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Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Sep, 1890?
|
September 10, 1890
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_2
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Jan, 1893?
|
January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in May, 1900?
|
May 28, 1900
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_4
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Jan, 1897?
|
January 01, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_5
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Jan, 1903?
|
January 02, 1903
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_6
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in Jan, 2002?
|
January 29, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Hibernian F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3298578_P54_0
|
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.
|
Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian
|
[
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in May, 2006?
|
May 03, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Plymouth Argyle F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3298578_P54_1
|
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian
|
[
"Hibernian F.C.",
"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in Oct, 2009?
|
October 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Milton Keynes Dons F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3298578_P54_2
|
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
|
Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian
|
[
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C.",
"Hibernian F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in Nov, 2013?
|
November 26, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Northampton Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3298578_P54_3
|
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.
Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian
|
[
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.",
"Hibernian F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Jan, 2001?
|
January 01, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Nigeria national under-17 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_0
|
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Jan, 2002?
|
January 01, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"PFC Cherno More Varna"
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_1
|
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"Botev Plovdiv",
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Nov, 2003?
|
November 12, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"PFC Levski Sofia"
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_2
|
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Jan, 2005?
|
January 21, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara"
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_3
|
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Mar, 2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Botev Plovdiv"
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_4
|
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"Valletta F.C.",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Feb, 2009?
|
February 26, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Warri Wolves F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_5
|
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Valletta F.C.",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Omonigho Temile play for in Jan, 2010?
|
January 13, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Valletta F.C.",
"Warri Wolves F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q3625138_P54_6
|
Omonigho Temile plays for Botev Plovdiv from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Omonigho Temile plays for Warri Wolves F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Omonigho Temile plays for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Omonigho Temile plays for Valletta F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Omonigho Temile plays for Nigeria national under-17 football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Omonigho Temile plays for PFC Cherno More Varna from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
|
Omonigho TemileOmonigho Temile (16 July 1984) is a Nigerian retired footballer.Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Temile began his playing career at Nigerian football club Delta United from Warri. He started his professional career playing for Bulgarian side Cherno More in 2002. However, he signed for Levski Sofia in February 2003, teaming up with fellow Nigerians Garba Lawal and Justice Christopher. He made his debut on 28 February, against Marek. He was also a runner-up for the Best Young Player award of 2003/2004 season. Temile scored once for Levski in UEFA Cup.In 2004, Temile went for trials with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv in the summer, but eventually joined Russian Premier League side Krylia Sovetov. He signed a four and a half year contract. He joined Warri Wolves in 2009 and signed in August 2010 for Maltese club side Valletta F.C..Temile was a member of Nigeria's U-17 squad that finished second in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago. He started all six games, and scored twice from his midfield position. Temile scored the last goal against Japan on a penalty kick in the 91st minute, in which Nigeria won 4-0. He was also on target in the 5-1 defeat of Australia in the quarter final. Nigeria eventually lost the final against France.Temile is the nephew of Clement Temile, cousin of Toto Tamuz, elder brother of Frank Temile.
|
[
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv",
"Nigeria national under-17 football team",
"Warri Wolves F.C.",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Krylia Sovetov Samara",
"PFC Cherno More Varna",
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Sep, 1932?
|
September 04, 1932
|
{
"text": [
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_0
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"Juventus FC",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Apr, 1935?
|
April 29, 1935
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_1
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"Juventus FC",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Apr, 1936?
|
April 04, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Juventus FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_2
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Nov, 1937?
|
November 24, 1937
|
{
"text": [
"Associazione Calcio Milan"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_3
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Juventus FC",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Jul, 1939?
|
July 13, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"A.C. Prato"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_4
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"Juventus FC",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Feb, 1940?
|
February 20, 1940
|
{
"text": [
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_5
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.S.D. Battipagliese",
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"Juventus FC",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina"
] |
|
Which team did Cinzio Scagliotti play for in Mar, 1941?
|
March 05, 1941
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Battipagliese"
]
}
|
L2_Q1172065_P54_6
|
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.C. Prato from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1940.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1937.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for A.S.D. Battipagliese from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1939.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Salernitana 1919 from Jan, 1940 to Jan, 1941.
Cinzio Scagliotti plays for U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1933.
|
Cinzio ScagliottiCinzio Scagliotti (26 March 1911, in Alessandria – December 1985, in Florence) was an Italian professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"A.C. Prato",
"Associazione Calcio Milan",
"Juventus FC",
"U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"U.S. Salernitana 1919"
] |
|
Which team did Olivier Quint play for in Feb, 1995?
|
February 19, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"RC Épernay Champagne"
]
}
|
L2_Q3351316_P54_0
|
Olivier Quint plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006.
Olivier Quint plays for CS Sedan Ardennes from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Olivier Quint plays for RC Épernay Champagne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Olivier QuintOlivier Quint (born 29 November 1971) is a French former professional footballer and football coach.Quint was born in Saint-Quentin, Aisne. He played professionally for CS Sedan Ardennes and Nantes. While at Nantes he scored as they won the 2001 Trophée des Champions.
|
[
"CS Sedan Ardennes",
"F.C. Nantes"
] |
|
Which team did Olivier Quint play for in Sep, 1999?
|
September 05, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"CS Sedan Ardennes"
]
}
|
L2_Q3351316_P54_1
|
Olivier Quint plays for RC Épernay Champagne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Olivier Quint plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006.
Olivier Quint plays for CS Sedan Ardennes from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
|
Olivier QuintOlivier Quint (born 29 November 1971) is a French former professional footballer and football coach.Quint was born in Saint-Quentin, Aisne. He played professionally for CS Sedan Ardennes and Nantes. While at Nantes he scored as they won the 2001 Trophée des Champions.
|
[
"F.C. Nantes",
"RC Épernay Champagne"
] |
|
Which team did Olivier Quint play for in Apr, 2002?
|
April 14, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"F.C. Nantes"
]
}
|
L2_Q3351316_P54_2
|
Olivier Quint plays for RC Épernay Champagne from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Olivier Quint plays for CS Sedan Ardennes from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Olivier Quint plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006.
|
Olivier QuintOlivier Quint (born 29 November 1971) is a French former professional footballer and football coach.Quint was born in Saint-Quentin, Aisne. He played professionally for CS Sedan Ardennes and Nantes. While at Nantes he scored as they won the 2001 Trophée des Champions.
|
[
"CS Sedan Ardennes",
"RC Épernay Champagne"
] |
|
Which political party did Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky belong to in Nov, 1927?
|
November 04, 1927
|
{
"text": [
"Hungarian National Independence Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q180734_P102_0
|
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the National Radical Party from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1938.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1944.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Hungarian National Independence Party from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1928.
|
Endre Bajcsy-ZsilinszkyEndre Kálmán Bajcsy-Zsilinszky (Szarvas, June 6, 1886 – Sopronkőhida, December 24, 1944), was an influential Hungarian politician and an important voice in the struggle against German expansion and military policy.The Zsilinszky name first appeared in 1720, in the registry of the Evangelical church ("Lutheran Church") of Békéscsaba, where his great grandfather, Mihály Zsilinszky, a well off peasant farmer and an elected judge of Slovak origin, lived.Endre's grandfather (born in 1838), and his father Dr. Endre Zsilinszky, were also born in Békéscsaba. In 1883, his father married Mária Bajcsy, the stepdaughter of János Vilim, a lawyer related to the Zsilinszky family. The young couple initially resided in Szarvas and the marriage produced four children; Endre, Gábor, Margit and Erzsébet and on June 6, 1886 he was christened Endre Kálmán in the local Lutheran Church.Endre was a year old when his family moved from Szarvas to Békéscsaba, and he studied at the Gyula Andrássy High School, where, by academic excellence he rose above his peers. He regularly participated in the school's activities and chaired its self-improvement club. His prize winning compositions drew attention, and revealed his grasp of the social issues of the day. He excelled in each subject (Hungarian, Latin, Greek, German), and graduated with honours. This gained him a scholarship grant from the Lutheran Church diocese of Bánya.After high school graduation in 1904, he continued his university education at the Faculty of Law of the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca).His multifaceted abilities exhibited themselves in his first year of university. He read a lot of Széchenyi's works, and in addition to his law studies, he also signed up to study history of philosophy. His second year in school brought him a lot of exciting experiences and intellectual enrichment. He ended up spending two semesters at the universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg. During his sojourn in Germany, his interests increasingly focused on the world of politics. The developing political situation in Germany increased his incentive to study with greater diligence. And yet, in spite of his commitment to his studies, there was time for self-improvement. During his stay in Heidelberg, he developed numerous friendships and social contacts, which required him to extensively socialize.On April 24, 1908 he completed his political science studies, and on December 5, he received his doctorate in law. In the autumn of 1909 he enlisted in the 1st Imperial and Royal Hussars in Vienna as a volunteer, and in September 1910, he received his reserve officer's commission.At this time, through a conflict by his Békéscsaba family, András L. Áchim, one of the founders of the Hungarian Peasants party, was shot to death by Endre's brother, Gábor Zsilinszky.Following these events, from October 1910 on, he worked as a junior law clerk, established friendships, and improved his social life. He lectured in political citizens' circles and contributed articles to the Women's circle. In February 1912, he entered public life and found employment as the apprentice steward of Alsókubin in the comitatus (county) of Árva. At first, he worked without remuneration, then received a minimal annual salary of between and kronen.Immediately after the outbreak of World War I, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky volunteered for front-line duty and his unit, part of the II. Mounted (Hussar) Division, was deployed to the Serbian front.Afterwards he was deployed to the Italian front, and at the beginning of June 1916, as part of the 2nd Imperial and Royal Mounted Hussars' Marksmen Division, he was deployed on the Eastern front.In September of the same year he was wounded, and spent a slow and lingering period of recuperation at the military hospital. At the beginning of 1917, he requested and was granted permission to return to the front.In 1918, he participated in the founding of the Hungarian National Defense Association ("Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet") (MOVE), for which, later, he was forced to emigrate to Vienna.After his return to Hungary, he settled in Szeged. His support was welcomed by the nationalists, and the populist political party of Gyula Gömbös. Under his editorial guidance, among others, the Voice ("Szózat"), a newspaper with nationalist and racist themes, was published.Elected to the Parliament as a representative of the Unity Party in 1922. In 1923 he defected, with Gyula Gömbös, to form the Hungarian National Independence Party, better known as the Guardians of Race Party ("Fajvédő Párt"). Voice ("Szózat") became the party's official organ. In 1925 he was honoured with the commission of Valiant knight ("Vitéz"). In 1926, he became the editor-in-chief of the Hungarians ("Magyarság"), and in 1928 he became the editor-in-chief of the Forward guard ("Előörs") newspaper, which also marked the gradual distancing from the political camp of Gyula Gömbös.In 1930, he founded the National Radical Party ("Nemzeti Radikális Párt") and in 1932, he became the editor-in-chief of the anti-Nazi daily Freedom ("Szabadság"). His political stature grew in 1935 when his party and political allies were elected to the Hungarian Parliament. In the same year, he resigned his "Vitéz" commission.After the outbreak of World War II, he became the editor-in-chief of the weekly paper Independent Hungary ("Független Magyarország") in which he espoused the necessity of blocking German expansion (Living space ("Lebensraum")), through the united efforts of the small states bordering along the Danube.From 1941, he was the editor of the anti-Nazi paper The Free Word ("Szabad Szó"), and in the same year, he was one of the major organizers of the March 15 anti-Nazi protests.On March 19, 1944, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, at his residence, fought with a weapon to prevent arrest by the Gestapo. He was wounded in the brief gun battle, arrested, and hauled away.On October 11 of the same year, his release was demanded and obtained by the Hungarian government. But, in November, he was again arrested and incarcerated in the Sopronköhida prison, where he was executed by hanging on December 23. On May 27, 1945, he was reburied in Tarpa with honours.Due to his anti-Nazi stance, he was honoured by the government of the post-war Hungarian People's Republic, and his nationalist and anti-Nazi theories still have adherents.Streets named after him in Baja, Balassagyarmat, Balatonalmádi, Budapest, Debrecen, Győr, Eger, Esztergom, Kaposvár, Kecskemét, Kiskunfélegyháza, Kiskőrös, Környe, Kőszeg, Miskolc, Pécs, Szentes, Tokaj and in the inner city of Tatabánya. Also, the city of Novi Sad (Serbia) named a street after him in gratitude for raising his voice in Hungarian parliament against the mass killing of Vojvodina Serbs, Jews, and Roma by Hungarian soldiers and gendarmes in 1942.A station on the M1 line "(yellow, or Millennium line)" of the Budapest Metro is also named after him.
|
[
"National Radical Party",
"Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky belong to in Jun, 1937?
|
June 23, 1937
|
{
"text": [
"National Radical Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q180734_P102_1
|
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Hungarian National Independence Party from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1928.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1944.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the National Radical Party from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1938.
|
Endre Bajcsy-ZsilinszkyEndre Kálmán Bajcsy-Zsilinszky (Szarvas, June 6, 1886 – Sopronkőhida, December 24, 1944), was an influential Hungarian politician and an important voice in the struggle against German expansion and military policy.The Zsilinszky name first appeared in 1720, in the registry of the Evangelical church ("Lutheran Church") of Békéscsaba, where his great grandfather, Mihály Zsilinszky, a well off peasant farmer and an elected judge of Slovak origin, lived.Endre's grandfather (born in 1838), and his father Dr. Endre Zsilinszky, were also born in Békéscsaba. In 1883, his father married Mária Bajcsy, the stepdaughter of János Vilim, a lawyer related to the Zsilinszky family. The young couple initially resided in Szarvas and the marriage produced four children; Endre, Gábor, Margit and Erzsébet and on June 6, 1886 he was christened Endre Kálmán in the local Lutheran Church.Endre was a year old when his family moved from Szarvas to Békéscsaba, and he studied at the Gyula Andrássy High School, where, by academic excellence he rose above his peers. He regularly participated in the school's activities and chaired its self-improvement club. His prize winning compositions drew attention, and revealed his grasp of the social issues of the day. He excelled in each subject (Hungarian, Latin, Greek, German), and graduated with honours. This gained him a scholarship grant from the Lutheran Church diocese of Bánya.After high school graduation in 1904, he continued his university education at the Faculty of Law of the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca).His multifaceted abilities exhibited themselves in his first year of university. He read a lot of Széchenyi's works, and in addition to his law studies, he also signed up to study history of philosophy. His second year in school brought him a lot of exciting experiences and intellectual enrichment. He ended up spending two semesters at the universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg. During his sojourn in Germany, his interests increasingly focused on the world of politics. The developing political situation in Germany increased his incentive to study with greater diligence. And yet, in spite of his commitment to his studies, there was time for self-improvement. During his stay in Heidelberg, he developed numerous friendships and social contacts, which required him to extensively socialize.On April 24, 1908 he completed his political science studies, and on December 5, he received his doctorate in law. In the autumn of 1909 he enlisted in the 1st Imperial and Royal Hussars in Vienna as a volunteer, and in September 1910, he received his reserve officer's commission.At this time, through a conflict by his Békéscsaba family, András L. Áchim, one of the founders of the Hungarian Peasants party, was shot to death by Endre's brother, Gábor Zsilinszky.Following these events, from October 1910 on, he worked as a junior law clerk, established friendships, and improved his social life. He lectured in political citizens' circles and contributed articles to the Women's circle. In February 1912, he entered public life and found employment as the apprentice steward of Alsókubin in the comitatus (county) of Árva. At first, he worked without remuneration, then received a minimal annual salary of between and kronen.Immediately after the outbreak of World War I, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky volunteered for front-line duty and his unit, part of the II. Mounted (Hussar) Division, was deployed to the Serbian front.Afterwards he was deployed to the Italian front, and at the beginning of June 1916, as part of the 2nd Imperial and Royal Mounted Hussars' Marksmen Division, he was deployed on the Eastern front.In September of the same year he was wounded, and spent a slow and lingering period of recuperation at the military hospital. At the beginning of 1917, he requested and was granted permission to return to the front.In 1918, he participated in the founding of the Hungarian National Defense Association ("Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet") (MOVE), for which, later, he was forced to emigrate to Vienna.After his return to Hungary, he settled in Szeged. His support was welcomed by the nationalists, and the populist political party of Gyula Gömbös. Under his editorial guidance, among others, the Voice ("Szózat"), a newspaper with nationalist and racist themes, was published.Elected to the Parliament as a representative of the Unity Party in 1922. In 1923 he defected, with Gyula Gömbös, to form the Hungarian National Independence Party, better known as the Guardians of Race Party ("Fajvédő Párt"). Voice ("Szózat") became the party's official organ. In 1925 he was honoured with the commission of Valiant knight ("Vitéz"). In 1926, he became the editor-in-chief of the Hungarians ("Magyarság"), and in 1928 he became the editor-in-chief of the Forward guard ("Előörs") newspaper, which also marked the gradual distancing from the political camp of Gyula Gömbös.In 1930, he founded the National Radical Party ("Nemzeti Radikális Párt") and in 1932, he became the editor-in-chief of the anti-Nazi daily Freedom ("Szabadság"). His political stature grew in 1935 when his party and political allies were elected to the Hungarian Parliament. In the same year, he resigned his "Vitéz" commission.After the outbreak of World War II, he became the editor-in-chief of the weekly paper Independent Hungary ("Független Magyarország") in which he espoused the necessity of blocking German expansion (Living space ("Lebensraum")), through the united efforts of the small states bordering along the Danube.From 1941, he was the editor of the anti-Nazi paper The Free Word ("Szabad Szó"), and in the same year, he was one of the major organizers of the March 15 anti-Nazi protests.On March 19, 1944, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, at his residence, fought with a weapon to prevent arrest by the Gestapo. He was wounded in the brief gun battle, arrested, and hauled away.On October 11 of the same year, his release was demanded and obtained by the Hungarian government. But, in November, he was again arrested and incarcerated in the Sopronköhida prison, where he was executed by hanging on December 23. On May 27, 1945, he was reburied in Tarpa with honours.Due to his anti-Nazi stance, he was honoured by the government of the post-war Hungarian People's Republic, and his nationalist and anti-Nazi theories still have adherents.Streets named after him in Baja, Balassagyarmat, Balatonalmádi, Budapest, Debrecen, Győr, Eger, Esztergom, Kaposvár, Kecskemét, Kiskunfélegyháza, Kiskőrös, Környe, Kőszeg, Miskolc, Pécs, Szentes, Tokaj and in the inner city of Tatabánya. Also, the city of Novi Sad (Serbia) named a street after him in gratitude for raising his voice in Hungarian parliament against the mass killing of Vojvodina Serbs, Jews, and Roma by Hungarian soldiers and gendarmes in 1942.A station on the M1 line "(yellow, or Millennium line)" of the Budapest Metro is also named after him.
|
[
"Hungarian National Independence Party",
"Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky belong to in Feb, 1941?
|
February 21, 1941
|
{
"text": [
"Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q180734_P102_2
|
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the National Radical Party from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1938.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Hungarian National Independence Party from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1928.
Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky is a member of the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1944.
|
Endre Bajcsy-ZsilinszkyEndre Kálmán Bajcsy-Zsilinszky (Szarvas, June 6, 1886 – Sopronkőhida, December 24, 1944), was an influential Hungarian politician and an important voice in the struggle against German expansion and military policy.The Zsilinszky name first appeared in 1720, in the registry of the Evangelical church ("Lutheran Church") of Békéscsaba, where his great grandfather, Mihály Zsilinszky, a well off peasant farmer and an elected judge of Slovak origin, lived.Endre's grandfather (born in 1838), and his father Dr. Endre Zsilinszky, were also born in Békéscsaba. In 1883, his father married Mária Bajcsy, the stepdaughter of János Vilim, a lawyer related to the Zsilinszky family. The young couple initially resided in Szarvas and the marriage produced four children; Endre, Gábor, Margit and Erzsébet and on June 6, 1886 he was christened Endre Kálmán in the local Lutheran Church.Endre was a year old when his family moved from Szarvas to Békéscsaba, and he studied at the Gyula Andrássy High School, where, by academic excellence he rose above his peers. He regularly participated in the school's activities and chaired its self-improvement club. His prize winning compositions drew attention, and revealed his grasp of the social issues of the day. He excelled in each subject (Hungarian, Latin, Greek, German), and graduated with honours. This gained him a scholarship grant from the Lutheran Church diocese of Bánya.After high school graduation in 1904, he continued his university education at the Faculty of Law of the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca).His multifaceted abilities exhibited themselves in his first year of university. He read a lot of Széchenyi's works, and in addition to his law studies, he also signed up to study history of philosophy. His second year in school brought him a lot of exciting experiences and intellectual enrichment. He ended up spending two semesters at the universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg. During his sojourn in Germany, his interests increasingly focused on the world of politics. The developing political situation in Germany increased his incentive to study with greater diligence. And yet, in spite of his commitment to his studies, there was time for self-improvement. During his stay in Heidelberg, he developed numerous friendships and social contacts, which required him to extensively socialize.On April 24, 1908 he completed his political science studies, and on December 5, he received his doctorate in law. In the autumn of 1909 he enlisted in the 1st Imperial and Royal Hussars in Vienna as a volunteer, and in September 1910, he received his reserve officer's commission.At this time, through a conflict by his Békéscsaba family, András L. Áchim, one of the founders of the Hungarian Peasants party, was shot to death by Endre's brother, Gábor Zsilinszky.Following these events, from October 1910 on, he worked as a junior law clerk, established friendships, and improved his social life. He lectured in political citizens' circles and contributed articles to the Women's circle. In February 1912, he entered public life and found employment as the apprentice steward of Alsókubin in the comitatus (county) of Árva. At first, he worked without remuneration, then received a minimal annual salary of between and kronen.Immediately after the outbreak of World War I, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky volunteered for front-line duty and his unit, part of the II. Mounted (Hussar) Division, was deployed to the Serbian front.Afterwards he was deployed to the Italian front, and at the beginning of June 1916, as part of the 2nd Imperial and Royal Mounted Hussars' Marksmen Division, he was deployed on the Eastern front.In September of the same year he was wounded, and spent a slow and lingering period of recuperation at the military hospital. At the beginning of 1917, he requested and was granted permission to return to the front.In 1918, he participated in the founding of the Hungarian National Defense Association ("Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet") (MOVE), for which, later, he was forced to emigrate to Vienna.After his return to Hungary, he settled in Szeged. His support was welcomed by the nationalists, and the populist political party of Gyula Gömbös. Under his editorial guidance, among others, the Voice ("Szózat"), a newspaper with nationalist and racist themes, was published.Elected to the Parliament as a representative of the Unity Party in 1922. In 1923 he defected, with Gyula Gömbös, to form the Hungarian National Independence Party, better known as the Guardians of Race Party ("Fajvédő Párt"). Voice ("Szózat") became the party's official organ. In 1925 he was honoured with the commission of Valiant knight ("Vitéz"). In 1926, he became the editor-in-chief of the Hungarians ("Magyarság"), and in 1928 he became the editor-in-chief of the Forward guard ("Előörs") newspaper, which also marked the gradual distancing from the political camp of Gyula Gömbös.In 1930, he founded the National Radical Party ("Nemzeti Radikális Párt") and in 1932, he became the editor-in-chief of the anti-Nazi daily Freedom ("Szabadság"). His political stature grew in 1935 when his party and political allies were elected to the Hungarian Parliament. In the same year, he resigned his "Vitéz" commission.After the outbreak of World War II, he became the editor-in-chief of the weekly paper Independent Hungary ("Független Magyarország") in which he espoused the necessity of blocking German expansion (Living space ("Lebensraum")), through the united efforts of the small states bordering along the Danube.From 1941, he was the editor of the anti-Nazi paper The Free Word ("Szabad Szó"), and in the same year, he was one of the major organizers of the March 15 anti-Nazi protests.On March 19, 1944, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, at his residence, fought with a weapon to prevent arrest by the Gestapo. He was wounded in the brief gun battle, arrested, and hauled away.On October 11 of the same year, his release was demanded and obtained by the Hungarian government. But, in November, he was again arrested and incarcerated in the Sopronköhida prison, where he was executed by hanging on December 23. On May 27, 1945, he was reburied in Tarpa with honours.Due to his anti-Nazi stance, he was honoured by the government of the post-war Hungarian People's Republic, and his nationalist and anti-Nazi theories still have adherents.Streets named after him in Baja, Balassagyarmat, Balatonalmádi, Budapest, Debrecen, Győr, Eger, Esztergom, Kaposvár, Kecskemét, Kiskunfélegyháza, Kiskőrös, Környe, Kőszeg, Miskolc, Pécs, Szentes, Tokaj and in the inner city of Tatabánya. Also, the city of Novi Sad (Serbia) named a street after him in gratitude for raising his voice in Hungarian parliament against the mass killing of Vojvodina Serbs, Jews, and Roma by Hungarian soldiers and gendarmes in 1942.A station on the M1 line "(yellow, or Millennium line)" of the Budapest Metro is also named after him.
|
[
"Hungarian National Independence Party",
"National Radical Party"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Apr, 2005?
|
April 22, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Costa Rica national football team",
"C.S. Herediano"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_0
|
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Jul, 1998?
|
July 30, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Costa Rica national football team",
"Comunicaciones FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_1
|
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Jun, 1999?
|
June 28, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Costa Rica national football team",
"San Jose Earthquakes"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_2
|
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Jul, 2000?
|
July 18, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"New England Revolution",
"Costa Rica national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_3
|
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Oct, 2002?
|
October 17, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"Costa Rica national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_4
|
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Aug, 2003?
|
August 29, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Costa Rica national football team",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_5
|
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano",
"New England Revolution",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Sep, 2004?
|
September 24, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Costa Rica national football team",
"C.S. Herediano"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_6
|
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"Deportivo Saprissa"
] |
|
Which team did Mauricio Wright play for in Sep, 2006?
|
September 20, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Deportivo Saprissa"
]
}
|
L2_Q705668_P54_7
|
Mauricio Wright plays for Comunicaciones FC from Jan, 1998 to Mar, 1999.
Mauricio Wright plays for C.S. Herediano from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for New England Revolution from Jun, 2000 to Dec, 2001.
Mauricio Wright plays for Guangzhou City F.C. from Aug, 2003 to Nov, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for A.E.K. Athens F.C. from Jul, 2002 to Aug, 2003.
Mauricio Wright plays for San Jose Earthquakes from Mar, 1999 to May, 2000.
Mauricio Wright plays for Deportivo Saprissa from Aug, 2006 to Oct, 2006.
Mauricio Wright plays for Costa Rica national football team from Dec, 1995 to Jul, 2005.
|
Mauricio WrightWílber Mauricio Wright Reynolds (born December 20, 1970 in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican former soccer defender, a key member of the Costa Rica national team for over ten years.Wright started his career at Saprissa and moved abroad to play for Comunicaciones in Guatemala, where he played alongside compatriots Rolando Fonseca, Floyd Guthrie and Jéwisson Bennett. He then played three seasons (1999–2001) in Major League Soccer, split between the San Jose Clash (later Earthquakes) and the New England Revolution, alongside William Sunsing. He scored six goals and added three assists in MLS league play. Wright has also played for Herediano in Costa Rica and AEK, together with Walter Centeno, in the Greek Super League. He also had a short stint in China with Shenyang Ginde.With Saprissa, he has won three national championships and two CONCACAF Champions Cup, and returned to the team to play his last season as a professional, accomplishing his dream of retiring as a 'morado'.Wright made his debut for Costa Rica national football team at the December 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and earned a total of 67 caps, scoring 6 goals. After not playing in qualifying rounds, he started in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal. He also played (and scored) in the 1997 and 2004 Copa Américas.His final international was a July 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Cuba.Wright was named manager of Brujas in May 2007 and he won the 2009 winter championship with the club. He has coached teams in Costa Rica and Guatemala and took the reins at Cartaginés in May 2014. He was announced the new manager at Herediano in December 2014, replacing Jafet Soto. In May 2021, he won the Clausura season with Saprissa, thus giving the team its record 36th title.
|
[
"New England Revolution",
"Guangzhou City F.C.",
"A.E.K. Athens F.C.",
"Costa Rica national football team",
"San Jose Earthquakes",
"Comunicaciones FC",
"C.S. Herediano"
] |
|
Who was the chair of European Film Academy in Apr, 1991?
|
April 04, 1991
|
{
"text": [
"Ingmar Bergman"
]
}
|
L2_Q1377331_P488_0
|
Ingmar Bergman is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
Wim Wenders is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1996 to Dec, 2020.
Agnieszka Holland is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
European Film AcademyThe European Film Academy (EFA) is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988.The Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe.The European Film Awards takes place every second year in Berlin, while they are presented every other year in another European city.In 1988, the Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe in order to promote European film culture worldwide and to protect and to support the interests of the European film industry. Wim Wenders was elected Chairman. Two years later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association.In 1996, Wim Wenders took over the presidency from Ingmar Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected new Chairman. The decisions about political targets and contents are made by the Board members of the Academy, which has its seat in Berlin.Due to a decision of the General Assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 3,300 (as of January 2015). The Academy is thus working in close contact with the European film industry.listed are all countries with more than 20 EFA membersThe European Film Academy is mainly funded by the Stiftung Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin (German National Lottery), the German State Minister for Culture and the Media, and Filmboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH. The presentation of the European Film Awards are financed independently from the Academy. Founded in 2006 to produce the European Film Awards Ceremony for television, EFA Productions gGmbH is the in-house production company of the European Film Academy e.V. For a number of years, the European Film Awards have been supported by patrons from the international film industry. Their commitment demonstrates the importance that the international film industry attaches to the European Film Awards.Throughout the year, the European Film Academy (EFA) initiates and participates in a series of activities dealing with film politics as well as economic, artistic, and training aspects. The programme includes conferences, seminars and workshops, and a common goal is to build a bridge between creativity and the industry. Some of EFA's events have already become an institution for encounters within the European film community:The annual European Film Awards ceremony (until 1997 known as FELIX) is the most visible activity of the European Film Academy. With the awards the Academy pursues the following aims: attracting the interest of the audience in European cinema, promoting its cultural and artistic qualities, and regaining the public's confidence in its entertainment value. To put these ideas into practice, the People's Choice Awards were added as a new category in 1997. They are accompanied by big advertising campaigns in European film magazines. In addition, screenings of the nominated films were in the past years organised for the public in several European cities (Berlin, Edinburgh, London, Stockholm, Strasbourg, Warsaw).The members of the European Film Academy actively participate in the selection, nomination and awarding procedure.The European Film Awards are the first in the annual international awards calendar. Most of the nominees and winners of the European Film Awards are found in the following months among the nominees and winners of the Golden Globes or the Oscars. In the past years, European producers and distributors repeatedly stressed that a nomination or receipt of the European Film Award had a positive impact on the destiny of their films with regard to the Golden Globe or the Oscar.Every year, the academy organises a sidebar programme on the occasion of the European Film Awards week-end with panel discussions and conferences. Thus, innovative production methods for the new millennium were discussed at the conference which took place in Berlin in 1999, whereas in 2000, nine European filmmakers of international reputation (among them, Wim Wenders, Liv Ullmann, Tom Tykwer, Dominik Moll, Pavel Lungin, Maria de Medeiros) as well as the EU commissioner Viviane Reding made very personal and visionary speeches on the artistic, cultural, and social role of cinema in front of 800 guests at Theâtre de l'Odéon in Paris, where the conference E LA NAVE VA - For a New Energy in European Cinema was held.
|
[
"Agnieszka Holland",
"Wim Wenders"
] |
|
Who was the chair of European Film Academy in Sep, 2003?
|
September 12, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Wim Wenders"
]
}
|
L2_Q1377331_P488_1
|
Wim Wenders is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1996 to Dec, 2020.
Ingmar Bergman is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
Agnieszka Holland is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
European Film AcademyThe European Film Academy (EFA) is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988.The Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe.The European Film Awards takes place every second year in Berlin, while they are presented every other year in another European city.In 1988, the Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe in order to promote European film culture worldwide and to protect and to support the interests of the European film industry. Wim Wenders was elected Chairman. Two years later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association.In 1996, Wim Wenders took over the presidency from Ingmar Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected new Chairman. The decisions about political targets and contents are made by the Board members of the Academy, which has its seat in Berlin.Due to a decision of the General Assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 3,300 (as of January 2015). The Academy is thus working in close contact with the European film industry.listed are all countries with more than 20 EFA membersThe European Film Academy is mainly funded by the Stiftung Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin (German National Lottery), the German State Minister for Culture and the Media, and Filmboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH. The presentation of the European Film Awards are financed independently from the Academy. Founded in 2006 to produce the European Film Awards Ceremony for television, EFA Productions gGmbH is the in-house production company of the European Film Academy e.V. For a number of years, the European Film Awards have been supported by patrons from the international film industry. Their commitment demonstrates the importance that the international film industry attaches to the European Film Awards.Throughout the year, the European Film Academy (EFA) initiates and participates in a series of activities dealing with film politics as well as economic, artistic, and training aspects. The programme includes conferences, seminars and workshops, and a common goal is to build a bridge between creativity and the industry. Some of EFA's events have already become an institution for encounters within the European film community:The annual European Film Awards ceremony (until 1997 known as FELIX) is the most visible activity of the European Film Academy. With the awards the Academy pursues the following aims: attracting the interest of the audience in European cinema, promoting its cultural and artistic qualities, and regaining the public's confidence in its entertainment value. To put these ideas into practice, the People's Choice Awards were added as a new category in 1997. They are accompanied by big advertising campaigns in European film magazines. In addition, screenings of the nominated films were in the past years organised for the public in several European cities (Berlin, Edinburgh, London, Stockholm, Strasbourg, Warsaw).The members of the European Film Academy actively participate in the selection, nomination and awarding procedure.The European Film Awards are the first in the annual international awards calendar. Most of the nominees and winners of the European Film Awards are found in the following months among the nominees and winners of the Golden Globes or the Oscars. In the past years, European producers and distributors repeatedly stressed that a nomination or receipt of the European Film Award had a positive impact on the destiny of their films with regard to the Golden Globe or the Oscar.Every year, the academy organises a sidebar programme on the occasion of the European Film Awards week-end with panel discussions and conferences. Thus, innovative production methods for the new millennium were discussed at the conference which took place in Berlin in 1999, whereas in 2000, nine European filmmakers of international reputation (among them, Wim Wenders, Liv Ullmann, Tom Tykwer, Dominik Moll, Pavel Lungin, Maria de Medeiros) as well as the EU commissioner Viviane Reding made very personal and visionary speeches on the artistic, cultural, and social role of cinema in front of 800 guests at Theâtre de l'Odéon in Paris, where the conference E LA NAVE VA - For a New Energy in European Cinema was held.
|
[
"Agnieszka Holland",
"Ingmar Bergman"
] |
|
Who was the chair of European Film Academy in Nov, 2021?
|
November 08, 2021
|
{
"text": [
"Agnieszka Holland"
]
}
|
L2_Q1377331_P488_2
|
Agnieszka Holland is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Ingmar Bergman is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
Wim Wenders is the chair of European Film Academy from Jan, 1996 to Dec, 2020.
|
European Film AcademyThe European Film Academy (EFA) is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988.The Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe.The European Film Awards takes place every second year in Berlin, while they are presented every other year in another European city.In 1988, the Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, as well as 40 filmmakers from all over Europe in order to promote European film culture worldwide and to protect and to support the interests of the European film industry. Wim Wenders was elected Chairman. Two years later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association.In 1996, Wim Wenders took over the presidency from Ingmar Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected new Chairman. The decisions about political targets and contents are made by the Board members of the Academy, which has its seat in Berlin.Due to a decision of the General Assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 3,300 (as of January 2015). The Academy is thus working in close contact with the European film industry.listed are all countries with more than 20 EFA membersThe European Film Academy is mainly funded by the Stiftung Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin (German National Lottery), the German State Minister for Culture and the Media, and Filmboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH. The presentation of the European Film Awards are financed independently from the Academy. Founded in 2006 to produce the European Film Awards Ceremony for television, EFA Productions gGmbH is the in-house production company of the European Film Academy e.V. For a number of years, the European Film Awards have been supported by patrons from the international film industry. Their commitment demonstrates the importance that the international film industry attaches to the European Film Awards.Throughout the year, the European Film Academy (EFA) initiates and participates in a series of activities dealing with film politics as well as economic, artistic, and training aspects. The programme includes conferences, seminars and workshops, and a common goal is to build a bridge between creativity and the industry. Some of EFA's events have already become an institution for encounters within the European film community:The annual European Film Awards ceremony (until 1997 known as FELIX) is the most visible activity of the European Film Academy. With the awards the Academy pursues the following aims: attracting the interest of the audience in European cinema, promoting its cultural and artistic qualities, and regaining the public's confidence in its entertainment value. To put these ideas into practice, the People's Choice Awards were added as a new category in 1997. They are accompanied by big advertising campaigns in European film magazines. In addition, screenings of the nominated films were in the past years organised for the public in several European cities (Berlin, Edinburgh, London, Stockholm, Strasbourg, Warsaw).The members of the European Film Academy actively participate in the selection, nomination and awarding procedure.The European Film Awards are the first in the annual international awards calendar. Most of the nominees and winners of the European Film Awards are found in the following months among the nominees and winners of the Golden Globes or the Oscars. In the past years, European producers and distributors repeatedly stressed that a nomination or receipt of the European Film Award had a positive impact on the destiny of their films with regard to the Golden Globe or the Oscar.Every year, the academy organises a sidebar programme on the occasion of the European Film Awards week-end with panel discussions and conferences. Thus, innovative production methods for the new millennium were discussed at the conference which took place in Berlin in 1999, whereas in 2000, nine European filmmakers of international reputation (among them, Wim Wenders, Liv Ullmann, Tom Tykwer, Dominik Moll, Pavel Lungin, Maria de Medeiros) as well as the EU commissioner Viviane Reding made very personal and visionary speeches on the artistic, cultural, and social role of cinema in front of 800 guests at Theâtre de l'Odéon in Paris, where the conference E LA NAVE VA - For a New Energy in European Cinema was held.
|
[
"Wim Wenders",
"Ingmar Bergman"
] |
|
Which employer did Aleksander Eelmaa work for in Jul, 1985?
|
July 05, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"Vanalinnastuudio"
]
}
|
L2_Q16403786_P108_0
|
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1990.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2021.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Tallinn City Theatre from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
|
Aleksander EelmaaAleksander Eelmaa (born on 6 November 1946 in Viljandi) is an Estonian actor.1968-1969 he studied at Estonian SSR Theatre Association's pantomime studio. 1976-1981 he was an actor at Estonian Youth Theatre, 1981-1990 Vanalinnastuudio, 1990-2006 Estonian Drama Theatre, 2007-2015 Tallinn City Theatre, and since 2015 again at Estonian Drama Theatre.Besides theatrical roles she has also played on several films and television series.Eelmaa's children are actor and director Taavi Eelmaa and theatre artist .
|
[
"Estonian Drama Theatre",
"Tallinn City Theatre"
] |
|
Which employer did Aleksander Eelmaa work for in Sep, 2012?
|
September 19, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Tallinn City Theatre"
]
}
|
L2_Q16403786_P108_1
|
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2021.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1990.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Tallinn City Theatre from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
|
Aleksander EelmaaAleksander Eelmaa (born on 6 November 1946 in Viljandi) is an Estonian actor.1968-1969 he studied at Estonian SSR Theatre Association's pantomime studio. 1976-1981 he was an actor at Estonian Youth Theatre, 1981-1990 Vanalinnastuudio, 1990-2006 Estonian Drama Theatre, 2007-2015 Tallinn City Theatre, and since 2015 again at Estonian Drama Theatre.Besides theatrical roles she has also played on several films and television series.Eelmaa's children are actor and director Taavi Eelmaa and theatre artist .
|
[
"Vanalinnastuudio",
"Estonian Drama Theatre"
] |
|
Which employer did Aleksander Eelmaa work for in Nov, 2016?
|
November 10, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Estonian Drama Theatre"
]
}
|
L2_Q16403786_P108_2
|
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1990.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Tallinn City Theatre from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
Aleksander Eelmaa works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2021.
|
Aleksander EelmaaAleksander Eelmaa (born on 6 November 1946 in Viljandi) is an Estonian actor.1968-1969 he studied at Estonian SSR Theatre Association's pantomime studio. 1976-1981 he was an actor at Estonian Youth Theatre, 1981-1990 Vanalinnastuudio, 1990-2006 Estonian Drama Theatre, 2007-2015 Tallinn City Theatre, and since 2015 again at Estonian Drama Theatre.Besides theatrical roles she has also played on several films and television series.Eelmaa's children are actor and director Taavi Eelmaa and theatre artist .
|
[
"Vanalinnastuudio",
"Tallinn City Theatre"
] |
|
Where was Szolem Mandelbrojt educated in Apr, 1918?
|
April 03, 1918
|
{
"text": [
"University of Warsaw"
]
}
|
L2_Q720471_P69_0
|
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended National University of Kharkiv from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended University of Warsaw from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.
|
Szolem MandelbrojtSzolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a Professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. He was initially educated in Warsaw, then in 1919 he moved to Kharkov, Ukraine and spent a year as a student of the Russian mathematician Sergei Bernstein. A year later, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris. In subsequent years, he attended the seminars of Jacques Hadamard, Henri Lebesgue, Émile Picard, and others. In 1923, he received a doctorate from Paris-Sorbonne University on the analytic continuation of the Taylor series. Hadamard was his Ph.D. advisor.In 1924 Mandelbrojt was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship in the United States.In May 1926 he married Gladys Manuelle Grunwald (born June, 28th 1904 in Paris).From 1926 to 1927, he spent a year as an assistant professor at the Rice Institute (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas.In 1928 he returned to France - having received French citizenship in 1927 – and was appointed an assistant professor at the University of Lille. The following year he became a full professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In December 1934 Mandelbrojt co-founded the Nicolas Bourbaki group of mathematicians, of which he was a member until World War II. He succeeded Hadamard at Collège de France in 1938 and took up the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Mandelbrojt helped several members of his family emigrate from Poland to France in 1936. One of them, his nephew Benoit Mandelbrot, was to discover the Mandelbrot set and coin the word fractal in the 1970s.In 1939 he fought for France when the country was invaded by the Nazis, then in 1940, along with many scientists helped by Louis Rapkine and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mandelbrojt relocated to the United States, taking up a position at the Rice Institute. In 1944 he joined the scientific committee of the Free French Forces in London, England.In 1945 Mandelbrojt moved back to France and resumed his professional activities at Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1972. In his retirement year he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences.Szolem Mandelbrojt died at the age of 84 in Paris, France, on 23 September 1983.Even though Mandelbrojt was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and he did take part in a number of Bourbaki gatherings until the breakout of the war, his main research interests were actually quite remote from abstract algebra. As evidenced by his publications (see next), he focused on complex analysis and harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on Dirichlet series, lacunary series, and entire functions.Rather than a Bourbakist, he is perhaps more accurately described as a follower of G. H. Hardy. Together with Norbert Wiener and Torsten Carleman, he can be viewed as a moderate modernizer of classical Fourier analysis.Shmuel Agmon, Jean-Pierre Kahane, Yitzhak Katznelson, and Paul Malliavin are among his students.
|
[
"National University of Kharkiv",
"Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV"
] |
|
Where was Szolem Mandelbrojt educated in Mar, 1919?
|
March 20, 1919
|
{
"text": [
"National University of Kharkiv"
]
}
|
L2_Q720471_P69_1
|
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended University of Warsaw from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended National University of Kharkiv from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
|
Szolem MandelbrojtSzolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a Professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. He was initially educated in Warsaw, then in 1919 he moved to Kharkov, Ukraine and spent a year as a student of the Russian mathematician Sergei Bernstein. A year later, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris. In subsequent years, he attended the seminars of Jacques Hadamard, Henri Lebesgue, Émile Picard, and others. In 1923, he received a doctorate from Paris-Sorbonne University on the analytic continuation of the Taylor series. Hadamard was his Ph.D. advisor.In 1924 Mandelbrojt was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship in the United States.In May 1926 he married Gladys Manuelle Grunwald (born June, 28th 1904 in Paris).From 1926 to 1927, he spent a year as an assistant professor at the Rice Institute (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas.In 1928 he returned to France - having received French citizenship in 1927 – and was appointed an assistant professor at the University of Lille. The following year he became a full professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In December 1934 Mandelbrojt co-founded the Nicolas Bourbaki group of mathematicians, of which he was a member until World War II. He succeeded Hadamard at Collège de France in 1938 and took up the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Mandelbrojt helped several members of his family emigrate from Poland to France in 1936. One of them, his nephew Benoit Mandelbrot, was to discover the Mandelbrot set and coin the word fractal in the 1970s.In 1939 he fought for France when the country was invaded by the Nazis, then in 1940, along with many scientists helped by Louis Rapkine and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mandelbrojt relocated to the United States, taking up a position at the Rice Institute. In 1944 he joined the scientific committee of the Free French Forces in London, England.In 1945 Mandelbrojt moved back to France and resumed his professional activities at Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1972. In his retirement year he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences.Szolem Mandelbrojt died at the age of 84 in Paris, France, on 23 September 1983.Even though Mandelbrojt was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and he did take part in a number of Bourbaki gatherings until the breakout of the war, his main research interests were actually quite remote from abstract algebra. As evidenced by his publications (see next), he focused on complex analysis and harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on Dirichlet series, lacunary series, and entire functions.Rather than a Bourbakist, he is perhaps more accurately described as a follower of G. H. Hardy. Together with Norbert Wiener and Torsten Carleman, he can be viewed as a moderate modernizer of classical Fourier analysis.Shmuel Agmon, Jean-Pierre Kahane, Yitzhak Katznelson, and Paul Malliavin are among his students.
|
[
"University of Warsaw",
"Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV"
] |
|
Where was Szolem Mandelbrojt educated in Mar, 1920?
|
March 30, 1920
|
{
"text": [
"Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV"
]
}
|
L2_Q720471_P69_2
|
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended University of Warsaw from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended Paris-Sorbonne University - Paris IV from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
Szolem Mandelbrojt attended National University of Kharkiv from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
|
Szolem MandelbrojtSzolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a Professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. He was initially educated in Warsaw, then in 1919 he moved to Kharkov, Ukraine and spent a year as a student of the Russian mathematician Sergei Bernstein. A year later, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris. In subsequent years, he attended the seminars of Jacques Hadamard, Henri Lebesgue, Émile Picard, and others. In 1923, he received a doctorate from Paris-Sorbonne University on the analytic continuation of the Taylor series. Hadamard was his Ph.D. advisor.In 1924 Mandelbrojt was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship in the United States.In May 1926 he married Gladys Manuelle Grunwald (born June, 28th 1904 in Paris).From 1926 to 1927, he spent a year as an assistant professor at the Rice Institute (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas.In 1928 he returned to France - having received French citizenship in 1927 – and was appointed an assistant professor at the University of Lille. The following year he became a full professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In December 1934 Mandelbrojt co-founded the Nicolas Bourbaki group of mathematicians, of which he was a member until World War II. He succeeded Hadamard at Collège de France in 1938 and took up the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.Mandelbrojt helped several members of his family emigrate from Poland to France in 1936. One of them, his nephew Benoit Mandelbrot, was to discover the Mandelbrot set and coin the word fractal in the 1970s.In 1939 he fought for France when the country was invaded by the Nazis, then in 1940, along with many scientists helped by Louis Rapkine and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mandelbrojt relocated to the United States, taking up a position at the Rice Institute. In 1944 he joined the scientific committee of the Free French Forces in London, England.In 1945 Mandelbrojt moved back to France and resumed his professional activities at Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1972. In his retirement year he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences.Szolem Mandelbrojt died at the age of 84 in Paris, France, on 23 September 1983.Even though Mandelbrojt was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and he did take part in a number of Bourbaki gatherings until the breakout of the war, his main research interests were actually quite remote from abstract algebra. As evidenced by his publications (see next), he focused on complex analysis and harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on Dirichlet series, lacunary series, and entire functions.Rather than a Bourbakist, he is perhaps more accurately described as a follower of G. H. Hardy. Together with Norbert Wiener and Torsten Carleman, he can be viewed as a moderate modernizer of classical Fourier analysis.Shmuel Agmon, Jean-Pierre Kahane, Yitzhak Katznelson, and Paul Malliavin are among his students.
|
[
"National University of Kharkiv",
"University of Warsaw"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicola Zingaretti belong to in Dec, 1994?
|
December 05, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"Democratic Party of the Left"
]
}
|
L2_Q1332769_P102_0
|
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
|
Nicola ZingarettiNicola Zingaretti (; born 11 October 1965) is an Italian politician who has served as President of Lazio since 2013 and was Secretary of the Democratic Party from March 2019 until March 2021.During the 1990s, he was a prominent European youth leader, serving as National Secretary of the Left Youth, the youth-wing of the Democratic Party of the Left and as President of the International Union of Socialist Youth. In 2004, Zingaretti became a Member of the European Parliament for the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree. From 2008 to 2013, he served as President of the Province of Rome.Zingaretti is considered a social democrat and one of the most prominent members of the party's left-wing. Moreover, he is the longest-serving President of Lazio as well as the first one to be re-elected after a first five-year term.He is the brother of the actor Luca Zingaretti, who plays Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" television series.Nicola Zingaretti was born in Rome in 1965, where he grew up in a middle-class family. Zingaretti's mother is an Italian Jew, who on 16 October 1943 managed to escape from the Nazis with her mother, while her grandmother Ester Della Torre was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died after a few days. He has one sister, Angela, and an older brother, Luca, who has become a well-known actor, famous for playing Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" mystery series.While attending a professional school for dental technicians, Zingaretti started his commitment to associations taking part in the peace movements. Moreover, at 17 years old he was one of the founders of the anti-racist association "Black and not only" ("Nero e non-solo"), whose main aims were to promote liberal immigration politics and to create a multicultural and multiethnic society.He obtained a certificate as a dental technician in 1984. He then attended the faculty of Letters at the Sapienza University of Rome, but passed only three exams and never graduated. During these years he met his future wife Cristina, with whom he has two daughters.Zingaretti started his political career within the ranks of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), where, between 1985 and 1989, he was the City Secretary for Rome. In the same years he also served as member of the National Board of Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI). Zingaretti later became a member of PCI's heir, the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). In 1991 he was elected National Secretary of Left Youth ("Sinistra Giovanile"), the youth wing of the PDS. In the following year he was elected to the Rome City Council. During these years, he became a strong advocate of sustainable development and environmental protection; he also promoted many events against the Mafia and organized both the first "Antimafia Youth Camp" in San Vito Lo Capo and numerous initiatives in memory of Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, the two anti-mafia magistrates who were assassinated in 1992.From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the International Union of Socialist Youth and Vice President of the Socialist International. In these years, he was committed in rebuilding links with the social democratic parties and other democratic and progressive youth organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1996, he spoke to the UN General Assembly for the World Youth Year, as a Representative on the UN Committee.In 1998, at thirty-three years old Zingaretti joined the Commission to draw up the socialist political platform for the new century, "Global Progress", chaired by Felipe González and composed, among others, by Martine Aubry, Shimon Peres and Ricardo Lagos. He was also committed in promoting the peace process between Israel and Palestine, organizing many initiatives to support dialogue between young wings of the Israeli Labor Party and Fatah.From 1998 to 2000, he served as international relations spokesman for the Democrats of the Left (DS), the heirs of the PDS, and in 1998 he organized the Congress of European Socialists, in Milan. In 1999 he took part in the Democrats of the Left delegation, along with Secretary Walter Veltroni, which visited Burma in support of the National League for Democracy and met the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi. In the same year, he organized the journey of the Dalai Lama in Rome.In 2000, Zingaretti was elected Provincial Secretary of Democrats of the Left for Rome. In the following year he was one of the main promoters of Walter Veltroni's candidacy for Mayor of Rome, contributing to his victory. Zingaretti was among the protagonists of a season of important results for the centre-left and for the Democrats of the Left: in 2003, after eight years, the DS became again the largest party in the capital city, defeating the centre-right in the whole province of Rome.In March 2004, Zingaretti run in the European election for the list United in the Olive Tree. He gained more than 213,000 preferences and was elected Member of the European Parliament. During the first meeting of the Italian delegation he was appointed President. He was also a member of the Committee on Development and Committee on International Trade. He also took part in the interparliamentary delegations for relations with the Korean Peninsula, Israel and in the parliamentary intergroup "Volunteering", "Disability", "LGBT rights" and "Tibet".From 2005 to 2007, he was rapporteur for the European Parliament on the directive IPRED2 about criminal sanctions for the protection of intellectual property rights and succeeded in pushing through a bill which uniformed the criminal sanctions in all EU Member States. The directive opposes criminal penalties for counterfeiters who import illegal and dangerous goods from countries outside the EU. The approval of the directive had a recognition by the International Herald Tribune and an MEP Award nomination, a prestigious honor that is given annually to the most deserving MEPs.On 18 November 2006, Zingaretti was elected Regional Secretary of the DS for Lazio. On 14 October 2007 was elected Regional Secretary of the new-formed Democratic Party with 282,000 votes (85.31%). On 16 June 2008, he resigned as MEP to assume the office of President of the Province of Rome.On 28 April 2008, Zingaretti was elected President of the Province of Rome winning 51.48% of the vote.In 2010, Zingaretti refused to run as centre-left candidate in regional election and for this was heavily criticized by some members of his party, like the Mayor of Florence, Matteo Renzi. Few months later during the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2010, Zingaretti participated together with the new president of Lazio Renata Polverini at an event organized in Rome at Porta San Paolo. However, objects, slogans and insults were thrown toward the stage, contesting Polverini and her political background in the right-wing and Zingaretti was hit in the face by a lemon. After a few minutes, Zingaretti and Polverini were forced to abandon the event.Zingaretti's administration promoted the "ProvinciaWiFi" project, which consisted in the installation in squares, libraries and meeting places of the provincial territory, WiFi devices for free access to the Internet. In 2011, he inaugurated "Porta Futuro", a center for orientation, training and work. Born in the wake of "Port 22" of Barcelona, the new structure, located in the district of Testaccio in Rome, managed the empowerment of citizens and businesses of the province of Rome. His administration also promoted a law which legalized the condom distributors in schools of Rome; these bill created lot criticisms from the Catholic Church.On 28 June 2012 at Casina Valadier in Rome, he announced his intention to run in the upcoming municipal election in Rome, to challenge the rightist outgoing mayor Gianni Alemanno; this statement immediately found the opposition of many members of his own party. The official candidacy took place on 16 July during an event in Piazza San Cosimato in Trastevere district, during which he announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome. However, on 24 September 2012, governor Renata Polverini, resigned after a controversy regarding the personal use of public money at the hand of some members of the coalition that supported her, so on 4 October, Zingaretti retired his candidacy as Mayor, announcing his will to run as President of Lazio. On 7 December 2012, Zingaretti resigned as President of the Province of Rome, putting an end to his administration 5 months before the natural deadline, to run in the 2013 regional election. The Prefectural Commissioner Umberto Postiglione replaced him in his office.In the February 2013 election he ran against the centre-right candidate Francesco Storace, leader of the national conservative party The Right and supported by Silvio Berlusconi, the Five Star Movement's Davide Barillari and the notable lawyer, Giulia Bongiorno, who was the candidate of the centrist Civic Choice. Zingaretti won the election, gaining 1,329,643 votes (40.7%), against 29.3% of Storace, 20.2% of Barillari and 4.7% of Bongiorno. The centre-left coalition gained 28 seats out of 51, winning a solid parliamentary majority.Under his presidency, the Regional Council approved a reform concerning live entertainments and cultural promotion, established the "Cancer Registry" of the Lazio Region and established a regional fund in favor of people concerned by over-indebtedness or usury. He also promoted a new legislation on historic houses and natural parks and the regional law concerning the cultivation of cannabis for commercial, food and environmental purposes. The Council approved a new legislation on the so-called "ecomuseum", passed the bill for the establishment of regional civil service and approved the new law for urban regeneration and building recovery.On 4 March 2018, Zingaretti was narrowly re-elected president with 1,018,736 votes (32.9%), defeating the centre-right candidate Stefano Parisi (31.2%) and the Five Star's Roberta Lombardi (27%). Despite the small margin of victory, Zingaretti's win was seen as a strong showing due to the poor electoral result of the centre-left coalition in the general election which was held on the same day. After the election defeat, the Democratic leader, Matteo Renzi, resigned from secretary, his deputy Maurizio Martina started functioning as acting secretary and a new leadership election was called for early 2019. On 7 July 2018, Nicola Zingaretti announced his intention to run as new party's leader.In August 2018, Zingaretti launched a political convention in support of his candidacy, named "Piazza Grande" ("Great Square"), which was held in Rome in October.Zingaretti's campaign was based on a social democratic platform, whose aim was to abandon the social liberal and centrist policies promoted by Matteo Renzi and to move the Democratic Party more on the left. The campaign's main themes were social justice and fight to economic inequality.In September 2018, the Regional Council of Lazio approved a law containing urgent vaccine prevention measures that reintroduced the mandatory vaccination, keeping the number of mandatory vaccines to 12 and not allowing those who have not been vaccinated to attend school. This law was introduced by the government of Paolo Gentiloni in early 2017 and treated to be abolish by Giulia Grillo, the new Minister of Health.On 1 December 2018, Zingaretti faced a motion of no confidence proposed by the centre-right coalition, which was rejected with votes 26 against and 22 in favor, with one no-vote from a Forza Italia member and three absents.On 3 March 2019, Zingaretti won the Democratic leadership election by a landslide, receiving 66% of the over 1.5 million votes cast and defeating Maurizio Martina and Roberto Giachetti. During his victory speech Zingaretti dedicated his victory to Greta Thunberg, a young Swedish activist against global warming and climate change. He was officially appointed by the National Assembly on 17 March 2019. On the same day, former Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni was elected the party's new president. After a month, on 17 April, Zingaretti appointed Andrea Orlando and Paola De Micheli as his deputy secretaries.In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election Zingaretti presented a special logo including a large reference to "We Are Europeans", a political manifesto promoted by former minister Carlo Calenda, and the symbol of the PES. Additionally, he forged an alliance with Article One, the party founded in 2017 by splinters from the PD. In the election, the PD gained 22.7% of votes, arriving second after the League.In August 2019, tensions grew within the populist majority, due to Matteo Salvini's motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte. On 20 August, Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella and on the following day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the Five Star Movement (M5S), based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. On 28 August, Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favorable position on keeping Giuseppe Conte at the head of the new government, and on same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for the 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet. The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September.On 18 September, Renzi, who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S–PD pact in August, left the PD and established a new centrist party named Italia Viva (IV). 24 deputies and 13 senators (including Renzi) left. However, not all supporters of Renzi followed him in the split: while the Always Forward and Back to the Future factions mostly followed him, most members of Reformist Base remained in the party. Other MPs and one MEP joined IV afterwards.From 15 to 17 November, the party held a three-days convention in Bologna, named "Tutta un'altra storia" ("A whole different story"), with the aim of presenting party's proposals for the 2020s decade. The convention was characterized by a strong leftward move, stressing a strong distance from liberal and centrist policies promoted under Renzi's leadership. Some newspapers, like "La Stampa", compared Zingaretti's new policies to the ones of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. On 17 November, the last day of the convention, the National Assembly of the PD approved the new party's statute, which provided among others, the separation between party's secretary and candidate for premiership. On 7 March 2020, he announced he had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.On 4 March 2021, after weeks of political infighting within the party, Zingaretti announced his intention to resign as party secretary.Zingaretti is widely considered a social democratic and progressive politician. He is a strong supporter of European federalism, but he had often criticized austerity measures adopted by European leaders during the Great Recession. Zingaretti favours the recognition of marriages for same-sex couples and stepchild adoptions, a situation which occurs when at least one parent has children, from a previous relationship, that are not genetically related to the other parent. He also supports advance healthcare directive and legalization of cannabis.During his career, Zingaretti was a strong advocate in the fight against economic inequality. For his leftist ideas, some journalists and political analysts compared him to Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. Moreover, he is a supporter of sustainable development and green policies, as well as of a more effective fight against global warming.On 7 March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Zingaretti was tested positive to COVID-19 and was isolated along with his family. On 30 March, he announced he had fully recovered.
|
[
"Democrats of the Left",
"Democratic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicola Zingaretti belong to in Jun, 2004?
|
June 30, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Democrats of the Left"
]
}
|
L2_Q1332769_P102_1
|
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
|
Nicola ZingarettiNicola Zingaretti (; born 11 October 1965) is an Italian politician who has served as President of Lazio since 2013 and was Secretary of the Democratic Party from March 2019 until March 2021.During the 1990s, he was a prominent European youth leader, serving as National Secretary of the Left Youth, the youth-wing of the Democratic Party of the Left and as President of the International Union of Socialist Youth. In 2004, Zingaretti became a Member of the European Parliament for the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree. From 2008 to 2013, he served as President of the Province of Rome.Zingaretti is considered a social democrat and one of the most prominent members of the party's left-wing. Moreover, he is the longest-serving President of Lazio as well as the first one to be re-elected after a first five-year term.He is the brother of the actor Luca Zingaretti, who plays Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" television series.Nicola Zingaretti was born in Rome in 1965, where he grew up in a middle-class family. Zingaretti's mother is an Italian Jew, who on 16 October 1943 managed to escape from the Nazis with her mother, while her grandmother Ester Della Torre was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died after a few days. He has one sister, Angela, and an older brother, Luca, who has become a well-known actor, famous for playing Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" mystery series.While attending a professional school for dental technicians, Zingaretti started his commitment to associations taking part in the peace movements. Moreover, at 17 years old he was one of the founders of the anti-racist association "Black and not only" ("Nero e non-solo"), whose main aims were to promote liberal immigration politics and to create a multicultural and multiethnic society.He obtained a certificate as a dental technician in 1984. He then attended the faculty of Letters at the Sapienza University of Rome, but passed only three exams and never graduated. During these years he met his future wife Cristina, with whom he has two daughters.Zingaretti started his political career within the ranks of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), where, between 1985 and 1989, he was the City Secretary for Rome. In the same years he also served as member of the National Board of Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI). Zingaretti later became a member of PCI's heir, the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). In 1991 he was elected National Secretary of Left Youth ("Sinistra Giovanile"), the youth wing of the PDS. In the following year he was elected to the Rome City Council. During these years, he became a strong advocate of sustainable development and environmental protection; he also promoted many events against the Mafia and organized both the first "Antimafia Youth Camp" in San Vito Lo Capo and numerous initiatives in memory of Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, the two anti-mafia magistrates who were assassinated in 1992.From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the International Union of Socialist Youth and Vice President of the Socialist International. In these years, he was committed in rebuilding links with the social democratic parties and other democratic and progressive youth organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1996, he spoke to the UN General Assembly for the World Youth Year, as a Representative on the UN Committee.In 1998, at thirty-three years old Zingaretti joined the Commission to draw up the socialist political platform for the new century, "Global Progress", chaired by Felipe González and composed, among others, by Martine Aubry, Shimon Peres and Ricardo Lagos. He was also committed in promoting the peace process between Israel and Palestine, organizing many initiatives to support dialogue between young wings of the Israeli Labor Party and Fatah.From 1998 to 2000, he served as international relations spokesman for the Democrats of the Left (DS), the heirs of the PDS, and in 1998 he organized the Congress of European Socialists, in Milan. In 1999 he took part in the Democrats of the Left delegation, along with Secretary Walter Veltroni, which visited Burma in support of the National League for Democracy and met the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi. In the same year, he organized the journey of the Dalai Lama in Rome.In 2000, Zingaretti was elected Provincial Secretary of Democrats of the Left for Rome. In the following year he was one of the main promoters of Walter Veltroni's candidacy for Mayor of Rome, contributing to his victory. Zingaretti was among the protagonists of a season of important results for the centre-left and for the Democrats of the Left: in 2003, after eight years, the DS became again the largest party in the capital city, defeating the centre-right in the whole province of Rome.In March 2004, Zingaretti run in the European election for the list United in the Olive Tree. He gained more than 213,000 preferences and was elected Member of the European Parliament. During the first meeting of the Italian delegation he was appointed President. He was also a member of the Committee on Development and Committee on International Trade. He also took part in the interparliamentary delegations for relations with the Korean Peninsula, Israel and in the parliamentary intergroup "Volunteering", "Disability", "LGBT rights" and "Tibet".From 2005 to 2007, he was rapporteur for the European Parliament on the directive IPRED2 about criminal sanctions for the protection of intellectual property rights and succeeded in pushing through a bill which uniformed the criminal sanctions in all EU Member States. The directive opposes criminal penalties for counterfeiters who import illegal and dangerous goods from countries outside the EU. The approval of the directive had a recognition by the International Herald Tribune and an MEP Award nomination, a prestigious honor that is given annually to the most deserving MEPs.On 18 November 2006, Zingaretti was elected Regional Secretary of the DS for Lazio. On 14 October 2007 was elected Regional Secretary of the new-formed Democratic Party with 282,000 votes (85.31%). On 16 June 2008, he resigned as MEP to assume the office of President of the Province of Rome.On 28 April 2008, Zingaretti was elected President of the Province of Rome winning 51.48% of the vote.In 2010, Zingaretti refused to run as centre-left candidate in regional election and for this was heavily criticized by some members of his party, like the Mayor of Florence, Matteo Renzi. Few months later during the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2010, Zingaretti participated together with the new president of Lazio Renata Polverini at an event organized in Rome at Porta San Paolo. However, objects, slogans and insults were thrown toward the stage, contesting Polverini and her political background in the right-wing and Zingaretti was hit in the face by a lemon. After a few minutes, Zingaretti and Polverini were forced to abandon the event.Zingaretti's administration promoted the "ProvinciaWiFi" project, which consisted in the installation in squares, libraries and meeting places of the provincial territory, WiFi devices for free access to the Internet. In 2011, he inaugurated "Porta Futuro", a center for orientation, training and work. Born in the wake of "Port 22" of Barcelona, the new structure, located in the district of Testaccio in Rome, managed the empowerment of citizens and businesses of the province of Rome. His administration also promoted a law which legalized the condom distributors in schools of Rome; these bill created lot criticisms from the Catholic Church.On 28 June 2012 at Casina Valadier in Rome, he announced his intention to run in the upcoming municipal election in Rome, to challenge the rightist outgoing mayor Gianni Alemanno; this statement immediately found the opposition of many members of his own party. The official candidacy took place on 16 July during an event in Piazza San Cosimato in Trastevere district, during which he announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome. However, on 24 September 2012, governor Renata Polverini, resigned after a controversy regarding the personal use of public money at the hand of some members of the coalition that supported her, so on 4 October, Zingaretti retired his candidacy as Mayor, announcing his will to run as President of Lazio. On 7 December 2012, Zingaretti resigned as President of the Province of Rome, putting an end to his administration 5 months before the natural deadline, to run in the 2013 regional election. The Prefectural Commissioner Umberto Postiglione replaced him in his office.In the February 2013 election he ran against the centre-right candidate Francesco Storace, leader of the national conservative party The Right and supported by Silvio Berlusconi, the Five Star Movement's Davide Barillari and the notable lawyer, Giulia Bongiorno, who was the candidate of the centrist Civic Choice. Zingaretti won the election, gaining 1,329,643 votes (40.7%), against 29.3% of Storace, 20.2% of Barillari and 4.7% of Bongiorno. The centre-left coalition gained 28 seats out of 51, winning a solid parliamentary majority.Under his presidency, the Regional Council approved a reform concerning live entertainments and cultural promotion, established the "Cancer Registry" of the Lazio Region and established a regional fund in favor of people concerned by over-indebtedness or usury. He also promoted a new legislation on historic houses and natural parks and the regional law concerning the cultivation of cannabis for commercial, food and environmental purposes. The Council approved a new legislation on the so-called "ecomuseum", passed the bill for the establishment of regional civil service and approved the new law for urban regeneration and building recovery.On 4 March 2018, Zingaretti was narrowly re-elected president with 1,018,736 votes (32.9%), defeating the centre-right candidate Stefano Parisi (31.2%) and the Five Star's Roberta Lombardi (27%). Despite the small margin of victory, Zingaretti's win was seen as a strong showing due to the poor electoral result of the centre-left coalition in the general election which was held on the same day. After the election defeat, the Democratic leader, Matteo Renzi, resigned from secretary, his deputy Maurizio Martina started functioning as acting secretary and a new leadership election was called for early 2019. On 7 July 2018, Nicola Zingaretti announced his intention to run as new party's leader.In August 2018, Zingaretti launched a political convention in support of his candidacy, named "Piazza Grande" ("Great Square"), which was held in Rome in October.Zingaretti's campaign was based on a social democratic platform, whose aim was to abandon the social liberal and centrist policies promoted by Matteo Renzi and to move the Democratic Party more on the left. The campaign's main themes were social justice and fight to economic inequality.In September 2018, the Regional Council of Lazio approved a law containing urgent vaccine prevention measures that reintroduced the mandatory vaccination, keeping the number of mandatory vaccines to 12 and not allowing those who have not been vaccinated to attend school. This law was introduced by the government of Paolo Gentiloni in early 2017 and treated to be abolish by Giulia Grillo, the new Minister of Health.On 1 December 2018, Zingaretti faced a motion of no confidence proposed by the centre-right coalition, which was rejected with votes 26 against and 22 in favor, with one no-vote from a Forza Italia member and three absents.On 3 March 2019, Zingaretti won the Democratic leadership election by a landslide, receiving 66% of the over 1.5 million votes cast and defeating Maurizio Martina and Roberto Giachetti. During his victory speech Zingaretti dedicated his victory to Greta Thunberg, a young Swedish activist against global warming and climate change. He was officially appointed by the National Assembly on 17 March 2019. On the same day, former Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni was elected the party's new president. After a month, on 17 April, Zingaretti appointed Andrea Orlando and Paola De Micheli as his deputy secretaries.In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election Zingaretti presented a special logo including a large reference to "We Are Europeans", a political manifesto promoted by former minister Carlo Calenda, and the symbol of the PES. Additionally, he forged an alliance with Article One, the party founded in 2017 by splinters from the PD. In the election, the PD gained 22.7% of votes, arriving second after the League.In August 2019, tensions grew within the populist majority, due to Matteo Salvini's motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte. On 20 August, Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella and on the following day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the Five Star Movement (M5S), based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. On 28 August, Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favorable position on keeping Giuseppe Conte at the head of the new government, and on same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for the 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet. The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September.On 18 September, Renzi, who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S–PD pact in August, left the PD and established a new centrist party named Italia Viva (IV). 24 deputies and 13 senators (including Renzi) left. However, not all supporters of Renzi followed him in the split: while the Always Forward and Back to the Future factions mostly followed him, most members of Reformist Base remained in the party. Other MPs and one MEP joined IV afterwards.From 15 to 17 November, the party held a three-days convention in Bologna, named "Tutta un'altra storia" ("A whole different story"), with the aim of presenting party's proposals for the 2020s decade. The convention was characterized by a strong leftward move, stressing a strong distance from liberal and centrist policies promoted under Renzi's leadership. Some newspapers, like "La Stampa", compared Zingaretti's new policies to the ones of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. On 17 November, the last day of the convention, the National Assembly of the PD approved the new party's statute, which provided among others, the separation between party's secretary and candidate for premiership. On 7 March 2020, he announced he had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.On 4 March 2021, after weeks of political infighting within the party, Zingaretti announced his intention to resign as party secretary.Zingaretti is widely considered a social democratic and progressive politician. He is a strong supporter of European federalism, but he had often criticized austerity measures adopted by European leaders during the Great Recession. Zingaretti favours the recognition of marriages for same-sex couples and stepchild adoptions, a situation which occurs when at least one parent has children, from a previous relationship, that are not genetically related to the other parent. He also supports advance healthcare directive and legalization of cannabis.During his career, Zingaretti was a strong advocate in the fight against economic inequality. For his leftist ideas, some journalists and political analysts compared him to Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. Moreover, he is a supporter of sustainable development and green policies, as well as of a more effective fight against global warming.On 7 March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Zingaretti was tested positive to COVID-19 and was isolated along with his family. On 30 March, he announced he had fully recovered.
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democratic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicola Zingaretti belong to in Aug, 2011?
|
August 16, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Democratic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q1332769_P102_2
|
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Nicola Zingaretti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
|
Nicola ZingarettiNicola Zingaretti (; born 11 October 1965) is an Italian politician who has served as President of Lazio since 2013 and was Secretary of the Democratic Party from March 2019 until March 2021.During the 1990s, he was a prominent European youth leader, serving as National Secretary of the Left Youth, the youth-wing of the Democratic Party of the Left and as President of the International Union of Socialist Youth. In 2004, Zingaretti became a Member of the European Parliament for the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree. From 2008 to 2013, he served as President of the Province of Rome.Zingaretti is considered a social democrat and one of the most prominent members of the party's left-wing. Moreover, he is the longest-serving President of Lazio as well as the first one to be re-elected after a first five-year term.He is the brother of the actor Luca Zingaretti, who plays Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" television series.Nicola Zingaretti was born in Rome in 1965, where he grew up in a middle-class family. Zingaretti's mother is an Italian Jew, who on 16 October 1943 managed to escape from the Nazis with her mother, while her grandmother Ester Della Torre was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she died after a few days. He has one sister, Angela, and an older brother, Luca, who has become a well-known actor, famous for playing Salvo Montalbano in the "Inspector Montalbano" mystery series.While attending a professional school for dental technicians, Zingaretti started his commitment to associations taking part in the peace movements. Moreover, at 17 years old he was one of the founders of the anti-racist association "Black and not only" ("Nero e non-solo"), whose main aims were to promote liberal immigration politics and to create a multicultural and multiethnic society.He obtained a certificate as a dental technician in 1984. He then attended the faculty of Letters at the Sapienza University of Rome, but passed only three exams and never graduated. During these years he met his future wife Cristina, with whom he has two daughters.Zingaretti started his political career within the ranks of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), where, between 1985 and 1989, he was the City Secretary for Rome. In the same years he also served as member of the National Board of Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI). Zingaretti later became a member of PCI's heir, the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). In 1991 he was elected National Secretary of Left Youth ("Sinistra Giovanile"), the youth wing of the PDS. In the following year he was elected to the Rome City Council. During these years, he became a strong advocate of sustainable development and environmental protection; he also promoted many events against the Mafia and organized both the first "Antimafia Youth Camp" in San Vito Lo Capo and numerous initiatives in memory of Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, the two anti-mafia magistrates who were assassinated in 1992.From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the International Union of Socialist Youth and Vice President of the Socialist International. In these years, he was committed in rebuilding links with the social democratic parties and other democratic and progressive youth organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1996, he spoke to the UN General Assembly for the World Youth Year, as a Representative on the UN Committee.In 1998, at thirty-three years old Zingaretti joined the Commission to draw up the socialist political platform for the new century, "Global Progress", chaired by Felipe González and composed, among others, by Martine Aubry, Shimon Peres and Ricardo Lagos. He was also committed in promoting the peace process between Israel and Palestine, organizing many initiatives to support dialogue between young wings of the Israeli Labor Party and Fatah.From 1998 to 2000, he served as international relations spokesman for the Democrats of the Left (DS), the heirs of the PDS, and in 1998 he organized the Congress of European Socialists, in Milan. In 1999 he took part in the Democrats of the Left delegation, along with Secretary Walter Veltroni, which visited Burma in support of the National League for Democracy and met the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi. In the same year, he organized the journey of the Dalai Lama in Rome.In 2000, Zingaretti was elected Provincial Secretary of Democrats of the Left for Rome. In the following year he was one of the main promoters of Walter Veltroni's candidacy for Mayor of Rome, contributing to his victory. Zingaretti was among the protagonists of a season of important results for the centre-left and for the Democrats of the Left: in 2003, after eight years, the DS became again the largest party in the capital city, defeating the centre-right in the whole province of Rome.In March 2004, Zingaretti run in the European election for the list United in the Olive Tree. He gained more than 213,000 preferences and was elected Member of the European Parliament. During the first meeting of the Italian delegation he was appointed President. He was also a member of the Committee on Development and Committee on International Trade. He also took part in the interparliamentary delegations for relations with the Korean Peninsula, Israel and in the parliamentary intergroup "Volunteering", "Disability", "LGBT rights" and "Tibet".From 2005 to 2007, he was rapporteur for the European Parliament on the directive IPRED2 about criminal sanctions for the protection of intellectual property rights and succeeded in pushing through a bill which uniformed the criminal sanctions in all EU Member States. The directive opposes criminal penalties for counterfeiters who import illegal and dangerous goods from countries outside the EU. The approval of the directive had a recognition by the International Herald Tribune and an MEP Award nomination, a prestigious honor that is given annually to the most deserving MEPs.On 18 November 2006, Zingaretti was elected Regional Secretary of the DS for Lazio. On 14 October 2007 was elected Regional Secretary of the new-formed Democratic Party with 282,000 votes (85.31%). On 16 June 2008, he resigned as MEP to assume the office of President of the Province of Rome.On 28 April 2008, Zingaretti was elected President of the Province of Rome winning 51.48% of the vote.In 2010, Zingaretti refused to run as centre-left candidate in regional election and for this was heavily criticized by some members of his party, like the Mayor of Florence, Matteo Renzi. Few months later during the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2010, Zingaretti participated together with the new president of Lazio Renata Polverini at an event organized in Rome at Porta San Paolo. However, objects, slogans and insults were thrown toward the stage, contesting Polverini and her political background in the right-wing and Zingaretti was hit in the face by a lemon. After a few minutes, Zingaretti and Polverini were forced to abandon the event.Zingaretti's administration promoted the "ProvinciaWiFi" project, which consisted in the installation in squares, libraries and meeting places of the provincial territory, WiFi devices for free access to the Internet. In 2011, he inaugurated "Porta Futuro", a center for orientation, training and work. Born in the wake of "Port 22" of Barcelona, the new structure, located in the district of Testaccio in Rome, managed the empowerment of citizens and businesses of the province of Rome. His administration also promoted a law which legalized the condom distributors in schools of Rome; these bill created lot criticisms from the Catholic Church.On 28 June 2012 at Casina Valadier in Rome, he announced his intention to run in the upcoming municipal election in Rome, to challenge the rightist outgoing mayor Gianni Alemanno; this statement immediately found the opposition of many members of his own party. The official candidacy took place on 16 July during an event in Piazza San Cosimato in Trastevere district, during which he announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome. However, on 24 September 2012, governor Renata Polverini, resigned after a controversy regarding the personal use of public money at the hand of some members of the coalition that supported her, so on 4 October, Zingaretti retired his candidacy as Mayor, announcing his will to run as President of Lazio. On 7 December 2012, Zingaretti resigned as President of the Province of Rome, putting an end to his administration 5 months before the natural deadline, to run in the 2013 regional election. The Prefectural Commissioner Umberto Postiglione replaced him in his office.In the February 2013 election he ran against the centre-right candidate Francesco Storace, leader of the national conservative party The Right and supported by Silvio Berlusconi, the Five Star Movement's Davide Barillari and the notable lawyer, Giulia Bongiorno, who was the candidate of the centrist Civic Choice. Zingaretti won the election, gaining 1,329,643 votes (40.7%), against 29.3% of Storace, 20.2% of Barillari and 4.7% of Bongiorno. The centre-left coalition gained 28 seats out of 51, winning a solid parliamentary majority.Under his presidency, the Regional Council approved a reform concerning live entertainments and cultural promotion, established the "Cancer Registry" of the Lazio Region and established a regional fund in favor of people concerned by over-indebtedness or usury. He also promoted a new legislation on historic houses and natural parks and the regional law concerning the cultivation of cannabis for commercial, food and environmental purposes. The Council approved a new legislation on the so-called "ecomuseum", passed the bill for the establishment of regional civil service and approved the new law for urban regeneration and building recovery.On 4 March 2018, Zingaretti was narrowly re-elected president with 1,018,736 votes (32.9%), defeating the centre-right candidate Stefano Parisi (31.2%) and the Five Star's Roberta Lombardi (27%). Despite the small margin of victory, Zingaretti's win was seen as a strong showing due to the poor electoral result of the centre-left coalition in the general election which was held on the same day. After the election defeat, the Democratic leader, Matteo Renzi, resigned from secretary, his deputy Maurizio Martina started functioning as acting secretary and a new leadership election was called for early 2019. On 7 July 2018, Nicola Zingaretti announced his intention to run as new party's leader.In August 2018, Zingaretti launched a political convention in support of his candidacy, named "Piazza Grande" ("Great Square"), which was held in Rome in October.Zingaretti's campaign was based on a social democratic platform, whose aim was to abandon the social liberal and centrist policies promoted by Matteo Renzi and to move the Democratic Party more on the left. The campaign's main themes were social justice and fight to economic inequality.In September 2018, the Regional Council of Lazio approved a law containing urgent vaccine prevention measures that reintroduced the mandatory vaccination, keeping the number of mandatory vaccines to 12 and not allowing those who have not been vaccinated to attend school. This law was introduced by the government of Paolo Gentiloni in early 2017 and treated to be abolish by Giulia Grillo, the new Minister of Health.On 1 December 2018, Zingaretti faced a motion of no confidence proposed by the centre-right coalition, which was rejected with votes 26 against and 22 in favor, with one no-vote from a Forza Italia member and three absents.On 3 March 2019, Zingaretti won the Democratic leadership election by a landslide, receiving 66% of the over 1.5 million votes cast and defeating Maurizio Martina and Roberto Giachetti. During his victory speech Zingaretti dedicated his victory to Greta Thunberg, a young Swedish activist against global warming and climate change. He was officially appointed by the National Assembly on 17 March 2019. On the same day, former Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni was elected the party's new president. After a month, on 17 April, Zingaretti appointed Andrea Orlando and Paola De Micheli as his deputy secretaries.In the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election Zingaretti presented a special logo including a large reference to "We Are Europeans", a political manifesto promoted by former minister Carlo Calenda, and the symbol of the PES. Additionally, he forged an alliance with Article One, the party founded in 2017 by splinters from the PD. In the election, the PD gained 22.7% of votes, arriving second after the League.In August 2019, tensions grew within the populist majority, due to Matteo Salvini's motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte. On 20 August, Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella and on the following day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the Five Star Movement (M5S), based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. On 28 August, Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favorable position on keeping Giuseppe Conte at the head of the new government, and on same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for the 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet. The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September.On 18 September, Renzi, who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S–PD pact in August, left the PD and established a new centrist party named Italia Viva (IV). 24 deputies and 13 senators (including Renzi) left. However, not all supporters of Renzi followed him in the split: while the Always Forward and Back to the Future factions mostly followed him, most members of Reformist Base remained in the party. Other MPs and one MEP joined IV afterwards.From 15 to 17 November, the party held a three-days convention in Bologna, named "Tutta un'altra storia" ("A whole different story"), with the aim of presenting party's proposals for the 2020s decade. The convention was characterized by a strong leftward move, stressing a strong distance from liberal and centrist policies promoted under Renzi's leadership. Some newspapers, like "La Stampa", compared Zingaretti's new policies to the ones of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. On 17 November, the last day of the convention, the National Assembly of the PD approved the new party's statute, which provided among others, the separation between party's secretary and candidate for premiership. On 7 March 2020, he announced he had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.On 4 March 2021, after weeks of political infighting within the party, Zingaretti announced his intention to resign as party secretary.Zingaretti is widely considered a social democratic and progressive politician. He is a strong supporter of European federalism, but he had often criticized austerity measures adopted by European leaders during the Great Recession. Zingaretti favours the recognition of marriages for same-sex couples and stepchild adoptions, a situation which occurs when at least one parent has children, from a previous relationship, that are not genetically related to the other parent. He also supports advance healthcare directive and legalization of cannabis.During his career, Zingaretti was a strong advocate in the fight against economic inequality. For his leftist ideas, some journalists and political analysts compared him to Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. Moreover, he is a supporter of sustainable development and green policies, as well as of a more effective fight against global warming.On 7 March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Zingaretti was tested positive to COVID-19 and was isolated along with his family. On 30 March, he announced he had fully recovered.
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which employer did Gheorghe Vrănceanu work for in Jul, 1926?
|
July 02, 1926
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University"
]
}
|
L2_Q247545_P108_0
|
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Chernivtsi University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1939.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for University of Bucharest from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1970.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1927.
|
Gheorghe VrănceanuGheorghe Vrănceanu (June 30, 1900 – April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bacău County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Iași in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor Vâlcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of Göttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis "Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vrănceanu returned to Iași, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927–1928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with Élie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cernăuți. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vrănceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal "Revue Roumaine de mathématiques pures et appliquées", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bacău (Colegiul Național "Gheorghe Vrânceanu") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vrănceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled "Parallelisme et courbure dans une variété non holonome". In it, he introduced the notion of "non-holonomic manifolds," which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.
|
[
"University of Bucharest",
"Chernivtsi University"
] |
|
Which employer did Gheorghe Vrănceanu work for in Mar, 1937?
|
March 27, 1937
|
{
"text": [
"Chernivtsi University"
]
}
|
L2_Q247545_P108_1
|
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1927.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Chernivtsi University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1939.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for University of Bucharest from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1970.
|
Gheorghe VrănceanuGheorghe Vrănceanu (June 30, 1900 – April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bacău County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Iași in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor Vâlcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of Göttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis "Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vrănceanu returned to Iași, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927–1928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with Élie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cernăuți. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vrănceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal "Revue Roumaine de mathématiques pures et appliquées", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bacău (Colegiul Național "Gheorghe Vrânceanu") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vrănceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled "Parallelisme et courbure dans une variété non holonome". In it, he introduced the notion of "non-holonomic manifolds," which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.
|
[
"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University",
"University of Bucharest"
] |
|
Which employer did Gheorghe Vrănceanu work for in Jan, 1958?
|
January 29, 1958
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bucharest"
]
}
|
L2_Q247545_P108_2
|
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1927.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for Chernivtsi University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1939.
Gheorghe Vrănceanu works for University of Bucharest from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1970.
|
Gheorghe VrănceanuGheorghe Vrănceanu (June 30, 1900 – April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bacău County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Iași in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor Vâlcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of Göttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis "Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vrănceanu returned to Iași, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927–1928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with Élie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cernăuți. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vrănceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal "Revue Roumaine de mathématiques pures et appliquées", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bacău (Colegiul Național "Gheorghe Vrânceanu") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vrănceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled "Parallelisme et courbure dans une variété non holonome". In it, he introduced the notion of "non-holonomic manifolds," which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.
|
[
"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University",
"Chernivtsi University"
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Aug, 1982?
|
August 06, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Bolton Wanderers F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_0
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Oct, 1984?
|
October 26, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Lincoln City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_1
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 1986?
|
January 26, 1986
|
{
"text": [
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_2
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Dec, 1988?
|
December 08, 1988
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_3
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Oct, 1989?
|
October 12, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"Watford F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_4
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jun, 1990?
|
June 06, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_5
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in May, 1996?
|
May 06, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Barnsley F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_6
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in May, 1998?
|
May 15, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Charlton Athletic F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_7
|
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Feb, 1999?
|
February 12, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Bradford City A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_8
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2000?
|
January 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_9
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Dec, 2001?
|
December 17, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Halifax Town A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_10
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jul, 2003?
|
July 01, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Boston United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_11
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in May, 2005?
|
May 14, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Scarborough F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_12
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2004?
|
January 01, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Boston United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_13
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Dec, 2006?
|
December 29, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_14
|
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2007?
|
January 01, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_15
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2007?
|
January 01, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_16
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jun, 2007?
|
June 14, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Bridlington Town A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_17
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley"
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_18
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Neil Redfearn play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Bridlington Town A.F.C.",
"Salford City F.C.",
"A.F.C. Emley"
]
}
|
L2_Q6065586_P54_19
|
Neil Redfearn plays for Salford City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Charlton Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Neil Redfearn plays for Halifax Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Neil Redfearn plays for A.F.C. Emley from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Lincoln City F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Neil Redfearn plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Neil Redfearn plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Neil Redfearn plays for Rochdale A.F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Neil Redfearn plays for Watford F.C. from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.
Neil Redfearn plays for Scarborough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Neil Redfearn plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1989.
Neil Redfearn plays for Boston United F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Neil Redfearn plays for Frickley Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bridlington Town A.F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Neil Redfearn plays for Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Neil Redfearn plays for Bolton Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Neil Redfearn plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Neil RedfearnNeil David Redfearn (born 20 June 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and is currently head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn played 790 matches in the Football League, the fifth highest total of all-time, and more than a thousand first team games overall in a career that has spanned 24 years. He has had spells as caretaker manager of Halifax Town and York City and as manager of Scarborough, Northwich Victoria and Leeds United.Born in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, Redfearn began his career at Bolton Wanderers on 23 June 1982, having previously been on the books of Nottingham Forest's youth team. He later made his name as goalscoring midfielder at lower-division sides Lincoln City and Doncaster Rovers. In May 1985 he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing for Lincoln against Bradford City. In 1987, he was signed by Crystal Palace for £100,000, and he later played for Watford, before moving again in 1989 to Oldham Athletic.Redfearn's last season with Oldham constituted a career highlight as he was an ever-present in the team that won the Second Division title and returned the Latics to the top-flight of English football after a gap of 68 years. Redfearn converted the injury time penalty kick in the final game of the season against Sheffield Wednesday that completed a 3–2 victory (after Oldham had trailed 2–0), and snatched the championship from West Ham United, who had prematurely been handed the trophy some 15 minutes earlier. Despite his contribution to Oldham's promotion, he became surplus to requirements with the re-signing of former club captain Mike Milligan from Everton in the off-season and Redfearn was transferred without playing for Oldham in the top flight.In September 1991, Redfearn joined Barnsley, and it was at this club he arguably spent his prime years. In his seven seasons at Oakwell, he rarely missed a single game, and was named club captain and penalty taker. In the 1996–97 season, Redfearn scored 17 goals as Barnsley won promotion to the FA Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Redfearn missed only one game, and was Barnsley's top scorer with ten league goals in the 1997–98 season. These included Barnsley's first ever top division goal on the opening day of the season, when he put them ahead in the ninth minute at home to West Ham United, although they ended up losing the game 2–1.It was not enough to save them though, as Barnsley were relegated that season. However, despite being in his thirties, Redfearn's performances had made him a wanted man in the Premier League, and he was signed by Charlton Athletic for £1 million in the summer of 1998. He left Barnsley having played 338 first team games, scoring 84 goals.In the 1998–99 season, his family did not settle in London, and at the end of the season, Redfearn jumped at the chance of returning to his native Yorkshire, when Bradford City paid £250,000 for his services. Redfearn did not make much impact at Bradford, scoring just once against Leicester City, and joined his 10th team, Wigan Athletic after just nine months in Bradford. Despite a very good goalscoring record, Redfearn never became first-choice at Wigan either, and he dropped down two divisions to join Halifax Town in 2001.At Halifax, he also got his first taste of management, being appointed caretaker manager alongside Tony Parks following the resignation of Paul Bracewell on 30 August 2001. His spell as caretaker manager came to an end on 12 October following the appointment of Alan Little. Redfearn started a second spell in caretaker charge on 4 March 2002 due to the enforced absence of Little. However, his contract with the club was terminated on 25 April and having been snubbed for the permanent manager's job he joined Boston United as player-coach.Redfearn spent the better part of two years at Boston, before finishing his Football League career at Rochdale in the spring of 2004. Rochdale did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, meaning he finished his Football League career with 790 appearances and so being fifth in the all-time list of most Football League appearances. His last league appearance for Rochdale took his total to . after which Redfearn dropped down to the Conference, where he became player-coach at Scarborough, managed at the time by his former Oldham teammate Nick Henry. He signed a new contract with Scarborough in April 2005. When Henry was dismissed on 24 October 2005 Redfearn was named caretaker manager, before being appointed permanently on 1 November while remaining registered as a player. Redfearn resigned on 6 July 2006 after Mark Patterson was brought in as assistant manager. He subsequently signed with Northern Premier League First Division side Bradford Park Avenue later that month. He made his 1,000th competitive appearance on 4 November 2006, when Bradford Park Avenue faced Solihull Borough in the second qualifying round of the FA Trophy.Redfearn quit Bradford Park Avenue in March 2007, joining Northern Premier League First Division rivals Stocksbridge Park Steels, but left on 19 June to become manager of Conference Premier side Northwich Victoria. He resigned on 17 September 2007, after the club only managed one point from their first nine games, leaving them bottom of the Conference Premier.He joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Frickley Athletic as a player in September 2007. He left the club over a month later to join Bridlington Town on 5 November. He left them in January 2008 after the departure of manager Ash Berry. He was appointed as York City's youth team coach in February. He joined Emley in July, where he would play when his commitments with York's youth team allowed. Redfearn moved onto Salford City of the Northern Premier League Division One North in October 2008. He took over as caretaker manager at York on 21 November 2008, following Colin Walker's dismissal, and was in charge for the team's 2–2 draw against Crawley Town. Following Martin Foyle's appointment as manager on 24 November, Redfearn took up the position of assistant manager at the club.Redfearn left York over a month later after being appointed coach of the under-18 academy team at Leeds United on 30 December 2008 and he assumed this role on 1 January 2009. He took over as manager of the Leeds reserve team in December 2010 following the dismissal of Neil Thompson. He was appointed caretaker manager at Leeds following the dismissal of manager Simon Grayson on 1 February 2012. Three days later he won his first match in charge by beating Bristol City 3–0. It was later confirmed by club chairman Ken Bates that Redfearn would retain the managerial post for the following three games. After two wins and two defeats in his four-game spell as manager, Redfearn was replaced as manager by Neil Warnock as permanent manager on 18 February 2012. In April 2012, Redfearn guided Leeds' Under 18's side to a second-place finish in the Under-18s League, narrowly missing out on top spot to Newcastle's Under-18s team.Following the departure of Neil Warnock on 1 April 2013, Redfearn again took charge of the first team for the game at for the 2–1 away defeat against Charlton Athletic on 6 April. In April 2013 manager Brian McDermott announced that Redfearn would become the new First Team Coach as well as combining his role as Reserve Team/Development Squad manager. When McDermott left in May 2014 Redfearn stood down from his role of first team coach to continue his role as reserve team/development squad manager as well as his role of Academy Manager.Redfearn's spell as the Head of Academy was heavily praised due to the influx of Leeds academy players breaking through into the first team such as Dominic Poleon, Chris Dawson, Sam Byram, Alex Mowatt, Lewis Cook and Kalvin Phillips.On 28 August 2014, Redfearn was appointed caretaker head coach after head coach Dave Hockaday and his assistant Junior Lewis were dismissed by owner Massimo Cellino, having been in the job for only 70 days. This was the third time Redfearn had been appointed as a caretaker manager/head coach of Leeds. Redfearn picked up a victory in his first game back in charge with a 1–0 win on 30 August against Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September, Redfearn's Leeds picked up a 3–0 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town. After recording a record of three wins and one draw in his latest stint as caretaker, Leeds announced that Redfearn would be stepping back down into a role described as "Academy manager and head of coaching." with Darko Milanič appointed the new head coach of Leeds on a two-year deal replacing previous head coach Dave Hockaday, he was joined at Leeds by his SK Sturm Graz Assistant Novica Nikčević.On 25 October 2014, Milanič was dismissed by the club after only 32 days in charge. Cellino confirmed that Redfearn would be appointed as Leeds' new head coach. On 27 October 2014 Redfearn confirmed that he verbally agreed to become head coach of Leeds after receiving reassurances that if it does not work out, he will revert to his previous job back in the academy. On 1 November 2014, Redfearn was confirmed as the club's new head coach, on an initial 12-month contract with the option of a further 12 months, the contract also had a clause that would see Redfearn return to the academy if he was to leave his role as head coach. On 18 December 2014, Steve Thompson was hired as Redfearn's new assistant manager.After a change in formation, with Redfearn playing a 4–2–3–1 formation, 2015 saw Leeds pick up an upturn in form, helping Leeds climb from towards the relegation zone positions to a midtable position.On 2 April 2015, Redfearn's assistant Steve Thompson was suspended by Leeds for an 'internal matter' by Leeds Sporting Director Nicola Salerno, with Redfearn advising he was kept in the dark as to the reason's why Thompson had been suspended.Also on 2 April 2015, a story emerged that Redfearn had been put under pressure to 'not select' top scorer Mirco Antenucci, because Antenucci's contract featured a clause of an extra year on his contract, should he score 12 goals in his first season. Antenucci's agent Silvio Pagliari confirmed the clause was correct. Despite this, Redfearn started Antenucci, with Antenucci making a relatively rare start against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 April in a 4–3 defeat. On 24 June 2015, former Sporting Director Nicola Salerno proclaimed the decision to not play Antenucci prior was Redfearn's decision.On 9 April, after rumoured Premier League interest in Alex Mowatt and teammates Lewis Cook, Charlie Taylor and Sam Byram, Redfearn challenged Leeds United's owners to keep a hold of their home grown talents.On 18 April 2015, 6 of Owner Massimo Cellino's signings (Mirco Antenucci, Giuseppe Bellusci, Souleymane Doukara, Dario Del Fabro, Marco Silvestri and Edgar Cani) controversially pulled out of the squad with an 'injury' the day before a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic.On 14 May 2015, Owner Massimo Cellino carried out a press conference unveiling Adam Pearson as the club's Executive Director to work directly alongside Cellino. The press conference included Cellino leaving halfway through for a cigarette break only to return, and for the press conference to run for over an hour, with Cellino refusing to reveal the future of Redfearn.However, on 16 May, with speculation mounting further about his future as Leeds United Head Coach, Cellino in an interview with The Sunday Mirror proclaimed Redfearn to be 'weak' and 'a baby'.On 20 May 2015, Leeds announced Uwe Rösler as the new head coach, thus ending Redfearn's reign at the club, with no announcement made of Redfearn's departure as head coach, Leeds Executive Director Adam Pearson revealed in the Rosler press conference that Redfearn had been offered back his previous role as Academy Director.On 10 June 2015, Redfearn had accepted to return to his role at the academy. On 16 July 2015, Redfearn resigned as academy director.On 9 October 2015, Redfearn was appointed manager of Championship club Rotherham United on a two-and-a-half-year deal. He was dismissed as manager on 8 February 2016, with Rotherham 22nd in the table.On 29 December 2017, Doncaster Rovers Belles announced the appointment of Redfearn as their new manager. On 13 May 2018, the Belles won the FA WSL 2 title, their first trophy since 1994.On 12 June 2018, he was appointed as the new manager of Liverpool Women (then Liverpool Ladies). His first and ultimately only match in charge ended in a sobering 5–0 loss to Arsenal Women. He resigned on 14 September 2018 after just one game in charge.On 2 October 2018, Redfearn was appointed as the new assistant coach of Ben Dawson at Newcastle United U23.On 21 June 2019, Redfearn was promoted to the role of Newcastle United U23 head coach.On 4 July 2019, Redfearn was announced as the caretaker head coach, assisted by Ben Dawson after the departure of manager Rafael Benítez on 30 June. He took charge of first team training for the 2019/20 pre-season. On 5 November 2019, Redfearn stepped down from this position.On 28 August 2020, Redfearn was announced as the new head coach of Sheffield United Women.Redfearn's father, Brian, is a former professional footballer. He is a lifelong Leeds fan. Redfearn married Susan Roberts in Dewsbury in 1985.Oldham AthleticDoncaster Rovers Belles
|
[
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.",
"Bolton Wanderers F.C.",
"Frickley Athletic F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"Scarborough F.C.",
"Watford F.C.",
"Boston United F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Rochdale A.F.C.",
"Charlton Athletic F.C.",
"Lincoln City F.C.",
"Halifax Town A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which political party did Ella Reeve Bloor belong to in Sep, 1897?
|
September 13, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"Social Democracy of America"
]
}
|
L2_Q5364560_P102_0
|
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Party of America from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1919.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Social Democracy of America from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1901.
|
Ella Reeve BloorElla Reeve "Mother" Bloor (July 8, 1862 – August 10, 1951) was an American labor organizer and long-time activist in the socialist and communist movements. Bloor is best remembered as one of the top-ranking female functionaries in the Communist Party USA and as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history.Ella Reeve "Mother" Bloor was born Ella Reeve on Staten Island on July 8, 1862, the daughter of Harriet Amanda (née Disbrow) and Charles Reeve. She grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. She was married first to Lucien Bonaparte Ware, then Louis Cohen, and finally Andrew Omholt. Ella married Lucian Ware in February 1882, at ages of 19 and 27, respectively. In the following 10 years, the couple had seven children. However, three died by the age of 3 (Pauline Stites Ware, Charles Reeve Ware, and Lucien Bonaparte Ware, Jr [twin to Harold]), leaving 4 children: Grace, Helen, Harold and Hamilton Disbrow Ware. Her daughter, Helen Ware, was a concert violinist while son, Harold Ware, became an agriculture expert as an activist in the Communist Party of America. One of her other sons was Hamilton D. "Buzz" Ware, an artist and prominent leader in the Village of Arden, Delaware, where she lived for many years. Ella and Lucien divorced in 1896 and the following year, at about age 35, she married Louis Cohen. In the following three years, the couple had two children: Victor Hugo Cohen and Carl M. Cohen. Ella and Louis Cohen likely divorced by 1906. In 1930, at about age 68, Ella married Andrew Omholt.Ella became involved in several reform movements including the prohibitionist Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and women's suffrage. She was the author of two books for children, "Three Little Lovers of Nature" (1895) and "Talks About Authors and Their Work" (1899).In 1897 Ella was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America, a new organization established by her friend Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger — a group which would later emerge as the Social Democratic Party (SDP). She later recalled:"When I joined the Social Democracy I was living in Brooklyn and I had married for the second time. My husband, Louis Cohen, was a socialist. I was pregnant with the first of the two children of that marriage. The railroad men [Debs supporters] came to my house so I could continue to act as [local] secretary."But a new disappointment was in store for me. The Social Democracy, I soon discovered, was a utopian scheme. Debs' plan was to form an ideal colony out West to show by example that socialism could work. From the outset I told the members of my group that this colonization scheme was unsound, not real socialism at all. I stayed with it for a while because of my loyalty to Debs, and because this was the nearest thing I had yet found to a socialist movement."Debs set up a paper in Chicago called "The Social Democrat." At his request I wrote a children's column for it. The children answered the appeals of Debs and his colonization committee by sending me money. I felt it was unfair to collect money for something that did not yet exist. People were already selling out businesses to join the colony. A national convention was held in Chicago [June 7–11, 1898] and our local sent delegates. Among them was my husband who still felt that anything Debs was in must be all right. I agreed to withhold final judgment until the delegates returned. When they came back and reported that plans to establish the colony would continue, I resigned. I simply could not stay with anything so unscientific.Shortly after her resignation from the Social Democracy, Ella attended a meeting in New York of the Socialist Labor Party, at which editor of the party newspaper Daniel DeLeon was the speaker:"He was small and slight and prematurely gray, and spoke very deliberately and convincingly."The Socialist Labor Party was a revolutionary party in those days and DeLeon, its leader, was a brilliant theoretician and speaker, a courageous fighter against capitalism... I was impressed with his analysis of the evils of the capitalist system, and of the fallacy of isolated socialist colonies as a way of achieving socialism. I felt that at last here was scientific socialism and joined the SLP."Daniel DeLeon and I became friends... I became very much interested in the New York Labor News Company — the first organization that published revolutionary books and pamphlets in English on a large scale. Its manager was Julien Pierce. Together we proofread the pamphlets translated by DeLeon, often having o reconstruct the English, a greater task than we ever let him know."Ella was elected to the governing General Executive Board of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (ST&LA), the SLP's trade union affiliate. She was also the ST&LA's organizer for Essex County, New Jersey and was sent to Philadelphia by the organization in an effort to organize street car workers there.Ella recounted her growing disaffection with the SLP in her 1940 memoir:"Gradually the defects of the SLP were brought home to me. I found many workers antagonistic because I was organizing a rival union. The STLA was weakening the AF of L [American Federation of Labor] by drawing off its more radical elements and leaving the reactionaries in control, and was itself organized on too narrow and sectarian a basis to accomplish anything. Furthermore, the SLP as a political party had little real influence because DeLeon was against taking part in the immediate struggles of the workers... I began very early to see the importance of a united trade union movement, and felt that Socialists should work within the AF of L. I felt that DeLeon understood Marx very well abstractly but knew little about the practical needs of the labor movement."The last time I talked with DeLeon I told him I was moving to Philadelphia and was willing to accept the secretaryship of the SLP local there, which had been offered me, but I could not go along with their principles wholeheartedly. As a good friend of mine, DeLeon accepted what I said without anger, but would not change his methods."Soon after her arrival in Philadelphia, a state convention of the SLP decided to leave the party en masse to form a new organization in the nether region between Morris Hillquit's dissident so-called "Kangaroo" faction which broke away in 1899 and DeLeon's hardline SLP. Ella opposed this new organization, which called itself "The Logical Center" and included Lucien Sanial, a former top official in the SLP. Ella had been watching with interest the formation of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1901 and decided to leave her new Pennsylvania comrades to rejoin her friend Gene Debs as a member of his new organization.In subsequent years, Bloor worked as a trade union organizer and helped during industrial disputes in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, Ohio and New York. She organized strikes across a wide range of industries including miners, hatters, steelworkers, and needle-workers.In 1905 Bloor helped a fellow member of the Socialist Party of America, Upton Sinclair, gather information on the Chicago stock yards. Ella partnered with colleague Richard Bloor, and the last name stuck, though the pair were never married. Her work and pen-name eventually appeared in Sinclair's best-selling book, "The Jungle".Bloor ran unsuccessfully for political office several times under the Socialist Party of America, including secretary of state for Connecticut in 1908 where she was the first woman to run for state office and Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1918. In 1938 she ran for Governor of Pennsylvania under the American Communist Party.Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, which stemmed from the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. In 1921 and 1922, Bloor attended the second conventions of the Comintern in Moscow. She was also a delegate to the founding convention of the Red International of Labor Unions in July 1921, at which she used the pseudonym "Emmons" and voted on the basis of credentials issued by three locals of the International Association of Machinists. Upon her return from the Soviet Union, Bloor hitchhiked throughout the United States while writing articles for the "Daily Worker".Bloor was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party USA from 1932 to 1948 where she organized tirelessly. During this time, she toured the Midwest, organizing farmers, leading farmers strikes, and giving speeches. Many of these speeches were focused on women's rights, especially suffrage and its connection to their rights as laborers.After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Bloor became an advocate of American participation in World War II. Later she argued for an early invasion of Europe to create a Second Front.Ella Reeve Bloor died on August 10, 1951 in Richlandtown, Pennsylvania. She is buried in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey.Today, Ella Reeve Bloor is remembered as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history. She gave countless speeches and lectures focusing on topics of women's suffrage and mobilization as workers, often stressing the “direct connection between the ballot and our work." For some, Bloor echoed the voice of working women in the early twentieth century by vocalizing the intersection of socialism and suffrage. She argued that because working women were marginalized by the law as it was, their only form of political power was through protest which frequently proved dangerous and ineffective. She believed that women needed the right to vote if they hoped to have a say in changing laws and therefore improve their working conditions and lives in general.Bloor's autobiography, "We Are Many", was published in 1940 and served as the basis for the Woody Guthrie song, "1913 Massacre."Life magazine photographed Bloor's public funeral reception in Harlem. Alice Neel's 1951 painting of her funeral reception, "The Death of Mother Bloor," shows her in front of a line of mourners passing by her bier. It was included in the 2021 Alice Neel retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.Her granddaughter was actress Herta Ware who was married to Will Geer from 1934 to 1954.
|
[
"Socialist Labor Party of America",
"Socialist Party of America"
] |
|
Which political party did Ella Reeve Bloor belong to in Nov, 1899?
|
November 13, 1899
|
{
"text": [
"Socialist Labor Party of America"
]
}
|
L2_Q5364560_P102_1
|
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Social Democracy of America from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Party of America from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1919.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1901.
|
Ella Reeve BloorElla Reeve "Mother" Bloor (July 8, 1862 – August 10, 1951) was an American labor organizer and long-time activist in the socialist and communist movements. Bloor is best remembered as one of the top-ranking female functionaries in the Communist Party USA and as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history.Ella Reeve "Mother" Bloor was born Ella Reeve on Staten Island on July 8, 1862, the daughter of Harriet Amanda (née Disbrow) and Charles Reeve. She grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. She was married first to Lucien Bonaparte Ware, then Louis Cohen, and finally Andrew Omholt. Ella married Lucian Ware in February 1882, at ages of 19 and 27, respectively. In the following 10 years, the couple had seven children. However, three died by the age of 3 (Pauline Stites Ware, Charles Reeve Ware, and Lucien Bonaparte Ware, Jr [twin to Harold]), leaving 4 children: Grace, Helen, Harold and Hamilton Disbrow Ware. Her daughter, Helen Ware, was a concert violinist while son, Harold Ware, became an agriculture expert as an activist in the Communist Party of America. One of her other sons was Hamilton D. "Buzz" Ware, an artist and prominent leader in the Village of Arden, Delaware, where she lived for many years. Ella and Lucien divorced in 1896 and the following year, at about age 35, she married Louis Cohen. In the following three years, the couple had two children: Victor Hugo Cohen and Carl M. Cohen. Ella and Louis Cohen likely divorced by 1906. In 1930, at about age 68, Ella married Andrew Omholt.Ella became involved in several reform movements including the prohibitionist Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and women's suffrage. She was the author of two books for children, "Three Little Lovers of Nature" (1895) and "Talks About Authors and Their Work" (1899).In 1897 Ella was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America, a new organization established by her friend Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger — a group which would later emerge as the Social Democratic Party (SDP). She later recalled:"When I joined the Social Democracy I was living in Brooklyn and I had married for the second time. My husband, Louis Cohen, was a socialist. I was pregnant with the first of the two children of that marriage. The railroad men [Debs supporters] came to my house so I could continue to act as [local] secretary."But a new disappointment was in store for me. The Social Democracy, I soon discovered, was a utopian scheme. Debs' plan was to form an ideal colony out West to show by example that socialism could work. From the outset I told the members of my group that this colonization scheme was unsound, not real socialism at all. I stayed with it for a while because of my loyalty to Debs, and because this was the nearest thing I had yet found to a socialist movement."Debs set up a paper in Chicago called "The Social Democrat." At his request I wrote a children's column for it. The children answered the appeals of Debs and his colonization committee by sending me money. I felt it was unfair to collect money for something that did not yet exist. People were already selling out businesses to join the colony. A national convention was held in Chicago [June 7–11, 1898] and our local sent delegates. Among them was my husband who still felt that anything Debs was in must be all right. I agreed to withhold final judgment until the delegates returned. When they came back and reported that plans to establish the colony would continue, I resigned. I simply could not stay with anything so unscientific.Shortly after her resignation from the Social Democracy, Ella attended a meeting in New York of the Socialist Labor Party, at which editor of the party newspaper Daniel DeLeon was the speaker:"He was small and slight and prematurely gray, and spoke very deliberately and convincingly."The Socialist Labor Party was a revolutionary party in those days and DeLeon, its leader, was a brilliant theoretician and speaker, a courageous fighter against capitalism... I was impressed with his analysis of the evils of the capitalist system, and of the fallacy of isolated socialist colonies as a way of achieving socialism. I felt that at last here was scientific socialism and joined the SLP."Daniel DeLeon and I became friends... I became very much interested in the New York Labor News Company — the first organization that published revolutionary books and pamphlets in English on a large scale. Its manager was Julien Pierce. Together we proofread the pamphlets translated by DeLeon, often having o reconstruct the English, a greater task than we ever let him know."Ella was elected to the governing General Executive Board of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (ST&LA), the SLP's trade union affiliate. She was also the ST&LA's organizer for Essex County, New Jersey and was sent to Philadelphia by the organization in an effort to organize street car workers there.Ella recounted her growing disaffection with the SLP in her 1940 memoir:"Gradually the defects of the SLP were brought home to me. I found many workers antagonistic because I was organizing a rival union. The STLA was weakening the AF of L [American Federation of Labor] by drawing off its more radical elements and leaving the reactionaries in control, and was itself organized on too narrow and sectarian a basis to accomplish anything. Furthermore, the SLP as a political party had little real influence because DeLeon was against taking part in the immediate struggles of the workers... I began very early to see the importance of a united trade union movement, and felt that Socialists should work within the AF of L. I felt that DeLeon understood Marx very well abstractly but knew little about the practical needs of the labor movement."The last time I talked with DeLeon I told him I was moving to Philadelphia and was willing to accept the secretaryship of the SLP local there, which had been offered me, but I could not go along with their principles wholeheartedly. As a good friend of mine, DeLeon accepted what I said without anger, but would not change his methods."Soon after her arrival in Philadelphia, a state convention of the SLP decided to leave the party en masse to form a new organization in the nether region between Morris Hillquit's dissident so-called "Kangaroo" faction which broke away in 1899 and DeLeon's hardline SLP. Ella opposed this new organization, which called itself "The Logical Center" and included Lucien Sanial, a former top official in the SLP. Ella had been watching with interest the formation of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1901 and decided to leave her new Pennsylvania comrades to rejoin her friend Gene Debs as a member of his new organization.In subsequent years, Bloor worked as a trade union organizer and helped during industrial disputes in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, Ohio and New York. She organized strikes across a wide range of industries including miners, hatters, steelworkers, and needle-workers.In 1905 Bloor helped a fellow member of the Socialist Party of America, Upton Sinclair, gather information on the Chicago stock yards. Ella partnered with colleague Richard Bloor, and the last name stuck, though the pair were never married. Her work and pen-name eventually appeared in Sinclair's best-selling book, "The Jungle".Bloor ran unsuccessfully for political office several times under the Socialist Party of America, including secretary of state for Connecticut in 1908 where she was the first woman to run for state office and Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1918. In 1938 she ran for Governor of Pennsylvania under the American Communist Party.Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, which stemmed from the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. In 1921 and 1922, Bloor attended the second conventions of the Comintern in Moscow. She was also a delegate to the founding convention of the Red International of Labor Unions in July 1921, at which she used the pseudonym "Emmons" and voted on the basis of credentials issued by three locals of the International Association of Machinists. Upon her return from the Soviet Union, Bloor hitchhiked throughout the United States while writing articles for the "Daily Worker".Bloor was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party USA from 1932 to 1948 where she organized tirelessly. During this time, she toured the Midwest, organizing farmers, leading farmers strikes, and giving speeches. Many of these speeches were focused on women's rights, especially suffrage and its connection to their rights as laborers.After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Bloor became an advocate of American participation in World War II. Later she argued for an early invasion of Europe to create a Second Front.Ella Reeve Bloor died on August 10, 1951 in Richlandtown, Pennsylvania. She is buried in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey.Today, Ella Reeve Bloor is remembered as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history. She gave countless speeches and lectures focusing on topics of women's suffrage and mobilization as workers, often stressing the “direct connection between the ballot and our work." For some, Bloor echoed the voice of working women in the early twentieth century by vocalizing the intersection of socialism and suffrage. She argued that because working women were marginalized by the law as it was, their only form of political power was through protest which frequently proved dangerous and ineffective. She believed that women needed the right to vote if they hoped to have a say in changing laws and therefore improve their working conditions and lives in general.Bloor's autobiography, "We Are Many", was published in 1940 and served as the basis for the Woody Guthrie song, "1913 Massacre."Life magazine photographed Bloor's public funeral reception in Harlem. Alice Neel's 1951 painting of her funeral reception, "The Death of Mother Bloor," shows her in front of a line of mourners passing by her bier. It was included in the 2021 Alice Neel retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.Her granddaughter was actress Herta Ware who was married to Will Geer from 1934 to 1954.
|
[
"Social Democracy of America",
"Socialist Party of America"
] |
|
Which political party did Ella Reeve Bloor belong to in Mar, 1917?
|
March 19, 1917
|
{
"text": [
"Socialist Party of America"
]
}
|
L2_Q5364560_P102_2
|
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Social Democracy of America from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1901.
Ella Reeve Bloor is a member of the Socialist Party of America from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1919.
|
Ella Reeve BloorElla Reeve "Mother" Bloor (July 8, 1862 – August 10, 1951) was an American labor organizer and long-time activist in the socialist and communist movements. Bloor is best remembered as one of the top-ranking female functionaries in the Communist Party USA and as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history.Ella Reeve "Mother" Bloor was born Ella Reeve on Staten Island on July 8, 1862, the daughter of Harriet Amanda (née Disbrow) and Charles Reeve. She grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. She was married first to Lucien Bonaparte Ware, then Louis Cohen, and finally Andrew Omholt. Ella married Lucian Ware in February 1882, at ages of 19 and 27, respectively. In the following 10 years, the couple had seven children. However, three died by the age of 3 (Pauline Stites Ware, Charles Reeve Ware, and Lucien Bonaparte Ware, Jr [twin to Harold]), leaving 4 children: Grace, Helen, Harold and Hamilton Disbrow Ware. Her daughter, Helen Ware, was a concert violinist while son, Harold Ware, became an agriculture expert as an activist in the Communist Party of America. One of her other sons was Hamilton D. "Buzz" Ware, an artist and prominent leader in the Village of Arden, Delaware, where she lived for many years. Ella and Lucien divorced in 1896 and the following year, at about age 35, she married Louis Cohen. In the following three years, the couple had two children: Victor Hugo Cohen and Carl M. Cohen. Ella and Louis Cohen likely divorced by 1906. In 1930, at about age 68, Ella married Andrew Omholt.Ella became involved in several reform movements including the prohibitionist Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and women's suffrage. She was the author of two books for children, "Three Little Lovers of Nature" (1895) and "Talks About Authors and Their Work" (1899).In 1897 Ella was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America, a new organization established by her friend Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger — a group which would later emerge as the Social Democratic Party (SDP). She later recalled:"When I joined the Social Democracy I was living in Brooklyn and I had married for the second time. My husband, Louis Cohen, was a socialist. I was pregnant with the first of the two children of that marriage. The railroad men [Debs supporters] came to my house so I could continue to act as [local] secretary."But a new disappointment was in store for me. The Social Democracy, I soon discovered, was a utopian scheme. Debs' plan was to form an ideal colony out West to show by example that socialism could work. From the outset I told the members of my group that this colonization scheme was unsound, not real socialism at all. I stayed with it for a while because of my loyalty to Debs, and because this was the nearest thing I had yet found to a socialist movement."Debs set up a paper in Chicago called "The Social Democrat." At his request I wrote a children's column for it. The children answered the appeals of Debs and his colonization committee by sending me money. I felt it was unfair to collect money for something that did not yet exist. People were already selling out businesses to join the colony. A national convention was held in Chicago [June 7–11, 1898] and our local sent delegates. Among them was my husband who still felt that anything Debs was in must be all right. I agreed to withhold final judgment until the delegates returned. When they came back and reported that plans to establish the colony would continue, I resigned. I simply could not stay with anything so unscientific.Shortly after her resignation from the Social Democracy, Ella attended a meeting in New York of the Socialist Labor Party, at which editor of the party newspaper Daniel DeLeon was the speaker:"He was small and slight and prematurely gray, and spoke very deliberately and convincingly."The Socialist Labor Party was a revolutionary party in those days and DeLeon, its leader, was a brilliant theoretician and speaker, a courageous fighter against capitalism... I was impressed with his analysis of the evils of the capitalist system, and of the fallacy of isolated socialist colonies as a way of achieving socialism. I felt that at last here was scientific socialism and joined the SLP."Daniel DeLeon and I became friends... I became very much interested in the New York Labor News Company — the first organization that published revolutionary books and pamphlets in English on a large scale. Its manager was Julien Pierce. Together we proofread the pamphlets translated by DeLeon, often having o reconstruct the English, a greater task than we ever let him know."Ella was elected to the governing General Executive Board of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (ST&LA), the SLP's trade union affiliate. She was also the ST&LA's organizer for Essex County, New Jersey and was sent to Philadelphia by the organization in an effort to organize street car workers there.Ella recounted her growing disaffection with the SLP in her 1940 memoir:"Gradually the defects of the SLP were brought home to me. I found many workers antagonistic because I was organizing a rival union. The STLA was weakening the AF of L [American Federation of Labor] by drawing off its more radical elements and leaving the reactionaries in control, and was itself organized on too narrow and sectarian a basis to accomplish anything. Furthermore, the SLP as a political party had little real influence because DeLeon was against taking part in the immediate struggles of the workers... I began very early to see the importance of a united trade union movement, and felt that Socialists should work within the AF of L. I felt that DeLeon understood Marx very well abstractly but knew little about the practical needs of the labor movement."The last time I talked with DeLeon I told him I was moving to Philadelphia and was willing to accept the secretaryship of the SLP local there, which had been offered me, but I could not go along with their principles wholeheartedly. As a good friend of mine, DeLeon accepted what I said without anger, but would not change his methods."Soon after her arrival in Philadelphia, a state convention of the SLP decided to leave the party en masse to form a new organization in the nether region between Morris Hillquit's dissident so-called "Kangaroo" faction which broke away in 1899 and DeLeon's hardline SLP. Ella opposed this new organization, which called itself "The Logical Center" and included Lucien Sanial, a former top official in the SLP. Ella had been watching with interest the formation of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1901 and decided to leave her new Pennsylvania comrades to rejoin her friend Gene Debs as a member of his new organization.In subsequent years, Bloor worked as a trade union organizer and helped during industrial disputes in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, Ohio and New York. She organized strikes across a wide range of industries including miners, hatters, steelworkers, and needle-workers.In 1905 Bloor helped a fellow member of the Socialist Party of America, Upton Sinclair, gather information on the Chicago stock yards. Ella partnered with colleague Richard Bloor, and the last name stuck, though the pair were never married. Her work and pen-name eventually appeared in Sinclair's best-selling book, "The Jungle".Bloor ran unsuccessfully for political office several times under the Socialist Party of America, including secretary of state for Connecticut in 1908 where she was the first woman to run for state office and Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1918. In 1938 she ran for Governor of Pennsylvania under the American Communist Party.Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, which stemmed from the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. In 1921 and 1922, Bloor attended the second conventions of the Comintern in Moscow. She was also a delegate to the founding convention of the Red International of Labor Unions in July 1921, at which she used the pseudonym "Emmons" and voted on the basis of credentials issued by three locals of the International Association of Machinists. Upon her return from the Soviet Union, Bloor hitchhiked throughout the United States while writing articles for the "Daily Worker".Bloor was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party USA from 1932 to 1948 where she organized tirelessly. During this time, she toured the Midwest, organizing farmers, leading farmers strikes, and giving speeches. Many of these speeches were focused on women's rights, especially suffrage and its connection to their rights as laborers.After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Bloor became an advocate of American participation in World War II. Later she argued for an early invasion of Europe to create a Second Front.Ella Reeve Bloor died on August 10, 1951 in Richlandtown, Pennsylvania. She is buried in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey.Today, Ella Reeve Bloor is remembered as one of the most prominent socialist feminists in United States history. She gave countless speeches and lectures focusing on topics of women's suffrage and mobilization as workers, often stressing the “direct connection between the ballot and our work." For some, Bloor echoed the voice of working women in the early twentieth century by vocalizing the intersection of socialism and suffrage. She argued that because working women were marginalized by the law as it was, their only form of political power was through protest which frequently proved dangerous and ineffective. She believed that women needed the right to vote if they hoped to have a say in changing laws and therefore improve their working conditions and lives in general.Bloor's autobiography, "We Are Many", was published in 1940 and served as the basis for the Woody Guthrie song, "1913 Massacre."Life magazine photographed Bloor's public funeral reception in Harlem. Alice Neel's 1951 painting of her funeral reception, "The Death of Mother Bloor," shows her in front of a line of mourners passing by her bier. It was included in the 2021 Alice Neel retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.Her granddaughter was actress Herta Ware who was married to Will Geer from 1934 to 1954.
|
[
"Social Democracy of America",
"Socialist Labor Party of America"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team TSC Bačka Topola in Sep, 2018?
|
September 22, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Zoltan Sabo"
]
}
|
L2_Q828297_P286_0
|
Zoltan Sabo is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2020.
Mladen Krstajić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Jan, 2021 to Oct, 2021.
Žarko Lazetić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
FK TSC Bačka TopolaTSC Bačka Topola (, ), commonly known as TSC, is a Serbian professional football club based in Bačka Topola and currently the second oldest football club in the Serbian SuperLiga.The first football club formed in Bačka Topola in 1912, the club officially exists since 1913 and was founded by "István Benis" who was the first president of the club. It was named "Topolyai Sport Club". The town belonged back then to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The first club sponsor was "Károly Beer" who also brought the first football to the town. Soon the First World War started and after the war the region of Bačka would become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1930, the club changed its name into "Jugoslovenski Atletski Klub". In the early 1930s, the stadium where the club still plays nowadays was built. In the Second World War the club competes in the Hungarian Second League, finishing in second place in 1942.After the war the region returned to Yugoslavia, and the club was renamed "Egység", and counted with Hungarian international Jenő Kalmár among its strongest reinforcements. In 1951, the club changes its name again into "Topola". The club played in the Subotica regional league and later achieved promotion to the Serbian League (3rd Yugoslav tier).In 1974, the club change its name into "FK AIK Bačka Topola". In 1980, AIK promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and in the next 6 years competitioned 5 seasons in the second highest division. In the Yugoslavian Cup competition of the season 1992–93 they entered the 1/8 finals after a win against the First League club Napredak Kruševac 2–1.In 2003, the club under financial difficulties ceases to compete, and maintains only the youth levels. In 2005, the club is merged with FK Bajša and starts competing again under a new name, "FK Bačka Topola". The club was the champion of the Vojvodina League North in the 2006–07 season. The club has dedicated much effort in the youth squads archiving titles in several levels. The club finished the 2010–11 season in second place, and won the relegation game for the Third League. In 2013, the official name was changed to FK TSC Bačka Topola. On 15 October 2013, the club's anniversary day, TSC played against FK Partizan (1–4). The club finished the season 2013–14 in second place, and lost the promotion play-off game for the Third League after a penalty shootout (2–2, 2–2) against FK Cement Beočin. In 2014–2015, TSC won the Bačka League, and returned to the Serbian League Vojvodina, national third tier.The club finished the 2016–17 Serbian League Vojvodina in third place, but got promoted to the Serbian First League. From the Serbian second tier, they were for the first time ever promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga for season 2019–20. There in their first ever top flight match away to FK Voždovac in Belgrade, playing at the modern shopping centre stadium, TSC won 1–2, marking a fine debut and the brightest moment in the club's history. The club finished 4th in their first season in the SuperLiga and qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020-21 UEFA Europa League. Throughout the club's debut season strikers Nenad Lukić and Vladimir Silađi were impressive, finishing the season as triple joint top scorers. Other impressive players in the season for TSC were Janko Tumbasević, Goran Antonić, Saša Tomanović, Srđan Grabež and Đuro Zec. Under manager Zoltán Szabó the club recorded its most significant/highest result in its history of 4th place and its first foray into European Football, the UEFA Europa League.The club's original colors were green and white, but later replaced by blue. The lion on the crest is the coat of arms of Bačka Topola, which comes from the coat of arms of Pál Kray who was a nobleman in the town in 18th century.The home field of TSC was the "City Stadium" holds 4,000 people. The construction of the stadium was finished in the 1930s. In 2017, TSC announced its intentions to build a new 4,100-seater stadium. From the 2018–19 to the 2020-21 season, because the construction of new stadium, the club home games plays in "City Stadium" of Senta.The official supporters group of the club is "Blue Betyárs".1980–81 Yugoslav Second League 8th place – players, apps/goals: Đura Stanimirović 29, Milan Agbaba 26/4, Radomir Bošković 26, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Radoslav Brkić 25, Aleksandar Krivokapić 24/6, Miklós Ország (captain) 24/2, Antun Patarčić 23, Nikola Lukić 22/16, Božidar Perović 21, Milan Rubin 20/2, Sándor Sz. Kovács 18/1, Laszló Lőrinc 16, Zlatko Majer 15, Menhard Verebes 15, Antal Szalma 14, Imre Futó 12/1 Milorad Sekulović 11/4, Zdravko Savić 10/1 Nenad Bakić 6, Nenad Bilbija 4, Rešad Kazaferović 11981–82 Yugoslav Second League 10th place – players, apps/goals: Miklós Ország (captain) 28, Róbert Kovács 27/2, Nikola Lukić 25/11, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Zdravko Savić 22/5, Aleksandar Krivokapić 21/5, Milan Agbaba 20/4, Zoran Mihović 19, Radomir Bošković 18/1, Nenad Bakić 18, Milan Rubin 17, Antun Patarčić 14, Imre Futó 14, Dejan Mitić 13/6, Milan Banjeglav 13, László Lőrinc 12/1, László Dudás 11, Menhard Verebes 11, Antal Szalma 10, Nebojša Knežević 10, Sándor Sz. Kovács 9, Miroslav Zagorčić 6/1, Dejan Smiljanić 3, Milorad Sekulović 2/1, Sándor I. Kovács 2, Božidar Perović 1, Nándor Rekecki 1, Zoltán Koščić 11982–83 Yugoslav Second League 14th place1983–84 Yugoslav Second League 16th place (relegated) – players, apps/goals: Róbert Kovács 32, Veselin Barjakterević 31, Radomir Bošković 30/4, Dragan Jablan 28/7, Radomir Bošnjak 26/3, Mikloš Narandžić 25, Nenad Bakić 25, Milan Agbaba 24/7, Miklós Ország (captain) 24, Zdravko Savić 21/5, Zlatko Majer 19/1, Nebojša Knežević 19/1, Zoran Mihović 18, Milan Banjeglav 18, Antun Patarčić 18, Labud Pejović 16/6, Árpád Eper 16/3, Aleksandar Krivokapić 15/2, Tihomir Pavićević 15, Dragoljub Bekvalac 11/1, Dejan Mitić 4, Bogdan Kosovac 2, László Dudás 1, Nándor Rekecki 11985–86 Yugoslav Second League 15th place (relegated)"As of 4. September 2020."The following players played for national teams:Other professional footballers:"For the list of current and former players with Wikipedia article, please see: ."
|
[
"Mladen Krstajić",
"Žarko Lazetić"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team TSC Bačka Topola in Sep, 2021?
|
September 21, 2021
|
{
"text": [
"Mladen Krstajić"
]
}
|
L2_Q828297_P286_1
|
Žarko Lazetić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Mladen Krstajić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Jan, 2021 to Oct, 2021.
Zoltan Sabo is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2020.
|
FK TSC Bačka TopolaTSC Bačka Topola (, ), commonly known as TSC, is a Serbian professional football club based in Bačka Topola and currently the second oldest football club in the Serbian SuperLiga.The first football club formed in Bačka Topola in 1912, the club officially exists since 1913 and was founded by "István Benis" who was the first president of the club. It was named "Topolyai Sport Club". The town belonged back then to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The first club sponsor was "Károly Beer" who also brought the first football to the town. Soon the First World War started and after the war the region of Bačka would become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1930, the club changed its name into "Jugoslovenski Atletski Klub". In the early 1930s, the stadium where the club still plays nowadays was built. In the Second World War the club competes in the Hungarian Second League, finishing in second place in 1942.After the war the region returned to Yugoslavia, and the club was renamed "Egység", and counted with Hungarian international Jenő Kalmár among its strongest reinforcements. In 1951, the club changes its name again into "Topola". The club played in the Subotica regional league and later achieved promotion to the Serbian League (3rd Yugoslav tier).In 1974, the club change its name into "FK AIK Bačka Topola". In 1980, AIK promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and in the next 6 years competitioned 5 seasons in the second highest division. In the Yugoslavian Cup competition of the season 1992–93 they entered the 1/8 finals after a win against the First League club Napredak Kruševac 2–1.In 2003, the club under financial difficulties ceases to compete, and maintains only the youth levels. In 2005, the club is merged with FK Bajša and starts competing again under a new name, "FK Bačka Topola". The club was the champion of the Vojvodina League North in the 2006–07 season. The club has dedicated much effort in the youth squads archiving titles in several levels. The club finished the 2010–11 season in second place, and won the relegation game for the Third League. In 2013, the official name was changed to FK TSC Bačka Topola. On 15 October 2013, the club's anniversary day, TSC played against FK Partizan (1–4). The club finished the season 2013–14 in second place, and lost the promotion play-off game for the Third League after a penalty shootout (2–2, 2–2) against FK Cement Beočin. In 2014–2015, TSC won the Bačka League, and returned to the Serbian League Vojvodina, national third tier.The club finished the 2016–17 Serbian League Vojvodina in third place, but got promoted to the Serbian First League. From the Serbian second tier, they were for the first time ever promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga for season 2019–20. There in their first ever top flight match away to FK Voždovac in Belgrade, playing at the modern shopping centre stadium, TSC won 1–2, marking a fine debut and the brightest moment in the club's history. The club finished 4th in their first season in the SuperLiga and qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020-21 UEFA Europa League. Throughout the club's debut season strikers Nenad Lukić and Vladimir Silađi were impressive, finishing the season as triple joint top scorers. Other impressive players in the season for TSC were Janko Tumbasević, Goran Antonić, Saša Tomanović, Srđan Grabež and Đuro Zec. Under manager Zoltán Szabó the club recorded its most significant/highest result in its history of 4th place and its first foray into European Football, the UEFA Europa League.The club's original colors were green and white, but later replaced by blue. The lion on the crest is the coat of arms of Bačka Topola, which comes from the coat of arms of Pál Kray who was a nobleman in the town in 18th century.The home field of TSC was the "City Stadium" holds 4,000 people. The construction of the stadium was finished in the 1930s. In 2017, TSC announced its intentions to build a new 4,100-seater stadium. From the 2018–19 to the 2020-21 season, because the construction of new stadium, the club home games plays in "City Stadium" of Senta.The official supporters group of the club is "Blue Betyárs".1980–81 Yugoslav Second League 8th place – players, apps/goals: Đura Stanimirović 29, Milan Agbaba 26/4, Radomir Bošković 26, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Radoslav Brkić 25, Aleksandar Krivokapić 24/6, Miklós Ország (captain) 24/2, Antun Patarčić 23, Nikola Lukić 22/16, Božidar Perović 21, Milan Rubin 20/2, Sándor Sz. Kovács 18/1, Laszló Lőrinc 16, Zlatko Majer 15, Menhard Verebes 15, Antal Szalma 14, Imre Futó 12/1 Milorad Sekulović 11/4, Zdravko Savić 10/1 Nenad Bakić 6, Nenad Bilbija 4, Rešad Kazaferović 11981–82 Yugoslav Second League 10th place – players, apps/goals: Miklós Ország (captain) 28, Róbert Kovács 27/2, Nikola Lukić 25/11, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Zdravko Savić 22/5, Aleksandar Krivokapić 21/5, Milan Agbaba 20/4, Zoran Mihović 19, Radomir Bošković 18/1, Nenad Bakić 18, Milan Rubin 17, Antun Patarčić 14, Imre Futó 14, Dejan Mitić 13/6, Milan Banjeglav 13, László Lőrinc 12/1, László Dudás 11, Menhard Verebes 11, Antal Szalma 10, Nebojša Knežević 10, Sándor Sz. Kovács 9, Miroslav Zagorčić 6/1, Dejan Smiljanić 3, Milorad Sekulović 2/1, Sándor I. Kovács 2, Božidar Perović 1, Nándor Rekecki 1, Zoltán Koščić 11982–83 Yugoslav Second League 14th place1983–84 Yugoslav Second League 16th place (relegated) – players, apps/goals: Róbert Kovács 32, Veselin Barjakterević 31, Radomir Bošković 30/4, Dragan Jablan 28/7, Radomir Bošnjak 26/3, Mikloš Narandžić 25, Nenad Bakić 25, Milan Agbaba 24/7, Miklós Ország (captain) 24, Zdravko Savić 21/5, Zlatko Majer 19/1, Nebojša Knežević 19/1, Zoran Mihović 18, Milan Banjeglav 18, Antun Patarčić 18, Labud Pejović 16/6, Árpád Eper 16/3, Aleksandar Krivokapić 15/2, Tihomir Pavićević 15, Dragoljub Bekvalac 11/1, Dejan Mitić 4, Bogdan Kosovac 2, László Dudás 1, Nándor Rekecki 11985–86 Yugoslav Second League 15th place (relegated)"As of 4. September 2020."The following players played for national teams:Other professional footballers:"For the list of current and former players with Wikipedia article, please see: ."
|
[
"Zoltan Sabo",
"Žarko Lazetić"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team TSC Bačka Topola in Dec, 2021?
|
December 16, 2021
|
{
"text": [
"Žarko Lazetić"
]
}
|
L2_Q828297_P286_2
|
Mladen Krstajić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Jan, 2021 to Oct, 2021.
Žarko Lazetić is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Nov, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Zoltan Sabo is the head coach of TSC Bačka Topola from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2020.
|
FK TSC Bačka TopolaTSC Bačka Topola (, ), commonly known as TSC, is a Serbian professional football club based in Bačka Topola and currently the second oldest football club in the Serbian SuperLiga.The first football club formed in Bačka Topola in 1912, the club officially exists since 1913 and was founded by "István Benis" who was the first president of the club. It was named "Topolyai Sport Club". The town belonged back then to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The first club sponsor was "Károly Beer" who also brought the first football to the town. Soon the First World War started and after the war the region of Bačka would become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1930, the club changed its name into "Jugoslovenski Atletski Klub". In the early 1930s, the stadium where the club still plays nowadays was built. In the Second World War the club competes in the Hungarian Second League, finishing in second place in 1942.After the war the region returned to Yugoslavia, and the club was renamed "Egység", and counted with Hungarian international Jenő Kalmár among its strongest reinforcements. In 1951, the club changes its name again into "Topola". The club played in the Subotica regional league and later achieved promotion to the Serbian League (3rd Yugoslav tier).In 1974, the club change its name into "FK AIK Bačka Topola". In 1980, AIK promoted to the Yugoslav Second League, and in the next 6 years competitioned 5 seasons in the second highest division. In the Yugoslavian Cup competition of the season 1992–93 they entered the 1/8 finals after a win against the First League club Napredak Kruševac 2–1.In 2003, the club under financial difficulties ceases to compete, and maintains only the youth levels. In 2005, the club is merged with FK Bajša and starts competing again under a new name, "FK Bačka Topola". The club was the champion of the Vojvodina League North in the 2006–07 season. The club has dedicated much effort in the youth squads archiving titles in several levels. The club finished the 2010–11 season in second place, and won the relegation game for the Third League. In 2013, the official name was changed to FK TSC Bačka Topola. On 15 October 2013, the club's anniversary day, TSC played against FK Partizan (1–4). The club finished the season 2013–14 in second place, and lost the promotion play-off game for the Third League after a penalty shootout (2–2, 2–2) against FK Cement Beočin. In 2014–2015, TSC won the Bačka League, and returned to the Serbian League Vojvodina, national third tier.The club finished the 2016–17 Serbian League Vojvodina in third place, but got promoted to the Serbian First League. From the Serbian second tier, they were for the first time ever promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga for season 2019–20. There in their first ever top flight match away to FK Voždovac in Belgrade, playing at the modern shopping centre stadium, TSC won 1–2, marking a fine debut and the brightest moment in the club's history. The club finished 4th in their first season in the SuperLiga and qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020-21 UEFA Europa League. Throughout the club's debut season strikers Nenad Lukić and Vladimir Silađi were impressive, finishing the season as triple joint top scorers. Other impressive players in the season for TSC were Janko Tumbasević, Goran Antonić, Saša Tomanović, Srđan Grabež and Đuro Zec. Under manager Zoltán Szabó the club recorded its most significant/highest result in its history of 4th place and its first foray into European Football, the UEFA Europa League.The club's original colors were green and white, but later replaced by blue. The lion on the crest is the coat of arms of Bačka Topola, which comes from the coat of arms of Pál Kray who was a nobleman in the town in 18th century.The home field of TSC was the "City Stadium" holds 4,000 people. The construction of the stadium was finished in the 1930s. In 2017, TSC announced its intentions to build a new 4,100-seater stadium. From the 2018–19 to the 2020-21 season, because the construction of new stadium, the club home games plays in "City Stadium" of Senta.The official supporters group of the club is "Blue Betyárs".1980–81 Yugoslav Second League 8th place – players, apps/goals: Đura Stanimirović 29, Milan Agbaba 26/4, Radomir Bošković 26, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Radoslav Brkić 25, Aleksandar Krivokapić 24/6, Miklós Ország (captain) 24/2, Antun Patarčić 23, Nikola Lukić 22/16, Božidar Perović 21, Milan Rubin 20/2, Sándor Sz. Kovács 18/1, Laszló Lőrinc 16, Zlatko Majer 15, Menhard Verebes 15, Antal Szalma 14, Imre Futó 12/1 Milorad Sekulović 11/4, Zdravko Savić 10/1 Nenad Bakić 6, Nenad Bilbija 4, Rešad Kazaferović 11981–82 Yugoslav Second League 10th place – players, apps/goals: Miklós Ország (captain) 28, Róbert Kovács 27/2, Nikola Lukić 25/11, Radomir Bošnjak 25, Zdravko Savić 22/5, Aleksandar Krivokapić 21/5, Milan Agbaba 20/4, Zoran Mihović 19, Radomir Bošković 18/1, Nenad Bakić 18, Milan Rubin 17, Antun Patarčić 14, Imre Futó 14, Dejan Mitić 13/6, Milan Banjeglav 13, László Lőrinc 12/1, László Dudás 11, Menhard Verebes 11, Antal Szalma 10, Nebojša Knežević 10, Sándor Sz. Kovács 9, Miroslav Zagorčić 6/1, Dejan Smiljanić 3, Milorad Sekulović 2/1, Sándor I. Kovács 2, Božidar Perović 1, Nándor Rekecki 1, Zoltán Koščić 11982–83 Yugoslav Second League 14th place1983–84 Yugoslav Second League 16th place (relegated) – players, apps/goals: Róbert Kovács 32, Veselin Barjakterević 31, Radomir Bošković 30/4, Dragan Jablan 28/7, Radomir Bošnjak 26/3, Mikloš Narandžić 25, Nenad Bakić 25, Milan Agbaba 24/7, Miklós Ország (captain) 24, Zdravko Savić 21/5, Zlatko Majer 19/1, Nebojša Knežević 19/1, Zoran Mihović 18, Milan Banjeglav 18, Antun Patarčić 18, Labud Pejović 16/6, Árpád Eper 16/3, Aleksandar Krivokapić 15/2, Tihomir Pavićević 15, Dragoljub Bekvalac 11/1, Dejan Mitić 4, Bogdan Kosovac 2, László Dudás 1, Nándor Rekecki 11985–86 Yugoslav Second League 15th place (relegated)"As of 4. September 2020."The following players played for national teams:Other professional footballers:"For the list of current and former players with Wikipedia article, please see: ."
|
[
"Zoltan Sabo",
"Mladen Krstajić"
] |
|
Which team did Florian Metz play for in Jun, 2003?
|
June 14, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"FK Austria Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q872743_P54_0
|
Florian Metz plays for FC Liefering from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Florian Metz plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Florian Metz plays for L.A.S.K. Linz from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Florian Metz plays for Austria national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Florian Metz plays for SC Zwettl from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
Florian MetzFlorian Metz (born 18 September 1985) is an Austrian football coach and former player who works a physiotherapist with Austria Wien. A defender, he notably played for Austria Wien and LASK.Metz is one of the first graduates of the Frank Stronach Academy. He played at the Austria Wien first team from 2004 until 2009, when he left for LASK Linz.
|
[
"FC Liefering",
"Austria national under-21 football team",
"L.A.S.K. Linz",
"SC Zwettl"
] |
|
Which team did Florian Metz play for in Dec, 2005?
|
December 05, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Austria national under-21 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q872743_P54_1
|
Florian Metz plays for SC Zwettl from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
Florian Metz plays for Austria national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Florian Metz plays for FC Liefering from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Florian Metz plays for L.A.S.K. Linz from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Florian Metz plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Florian MetzFlorian Metz (born 18 September 1985) is an Austrian football coach and former player who works a physiotherapist with Austria Wien. A defender, he notably played for Austria Wien and LASK.Metz is one of the first graduates of the Frank Stronach Academy. He played at the Austria Wien first team from 2004 until 2009, when he left for LASK Linz.
|
[
"FC Liefering",
"SC Zwettl",
"L.A.S.K. Linz",
"FK Austria Wien"
] |
|
Which team did Florian Metz play for in Feb, 2010?
|
February 03, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"L.A.S.K. Linz"
]
}
|
L2_Q872743_P54_2
|
Florian Metz plays for Austria national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Florian Metz plays for L.A.S.K. Linz from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Florian Metz plays for SC Zwettl from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
Florian Metz plays for FC Liefering from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Florian Metz plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Florian MetzFlorian Metz (born 18 September 1985) is an Austrian football coach and former player who works a physiotherapist with Austria Wien. A defender, he notably played for Austria Wien and LASK.Metz is one of the first graduates of the Frank Stronach Academy. He played at the Austria Wien first team from 2004 until 2009, when he left for LASK Linz.
|
[
"FC Liefering",
"Austria national under-21 football team",
"FK Austria Wien",
"SC Zwettl"
] |
|
Which team did Florian Metz play for in Jul, 2012?
|
July 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"FC Liefering"
]
}
|
L2_Q872743_P54_3
|
Florian Metz plays for Austria national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Florian Metz plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Florian Metz plays for FC Liefering from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Florian Metz plays for SC Zwettl from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
Florian Metz plays for L.A.S.K. Linz from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
|
Florian MetzFlorian Metz (born 18 September 1985) is an Austrian football coach and former player who works a physiotherapist with Austria Wien. A defender, he notably played for Austria Wien and LASK.Metz is one of the first graduates of the Frank Stronach Academy. He played at the Austria Wien first team from 2004 until 2009, when he left for LASK Linz.
|
[
"Austria national under-21 football team",
"L.A.S.K. Linz",
"FK Austria Wien",
"SC Zwettl"
] |
|
Which team did Florian Metz play for in Apr, 2015?
|
April 11, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"SC Zwettl"
]
}
|
L2_Q872743_P54_4
|
Florian Metz plays for Austria national under-21 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Florian Metz plays for FC Liefering from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Florian Metz plays for L.A.S.K. Linz from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Florian Metz plays for FK Austria Wien from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Florian Metz plays for SC Zwettl from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
Florian MetzFlorian Metz (born 18 September 1985) is an Austrian football coach and former player who works a physiotherapist with Austria Wien. A defender, he notably played for Austria Wien and LASK.Metz is one of the first graduates of the Frank Stronach Academy. He played at the Austria Wien first team from 2004 until 2009, when he left for LASK Linz.
|
[
"FC Liefering",
"Austria national under-21 football team",
"L.A.S.K. Linz",
"FK Austria Wien"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan, 2002?
|
January 01, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_0
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Legia Warsaw",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Oct, 2009?
|
October 15, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"FK Borac Banja Luka"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_1
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Legia Warsaw",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan, 2007?
|
January 01, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_2
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_3
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Mar, 2010?
|
March 20, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_4
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Legia Warsaw",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Apr, 2013?
|
April 22, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"F.K. Vojvodina"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_6
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Mar, 2014?
|
March 17, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Lechia Gdańsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_7
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Legia Warsaw",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Feb, 2016?
|
February 25, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Legia Warsaw"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_8
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"CFR Cluj",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Who was the head of Vienna in Aug, 1899?
|
August 16, 1899
|
{
"text": [
"Karl Lueger"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_0
|
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
|
ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Jun, 1910?
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June 23, 1910
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{
"text": [
"Josef Neumayer"
]
}
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L2_Q1741_P6_1
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Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Sep, 1917?
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September 23, 1917
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{
"text": [
"Richard Weiskirchner"
]
}
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L2_Q1741_P6_2
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Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Mar, 1922?
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March 13, 1922
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{
"text": [
"Jakob Reumann"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_3
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Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Dec, 1928?
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December 20, 1928
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{
"text": [
"Karl Seitz"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_4
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Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Dec, 1934?
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December 05, 1934
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{
"text": [
"Richard Schmitz"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_5
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Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Oct, 1938?
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October 29, 1938
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{
"text": [
"Hermann Neubacher"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_6
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Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
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[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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Who was the head of Vienna in Feb, 1941?
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February 13, 1941
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{
"text": [
"Philipp Wilhelm Jung"
]
}
|
L2_Q1741_P6_7
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Jakob Reumann is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1919 to Nov, 1923.
Theodor Körner is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1945 to Jun, 1951.
Richard Schmitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1934 to Mar, 1938.
Bruno Marek is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1965 to Dec, 1970.
Michael Ludwig is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Hanns Blaschke is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1943 to Apr, 1945.
Michael Häupl is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1994 to May, 2018.
Karl Seitz is the head of the government of Vienna from Nov, 1923 to Feb, 1934.
Hermann Neubacher is the head of the government of Vienna from Mar, 1938 to Dec, 1940.
Helmut Zilk is the head of the government of Vienna from Sep, 1984 to Nov, 1994.
Josef Neumayer is the head of the government of Vienna from May, 1910 to Dec, 1912.
Leopold Gratz is the head of the government of Vienna from Jul, 1973 to Sep, 1984.
Felix Slavik is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1970 to Jul, 1973.
Richard Weiskirchner is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1912 to May, 1919.
Franz Jonas is the head of the government of Vienna from Jun, 1951 to Jun, 1965.
Philipp Wilhelm Jung is the head of the government of Vienna from Dec, 1940 to Dec, 1943.
Karl Lueger is the head of the government of Vienna from Apr, 1897 to Mar, 1910.
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ViennaVienna (; ; Austro-Bavarian: "Wean") is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger. Additionally, Vienna is known as the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart called Vienna home. Vienna is also said to be the "City of Dreams", because of it being home to the world's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Vienna's ancestral roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city. It is well known for having played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver and San Francisco) for the world's most livable cities. Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne. Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within." Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010). The UN-Habitat classified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions. It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.The English name "Vienna" is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The etymology of the city's name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from "vedunia", meaning "forest stream", which subsequently produced the Old High German "uuenia" ("wenia" in modern writing), the New High German "wien" and its dialectal variant "wean".Others believe that the name comes from the Roman settlement name of Celtic extraction "Vindobona", probably meaning "fair village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, "vindo-", meaning "bright" or "fair" – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" –, and "-bona" "village, settlement". The Celtic word "vindos" may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish Mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak and Polish names of the city ("Vídeň", "Viedeň" and "Wiedeń" respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, when Celts settled the site on the Danube. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the frontier city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north.Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish "Colmán", derived from "colm" "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, Duke Henry II Jasomirgott moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the Habsburg dynasty. It eventually grew to become the "de facto" capital of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) in 1437 and a cultural center for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.In the 16th and 17th centuries Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 Siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, psychoanalysis, the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern), the architecture of Adolf Loos and the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle. In 1913 Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito, Sigmund Freud and Joseph Stalin all lived within a few kilometres of each other in central Vienna, some of them becoming regulars at the same coffeehouses.Austrians came to regard Vienna as a center of socialist politics, sometimes referred to as "Red Vienna"(“Das rote Wien”). In the Austrian Civil War of 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss sent the Austrian Army to shell civilian housing such as the Karl Marx-Hof occupied by the socialist militia.In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-born German Chancellor Adolf Hitler spoke to the Austrian Germans from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the Hofburg at the Heldenplatz. In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War in 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, because Austria ceased to exist and became part of Nazi Germany.During the November pogroms on November 9, 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was about only 5,000.Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group around Heinrich Maier, which provided the Allies with plans for V-1, V-2 rockets, Peenemünde, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft. The information was important to Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna. The group around the later executed Karl Burian even tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.On 2 April 1945 the Soviet Red Army launched the Vienna Offensive against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and the SS and Wehrmacht, crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later. At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955, when Austria regained full sovereignty.After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an "international zone" in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a "de facto" day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The Berlin Blockade of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK House of Commons by MP Anthony Nutting, who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The Potsdam Agreement included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the Austrian State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of NATO and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film "The Third Man" (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, "A German Requiem".The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.In the 1970s, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Center, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Office at Vienna and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%)., an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Catholic, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply. A 2011 report by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis showed the proportions had changed, with 41.3% Catholic, 31.6% no affiliation, 11.6% Muslim, 8.4% Eastern Orthodox, 4.2% Protestant, and 2.9% other.Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 195,000 (10.3%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of [Nipponzan Myohoji].Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from . The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.Vienna has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb"). The city has warm summers, with periodical precipitations that can reach its yearly peak in July and August (66.6 and 66.5 mm respectively) and average high temperatures from June to September of approximately , with a record maximum exceeding and a record low in September of . Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ( annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ( annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.Vienna was moved to the UNESCO world heritage in endangered list in 2017. The main reason was a planned high-rise development. The city's social democratic party planned construction of a complex in 2019. The plan includes a -high tower, which was reduced from due to opposition. UNESCO believed that the project "fails to comply fully with previous committee decisions, notably concerning the height of new constructions, which will impact adversely the outstanding universal value of the site." UNESCO set the restriction for the height of the construction in the city center to .The citizens of Vienna also opposed the construction of the complex because they are afraid of losing UNESCO status and also of encouraging future high-rise development. The city officials replied that they will convince the WHC to maintain UNESCO world heritage status and said that no further high-rise developments are being planned.UNESCO is concerned about the height of high-rise development in Vienna as it can dramatically influence the visual integrity of the city, specifically the baroque palaces. Visual impact studies are being done in the Vienna city center to assess the level of visual disturbance to visitors and how the changes influenced the city's visual integrity.Vienna is composed of 23 districts ("Bezirke"). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called "Linienwall" at which a road toll called the "Liniengeld" was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the "Donaukanal" ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the Christian Social Party. In particular, long-term mayor Karl Lueger was able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the "Reichsrat", in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For Adolf Hitler, who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to use antisemitism in politics.Vienna is today considered the center of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). During the period of the First Republic (1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "Red Vienna" ("Rotes Wien"). In February 1934 troops of the Austrian federal government under Engelbert Dollfuss, who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the "Nationalrat", in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the austro-fascist and later by the Nazi authorities. The mayor of Vienna is Michael Ludwig of the SPÖ.The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.Since Vienna obtained federal state ("Bundesland") status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as the "Landeshauptmann" (governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor ("") and the state government ("Landesregierung"). The city is administered by a multitude of departments ("Magistratsabteilungen"), politically supervised by "amtsführende Stadträte" (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996 the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election.Vienna is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union: Its gross regional product of EUR 47,200 per capita constituted 25.7% of Austria's GDP in 2013. It amounts to 159% of the EU average. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.With a share of 85.5% in gross value added, the service sector is Vienna's most important economic sector. Industry and commerce have a share of 14.5% in gross value added, the primary sector (agriculture) has a share of 0.07% and therefore plays a minor role in the local added value. However, the cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value. The most important business sectors are trade (14.7% of added value in Vienna), scientific and technological services, real estate and housing activities as well as manufacturing of goods. In 2012, Vienna's contribution in Austria's outgoing and incoming foreign direct investments was of about 60%, which demonstrates Vienna's role as an international hub for domestic and foreign companies.Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe: 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna and its environs. Among them are Hewlett Packard, Henkel, Baxalta and Siemens. Companies in Vienna have extensive contacts and competences in business with Eastern Europe due to the city's historical role as center of the Habsburg Empire. The number of international businesses in Vienna is still growing: In 2014 159 and in 2015 175 international firms established offices in Vienna.Altogether, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna every year since 2004. The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media. Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub. Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place at Hofburg Palace. Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.The city of Vienna attaches major importance to science and research and focuses on creating a positive environment for research and development. In 2014, Vienna has accommodated 1,329 research facilities; 40,400 persons are employed in the R&D sector and 35% of Austria's R&D expenses are invested in the city. With a research quota of 3.4% Vienna exceeds the Austrian average of 2.77% and has already met the EU target of 3.0% by 2020. A major R&D sector in Vienna are life sciences. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).Vienna is home to global players like Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda. However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces: Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Veterinary Medicine, the AKH Vienna with the MedUni Vienna and the Vienna Biocenter. Central European University, a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector in Helsinki, Milan or Munich and thus among Europe's largest IT locations. In 2012 8,962 IT businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, air traffic control experts Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.The US technology corporation Cisco runs its "Entrepreneurs in Residence" program for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the "Top 10 Internet Cities" worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.There were 17.6 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2019 (+6.8% compared to 2018). The top ten incoming markets in 2019 were Germany, Austria, the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, China, France, Russia and Switzerland.In 2019 the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 6th in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Headquarters in Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).Vienna was ranked top in the "2019 Quality of Living Ranking" by the international Mercer Consulting Group for the tenth consecutive year. In the 2015 liveability report by the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as in the "Quality of Life Survey 2015" of London-based "Monocle magazine" Vienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme "UN-Habitat" has ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship report "State of the World Cities 2012/2013".According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by the Reputation Institute, Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.The "Innovation Cities Global Index 2014" by the Australian innovation agency 2thinknow ranks Vienna sixth behind San Francisco-San Jose, New York City, London, Boston and Paris. In 2019 PeoplePerHour put Vienna at the top of their Startup Cities Ranking.US climate strategist Boyd Cohen placed Vienna first in his first "global smart cities" ranking of 2012. In the 2014 ranking, Vienna reached third place among European cities behind Copenhagen and Amsterdam.The "Mori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategies" ranked Vienna in the top ten of their Global Power City Index 2016.Vienna's new Central Railway Station was opened in October 2014. Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.In 2014, the Vienna City Council adopted the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050. It is a long-term umbrella strategy that is supposed to establish a conducive, long-term and structural framework in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 3.1 tonnes per capita to 1 tonne per capita by 2050, have 50% of Vienna's gross energy consumption originate from renewable sources and to reduce motorized individual traffic from the current 28% to 15% by 2030. A stated goal is that, by 2050, all vehicles within the municipal boundaries will run without conventional propulsion technologies. Additionally, Vienna aims to be one of the five biggest European research and innovation hubs in 2050.Famous composers including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Robert Stolz, and Arnold Schoenberg have worked in Vienna.Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the best theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret.Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was "Elisabeth", which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.In 1981 the popular British new romantic group Ultravox paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "The Third Man" with the title Zither music of Anton Karas.The Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.In May 2015, Vienna hosted the Eurovision Song Contest following Austria's victory in the 2014 contest.Notable entertainers born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, John Banner, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Mischa Hausserman, Senta Berger and Christine Ostermayer.Notable musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Falco, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schönberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Anton Webern, and Joe Zawinul.Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.Among the most notable Viennese Jews, some of whom left Austria before and during Nazi persecution, are the following figures: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (who eventually converted to Christianity), Rudolf Dreikurs, Viktor Frankl, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Fred Zinnemann (both of whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust), Stefan Zweig, Simon Wiesenthal, Theodor Herzl, Judah Alkalai, Erich von Stroheim, Hedy Lamarr, Billy Wilder, Franz Werfel, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Arlen and Fritz Kreisler.Notable writers from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller, Carl Julius Haidvogel, and Stefan Zweig.Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Franz Kafka, Arthur Schnitzler, Elias Canetti, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Musil, Karl Kraus, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek.Notable politicians from Vienna include Karl Leopold von Möller.The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.A number of museums are located in the Museumsquartier (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the MUMOK (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by Egon Schiele, as well as works by the Vienna Secession, Viennese Modernism and Austrian Expressionism), the AzW (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's largest private art collections, especially strong in the Baroque. The Belvedere, built under Prince Eugene, has a gallery containing paintings by Gustav Klimt (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, and changing exhibitions too.There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the Albertina, the Military History Museum, the Technical Museum, the Burial Museum, the Museum of Art Fakes, the KunstHausWien, Museum of Applied Arts, the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Mozarthaus Vienna. The museums on the history of the city, including the former Historical Museum of the City of Vienna on Karlsplatz, the Hermesvilla, the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the Museum of the Romans, and the Vienna Clock Museum, are now gathered together under the group umbrella Vienna Museum. The Jewish Museum Vienna, founded 1896, is the oldest of its kind. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche and the Baroque Karlskirche. Styles range from classicist buildings to modern architecture. Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. Wagner's prominent student Jože Plečnik from Slovenia also left important traces in Vienna. His works include the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). Plečnik's 1910–1913 "Church of the Holy Spirit" () in Vienna is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Another example of unique architecture is the Wotrubakirche by sculptor Fritz Wotruba. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).The 220-meter high DC Tower 1 located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the tallest skyscraper in Vienna. In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than . The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as world cultural heritage. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorization and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.Vienna is the last great capital of the 19th-century ball. There are over 450 balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace in Heldenplatz. While the Opera Ball is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, other balls such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) and the Life Ball (AIDS charity event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime.Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna State Opera often perform at the openings of the larger balls.A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Vienna balls generally begin at 9 pm and last until 5 am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day. Viennese balls are being exported (with support from the City of Vienna) to around 30 cities worldwide such as New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Rome, Prague, Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow.Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian ("Mittelbairisch"). In recent years, linguistics experts have seen a decline in the use of the Viennese variant. Manfred Glauninger, sociolinguist at the Institute for Austrian Dialect and Name Lexica, has observed three issues. First, many parents feel there's a stigma attached to the Viennese dialect so they speak Standard German to their children. Second, many children have recently immigrated to Austria and are learning German as a second language in school. Third, young people are influenced by mass media which is most always delivered in Standard German.Vienna is Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools).Vienna possesses many parks, including the "Stadtpark", the "Burggarten", the "Volksgarten" (part of the "Hofburg"), the "Schlosspark" at Schloss Belvedere (home to the Vienna Botanic Gardens), the "Donaupark", the "Schönbrunner Schlosspark", the "Prater", the "Augarten", the "Rathauspark", the "Lainzer Tiergarten", the "Dehnepark", the "Resselpark", the "Votivpark", the "Kurpark Oberlaa", the "Auer-Welsbach-Park" and the "Türkenschanzpark". Green areas include "Laaer-Berg" (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the "Wienerwald", which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as "Beserlparks", are everywhere in the inner city areas.Many of Vienna's parks include monuments, such as the Stadtpark with its statue of Johann Strauss II, and the gardens of the baroque palace, where the State Treaty was signed. Vienna's principal park is the Prater which is home to the Riesenrad, a Ferris wheel, and Kugelmugel, a micronation the shape of a sphere. The imperial Schönbrunn's grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes the world's oldest zoo, founded in 1752.The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a long artificial island between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.Austria's capital is home to numerous football teams. The best known are the local football clubs include FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), and the oldest team, First Vienna FC. Other important sports clubs include the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the Aon hotVolleys Vienna, one of Europe's premier Volleyball organizations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three rugby clubs; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade ViennoisVienna hosts many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Austria and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium was the venue of four Champions League and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of Euro 2008 which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany. Tennis tournament Vienna Open also takes place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in the Wiener Stadthalle.The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.Vienna will host the official 2021 3x3 Basketball World Cup.Vienna is well known for "Wiener Schnitzel", a cutlet of veal "(Kalbsschnitzel)" or pork "(Schweinsschnitzel)" that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include "Tafelspitz" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with "Geröstete Erdäpfel" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, "Apfelkren" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and "Schnittlauchsauce" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include "Apfelstrudel" (hot apple strudel), "Milchrahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel), "Palatschinken" (sweet pancakes), and "Knödel" (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ("Marillenknödel"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.In winter, small street stands sell traditional "Maroni" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ("Würstelstand") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as "Wiener" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a "Frankfurter" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are "Burenwurst" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), "Käsekrainer" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and "Bratwurst" (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).Kebab, pizza and noodles are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.Vienna, along with Paris, Santiago, Cape Town, Prague, Canberra, Bratislava and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger, which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Some people consider cafés as their extended living room where nobody will be bothered if they spend hours reading a newspaper while enjoying their coffee. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from booty captured after the second Turkish siege in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of coffee beans. The Polish King John III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave Franz George Kolschitzky (Polish – Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first coffee shop. Julius Meinl set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the Hofburg and Schönbrunn (also home to the world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn) and the Riesenrad in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the Burgtheater, the Wiener Staatsoper, the Lipizzaner horses at the spanische Hofreitschule, and the Vienna Boys' Choir, as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including Beethoven's various residences and grave at Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many famous people. Mozart has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at St. Marx cemetery (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Deutschordenskirche, the Jesuitenkirche, the Karlskirche, the Peterskirche, Maria am Gestade, the Minoritenkirche, the Ruprechtskirche, the Schottenkirche, St. Ulrich and the Votivkirche.Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and five underground metro lines (U-Bahn), most operated by the Wiener Linien. There are also more than 50 S-train stations within the city limits. Suburban trains are operated by the ÖBB. The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, like Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb and Zürich.Vienna has multiple road connections including expressways and motorways.Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located southeast of the city center next to the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 31.7 million passengers in 2019. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers.Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York, Geneva, and Nairobi. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, the University of Vienna annually hosts the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.Diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in documents bearing the name Vienna Convention or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.Vienna also headquartered the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include HASCO.Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin or sister city agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.
|
[
"Hanns Blaschke",
"Karl Seitz",
"Richard Weiskirchner",
"Richard Schmitz",
"Bruno Marek",
"Felix Slavik",
"Theodor Körner",
"Hermann Neubacher",
"Karl Lueger",
"Leopold Gratz",
"Jakob Reumann",
"Josef Neumayer",
"Franz Jonas",
"Michael Häupl",
"Helmut Zilk",
"Michael Ludwig"
] |
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