smash hits as "Shake, Rattle and Roll", but he did not turn his back on his roots. "The Boss of the Blues" marks one of the last reunions Turner would have with Johnson, as, supported by a number of swing's best performers, they re-created a number of the classic tracks that had helped lay the groundwork for rhythm and blues. A presenter of jazz on Australian Broadcasting Commission radio said of this record, "When someone asks you 'What is Jazz?', just play the opening bars of 'Roll 'Em Pete'". The bold, vigorous arrangements by the veteran Ernie Wilkins fully represent the traditions of Kansas City music, while also giving a 'mainstream' platform to the musicians, not all of whom, e.g. both Pete Brown and Lawrence Brown, had Kansas City backgrounds. "Except where otherwise indicated, all tracks composed by Pete Johnson and Big Joe Turner." The Boss of the Blues The Boss of the Blues is a 1956 album by the American blues shouter Big Joe Turner. Originally released on the Atlantic label, the album has been reissued many times on cassette and CD by Atlantic, Rhino and Collectables. From the 1920s through	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Shanksville-Stonycreek School District The Shanksville-Stonycreek School District is a public school district located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. In addition to serving the borough of Shanksville and the Township of Stonycreek, it serves the borough of Indian Lake. The district encompasses approximately 65 square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 2,916. According to District officials, in school year 2005–06 the SSSD provided basic educational services to 455 pupils through the employment of 41 teachers, 22 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 3 administrators. The campus is located on Cornerstone Road, in Stonycreek Township, just outside Shanksville. Shanksville-Stonycreek School District was ranked 175th out of 493 Pennsylvania school districts evaluated in 2010 by the Pittsburgh Business Times. The ranking was based on three years of student academic performance on the reading, writing, math and two years of science PSSAs. 2009 – 137th 2008 – 131st out of 497 school districts 2007 – 106th out of 501 school districts. In 2009, the academic achievement of the students of the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District was in the 52nd percentile among 500 Pennsylvania school districts. Scale – (0–99; 100 is state best) Graduation rate The high school has two curricular tracks: academic and tech prep. Within tech prep, students may attend the Somerset County Technology Center located in Somerset, Pennsylvania or be enrolled in the high school's business curriculum. PSSA Results 11th Grade Reading 2010 – 59% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 67% of 11th graders on grade level. (37 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 58%, State – 65% 2008 – 66%, State – 65% 11th Grade Math: 2010 – 48% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 59% of 11th graders on grade level. 2009 – 64%, State – 56% 2008 – 66%, State – 56% 11th Grade Science: 2010 – 40% on grade level. State – 39% of 11th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 60%, State – 40% 2008 – 55%, State – 39% The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. For the 2009-10 funding year, the school district received a state grant of $7,142 for the program. The Shanksville-Stonycreek School Board has set the requirements for graduation. They include: English 4 credits, Math 4 credits, Science 4 credits, Social Studies 3 credits, Health and Physical Education 1 credit and multiple electives. By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. Culminating project guidelines include community service. Beginning with the class of 2015, students must take the Keystone Exams in reading and math. The Challenge Program, Inc. offers $250.00 cash incentives to Shanksville-Stonycreek High School sophomores, juniors, and seniors who excel in the categories of: Academic Improvement, Attendance, Community Service and Academic Excellence. The program partners with businesses to motivate students both in and out of the classroom by encouraging good habits in students that will last throughout their education and into their future careers. For the 2010–2011 school year, the top 10% of students in each of the categories will be eligible to win $250.00. Reading 2010 – 91% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 81% of 8th graders on grade level. (24 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 94%, State – 80% 2008 – 91%, State – 78% Math: 2010 – 79% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 75% of 8th graders are on grade level. 2009 – 90%, State – 71% 2008 – 79%, State – 70% Science: 2010 – 70% on grade level. State – 57% of 8th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 69%, State – 55%. 2008 – 62%, State – 52% Reading: 2010 – 58% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 73% of 7th graders are on grade level. (29 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 68%, State – 71% 2008 – 85%, State – 70% Math: 2010 – 75% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 77% of 7th graders are on grade level. 2009 – 76%, State – 75% 2008 – 82%, State – 70% 6th Grade Reading: 2010 – 72% on grade level. State: 68% of 6th graders were on grade level. (29 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 59%, State – 67% 2008 – 81%, State – 67% 6th Grade Math: 2010 – 93% on grade level. State – 78% of 6th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 70%, State – 75% 2008 – 77%, State -72% 5th Grade Reading: 2010 – 83% on grade level. State – 64% of 5th graders were on grade level. (30 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 66%, State – 64% 2008 – 50%, State – 61% 5th Grade Math: 2010 – 86% on grade level. State – 74% of 5th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 85%, State – 73% 2008 – 71%, State – 73% 4th Grade Reading: 2010 – 62% on grade level. State – 72% of 4th graders were on grade level. (29 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 84%, State – 72% 2008 – 82%, State – 70% 4th Grade Math: 2010 – 75% on grade level. State – 84% of 4th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 90%, State – 81 2008 – 96%, State – 79% 4th Grade Science: 2010 – 82% on grade level. State – 81% of 4th graders were on grade level. 2009 – 100%, State – 83% 2008 – 100%, State – 81% 3rd Grade Reading: 2010 – 82% on grade level. State – 75% of 3rd graders were on grade level. (34 pupils enrolled) 2009 – 79%, State – 77% 2008 – 93%, State – 77% 3rd Grade Math: 2010 – 94% on grade level. State – 84% of 3rd graders were on grade level. 2009 – 69%, State – 81% 2008 – 83%, State – 80% In 2009, the administrative reported there were 19 incidents of bullying in the district. All Pennsylvania schools are required to have an anti-bullying policy incorporated into their Code of Student Conduct. The policy must identify disciplinary actions for bullying and designate a school staff person to receive complaints of bullying. The policy must be available on the school's website and posted in every classroom. All Pennsylvania public schools must provide a copy of its anti-bullying policy to the Office for Safe Schools every year, and shall review their policy every three years. Additionally, the district must conduct an annual review of that policy with students. The Center for Schools and Communities works in partnership with the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency and the Pennsylvania Department of Education to assist schools and communities as they research, select and implement bullying prevention programs and initiatives. Education standards relating to student safety and antiharassment programs are described in the 10.3. Safety and Injury Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 70 pupils or 16% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. Intermediate Unit 8 and the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District have established and implemented procedures to locate, identify, and evaluate students and young children suspected of being exceptional. These procedures include screening activities which include but are not limited to: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, and report cards); hearing screening (at a minimum of kindergarten, special ungraded classes, first, second, third, seventh, and eleventh grades); vision screening (every grade level); motor	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 70 pupils or 16% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. Intermediate Unit 8 and the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District have established and implemented procedures to locate, identify, and evaluate students and young children suspected of being exceptional. These procedures include screening activities which include but are not limited to: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, and report cards); hearing screening (at a minimum of kindergarten, special ungraded classes, first, second, third, seventh, and eleventh grades); vision screening (every grade level); motor screening; and speech and language screening. In schools which have a Pre-Referral, Child-Study, Early Intervening or Instructional Support Team, the above screening activities may lead to consideration by the teams to move the next level of screening activities. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the District or contact the District's Department of Special Education. The school district is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a "F" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more. The district's enrollment is in the bottom 5% in Pennsylvania. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, there are fewer than 450 students enrolled in K-12. The senior class of 2011 has 34 students, while the class of 2010 had 40 students. Enrollment is projected to continue to decline by another 100 students by the 2018 academic year. The administrative infrastructure and mandate related costs per pupil are very high. With limited local taxation resources, opportunities for students are limited. Consolidation with an adjacent school district would achieve substantial cost savings. These savings could be redirected to improving lagging student achievement, to enriching the academic programs or to reducing property taxes. Rural Pennsylvania school enrollment is projected to decrease 8 percent by 2011. The most significant enrollment decline is projected to be in western Pennsylvania, where rural school districts may have a 16 percent decline. More than 40 percent of elementary schools and more than 60 percent of secondary schools in western Pennsylvania are projected to experience significant enrollment decreases (15 percent or greater). Pennsylvania has one of the highest numbers of school districts in the nation. In Pennsylvania, 80% of the school districts serve student populations under 5,000, and 40% serve less than 2,000. Less than 95 of Pennsylvania's 501 school districts have enrollment below 1250 students, in 2007. This results in excessive school administration bureaucracy and not enough course diversity. In a survey of 88 superintendents of small districts, 42% of the 49 respondents stated that they thought consolidation would save money without closing any schools. In 2009, the district reported employing 40 teachers with a salary range of $37,000 to $115,544 0 for a 184-day school year. Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, professional development reimbursement, personal days, 10 sick days, and other benefits. Teachers are paid for extra instructional services at an hourly rate. Additionally, there is an early retirement bonus of up to $4,500. In 2007, the district employed 34 teachers. The average teacher salary in the district was $40,733 for 184 days worked. As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation. Shanksville-Stonycreek School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $1,158.44 per pupil. This ranked 25th for per pupil administrative spending in the state. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. In 2008, the district administration reported spending $14,070 per pupil which ranked 103rd among Pennsylvania's 501 school districts. In August 2009, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. The findings were reported to the administration and the school board. Reserves In 2008, the district reported a $2,640,723 in an unreserved-undesignated fund balance. The designated fund balance was reported as zero. The district is funded by a combination of: a local income tax, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the annual Title 1 grants from the federal government. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the person's level of wealth. For the 2010-11 budget year, the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District was allotted a 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $1,523,055. The highest increase in Somerset County was provided to: North Star School District and Somerset Area School District both of which received a 2.82% increase. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. The amount of increase each school district receives is set by the Governor and the Secretary of Education as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. In the 2009–2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $1,463,193. Somerset Area School District received a 4.87%. The state Basic Education Funding to the district in 2008–09 was $1,453,194. Ninety Pennsylvania school districts received a 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009. Beginning in 2004–2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania’s school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K–3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students, For 2010–11 the district applied for and received $49,722 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The Shanksville-Stonycreek School District uses the funding to increase instructional time for 65 pupils and to develop new courses and to align the curriculum to the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
to Pennsylvania’s school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K–3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students, For 2010–11 the district applied for and received $49,722 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The Shanksville-Stonycreek School District uses the funding to increase instructional time for 65 pupils and to develop new courses and to align the curriculum to the academic standards. The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for the required teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006–2009. Shanksville-Stonycreek School District received $32,723 in 2006–07. In 2007–08 the school received $192,230 and in 2008–09 it did not apply, for a total of $224,953. The district received an extra $$224,778 in ARRA – Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students. The funding is for the 2009–10 and 2010–2011 school years. School district officials did not apply for the Race to the Top federal grant which will mean hundreds of thousands of additional federal dollars for improving student academic achievement. The administration, school board and teachers' union prioritized free resources to improve student success over local control. Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved. The Shanksville-Stonycreek School Board decided to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program. The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars. After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes. Property tax rates in 2010 were set at 32.8700 mills. A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and the region. The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011–2012 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. The School District Adjusted Index for the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District 2006–2007 through 2011–2012. 2006-07 – 4.7%, Base 3.9% 2007-08 – 4.0%, Base 3.4% 2008-09 – 5.1%, Base 4.4% 2009-10 – 4.1%, Base 4.1% 2010-11 – 2.9%, Base 2.9% 2011-12 – 1.4%, Base 1.4% The Shanksville-Stonycreek School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index for the budget year 2010–2011. In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases. In 2010, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Shanksville-Stonycreek School District was $211 per approved permanent primary residence. In the district, 819 property owners applied for the tax relief. The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. This was the highest relief given in Somerset County in 2010. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least 10 contiguous acres and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. In Somerset County, 47% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009. The highest property tax relief in Pennsylvania went to the residents of Chester Upland School District of Delaware County who received $632 per approved homestead. This was the third year they were the top recipient. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Pennsylvanians aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older. The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650. Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, consequently, individual with income much more than $35,000 may still qualify for a rebate. Individuals must apply annually for the rebate. This can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief. Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%). The district offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy and the PIAA. By Pennsylvania law, all K–12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools. SSSD contracts with other districts in other sports: Shanksville-Stonycreek School District The Shanksville-Stonycreek School District is a public school district located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. In addition to serving the borough of Shanksville and the Township of Stonycreek, it serves the borough of Indian Lake. The district encompasses approximately 65 square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 2,916. According to District officials, in school year 2005–06 the SSSD provided basic educational services to 455 pupils through the employment of 41 teachers, 22 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 3 administrators. The campus is located on	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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