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Which position did Ove Ljung hold in Jul, 1965?
|
July 24, 1965
|
{
"text": [
"regiment commander"
]
}
|
L2_Q16649745_P39_1
|
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commander East Military Area from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commandant General in Stockholm from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Chief of the Army Staff from Apr, 1966 to Jun, 1968.
Ove Ljung holds the position of regiment commander from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Ove Ljung holds the position of chief of staff from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960.
|
Ove LjungLieutenant General Per-Ove Poul Ljung (18 May 1918 – 31 May 1997) was a Swedish Army officer. His senior commands include Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps, Master-General of the Ordnance, head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration, military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung retired from the military in 1974 and then served as Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration from 1974 to 1982.Ljung was born on 18 May 1918 in Jönköping, Sweden, the son of Per Ljung, an accountant, and his wife Martha (née Jensen). He passed "studentexamen" in 1937 and was commissioned as an officer in 1939. He belonged to an officer course, which, due to the increasingly threatening world political situation, had a dramatic shortening of their education in order to join units and strengthen the Swedish preparedness. Ljung was commissioned into the Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment (I 12) in Eksjö as "fänrik" in 1940 and then attended the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in 1942 and was promoted to lieutenant the same year. During the following years he held alternately troop, staff and teaching positions. Ljung attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and was promoted to captain the same year. Ljung then served in the General Staff Corps in 1950 and in 1955 he served as captain in the Northern Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 6) in Kristianstad. He was promoted to major in 1957 and served again in the General Staff Corps and as chief of staff of the I Military District in Kristianstad. In 1959 Ljung attended the Swedish National Defence College and in 1960 he was appointed head of the Organization Department of the Army Staff. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1963 he was promoted to colonel and was appointed head of Section I of the Army Staff.Ljung was appointed commanding officer of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) in 1964 and in 1966 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps. He was also from 1966 serving as the Master-General of the Ordnance and acting head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration. Ljung was appointed head of the Army Materiel Administration ("Armématerielförvaltningen", FMV-A) at the Defence Materiel Administration in 1968, a position he held for one year before being appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung held this post until 1974 when he retired from the military and was appointed Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration. He served as Director General until 1982.Ljung was a member of the board of the Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training ("Centralförbundet för befälsutbildning") and the National Board of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization ("Lottaöverstyrelsen"). He was also a member of the Administration Board of the Swedish Armed Forces and the board of the Swedish National Defence Research Institute from 1966 to 1968. Ljung was chairman of the Central Joint Consultation Board of the Swedish Armed Forces ("Försvarets centrala företagsnämnd") from 1968 to 1974 and a member of the board of the Idun Society ("Sällskapet Idun") from 1968 to 1990 and chairman of the same from 1981 to 1990.Ljugn was a member of the State Administration's Central Cooperation Council for Human Resources ("Statsförvaltningens centrala samarbetsråd för personalfrågor") from 1969 to 1974 and of the Industrial Council of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences from 1974. He was a member of the board of the Home Guard Fund ("Hemvärnsfonden") from 1975 and vice chairman of the National Swedish Board of Economic Defence from 1975 to 1977. Ljung was a member of the board of the County Council's Fund for Technology Procurement and Product Development ("Landstingets fond för teknikupphandling och produktutveckling") from 1982.In 1942 he married Inga-Maj Sjöholm (born 1918), the daughter of Ture Sjöholm and Gerda (née von Porat). He was the father of Per (born 1943) and Anders (born 1948).
|
[
"Chief of the Army Staff",
"Commander East Military Area",
"Commandant General in Stockholm",
"chief of staff"
] |
|
Which position did Ove Ljung hold in Jun, 1966?
|
June 27, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"Chief of the Army Staff"
]
}
|
L2_Q16649745_P39_2
|
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commander East Military Area from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commandant General in Stockholm from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of chief of staff from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Chief of the Army Staff from Apr, 1966 to Jun, 1968.
Ove Ljung holds the position of regiment commander from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
|
Ove LjungLieutenant General Per-Ove Poul Ljung (18 May 1918 – 31 May 1997) was a Swedish Army officer. His senior commands include Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps, Master-General of the Ordnance, head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration, military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung retired from the military in 1974 and then served as Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration from 1974 to 1982.Ljung was born on 18 May 1918 in Jönköping, Sweden, the son of Per Ljung, an accountant, and his wife Martha (née Jensen). He passed "studentexamen" in 1937 and was commissioned as an officer in 1939. He belonged to an officer course, which, due to the increasingly threatening world political situation, had a dramatic shortening of their education in order to join units and strengthen the Swedish preparedness. Ljung was commissioned into the Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment (I 12) in Eksjö as "fänrik" in 1940 and then attended the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in 1942 and was promoted to lieutenant the same year. During the following years he held alternately troop, staff and teaching positions. Ljung attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and was promoted to captain the same year. Ljung then served in the General Staff Corps in 1950 and in 1955 he served as captain in the Northern Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 6) in Kristianstad. He was promoted to major in 1957 and served again in the General Staff Corps and as chief of staff of the I Military District in Kristianstad. In 1959 Ljung attended the Swedish National Defence College and in 1960 he was appointed head of the Organization Department of the Army Staff. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1963 he was promoted to colonel and was appointed head of Section I of the Army Staff.Ljung was appointed commanding officer of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) in 1964 and in 1966 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps. He was also from 1966 serving as the Master-General of the Ordnance and acting head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration. Ljung was appointed head of the Army Materiel Administration ("Armématerielförvaltningen", FMV-A) at the Defence Materiel Administration in 1968, a position he held for one year before being appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung held this post until 1974 when he retired from the military and was appointed Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration. He served as Director General until 1982.Ljung was a member of the board of the Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training ("Centralförbundet för befälsutbildning") and the National Board of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization ("Lottaöverstyrelsen"). He was also a member of the Administration Board of the Swedish Armed Forces and the board of the Swedish National Defence Research Institute from 1966 to 1968. Ljung was chairman of the Central Joint Consultation Board of the Swedish Armed Forces ("Försvarets centrala företagsnämnd") from 1968 to 1974 and a member of the board of the Idun Society ("Sällskapet Idun") from 1968 to 1990 and chairman of the same from 1981 to 1990.Ljugn was a member of the State Administration's Central Cooperation Council for Human Resources ("Statsförvaltningens centrala samarbetsråd för personalfrågor") from 1969 to 1974 and of the Industrial Council of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences from 1974. He was a member of the board of the Home Guard Fund ("Hemvärnsfonden") from 1975 and vice chairman of the National Swedish Board of Economic Defence from 1975 to 1977. Ljung was a member of the board of the County Council's Fund for Technology Procurement and Product Development ("Landstingets fond för teknikupphandling och produktutveckling") from 1982.In 1942 he married Inga-Maj Sjöholm (born 1918), the daughter of Ture Sjöholm and Gerda (née von Porat). He was the father of Per (born 1943) and Anders (born 1948).
|
[
"regiment commander",
"Commander East Military Area",
"Commandant General in Stockholm",
"chief of staff"
] |
|
Which position did Ove Ljung hold in Mar, 1969?
|
March 10, 1969
|
{
"text": [
"Commander East Military Area",
"Commandant General in Stockholm"
]
}
|
L2_Q16649745_P39_3
|
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commandant General in Stockholm from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of chief of staff from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commander East Military Area from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of regiment commander from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Chief of the Army Staff from Apr, 1966 to Jun, 1968.
|
Ove LjungLieutenant General Per-Ove Poul Ljung (18 May 1918 – 31 May 1997) was a Swedish Army officer. His senior commands include Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps, Master-General of the Ordnance, head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration, military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung retired from the military in 1974 and then served as Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration from 1974 to 1982.Ljung was born on 18 May 1918 in Jönköping, Sweden, the son of Per Ljung, an accountant, and his wife Martha (née Jensen). He passed "studentexamen" in 1937 and was commissioned as an officer in 1939. He belonged to an officer course, which, due to the increasingly threatening world political situation, had a dramatic shortening of their education in order to join units and strengthen the Swedish preparedness. Ljung was commissioned into the Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment (I 12) in Eksjö as "fänrik" in 1940 and then attended the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in 1942 and was promoted to lieutenant the same year. During the following years he held alternately troop, staff and teaching positions. Ljung attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and was promoted to captain the same year. Ljung then served in the General Staff Corps in 1950 and in 1955 he served as captain in the Northern Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 6) in Kristianstad. He was promoted to major in 1957 and served again in the General Staff Corps and as chief of staff of the I Military District in Kristianstad. In 1959 Ljung attended the Swedish National Defence College and in 1960 he was appointed head of the Organization Department of the Army Staff. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1963 he was promoted to colonel and was appointed head of Section I of the Army Staff.Ljung was appointed commanding officer of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) in 1964 and in 1966 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps. He was also from 1966 serving as the Master-General of the Ordnance and acting head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration. Ljung was appointed head of the Army Materiel Administration ("Armématerielförvaltningen", FMV-A) at the Defence Materiel Administration in 1968, a position he held for one year before being appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung held this post until 1974 when he retired from the military and was appointed Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration. He served as Director General until 1982.Ljung was a member of the board of the Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training ("Centralförbundet för befälsutbildning") and the National Board of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization ("Lottaöverstyrelsen"). He was also a member of the Administration Board of the Swedish Armed Forces and the board of the Swedish National Defence Research Institute from 1966 to 1968. Ljung was chairman of the Central Joint Consultation Board of the Swedish Armed Forces ("Försvarets centrala företagsnämnd") from 1968 to 1974 and a member of the board of the Idun Society ("Sällskapet Idun") from 1968 to 1990 and chairman of the same from 1981 to 1990.Ljugn was a member of the State Administration's Central Cooperation Council for Human Resources ("Statsförvaltningens centrala samarbetsråd för personalfrågor") from 1969 to 1974 and of the Industrial Council of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences from 1974. He was a member of the board of the Home Guard Fund ("Hemvärnsfonden") from 1975 and vice chairman of the National Swedish Board of Economic Defence from 1975 to 1977. Ljung was a member of the board of the County Council's Fund for Technology Procurement and Product Development ("Landstingets fond för teknikupphandling och produktutveckling") from 1982.In 1942 he married Inga-Maj Sjöholm (born 1918), the daughter of Ture Sjöholm and Gerda (née von Porat). He was the father of Per (born 1943) and Anders (born 1948).
|
[
"Chief of the Army Staff",
"regiment commander",
"chief of staff"
] |
|
Which position did Ove Ljung hold in Oct, 1970?
|
October 01, 1970
|
{
"text": [
"Commander East Military Area",
"Commandant General in Stockholm"
]
}
|
L2_Q16649745_P39_4
|
Ove Ljung holds the position of regiment commander from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1966.
Ove Ljung holds the position of chief of staff from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Chief of the Army Staff from Apr, 1966 to Jun, 1968.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commandant General in Stockholm from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
Ove Ljung holds the position of Commander East Military Area from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1974.
|
Ove LjungLieutenant General Per-Ove Poul Ljung (18 May 1918 – 31 May 1997) was a Swedish Army officer. His senior commands include Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps, Master-General of the Ordnance, head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration, military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung retired from the military in 1974 and then served as Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration from 1974 to 1982.Ljung was born on 18 May 1918 in Jönköping, Sweden, the son of Per Ljung, an accountant, and his wife Martha (née Jensen). He passed "studentexamen" in 1937 and was commissioned as an officer in 1939. He belonged to an officer course, which, due to the increasingly threatening world political situation, had a dramatic shortening of their education in order to join units and strengthen the Swedish preparedness. Ljung was commissioned into the Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment (I 12) in Eksjö as "fänrik" in 1940 and then attended the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in 1942 and was promoted to lieutenant the same year. During the following years he held alternately troop, staff and teaching positions. Ljung attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and was promoted to captain the same year. Ljung then served in the General Staff Corps in 1950 and in 1955 he served as captain in the Northern Scanian Infantry Regiment (I 6) in Kristianstad. He was promoted to major in 1957 and served again in the General Staff Corps and as chief of staff of the I Military District in Kristianstad. In 1959 Ljung attended the Swedish National Defence College and in 1960 he was appointed head of the Organization Department of the Army Staff. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1963 he was promoted to colonel and was appointed head of Section I of the Army Staff.Ljung was appointed commanding officer of the Life Regiment Grenadiers (I 3) in 1964 and in 1966 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and the General Staff Corps. He was also from 1966 serving as the Master-General of the Ordnance and acting head of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration. Ljung was appointed head of the Army Materiel Administration ("Armématerielförvaltningen", FMV-A) at the Defence Materiel Administration in 1968, a position he held for one year before being appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District (Milo Ö) and Commandant General in Stockholm. Ljung held this post until 1974 when he retired from the military and was appointed Director General of the Defence Materiel Administration. He served as Director General until 1982.Ljung was a member of the board of the Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training ("Centralförbundet för befälsutbildning") and the National Board of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization ("Lottaöverstyrelsen"). He was also a member of the Administration Board of the Swedish Armed Forces and the board of the Swedish National Defence Research Institute from 1966 to 1968. Ljung was chairman of the Central Joint Consultation Board of the Swedish Armed Forces ("Försvarets centrala företagsnämnd") from 1968 to 1974 and a member of the board of the Idun Society ("Sällskapet Idun") from 1968 to 1990 and chairman of the same from 1981 to 1990.Ljugn was a member of the State Administration's Central Cooperation Council for Human Resources ("Statsförvaltningens centrala samarbetsråd för personalfrågor") from 1969 to 1974 and of the Industrial Council of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences from 1974. He was a member of the board of the Home Guard Fund ("Hemvärnsfonden") from 1975 and vice chairman of the National Swedish Board of Economic Defence from 1975 to 1977. Ljung was a member of the board of the County Council's Fund for Technology Procurement and Product Development ("Landstingets fond för teknikupphandling och produktutveckling") from 1982.In 1942 he married Inga-Maj Sjöholm (born 1918), the daughter of Ture Sjöholm and Gerda (née von Porat). He was the father of Per (born 1943) and Anders (born 1948).
|
[
"Chief of the Army Staff",
"regiment commander",
"chief of staff"
] |
|
Which position did Li Guangdi hold in Feb, 1671?
|
February 17, 1671
|
{
"text": [
"Shujishi of Qing dynasty"
]
}
|
L2_Q11095476_P39_0
|
Li Guangdi holds the position of Minister of Personnel from Jun, 1703 to Dec, 1705.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet from Dec, 1705 to Jun, 1718.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Shujishi of Qing dynasty from Jan, 1670 to Jan, 1672.
|
Li GuangdiLi Guangdi (; 1642–1718), also known by his courtesy name Jinqing () and sobriquet Hou'an (), was a Chinese neo-Confucianist court official during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.Li was a native of Anxi County, Fujian Province. In 1670, he was promoted to the rank of "jinshi" and moved to Beijing, leaving his brother Li Guangpo behind to look after his family. Li's career prospects improved when the Emperor pacified Fujian and acted on Li's suggestion to defeat Wu Sangui. He also helped defeat Geng Jingzhong, persuading his friend Chen Minglei to work as a spy in Geng's camp. Later in life, he was responsible for planning Shi Lang's conquest of Taiwan. During the course of his life, Li held various court positions, including Chancellor of the Hanlin Academy, Governor of Zhili and Grand Secretary, and positions on the Board of War, Board of Civil Service and the Board of Public Works.Li's philosophy was rooted in the Cheng-Zhu school. However, despite being a follower of Zhu Xi he did not entirely disregard the teachings of Zhu's rivals Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. He also highlighted similarities between the teachings of Confucius and those of Buddha and Lao Tzu. Li felt that human nature (which he believed to be inherently good) was the ultimate subject of his study, and that nature was the guiding principle on which to base human morality. He had an interest in the sciences.Li wrote or edited a number of philosophical texts, including the "Complete Works of Master Zhu" ("Zhuzi daquan"), the "Essential Ideas of Nature and Principle" ("Xingli jingli") and the "Interpretation of the Meaning of the Four Books" ("Si shu Jieyi"). An expert on the "I Ching", he also wrote two books on the subject, the "Penetrating Discourse" ("Zhouyi tonglun") and the "Balanced Annotations" ("Zhouyi zhezhong"); the latter took the (at the time) unusual editorial step of segregating the original text of the "I Ching" from its subsequent commentaries. A complete collection of Li's works (around thirty books) was published around a hundred years after his death, entitled the "Complete Works of Rongcun" ("Rongcun quanji").
|
[
"Minister of Personnel",
"Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet"
] |
|
Which position did Li Guangdi hold in Nov, 1704?
|
November 01, 1704
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Personnel"
]
}
|
L2_Q11095476_P39_1
|
Li Guangdi holds the position of Minister of Personnel from Jun, 1703 to Dec, 1705.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Shujishi of Qing dynasty from Jan, 1670 to Jan, 1672.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet from Dec, 1705 to Jun, 1718.
|
Li GuangdiLi Guangdi (; 1642–1718), also known by his courtesy name Jinqing () and sobriquet Hou'an (), was a Chinese neo-Confucianist court official during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.Li was a native of Anxi County, Fujian Province. In 1670, he was promoted to the rank of "jinshi" and moved to Beijing, leaving his brother Li Guangpo behind to look after his family. Li's career prospects improved when the Emperor pacified Fujian and acted on Li's suggestion to defeat Wu Sangui. He also helped defeat Geng Jingzhong, persuading his friend Chen Minglei to work as a spy in Geng's camp. Later in life, he was responsible for planning Shi Lang's conquest of Taiwan. During the course of his life, Li held various court positions, including Chancellor of the Hanlin Academy, Governor of Zhili and Grand Secretary, and positions on the Board of War, Board of Civil Service and the Board of Public Works.Li's philosophy was rooted in the Cheng-Zhu school. However, despite being a follower of Zhu Xi he did not entirely disregard the teachings of Zhu's rivals Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. He also highlighted similarities between the teachings of Confucius and those of Buddha and Lao Tzu. Li felt that human nature (which he believed to be inherently good) was the ultimate subject of his study, and that nature was the guiding principle on which to base human morality. He had an interest in the sciences.Li wrote or edited a number of philosophical texts, including the "Complete Works of Master Zhu" ("Zhuzi daquan"), the "Essential Ideas of Nature and Principle" ("Xingli jingli") and the "Interpretation of the Meaning of the Four Books" ("Si shu Jieyi"). An expert on the "I Ching", he also wrote two books on the subject, the "Penetrating Discourse" ("Zhouyi tonglun") and the "Balanced Annotations" ("Zhouyi zhezhong"); the latter took the (at the time) unusual editorial step of segregating the original text of the "I Ching" from its subsequent commentaries. A complete collection of Li's works (around thirty books) was published around a hundred years after his death, entitled the "Complete Works of Rongcun" ("Rongcun quanji").
|
[
"Shujishi of Qing dynasty",
"Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet"
] |
|
Which position did Li Guangdi hold in Mar, 1713?
|
March 06, 1713
|
{
"text": [
"Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet"
]
}
|
L2_Q11095476_P39_2
|
Li Guangdi holds the position of Shujishi of Qing dynasty from Jan, 1670 to Jan, 1672.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Grand Secretary of Wenyuan Cabinet from Dec, 1705 to Jun, 1718.
Li Guangdi holds the position of Minister of Personnel from Jun, 1703 to Dec, 1705.
|
Li GuangdiLi Guangdi (; 1642–1718), also known by his courtesy name Jinqing () and sobriquet Hou'an (), was a Chinese neo-Confucianist court official during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.Li was a native of Anxi County, Fujian Province. In 1670, he was promoted to the rank of "jinshi" and moved to Beijing, leaving his brother Li Guangpo behind to look after his family. Li's career prospects improved when the Emperor pacified Fujian and acted on Li's suggestion to defeat Wu Sangui. He also helped defeat Geng Jingzhong, persuading his friend Chen Minglei to work as a spy in Geng's camp. Later in life, he was responsible for planning Shi Lang's conquest of Taiwan. During the course of his life, Li held various court positions, including Chancellor of the Hanlin Academy, Governor of Zhili and Grand Secretary, and positions on the Board of War, Board of Civil Service and the Board of Public Works.Li's philosophy was rooted in the Cheng-Zhu school. However, despite being a follower of Zhu Xi he did not entirely disregard the teachings of Zhu's rivals Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. He also highlighted similarities between the teachings of Confucius and those of Buddha and Lao Tzu. Li felt that human nature (which he believed to be inherently good) was the ultimate subject of his study, and that nature was the guiding principle on which to base human morality. He had an interest in the sciences.Li wrote or edited a number of philosophical texts, including the "Complete Works of Master Zhu" ("Zhuzi daquan"), the "Essential Ideas of Nature and Principle" ("Xingli jingli") and the "Interpretation of the Meaning of the Four Books" ("Si shu Jieyi"). An expert on the "I Ching", he also wrote two books on the subject, the "Penetrating Discourse" ("Zhouyi tonglun") and the "Balanced Annotations" ("Zhouyi zhezhong"); the latter took the (at the time) unusual editorial step of segregating the original text of the "I Ching" from its subsequent commentaries. A complete collection of Li's works (around thirty books) was published around a hundred years after his death, entitled the "Complete Works of Rongcun" ("Rongcun quanji").
|
[
"Minister of Personnel",
"Shujishi of Qing dynasty"
] |
|
Which position did John Grogan hold in Jan, 2001?
|
January 25, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6236465_P39_0
|
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
|
John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Grogan hold in Oct, 2002?
|
October 31, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6236465_P39_1
|
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
|
John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.
|
[
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Grogan hold in Jul, 2008?
|
July 10, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6236465_P39_2
|
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
|
John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Grogan hold in Oct, 2017?
|
October 17, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6236465_P39_3
|
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
|
John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Who was the head of Liège in Aug, 1985?
|
August 09, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"Edouard Close"
]
}
|
L2_Q3992_P6_0
|
Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990.
Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999.
Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995.
|
LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as *"liudik-", from the Germanic word *"liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):
|
[
"Willy Demeyer",
"Henri Schlitz",
"Jean-Maurice Dehousse"
] |
|
Who was the head of Liège in Dec, 1992?
|
December 18, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"Henri Schlitz"
]
}
|
L2_Q3992_P6_1
|
Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995.
Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990.
Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999.
|
LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as *"liudik-", from the Germanic word *"liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):
|
[
"Willy Demeyer",
"Edouard Close",
"Jean-Maurice Dehousse"
] |
|
Who was the head of Liège in Jun, 1999?
|
June 30, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Jean-Maurice Dehousse"
]
}
|
L2_Q3992_P6_2
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Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990.
Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995.
Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999.
Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
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LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as *"liudik-", from the Germanic word *"liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):
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[
"Willy Demeyer",
"Henri Schlitz",
"Edouard Close"
] |
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Who was the head of Liège in Sep, 1999?
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September 15, 1999
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{
"text": [
"Willy Demeyer",
"Jean-Maurice Dehousse"
]
}
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L2_Q3992_P6_3
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Edouard Close is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1990.
Willy Demeyer is the head of the government of Liège from Sep, 1999 to Sep, 1999.
Henri Schlitz is the head of the government of Liège from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1995.
Jean-Maurice Dehousse is the head of the government of Liège from Feb, 1995 to Sep, 1999.
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LiègeLiège ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the "sillon industriel", the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, , Chênée, , Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.The name is Germanic in origin and is reconstructible as *"liudik-", from the Germanic word *"liudiz" "people", which is found in for example Dutch "lui(den)", "lieden", German "Leute", Old English "lēod" (English "lede") and Icelandic "lýður" ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as "liaudis" ("people"), in Ukrainian as "liudy" ("people"), in Russian as "liudi" ("people"), in Latin as "Leodicum" or "Leodium", in Middle Dutch as "ludic" or "ludeke".Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written , with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.In French, Liège is associated with the epithet "la cité ardente" ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel "Quentin Durward", Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French "Encyclopédistes" began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.In the course of the , the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt. No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest, while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège". The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and fellow Francophone province Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Italian, Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character "Tchantchès" (Walloon for "François"), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. "Tchantchès" is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named "Outre-Meuse" with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as "Le Carré" (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie () and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) ().The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival "Les Ardentes" and jazz festival "Jazz à Liège".Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the "Grand Départ" of the 2004, 2012, and 2017 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the "Grand Départ" twice or more times. In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.In 1812 there were three coal pits ("Bure") in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were deep. Water was led to a sump ("serrement") from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a gallery in darkness.On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport. Passenger services are very few.The Port of Liège, located on the River Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Maas/Meuse.Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):
|
[
"Henri Schlitz",
"Edouard Close",
"Henri Schlitz",
"Edouard Close"
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Sep, 1953?
|
September 03, 1953
|
{
"text": [
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_0
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Jan, 1956?
|
January 28, 1956
|
{
"text": [
"Cardiff City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_1
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Feb, 1960?
|
February 08, 1960
|
{
"text": [
"Aston Villa F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_2
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Dec, 1961?
|
December 22, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"FC Inter Milan",
"England national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_3
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Atalanta B.C.",
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Torino F.C.",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Apr, 1961?
|
April 04, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"FC Inter Milan",
"England national association football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_4
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Atalanta B.C.",
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Torino F.C.",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Oct, 1963?
|
October 19, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Torino F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_5
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Apr, 1966?
|
April 11, 1966
|
{
"text": [
"Atalanta B.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_6
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Jan, 1968?
|
January 18, 1968
|
{
"text": [
"Cagliari Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_7
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Jun, 1969?
|
June 21, 1969
|
{
"text": [
"Worcester City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_8
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C.",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Which team did Gerry Hitchens play for in Jan, 1971?
|
January 01, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Merthyr Tydfil F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q977844_P54_9
|
Gerry Hitchens plays for Aston Villa F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1961.
Gerry Hitchens plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1965.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Merthyr Tydfil F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1971.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1967.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Kidderminster Harriers F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955.
Gerry Hitchens plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Gerry Hitchens plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
|
Gerry HitchensGerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward.Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953. After several seasons in the reserves, Hitchens played fourteen games for the first team, scoring six goals.Despite interest from West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa, Hitchens moved to Cardiff City in January 1955 for a fee of £1,500. Hitchens got off to a good start by scoring within three minutes of the kick-off when making his League debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in April 1955. Hitchens was then playing inside-forward but he subsequently took over the centre-forward berth and was top scorer in the subsequent two seasons.Hitchens moved on to Aston Villa in 1957 for £22,500, where he spent four seasons, scoring 96 goals in 160 appearances.He made his debut for England in 1961, scoring after just 90 seconds in an 8–0 drubbing of Mexico, and two weeks later scored twice more in Rome as England beat Italy 3–2.This brought him to the attention of Internazionale, who signed him in the summer of 1961 for £85,000.Hitchens was Internazionale's top scorer with 16 goals in his first season.He played for England in the 1962 World Cup in Chile, and won a total of seven caps, scoring five goals. When chosen to appear for England in the World Cup, Hitchens became the first Englishman to represent his country while on the books of a foreign club. Inter won Serie A in 1963, making him the first Englishman to win the Italian title and the only one until Ashley Young did so for the same club in 2021.However, when Alf Ramsey took over as England manager, Hitchens' international spell came to a halt, Ramsey preferring to pick home-based players.Nevertheless, Hitchens stayed in Italy for nine years, also playing for Torino, Atalanta and Cagliari.After retiring from the professional game in 1971, he played for Worcester City and Merthyr Tydfil before moving to live in Wales, managing an ironworks in Pontypridd before moving north to Holywell, Flintshire, in 1977 to run his brother-in-law's timber supply firm near Prestatyn.He died playing in 1983 during a charity football match for a Mold-based firm of solicitors at Castell Alun sports ground in Hope. Seconds after heading a cross over the bar, Hitchens collapsed and was taken to Wrexham General Hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. His ashes were interred in Holywell on 20 April 1983. He was 48.Cardiff CityAston VillaInter MilanTorino
|
[
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"Cardiff City F.C.",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"Torino F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"FC Inter Milan",
"Aston Villa F.C.",
"Kidderminster Harriers F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C."
] |
|
Who was the chair of ITV plc in Mar, 2005?
|
March 20, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Peter Burt"
]
}
|
L2_Q3140604_P488_0
|
Michael Grade is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Archie Norman is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2010 to May, 2016.
Peter Burt is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Peter Bazalgette is the chair of ITV plc from May, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
|
ITV plcITV plc is a British media company that holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network (Channel 3), the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom.ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, because of Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million. MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television; MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of "The Daily Express" in 1996. Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM franchises, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local "Central News" studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt, and collapsed in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and was originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively.On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (now transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.In April 2006 the participation channel ITV Play was launched. It was a block on ITV1. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used for a time for part of the gaming section of itv.com.In August 2006 the company sold its 45% shareholding in TV3 Ireland, which had been bought by Granada in 2001, to Doughty Hanson & Co.There were rumours of take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom. On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, the then-owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.The company then entered into a series of disposals of non-core activities: in March 2009 the company sold its investment in Friends Reunited (a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or colleagues in a number of countries) which it had acquired in December 2005. Also in May 2009 the company sold Carlton Screen Advertising (the largest cinema advertising business in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and now known as Wide Eye Media).In 2010, a large-scale business reorganisation, called the "five-year Transformation Plan" was launched. Thanks to stringent working capital management and cost management some of the set goals were already achieved in 2012. These include a ranking upgrade (from BB- to BB+), an increase in audience share and reduction of debt (from net debt of £730 million at the end of 2008, to a positive net cash position of £16 million at the end of the first quarter 2012).In December 2013 the company sold its remaining shareholding in STV Group plc (owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises) which had been bought by Carlton in 1999.On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.On 19 August 2015, ITV purchased UTV for £100m ensuring that 13 out of the 15 licences (it does not hold the two in Scotland) were in its control.In July 2016 the company sold UTV Ireland to Virgin Media.In August 2016, it was revealed that ITV had made an offer to acquire Canadian multinational film and television distributor Entertainment One for around £1 billion. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that eOne had rejected the offer, considering it to be "fundamentally undervalued".In 2017, it was announced that ITV plc had acquired a majority stake in British Production company World Productions, behind the hit BBC series "Line of Duty". As a result of the deal, World Productions is now part of ITV Studios.ITV plc is divided into two divisions:Through ITV Broadcasting Ltd, ITV plc holds 13 of a total 15 ITV network licences, with STV holding two ITV licences in Scotland, covering the vast majority of ITV regions across the UK. ITV plc holds all licences in England and Wales, and the single ones in both the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland:ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise ITV Breakfast, formerly known as GMTV, which airs and produces "Good Morning Britain", and "Lorraine".Channels wholly owned through ITV Digital Channels:
|
[
"Archie Norman",
"Michael Grade",
"Peter Bazalgette"
] |
|
Who was the chair of ITV plc in Feb, 2008?
|
February 12, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Michael Grade"
]
}
|
L2_Q3140604_P488_1
|
Archie Norman is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2010 to May, 2016.
Peter Bazalgette is the chair of ITV plc from May, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Michael Grade is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Peter Burt is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
|
ITV plcITV plc is a British media company that holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network (Channel 3), the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom.ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, because of Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million. MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television; MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of "The Daily Express" in 1996. Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM franchises, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local "Central News" studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt, and collapsed in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and was originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively.On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (now transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.In April 2006 the participation channel ITV Play was launched. It was a block on ITV1. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used for a time for part of the gaming section of itv.com.In August 2006 the company sold its 45% shareholding in TV3 Ireland, which had been bought by Granada in 2001, to Doughty Hanson & Co.There were rumours of take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom. On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, the then-owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.The company then entered into a series of disposals of non-core activities: in March 2009 the company sold its investment in Friends Reunited (a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or colleagues in a number of countries) which it had acquired in December 2005. Also in May 2009 the company sold Carlton Screen Advertising (the largest cinema advertising business in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and now known as Wide Eye Media).In 2010, a large-scale business reorganisation, called the "five-year Transformation Plan" was launched. Thanks to stringent working capital management and cost management some of the set goals were already achieved in 2012. These include a ranking upgrade (from BB- to BB+), an increase in audience share and reduction of debt (from net debt of £730 million at the end of 2008, to a positive net cash position of £16 million at the end of the first quarter 2012).In December 2013 the company sold its remaining shareholding in STV Group plc (owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises) which had been bought by Carlton in 1999.On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.On 19 August 2015, ITV purchased UTV for £100m ensuring that 13 out of the 15 licences (it does not hold the two in Scotland) were in its control.In July 2016 the company sold UTV Ireland to Virgin Media.In August 2016, it was revealed that ITV had made an offer to acquire Canadian multinational film and television distributor Entertainment One for around £1 billion. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that eOne had rejected the offer, considering it to be "fundamentally undervalued".In 2017, it was announced that ITV plc had acquired a majority stake in British Production company World Productions, behind the hit BBC series "Line of Duty". As a result of the deal, World Productions is now part of ITV Studios.ITV plc is divided into two divisions:Through ITV Broadcasting Ltd, ITV plc holds 13 of a total 15 ITV network licences, with STV holding two ITV licences in Scotland, covering the vast majority of ITV regions across the UK. ITV plc holds all licences in England and Wales, and the single ones in both the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland:ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise ITV Breakfast, formerly known as GMTV, which airs and produces "Good Morning Britain", and "Lorraine".Channels wholly owned through ITV Digital Channels:
|
[
"Peter Burt",
"Archie Norman",
"Peter Bazalgette"
] |
|
Who was the chair of ITV plc in Jun, 2012?
|
June 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Archie Norman"
]
}
|
L2_Q3140604_P488_2
|
Archie Norman is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2010 to May, 2016.
Michael Grade is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Peter Bazalgette is the chair of ITV plc from May, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Peter Burt is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
|
ITV plcITV plc is a British media company that holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network (Channel 3), the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom.ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, because of Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million. MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television; MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of "The Daily Express" in 1996. Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM franchises, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local "Central News" studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt, and collapsed in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and was originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively.On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (now transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.In April 2006 the participation channel ITV Play was launched. It was a block on ITV1. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used for a time for part of the gaming section of itv.com.In August 2006 the company sold its 45% shareholding in TV3 Ireland, which had been bought by Granada in 2001, to Doughty Hanson & Co.There were rumours of take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom. On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, the then-owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.The company then entered into a series of disposals of non-core activities: in March 2009 the company sold its investment in Friends Reunited (a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or colleagues in a number of countries) which it had acquired in December 2005. Also in May 2009 the company sold Carlton Screen Advertising (the largest cinema advertising business in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and now known as Wide Eye Media).In 2010, a large-scale business reorganisation, called the "five-year Transformation Plan" was launched. Thanks to stringent working capital management and cost management some of the set goals were already achieved in 2012. These include a ranking upgrade (from BB- to BB+), an increase in audience share and reduction of debt (from net debt of £730 million at the end of 2008, to a positive net cash position of £16 million at the end of the first quarter 2012).In December 2013 the company sold its remaining shareholding in STV Group plc (owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises) which had been bought by Carlton in 1999.On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.On 19 August 2015, ITV purchased UTV for £100m ensuring that 13 out of the 15 licences (it does not hold the two in Scotland) were in its control.In July 2016 the company sold UTV Ireland to Virgin Media.In August 2016, it was revealed that ITV had made an offer to acquire Canadian multinational film and television distributor Entertainment One for around £1 billion. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that eOne had rejected the offer, considering it to be "fundamentally undervalued".In 2017, it was announced that ITV plc had acquired a majority stake in British Production company World Productions, behind the hit BBC series "Line of Duty". As a result of the deal, World Productions is now part of ITV Studios.ITV plc is divided into two divisions:Through ITV Broadcasting Ltd, ITV plc holds 13 of a total 15 ITV network licences, with STV holding two ITV licences in Scotland, covering the vast majority of ITV regions across the UK. ITV plc holds all licences in England and Wales, and the single ones in both the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland:ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise ITV Breakfast, formerly known as GMTV, which airs and produces "Good Morning Britain", and "Lorraine".Channels wholly owned through ITV Digital Channels:
|
[
"Peter Burt",
"Michael Grade",
"Peter Bazalgette"
] |
|
Who was the chair of ITV plc in Nov, 2017?
|
November 07, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Peter Bazalgette"
]
}
|
L2_Q3140604_P488_3
|
Peter Bazalgette is the chair of ITV plc from May, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Michael Grade is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Peter Burt is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Archie Norman is the chair of ITV plc from Jan, 2010 to May, 2016.
|
ITV plcITV plc is a British media company that holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network (Channel 3), the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom.ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.ITV plc was the result of a merger between Granada and Carlton following the various mergers between the companies of the ITV network that had taken place from 1993 when the ownership rules were relaxed.The first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. In 1994, Carlton Communications – which had owned a 20% stake in Central Independent Television – acquired the remainder of the company and, because of Central's shareholdings, inherited a 20% stake in Meridian Broadcasting. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million. MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television; MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of "The Daily Express" in 1996. Ownership rules, that previously restricted ownership of ITV licences by one company to two outright, plus 20% in a third, were relaxed, and so Carlton went on to acquire Westcountry Television (later re-branding it Carlton, along with Central), Granada acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Holdings (with the parent group becoming Granada Media, later simply Granada) and United acquired HTV.The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises. Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the franchisees names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds and United in Southampton. All three, however, merged the network production operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content and United Productions.By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales: Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. In 2000, after an aborted merger attempt with Carlton, UNM decided to leave ITV and Granada bought all the UNM franchises, but sold HTV to Carlton in order to comply with the permitted audience percentage covered by a single broadcasting interest. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new, smaller office in Whiteladies Road (near the BBC). This arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITV's production operations. The last remaining independent ITV franchise in England and Wales, Border Television, had been bought by Capital Group in 2000, and was sold on to Granada in 2001, with Border's radio assets being retained by Capital Radio plc.In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a single company for all ITV franchises in England and Wales. One of the consequences of the merger was (according to the company) an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, but were now all part of the same group. In order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new location complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of (physically smaller) studios and the loss of many jobs. Tyne Tees' factual department merged with Yorkshire's in Leeds (which has since closed and re-emerged as Shiver Productions); Meridian's factual and sport production moved to London; all network production in Nottingham was re-allocated to London, Manchester or Leeds (and the local "Central News" studio moved to Birmingham), and Anglia Factual, reduced to a satellite operation of ITV Studios and primarily producing output for the international market or occasionally third parties in the UK, was eventually closed in January 2012.Prior to the merger, and despite being rivals within ITV, Granada and Carlton had already been involved in several joint ventures, including the digital terrestrial television operator ITV Digital that went bankrupt, and collapsed in 2002. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, and 65% of the (re-branded) ITV News Channel, previously owned by ITN and was originally launched as the ITN News Channel. As well as consolidating its (now 40%) shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITN's original partners NTL in April 2004. In November the same year, and following a frantic last-minute deal with BSkyB to buy its half of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture, they launched the digital channel ITV3, replacing Granada Plus which ITV plc closed down on satellite and cable. A year later they launched ITV4. However, due to multiplex issues (and the fact that it was losing money) the ITV News Channel controversially had its hours on Freeview reduced, and was finally closed down on 23 December 2005, with its Freeview space being taken over by replacements ITV4 and CITV, which launched in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively.On 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A (now transmitting ten channels) from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million.In April 2006 the participation channel ITV Play was launched. It was a block on ITV1. Following a series of scandals surrounding participation TV, the dedicated ITV Play channel was closed down in March 2007, followed by the late-night phone-in quiz shows on the ITV Network in December 2007, however the brand continued to be used for a time for part of the gaming section of itv.com.In August 2006 the company sold its 45% shareholding in TV3 Ireland, which had been bought by Granada in 2001, to Doughty Hanson & Co.There were rumours of take-over and merger bids during 2006. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger. The merger was effectively blocked by British Sky Broadcasting on 17 November 2006 when it bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million, a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom. On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms. At the same time as the NTL bid, RTL, the then-owner of Channel 5, was also rumoured to be preparing a bid for ITV plc, with the possibility of a stock-swap with BSkyB; the plan would have seen RTL acquiring BSkyB's stake in ITV plc (with the aim of further acquisitions of shares in the future) in exchange for BSkyB taking full control of Channel 5.In the end, no movement was made on this possible deal and RTL sold Channel 5 to Richard Desmond's Northern & Shell Network in July 2010.The company then entered into a series of disposals of non-core activities: in March 2009 the company sold its investment in Friends Reunited (a website dedicated to reunited former school friends or colleagues in a number of countries) which it had acquired in December 2005. Also in May 2009 the company sold Carlton Screen Advertising (the largest cinema advertising business in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and now known as Wide Eye Media).In 2010, a large-scale business reorganisation, called the "five-year Transformation Plan" was launched. Thanks to stringent working capital management and cost management some of the set goals were already achieved in 2012. These include a ranking upgrade (from BB- to BB+), an increase in audience share and reduction of debt (from net debt of £730 million at the end of 2008, to a positive net cash position of £16 million at the end of the first quarter 2012).In December 2013 the company sold its remaining shareholding in STV Group plc (owner of the Scottish and Grampian ITV franchises) which had been bought by Carlton in 1999.On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.On 19 August 2015, ITV purchased UTV for £100m ensuring that 13 out of the 15 licences (it does not hold the two in Scotland) were in its control.In July 2016 the company sold UTV Ireland to Virgin Media.In August 2016, it was revealed that ITV had made an offer to acquire Canadian multinational film and television distributor Entertainment One for around £1 billion. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that eOne had rejected the offer, considering it to be "fundamentally undervalued".In 2017, it was announced that ITV plc had acquired a majority stake in British Production company World Productions, behind the hit BBC series "Line of Duty". As a result of the deal, World Productions is now part of ITV Studios.ITV plc is divided into two divisions:Through ITV Broadcasting Ltd, ITV plc holds 13 of a total 15 ITV network licences, with STV holding two ITV licences in Scotland, covering the vast majority of ITV regions across the UK. ITV plc holds all licences in England and Wales, and the single ones in both the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland:ITV plc is also the sole owner of the ITV national breakfast television franchise ITV Breakfast, formerly known as GMTV, which airs and produces "Good Morning Britain", and "Lorraine".Channels wholly owned through ITV Digital Channels:
|
[
"Peter Burt",
"Archie Norman",
"Michael Grade"
] |
|
Which position did Franz Karasek hold in May, 1971?
|
May 05, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
]
}
|
L2_Q1447685_P39_0
|
Franz Karasek holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jun, 1972 to Oct, 1979.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Secretary General of the Council of Europe from Oct, 1979 to Oct, 1984.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul, 1970 to Jun, 1972.
|
Franz KarasekFranz Karasek (22 April 1924, in Vienna – 10 March 1986) was an Austrian politician.He studied international law in Paris and graduated as a Doctor of Law from the University of Vienna.He became a diplomat and helped negotiate Austria's return to full sovereignty in 1955, the year when Austria joined the Council of Europe.He joined the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) in 1951. From 1950 to 1952, he was an official in the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.From 1952 to 1953 he was secretary to Chancellor Leopold Figl. He entered the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1970, four years after he was elected to the Nationalrat.He served as president of the Cultural Commission and General Rapporteur of the Political Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly. He was Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 1 October 1979, to 1 October 1984. He was married and had two children.
|
[
"Secretary General of the Council of Europe",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
] |
|
Which position did Franz Karasek hold in Oct, 1975?
|
October 21, 1975
|
{
"text": [
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
]
}
|
L2_Q1447685_P39_1
|
Franz Karasek holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul, 1970 to Jun, 1972.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jun, 1972 to Oct, 1979.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Secretary General of the Council of Europe from Oct, 1979 to Oct, 1984.
|
Franz KarasekFranz Karasek (22 April 1924, in Vienna – 10 March 1986) was an Austrian politician.He studied international law in Paris and graduated as a Doctor of Law from the University of Vienna.He became a diplomat and helped negotiate Austria's return to full sovereignty in 1955, the year when Austria joined the Council of Europe.He joined the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) in 1951. From 1950 to 1952, he was an official in the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.From 1952 to 1953 he was secretary to Chancellor Leopold Figl. He entered the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1970, four years after he was elected to the Nationalrat.He served as president of the Cultural Commission and General Rapporteur of the Political Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly. He was Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 1 October 1979, to 1 October 1984. He was married and had two children.
|
[
"Secretary General of the Council of Europe",
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
] |
|
Which position did Franz Karasek hold in Dec, 1980?
|
December 01, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Secretary General of the Council of Europe"
]
}
|
L2_Q1447685_P39_2
|
Franz Karasek holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul, 1970 to Jun, 1972.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Secretary General of the Council of Europe from Oct, 1979 to Oct, 1984.
Franz Karasek holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jun, 1972 to Oct, 1979.
|
Franz KarasekFranz Karasek (22 April 1924, in Vienna – 10 March 1986) was an Austrian politician.He studied international law in Paris and graduated as a Doctor of Law from the University of Vienna.He became a diplomat and helped negotiate Austria's return to full sovereignty in 1955, the year when Austria joined the Council of Europe.He joined the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) in 1951. From 1950 to 1952, he was an official in the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.From 1952 to 1953 he was secretary to Chancellor Leopold Figl. He entered the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1970, four years after he was elected to the Nationalrat.He served as president of the Cultural Commission and General Rapporteur of the Political Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly. He was Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 1 October 1979, to 1 October 1984. He was married and had two children.
|
[
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Jan, 1975?
|
January 01, 1975
|
{
"text": [
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_0
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Denver Nuggets",
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Sep, 1980?
|
September 18, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Denver Nuggets"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_1
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Jan, 1982?
|
January 07, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Denver Nuggets"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_2
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna",
"Denver Nuggets",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Jun, 1984?
|
June 05, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Libertas Livorno"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_3
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Denver Nuggets",
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Aug, 1987?
|
August 08, 1987
|
{
"text": [
"Pallacanestro Pavia"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_4
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Denver Nuggets",
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Feb, 1990?
|
February 12, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_5
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Denver Nuggets",
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball"
] |
|
Which team did Cedrick Hordges play for in Feb, 1992?
|
February 14, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca"
]
}
|
L2_Q3664162_P54_6
|
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Pavia from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Pallacanestro Varese from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Libertas Livorno from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Denver Nuggets from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982.
Cedrick Hordges plays for Auburn Tigers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1975.
|
Cedrick HordgesCedrick Tyrone Hordges (born January 8, 1957) is a retired American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Denver Nuggets from 1980 to 1982. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls during the third round of the 1979 NBA Draft from the University of South Carolina after transferring from Auburn University. He was then traded to the Nuggets, for whom he played in 145 games over 2 seasons. He then continued his professional career in Europe, playing for 9 teams over 13 seasons.
|
[
"Denver Nuggets",
"Pallacanestro Varese",
"Pallacanestro Pavia",
"Libertas Livorno",
"Auburn Tigers men's basketball",
"Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2000?
|
January 01, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"New Jersey Stallions"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_0
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Aug, 2001?
|
August 17, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Venezuela national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_1
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2003?
|
January 01, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_2
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in May, 2003?
|
May 30, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Sportfreunde Siegen"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_3
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jul, 2004?
|
July 13, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Caracas Fútbol Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_4
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Feb, 2006?
|
February 25, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Union Atlético Maracaibo"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_5
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Apr, 2008?
|
April 07, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_6
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Feb, 2008?
|
February 19, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_7
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2020?
|
January 30, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Atlético Venezuela"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_9
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitanos FC",
"Atlético Venezuela"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_10
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Estrella Roja FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Aragua FC",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Dec, 1941?
|
December 26, 1941
|
{
"text": [
"Institute for Advanced Study"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_0
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Oct, 1942?
|
October 06, 1942
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_1
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Jul, 1943?
|
July 15, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_2
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Dec, 1944?
|
December 18, 1944
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_3
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Jan, 1945?
|
January 24, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_4
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"University of Chicago",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Jul, 1946?
|
July 15, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_5
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Apr, 1963?
|
April 07, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Michigan"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_6
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"Brown University",
"Yale University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leonard Jimmie Savage work for in Aug, 1970?
|
August 06, 1970
|
{
"text": [
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q374341_P108_7
|
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Brown University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1944.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Yale University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1971.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Cornell University from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Michigan from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1964.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1960.
Leonard Jimmie Savage works for Columbia University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
|
Leonard Jimmie SavageLeonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician. Economist Milton Friedman said Savage was "one of the few people I have met whom I would unhesitatingly call a genius."He graduated from the University of Michigan and later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan, Yale University, and the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University. Though his thesis advisor was Sumner Myers, he also credited Milton Friedman and W. Allen Wallis as statistical mentors.His most noted work was the 1954 book "The Foundations of Statistics", in which he put forward a theory of subjective and personal probability and statistics which forms one of the strands underlying Bayesian statistics and has applications to game theory.During World War II, Savage served as chief "statistical" assistant to John von Neumann, the mathematician credited with describing the principles upon which electronic computers should be based. Later he was one of the participants in the "Macy conferences" on cybernetics.One of Savage's indirect contributions was his discovery of the work of Louis Bachelier on stochastic models for asset prices and the mathematical theory of option pricing. Savage brought the work of Bachelier to the attention of Paul Samuelson. It was from Samuelson's subsequent writing that "random walk" (and subsequently Brownian motion) became fundamental to mathematical finance.In 1951 he introduced the minimax regret criterion used in decision theory.The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is (in part) named after him, as is the Friedman–Savage utility function.
|
[
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Michigan",
"Brown University",
"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Jan, 1968?
|
January 29, 1968
|
{
"text": [
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_0
|
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
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[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
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Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Feb, 1978?
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February 25, 1978
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{
"text": [
"John Hugo Loudon"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_1
|
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
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World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Oct, 1993?
|
October 14, 1993
|
{
"text": [
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_2
|
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Feb, 1997?
|
February 02, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Syed Babar Ali"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_3
|
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
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[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
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Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Jun, 1999?
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June 21, 1999
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{
"text": [
"Ruud Lubbers"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_4
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Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
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World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Apr, 2000?
|
April 10, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Sara Morrison"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_5
|
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Oct, 2002?
|
October 23, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Emeka Anyaoku"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_6
|
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Oct, 2013?
|
October 01, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Yolanda Kakabadse"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_7
|
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
|
World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
|
Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Mar, 2019?
|
March 08, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Pavan Sukhdev"
]
}
|
L2_Q117892_P488_8
|
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
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World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
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[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Emeka Anyaoku",
"E. Neville Isdell"
] |
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Who was the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature in Dec, 2022?
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December 26, 2022
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{
"text": [
"E. Neville Isdell"
]
}
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L2_Q117892_P488_9
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E. Neville Isdell is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
John Hugo Loudon is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Emeka Anyaoku is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2009.
Sara Morrison is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1976.
Yolanda Kakabadse is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Pavan Sukhdev is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Nov, 2017 to Jan, 2021.
Ruud Lubbers is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Syed Babar Ali is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the chair of World Wide Fund for Nature from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1996.
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World Wide Fund for NatureThe World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper "The Observer." This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank. Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of "World Wildlife Fund". Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Its establishment was marked with the signing of the "Morges Manifesto", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment "" to handle the WWF's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust. Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to "World Wide Fund for Nature", while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind. In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers. The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes. In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.WWF publishes the "Living Planet Index" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the "Index" is used to produce a bi-yearly "Living Planet Report" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world. In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing. WWF has denied the allegations. By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.The filmmaker, , was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book "Schwarzbuch WWF" published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")In 2014, German investigative journalist published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called "The Silence of the Pandas". The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of "PandaLeaks - The Dark Side of the WWF", after a series of injunctions and court orders. The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making. WWF has denied the allegations made against it.WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively. WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment. WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.In 2019, an investigation by "BuzzFeed News" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by "BuzzFeed News" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints". In July 2019, "Buzzfeed" reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons."The Kathmandu Post", which cooperated with "BuzzFeed News" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from "WWF.com" to "WWE.com", and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", as a prelude to changing the company's name to "World Wrestling Entertainment." Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.Starting with the 1,000th episode of "Raw" in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising. The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems. He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims. Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around for the first year, consisting of a grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further in corporate donations. , WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region. Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 Million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 Million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires. In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.
|
[
"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Syed Babar Ali",
"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands",
"John Hugo Loudon",
"Yolanda Kakabadse",
"Sara Morrison",
"Pavan Sukhdev",
"Emeka Anyaoku"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Nov, 1998?
|
November 28, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"AZ Alkmaar"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_0
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in May, 2000?
|
May 28, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Chacarita Juniors"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_1
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Jun, 2003?
|
June 14, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Newell's Old Boys"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_2
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Apr, 2008?
|
April 04, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Celta Vigo"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_3
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Feb, 2009?
|
February 18, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Boca Juniors"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_4
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Jan, 2010?
|
January 24, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Boca Juniors"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_5
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar",
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Mar, 2011?
|
March 11, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Club Olimpo"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_6
|
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Boca Juniors",
"Villa Dálmine",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Ariel Rosada play for in Oct, 2012?
|
October 10, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Villa Dálmine"
]
}
|
L2_Q659124_P54_7
|
Ariel Rosada plays for Boca Juniors from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Ariel Rosada plays for Celta Vigo from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ariel Rosada plays for AZ Alkmaar from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ariel Rosada plays for Chacarita Juniors from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Ariel Rosada plays for Club Atlético Banfield from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Ariel Rosada plays for Villa Dálmine from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Ariel Rosada plays for Newell's Old Boys from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
|
Ariel RosadaJavier Ariel Rosada (born 11 April 1978 in Campana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is an Argentine midfielder. He is known for his uncompromising tackling and resolutely defensive playing style.Rosada began to play professionally in Argentina in 1995 with Boca Juniors in the Argentine Primera División. In 1998, he joined the Dutch club AZ Alkmaar, but returned to Boca after one year. In the same year, he joined another Argentine team, Chacarita Juniors, in Primera B Nacional until 2003 when joined Newell's Old Boys in Rosario. In 2005, he left for the "Diablos Rojos", Toluca. He was then transferred from Celta to play for Boca Juniors.
|
[
"Chacarita Juniors",
"Newell's Old Boys",
"Club Atlético Banfield",
"Celta Vigo",
"Club Olimpo",
"Boca Juniors",
"AZ Alkmaar"
] |
|
Which team did Abdel Lamanje play for in Oct, 2010?
|
October 13, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Grenoble Foot 38"
]
}
|
L2_Q4664755_P54_0
|
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Atyrau from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Rotor Volgograd from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Abdel Lamanje plays for Grenoble Foot 38 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Abdel LamanjeAbdel Lamanje (born 27 July 1990) is a French footballer who plays as a left back or centre back for FC Astra Giurgiu.Lamanje made his debut in the FNL for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl on 19 August 2011 in a game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.On 20 January 2016, Lamanje signed for Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Atyrau on a one-year contract, signing for fellow Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Kaisar on 16 January 2017.On 24 January 2020, Lamanje signed for Shakhter Karagandy.
|
[
"FC Shinnik Yaroslavl",
"FC Atyrau",
"FC Rotor Volgograd"
] |
|
Which team did Abdel Lamanje play for in Aug, 2013?
|
August 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"FC Rotor Volgograd"
]
}
|
L2_Q4664755_P54_1
|
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Rotor Volgograd from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Atyrau from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Abdel Lamanje plays for Grenoble Foot 38 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Abdel LamanjeAbdel Lamanje (born 27 July 1990) is a French footballer who plays as a left back or centre back for FC Astra Giurgiu.Lamanje made his debut in the FNL for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl on 19 August 2011 in a game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.On 20 January 2016, Lamanje signed for Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Atyrau on a one-year contract, signing for fellow Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Kaisar on 16 January 2017.On 24 January 2020, Lamanje signed for Shakhter Karagandy.
|
[
"Grenoble Foot 38",
"FC Shinnik Yaroslavl",
"FC Atyrau"
] |
|
Which team did Abdel Lamanje play for in Mar, 2014?
|
March 07, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"FC Shinnik Yaroslavl"
]
}
|
L2_Q4664755_P54_2
|
Abdel Lamanje plays for Grenoble Foot 38 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Atyrau from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Rotor Volgograd from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Abdel LamanjeAbdel Lamanje (born 27 July 1990) is a French footballer who plays as a left back or centre back for FC Astra Giurgiu.Lamanje made his debut in the FNL for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl on 19 August 2011 in a game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.On 20 January 2016, Lamanje signed for Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Atyrau on a one-year contract, signing for fellow Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Kaisar on 16 January 2017.On 24 January 2020, Lamanje signed for Shakhter Karagandy.
|
[
"Grenoble Foot 38",
"FC Atyrau",
"FC Rotor Volgograd"
] |
|
Which team did Abdel Lamanje play for in Aug, 2020?
|
August 05, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"FC Atyrau"
]
}
|
L2_Q4664755_P54_3
|
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Rotor Volgograd from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Atyrau from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Abdel Lamanje plays for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Abdel Lamanje plays for Grenoble Foot 38 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Abdel LamanjeAbdel Lamanje (born 27 July 1990) is a French footballer who plays as a left back or centre back for FC Astra Giurgiu.Lamanje made his debut in the FNL for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl on 19 August 2011 in a game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.On 20 January 2016, Lamanje signed for Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Atyrau on a one-year contract, signing for fellow Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Kaisar on 16 January 2017.On 24 January 2020, Lamanje signed for Shakhter Karagandy.
|
[
"Grenoble Foot 38",
"FC Shinnik Yaroslavl",
"FC Rotor Volgograd"
] |
|
Where was Karestan C Koenen educated in Feb, 1989?
|
February 21, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"Wellesley College"
]
}
|
L2_Q42724483_P69_0
|
Karestan C Koenen attended Wellesley College from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Karestan C Koenen attended Boston University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1999.
Karestan C Koenen attended Teachers College from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
|
Karestan KoenenKarestan Chase Koenen (born June 23, 1968) is an American epidemiologist and Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She is also the head of the Global Neuropsychiatric Genomics Initiative of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute. She is a fellow of the American Psychopathological Association and a former president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. In 2015, she received the Robert S. Laufer, PhD, Memorial Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievement from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
|
[
"Teachers College",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Where was Karestan C Koenen educated in Apr, 1993?
|
April 29, 1993
|
{
"text": [
"Teachers College"
]
}
|
L2_Q42724483_P69_1
|
Karestan C Koenen attended Teachers College from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Karestan C Koenen attended Boston University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1999.
Karestan C Koenen attended Wellesley College from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
|
Karestan KoenenKarestan Chase Koenen (born June 23, 1968) is an American epidemiologist and Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She is also the head of the Global Neuropsychiatric Genomics Initiative of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute. She is a fellow of the American Psychopathological Association and a former president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. In 2015, she received the Robert S. Laufer, PhD, Memorial Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievement from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
|
[
"Wellesley College",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Where was Karestan C Koenen educated in Jun, 1995?
|
June 10, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Boston University"
]
}
|
L2_Q42724483_P69_2
|
Karestan C Koenen attended Wellesley College from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.
Karestan C Koenen attended Teachers College from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Karestan C Koenen attended Boston University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1999.
|
Karestan KoenenKarestan Chase Koenen (born June 23, 1968) is an American epidemiologist and Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She is also the head of the Global Neuropsychiatric Genomics Initiative of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute. She is a fellow of the American Psychopathological Association and a former president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. In 2015, she received the Robert S. Laufer, PhD, Memorial Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievement from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
|
[
"Teachers College",
"Wellesley College"
] |
|
Where was George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale educated in Jun, 1879?
|
June 02, 1879
|
{
"text": [
"Mill Hill School"
]
}
|
L2_Q15995796_P69_0
|
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Mill Hill School from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1881.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Trinity College from May, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Shrewsbury School from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
|
George Kemp, 1st Baron RochdaleGeorge Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale, (9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945) was a British politician, soldier, businessman and cricketer.Kemp was born at Beechwood, Rochdale, Lancashire, and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools. Matriculating at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1883, aged 16, Kemp transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1884, where he graduated B.A. in the Classical Tripos in 1888. In business, Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp, flannel manufacturers.From 1885 to 1892, Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University. A batsman, he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match, at Huddersfield, in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenner's and Sheffield respectively. While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire. He was also, at university, a lawn tennis 'Blue'.In 1895, he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, until January 1900, when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War. In 1904, along with Winston Churchill, Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlain's Tariff reform policies. In 1909, he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West, this time as a Liberal. Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government. He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd George's financial policies. He also opposed Lloyd George's advocacy of Welsh disestablishment. His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Government's Irish Home Rule bill. As he still felt out of step with the Unionist's advocacy of Tariff Reform, he decided to retire from the House of Commons. He declared that he "loathed politics". A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale, of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster.Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry since July 1891. In early February 1900, Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry, in command of the 23rd company (the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry), to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry. His company left Liverpool on the "SS Africa" on 12 February, and arrived in Cape Town the following month. For his service he was mentioned in despatches. He left again for South Africa in May 1902, as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry, including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise. The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902, and never saw any fighting. Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment, and left Cape Town on the SS "Kildonan Castle" in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton the following month. He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902.Called to war again in 1914, Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, part of 125th (1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th (1/1st Manchester) Brigade of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915.Kemp married, on 5 August 1896, Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton (1871–1966), third daughter of Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900.They had three children. Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick, Cumberland in 1945, aged 88, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John.
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[
"Shrewsbury School",
"Trinity College"
] |
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Where was George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale educated in Mar, 1881?
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March 30, 1881
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{
"text": [
"Shrewsbury School"
]
}
|
L2_Q15995796_P69_1
|
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Shrewsbury School from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Mill Hill School from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1881.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Trinity College from May, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
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George Kemp, 1st Baron RochdaleGeorge Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale, (9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945) was a British politician, soldier, businessman and cricketer.Kemp was born at Beechwood, Rochdale, Lancashire, and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools. Matriculating at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1883, aged 16, Kemp transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1884, where he graduated B.A. in the Classical Tripos in 1888. In business, Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp, flannel manufacturers.From 1885 to 1892, Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University. A batsman, he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match, at Huddersfield, in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenner's and Sheffield respectively. While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire. He was also, at university, a lawn tennis 'Blue'.In 1895, he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, until January 1900, when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War. In 1904, along with Winston Churchill, Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlain's Tariff reform policies. In 1909, he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West, this time as a Liberal. Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government. He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd George's financial policies. He also opposed Lloyd George's advocacy of Welsh disestablishment. His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Government's Irish Home Rule bill. As he still felt out of step with the Unionist's advocacy of Tariff Reform, he decided to retire from the House of Commons. He declared that he "loathed politics". A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale, of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster.Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry since July 1891. In early February 1900, Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry, in command of the 23rd company (the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry), to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry. His company left Liverpool on the "SS Africa" on 12 February, and arrived in Cape Town the following month. For his service he was mentioned in despatches. He left again for South Africa in May 1902, as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry, including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise. The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902, and never saw any fighting. Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment, and left Cape Town on the SS "Kildonan Castle" in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton the following month. He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902.Called to war again in 1914, Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, part of 125th (1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th (1/1st Manchester) Brigade of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915.Kemp married, on 5 August 1896, Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton (1871–1966), third daughter of Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900.They had three children. Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick, Cumberland in 1945, aged 88, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John.
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[
"Mill Hill School",
"Trinity College"
] |
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Where was George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale educated in Feb, 1887?
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February 02, 1887
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{
"text": [
"Trinity College"
]
}
|
L2_Q15995796_P69_2
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George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Trinity College from May, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Shrewsbury School from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale attended Mill Hill School from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1881.
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George Kemp, 1st Baron RochdaleGeorge Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale, (9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945) was a British politician, soldier, businessman and cricketer.Kemp was born at Beechwood, Rochdale, Lancashire, and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools. Matriculating at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1883, aged 16, Kemp transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1884, where he graduated B.A. in the Classical Tripos in 1888. In business, Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp, flannel manufacturers.From 1885 to 1892, Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University. A batsman, he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match, at Huddersfield, in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenner's and Sheffield respectively. While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire. He was also, at university, a lawn tennis 'Blue'.In 1895, he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, until January 1900, when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War. In 1904, along with Winston Churchill, Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlain's Tariff reform policies. In 1909, he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West, this time as a Liberal. Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government. He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd George's financial policies. He also opposed Lloyd George's advocacy of Welsh disestablishment. His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Government's Irish Home Rule bill. As he still felt out of step with the Unionist's advocacy of Tariff Reform, he decided to retire from the House of Commons. He declared that he "loathed politics". A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale, of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster.Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry since July 1891. In early February 1900, Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry, in command of the 23rd company (the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry), to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry. His company left Liverpool on the "SS Africa" on 12 February, and arrived in Cape Town the following month. For his service he was mentioned in despatches. He left again for South Africa in May 1902, as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry, including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise. The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902, and never saw any fighting. Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment, and left Cape Town on the SS "Kildonan Castle" in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton the following month. He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902.Called to war again in 1914, Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, part of 125th (1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th (1/1st Manchester) Brigade of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915.Kemp married, on 5 August 1896, Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton (1871–1966), third daughter of Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere. Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900.They had three children. Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick, Cumberland in 1945, aged 88, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John.
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[
"Shrewsbury School",
"Mill Hill School"
] |
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Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Apr, 1970?
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April 27, 1970
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{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
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L2_Q445939_P108_0
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Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
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[
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of London",
"University of Oxford",
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Buckingham",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Jul, 1973?
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July 10, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"University of London"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_1
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Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
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[
"University of Cambridge",
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of Oxford",
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Buckingham",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Mar, 1994?
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March 12, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"Boston University"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_2
|
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of London",
"University of Oxford",
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Buckingham"
] |
|
Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Dec, 2005?
|
December 10, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Divine Mercy University"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_3
|
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
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[
"University of Cambridge",
"University of London",
"University of Oxford",
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Buckingham",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Apr, 2011?
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April 18, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Oxford"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_4
|
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
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[
"University of Cambridge",
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of London",
"University of Buckingham",
"Boston University"
] |
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Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Aug, 2012?
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August 25, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"University of St Andrews",
"University of Oxford"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_5
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Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
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[
"University of Cambridge",
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of London",
"University of Buckingham",
"Boston University"
] |
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Which employer did Roger Scruton work for in Jul, 2016?
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July 05, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"University of Buckingham",
"University of Oxford"
]
}
|
L2_Q445939_P108_6
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Roger Scruton works for University of Buckingham from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of London from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1992.
Roger Scruton works for University of Oxford from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2020.
Roger Scruton works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Roger Scruton works for University of St Andrews from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Roger Scruton works for Boston University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995.
Roger Scruton works for Divine Mercy University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
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Roger ScrutonSir Roger Vernon Scruton (; 27 February 194412 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.Editor from 1982 to 2001 of "The Salisbury Review", a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His most notable publications include "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), "Sexual Desire" (1986), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "How to Be a Conservative" (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including "The Times", "The Spectator", and the "New Statesman".Scruton embraced conservatism after witnessing the May 1968 student protests in France. From 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London, after which he held several part-time academic positions, including in the United States. In the 1980s he helped to establish underground academic networks in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe, for which he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel in 1998. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".Roger Scruton was born in Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire, to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in High Wycombe and Marlow. The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in Scruton, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.Jack was raised in a back-to-back on Upper Cyrus Street, Ancoats, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a grammar school. Scruton told "The Guardian" that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "blue-rinsed friends" and was fond of romantic fiction. He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".Scruton raised at least one of his sons entirely using classical Greek as a primary language for at least part of the child's young life. This was following the example set by John Stuart Mill, in the hopes that the child would someday enjoy the deferred benefits of a “genuinely deprived childhood.”The Scrutons lived in a pebbledashed semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, High Wycombe. Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone". Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."After passing his 11-plus, he attended the Royal Grammar School High Wycombe from 1954 to 1962, leaving with three A-levels, in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in natural sciences to Jesus College, Cambridge, as well as a state scholarship. Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards, when during one of Scruton's plays the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames. When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.Having intended to study natural sciences at Cambridge, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home", Scruton switched on the first day to moral sciences (philosophy); his supervisor was A. C. Ewing. He graduated with a double first in 1965, then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour in Pau, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte. He also lived in Rome. His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a mastectomy just before he went to Cambridge.In 1967 he began studying for his PhD at Jesus, then became a research fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France. It was while visiting her during the May 1968 student protests in France that Scruton first embraced conservatism. He was in the Latin Quarter in Paris, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":Cambridge awarded Scruton his PhD in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by Michael Tanner and Elizabeth Anscombe. The thesis was the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening. Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at Putney High School, and the couple lived together in a Harley Street apartment previously occupied by Delia Smith. They married in September 1973 at the Brompton Oratory, a Catholic church in Knightsbridge, and divorced in 1979. Scruton's second book, "The Aesthetics of Architecture", was published that year.Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the Senior Common Room. Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the Inns of Court School of Law (1974–1976) and was called to the Bar in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a pupillage.In 1974, along with Hugh Fraser, Jonathan Aitken and John Casey, he became a founding member of the Conservative Philosophy Group dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism. The historian Hugh Thomas and the philosopher Anthony Quinton attended meetings, as did Margaret Thatcher before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980), and later by his editorship of the conservative "Salisbury Review". He told "The Guardian" that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book. The Marxist philosopher G. A. Cohen of University College London reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends. He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as reader, then as professor of aesthetics.In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of "The Salisbury Review", a journal championing traditional conservatism in opposition to Thatcherism, which he edited until 2001. The "Review" was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group — founded in 1978 by Diana Spearman and Robert Gascoyne-Cecil — with the involvement of the Peterhouse Right. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including Maurice Cowling, David Watkin and the mathematician Adrian Mathias. As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to Martin Walker, the circulation understated the journal's influence.Scruton wrote that editing "The Salisbury Review" effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism. In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause." To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that "there should be something there!"" He believes that the "Review" "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the "left" of something, to say 'Of course, the "Salisbury Review" is beyond the pale; but ...'"In 1984 the "Review" published a controversial article by Ray Honeyford, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education. Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection. The British Association for the Advancement of Science accused the "Review" of scientific racism, and the University of Glasgow philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a fellow of the British Academy, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth." (Scruton was in fact elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2008.) In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life:The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, "Fortnight's Anger" (1981). The most contentious publication was "Thinkers of the New Left" (1985), a collection of his essays from "The Salisbury Review", which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including E. P. Thompson, Michel Foucault and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to "The Guardian", the book was remaindered after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism. In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the Continuum International Publishing Group in 2002.From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for "The Times". Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, Peter Stothard, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage". Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for Margaret Thatcher while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher". His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia under Communist Party rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the Jan Hus Educational Foundation, he and other academics visited Prague and Brno, now in the Czech Republic, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident Julius Tomin, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and "samizdat" translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria." On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit (First Class) by President Václav Havel. In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West — in particular Eric Hobsbawm — who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes. His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel "Notes from Underground" (2014). He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".Scruton took a year's sabbatical from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic. That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist Central Europe. He sold his apartment in Notting Hill Gate, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in Stanton Fitzwarren, Swindon, from the Moonies, and an apartment in the Albany building on Piccadilly, London, from the Conservative MP Alan Clark (it had been Clark's servants' quarters).From 1992 to 1995 he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the philosophy of music for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at Boston University. Two of his books grew out of these courses: "Modern Philosophy: A Survey" (1994) and "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997). In 1993 he bought Sunday Hill Farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse — where he lived after returning from the United States. He called it "Scrutopia".While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for fox hunting, and it was during a meet of the Beaufort Hunt that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian. They announced their engagement in "The Times" in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"), married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm. Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000. In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included Japan Tobacco International and Somerfield Stores as clients. Scruton and his publisher were successfully sued for libel that year by the Pet Shop Boys for suggesting, in his book "An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture" (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of sound engineers; the group settled for undisclosed damages.Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about smoking without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly R. J. Reynolds). In 1999 he and his wife — as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises — began producing a quarterly briefing paper, "The Risk of Freedom Briefing" (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk. Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI. Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for "The Times", three for the "Wall Street Journal" (two in 1998 and one in 2000), one for "City Journal" in 2001, and a 65-page pamphlet for the Institute of Economic Affairs, "WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation" (2000). The latter criticized the World Health Organization's campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate."The Guardian" reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI. The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to "The Guardian". Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the "Wall Street Journal", "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", "Financial Times", "Economist", "Independent", or "New Statesman". Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI. In response to "The Guardian" article, the "Financial Times" ended his contract as a columnist, The "Wall Street Journal" suspended his contributions, and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy. Chatto & Windus withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the Hunting Act 2004 had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased Montpelier, an 18th-century plantation house near Sperryville, Virginia. Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events. The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house. Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia, a graduate school of Divine Mercy University; and in 2009 he worked at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book "Green Philosophy" (2011).From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the "New Statesman", and contributed to "The World of Fine Wine" and "Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine" (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book "I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine" (2009) in part comprises material from his "New Statesman" column. Scruton also wrote three libretti, two set to music. The first is a one-act chamber piece, "The Minister" (1994), and the second a two-act opera, "Violet" (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was performed twice at the Guildhall School of Music in London in 2005.The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the University of Buckingham. In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the University of Oxford to teach graduate classes on aesthetics, and was made a senior research fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. In 2010 he delivered the Scottish Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews on "The Face of God", and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.Two novels appeared during this period: "Notes from Underground" (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia, and "The Disappeared" (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town. Scruton was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". He sat on the editorial board of the "British Journal of Aesthetics" and on the board of visitors of Ralston College, a new college proposed in Savannah, Georgia, and was a senior fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.In November 2018, Communities Secretary James Brokenshire appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design. Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "Islamophobia" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and date rape as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman George Soros.In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by George Eaton appeared in the "New Statesman". To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on Twitter, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks". Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission. When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on Instagram drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser". The next day, Scruton wrote in "The Spectator", "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes." On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.On 25 April, Douglas Murray, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in "The Spectator", and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job". The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense." Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing." Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ..." The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done," which suggested the topic was the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the "New Statesman" published the full transcript.On 2 May, the "New Statesman" readers' editor, Peter Wilby, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist". Two months later, the "New Statesman" officially apologised. Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton. Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.According to Paul Guyer, in "A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century", "After Wollheim, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton." Scruton was trained in analytic philosophy, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like "Mind" or "The Philosophical Review" without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue." He specialised in aesthetics throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, "Art and Imagination" (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake". He subsequently published "The Aesthetics of Architecture" (1979), "The Aesthetic Understanding" (1983), "The Aesthetics of Music" (1997), and "Beauty" (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at Durham University to assess his impact in the field, and in 2012 a collection of essays, "Scruton's Aesthetics", edited by Andy Hamilton and Nick Zangwill, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.In an Intelligence Squared debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian David Starkey) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" next to one of the supermodel Kate Moss. Later that year he wrote and presented a BBC Two documentary, "Why Beauty Matters", in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music. He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'" In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: "Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavor was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community."Best known for his writing in support of conservatism, Scruton's intellectual heroes were Edmund Burke, Coleridge, Dostoevsky, Hegel, Ruskin, and T. S. Eliot. His third book, "The Meaning of Conservatism" (1980) — which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers" — was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career. He supported Margaret Thatcher, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the Falklands War, he realized that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".Scruton wrote in "Gentle Regrets" (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the rule of law, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side. He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the social contract, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote — to throw away customs and institutions — is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of modesty in women and chivalry in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded. Scruton was critical of the contemporary feminist movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as Mary Wollstonecraft. However, he praised Germaine Greer in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".In "Arguments for Conservatism" (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the social capital embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform — for example in the areas of euthanasia or abortion — are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others — that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".The book defines post-modernism as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."Scruton was a supporter of constitutional monarchy arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere." In a 1991 column for the Los Angeles Times, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."Scruton was an Anglican. His book "Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England" (2013) defended the relevance of the Church of England. He contends, following Immanuel Kant, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for self-reflection. He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as Rainer Maria Rilke, T. S. Eliot, Edward Hopper and Arnold Schoenberg "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred — but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.Scruton considered that religion plays a basic function in "endarkening" human minds. "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour. On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far… It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself — this placing of your life at God's service — is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational." However, despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the argument from beauty: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.Scruton defined totalitarianism as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions — such as the law, property, and religion — that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite. The importance of Newspeak in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with Alain Besançon that the totalitarian society envisaged by George Orwell in "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with T. S. Eliot, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions — conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief — that the conservative project acquires its sense.The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's "Sexual Desire" (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within analytic philosophy. The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics. Martha Nussbaum credited Scruton in 1997 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".According to Jonathan Dollimore, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes the "other"", which he sees as narcissistic and solipsistic. Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally — for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics. In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that homosexuality leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own. He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality, and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt. Scruton told "The Guardian" in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.In 2006, Scruton spoke at a gathering in Antwerp for the Flemish Vlaams Belang party at the invitation of his friend Paul Belien in which he acknowledge delivering a speech for the party would prove controversial but that it was important to speak across political divides. During the speech he also stated that loyalties to a nation state enable people to respect sovereignty, the rights of the individual, as well as aid reconciliation between social classes, faiths, and "help to form the background to a political process based in consensus rather than in force."2014, Scruton stated that he supported English independence because he believed that it would uphold friendship between England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and because the English would have a say in all matters. In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the "New Statesman":No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.Scruton strongly supported Brexit, because he believed that the European Union is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as being under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the Common Agricultural Policy.For his work with the Jan Hus Educational Foundation in communist Czechoslovakia, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of Plzeň. In 1998 Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, presented him with the Medal of Merit (First Class). In the UK, he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education". His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.Polish President Andrzej Duda presented Scruton with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland". In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents. The following month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán presented him with the Order of Merit of Hungary, Middle Cross.After learning in July 2019 that he had cancer, Scruton underwent treatment, including chemotherapy. He died on 12 January 2020 at the age of 75. The following day, the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully." The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sajid Javid, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."Mario Vargas Llosa, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." Robert Jenrick, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy". The scholar and former politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return". Another friend and colleague, Douglas Murray, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known". Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer Katharine Birbalsingh and cabinet minister Michael Gove who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in "Church Life" (a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity’s aesthetic upheaval."NonfictionFictionOperaTelevisionArticles
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Divine Mercy University",
"University of London",
"University of St Andrews",
"Boston University"
] |
|
Which political party did Ene Ergma belong to in Jun, 2003?
|
June 27, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Res Publica Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q439102_P102_0
|
Ene Ergma is a member of the Res Publica Party from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2006.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Isamaa from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2016.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Estonian Reform Party from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Ene ErgmaEne Ergma (born 29 February 1944, in Rakvere) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Riigikogu (Estonian parliament), and scientist. She was a member of the political party Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and, before the two parties merged, a member of Res Publica Party. On 1 June 2016, Ergma announced her resignation from the party, because the party had lost its identity and turned populist.Ergma received her Diploma "cum laude" (BSc/MSc equivalent) in astronomy and PhD in physics and mathematics from Lomonosov Moscow State University, and a DSc degree from Institute of Space Research, Moscow. Before entering politics she worked as a professor of Astronomy at University of Tartu, Estonia (since 1988). In 1994, she was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Most of her scientific research has been done on the evolution of the compact objects (such as white dwarfs and neutron stars) and also gamma ray bursts.From March 2003 until March 2006, Ergma was Speaker of the Riigikogu. From March 2006 to April 2007, she was the second Vice-President of the Riigikogu. On 2 April 2007 she was re-elected as Speaker of the Riigikogu and kept the post until March 2014.Ergma was the only candidate in the first round of the 2006 presidential election in the Riigikogu on 28 August 2006. She gathered 65 votes, 3 votes less than the at least 2/3 of the Riigikogu votes necessary for the election.She also ran along Volli Kalm and Birute Klaas for the presidency of University of Tartu, but was not elected.She is the chairwoman of the Space Research Committee of the Riigikogu.
|
[
"Isamaa",
"Estonian Reform Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Ene Ergma belong to in Jan, 2006?
|
January 16, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Isamaa",
"Res Publica Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q439102_P102_1
|
Ene Ergma is a member of the Isamaa from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2016.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Res Publica Party from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2006.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Estonian Reform Party from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Ene ErgmaEne Ergma (born 29 February 1944, in Rakvere) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Riigikogu (Estonian parliament), and scientist. She was a member of the political party Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and, before the two parties merged, a member of Res Publica Party. On 1 June 2016, Ergma announced her resignation from the party, because the party had lost its identity and turned populist.Ergma received her Diploma "cum laude" (BSc/MSc equivalent) in astronomy and PhD in physics and mathematics from Lomonosov Moscow State University, and a DSc degree from Institute of Space Research, Moscow. Before entering politics she worked as a professor of Astronomy at University of Tartu, Estonia (since 1988). In 1994, she was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Most of her scientific research has been done on the evolution of the compact objects (such as white dwarfs and neutron stars) and also gamma ray bursts.From March 2003 until March 2006, Ergma was Speaker of the Riigikogu. From March 2006 to April 2007, she was the second Vice-President of the Riigikogu. On 2 April 2007 she was re-elected as Speaker of the Riigikogu and kept the post until March 2014.Ergma was the only candidate in the first round of the 2006 presidential election in the Riigikogu on 28 August 2006. She gathered 65 votes, 3 votes less than the at least 2/3 of the Riigikogu votes necessary for the election.She also ran along Volli Kalm and Birute Klaas for the presidency of University of Tartu, but was not elected.She is the chairwoman of the Space Research Committee of the Riigikogu.
|
[
"Res Publica Party",
"Estonian Reform Party",
"Estonian Reform Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Ene Ergma belong to in Apr, 2021?
|
April 02, 2021
|
{
"text": [
"Estonian Reform Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q439102_P102_2
|
Ene Ergma is a member of the Estonian Reform Party from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Isamaa from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2016.
Ene Ergma is a member of the Res Publica Party from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2006.
|
Ene ErgmaEne Ergma (born 29 February 1944, in Rakvere) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Riigikogu (Estonian parliament), and scientist. She was a member of the political party Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and, before the two parties merged, a member of Res Publica Party. On 1 June 2016, Ergma announced her resignation from the party, because the party had lost its identity and turned populist.Ergma received her Diploma "cum laude" (BSc/MSc equivalent) in astronomy and PhD in physics and mathematics from Lomonosov Moscow State University, and a DSc degree from Institute of Space Research, Moscow. Before entering politics she worked as a professor of Astronomy at University of Tartu, Estonia (since 1988). In 1994, she was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Most of her scientific research has been done on the evolution of the compact objects (such as white dwarfs and neutron stars) and also gamma ray bursts.From March 2003 until March 2006, Ergma was Speaker of the Riigikogu. From March 2006 to April 2007, she was the second Vice-President of the Riigikogu. On 2 April 2007 she was re-elected as Speaker of the Riigikogu and kept the post until March 2014.Ergma was the only candidate in the first round of the 2006 presidential election in the Riigikogu on 28 August 2006. She gathered 65 votes, 3 votes less than the at least 2/3 of the Riigikogu votes necessary for the election.She also ran along Volli Kalm and Birute Klaas for the presidency of University of Tartu, but was not elected.She is the chairwoman of the Space Research Committee of the Riigikogu.
|
[
"Isamaa",
"Res Publica Party"
] |
|
Which position did Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ hold in Jun, 1849?
|
June 05, 1849
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Danish Constituent Assembly"
]
}
|
L2_Q947789_P39_0
|
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Prime Minister of Denmark from Oct, 1856 to May, 1857.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Finance Minister of Denmark from Dec, 1854 to Jul, 1858.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Speaker of the Folketing from Jan, 1850 to Aug, 1852.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of member of the Danish Constituent Assembly from Oct, 1848 to Jun, 1849.
|
Carl Christoffer Georg AndræCarl Christopher Georg Andræ (14 October 1812 – 2 February 1893) was a Danish politician and mathematician. From 1842 until 1854, he was professor of mathematics and mechanics at the national military college. He was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1853. Andræ was by royal appointment a member of the 1848 Danish Constituent Assembly. In 1854, he became Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Bang before also becoming Council President of Denmark 1856-1857 as leader of the Cabinet of Andræ. After being replaced as Council President by Carl Christian Hall in 1857 Andræ continued as Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Hall I until 1858. Being an individualist he, after the defeat of the National Liberals, never formally joined any political group but remained for the rest of his life a sceptical de facto conservative spectator of the Constitutional Struggle.Andræ was born in Hjertebjerg Rectory on the island of Møn. His parents were captain at the Third Jutland Infantry Regiment Johann Georg Andræ (1775–1814) Nicoline Christine Holm (1789–1862).He enrolled at Landkadetakademiet in 1825. In 1829, he was appointed to Second Lieutenant in the Road Corps. He followed a course in mathematics under Hans Christian Ørsted at the College of Applied Sciences before enrolling at the new Militære Højskole in 1830. He graduated with honours in December 1834 and was then made a First Lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. He completed two study trips to Paris in 1835–38.Andræ developed a system of what is now called the single transferable vote (STV), which was used in Danish elections from 1855. This was two years before Thomas Hare published his first description of an STV system, without reference to Andræ. Though thoroughly convinced of the soundness of his method of electing representatives and ready to defend it in the cabinet or the parliament, he made no effort to bring it to the attention of scientific men and statesmen in other countries, much less to defend his claim as an inventor.In 1842, Andræ married Hansine Pouline Schack, an early feminist, who commented on his political views in her diaries, published from 1914 to 1920 as "Geheimeraadinde Andræs politiske Dagbøger".He died on 2 February 1893. He is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.
|
[
"Speaker of the Folketing",
"Finance Minister of Denmark",
"Prime Minister of Denmark"
] |
|
Which position did Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ hold in Mar, 1852?
|
March 19, 1852
|
{
"text": [
"Speaker of the Folketing"
]
}
|
L2_Q947789_P39_1
|
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Prime Minister of Denmark from Oct, 1856 to May, 1857.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Finance Minister of Denmark from Dec, 1854 to Jul, 1858.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of member of the Danish Constituent Assembly from Oct, 1848 to Jun, 1849.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Speaker of the Folketing from Jan, 1850 to Aug, 1852.
|
Carl Christoffer Georg AndræCarl Christopher Georg Andræ (14 October 1812 – 2 February 1893) was a Danish politician and mathematician. From 1842 until 1854, he was professor of mathematics and mechanics at the national military college. He was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1853. Andræ was by royal appointment a member of the 1848 Danish Constituent Assembly. In 1854, he became Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Bang before also becoming Council President of Denmark 1856-1857 as leader of the Cabinet of Andræ. After being replaced as Council President by Carl Christian Hall in 1857 Andræ continued as Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Hall I until 1858. Being an individualist he, after the defeat of the National Liberals, never formally joined any political group but remained for the rest of his life a sceptical de facto conservative spectator of the Constitutional Struggle.Andræ was born in Hjertebjerg Rectory on the island of Møn. His parents were captain at the Third Jutland Infantry Regiment Johann Georg Andræ (1775–1814) Nicoline Christine Holm (1789–1862).He enrolled at Landkadetakademiet in 1825. In 1829, he was appointed to Second Lieutenant in the Road Corps. He followed a course in mathematics under Hans Christian Ørsted at the College of Applied Sciences before enrolling at the new Militære Højskole in 1830. He graduated with honours in December 1834 and was then made a First Lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. He completed two study trips to Paris in 1835–38.Andræ developed a system of what is now called the single transferable vote (STV), which was used in Danish elections from 1855. This was two years before Thomas Hare published his first description of an STV system, without reference to Andræ. Though thoroughly convinced of the soundness of his method of electing representatives and ready to defend it in the cabinet or the parliament, he made no effort to bring it to the attention of scientific men and statesmen in other countries, much less to defend his claim as an inventor.In 1842, Andræ married Hansine Pouline Schack, an early feminist, who commented on his political views in her diaries, published from 1914 to 1920 as "Geheimeraadinde Andræs politiske Dagbøger".He died on 2 February 1893. He is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.
|
[
"Finance Minister of Denmark",
"member of the Danish Constituent Assembly",
"Prime Minister of Denmark"
] |
|
Which position did Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ hold in May, 1857?
|
May 17, 1857
|
{
"text": [
"Finance Minister of Denmark"
]
}
|
L2_Q947789_P39_2
|
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Speaker of the Folketing from Jan, 1850 to Aug, 1852.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of member of the Danish Constituent Assembly from Oct, 1848 to Jun, 1849.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Finance Minister of Denmark from Dec, 1854 to Jul, 1858.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Prime Minister of Denmark from Oct, 1856 to May, 1857.
|
Carl Christoffer Georg AndræCarl Christopher Georg Andræ (14 October 1812 – 2 February 1893) was a Danish politician and mathematician. From 1842 until 1854, he was professor of mathematics and mechanics at the national military college. He was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1853. Andræ was by royal appointment a member of the 1848 Danish Constituent Assembly. In 1854, he became Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Bang before also becoming Council President of Denmark 1856-1857 as leader of the Cabinet of Andræ. After being replaced as Council President by Carl Christian Hall in 1857 Andræ continued as Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Hall I until 1858. Being an individualist he, after the defeat of the National Liberals, never formally joined any political group but remained for the rest of his life a sceptical de facto conservative spectator of the Constitutional Struggle.Andræ was born in Hjertebjerg Rectory on the island of Møn. His parents were captain at the Third Jutland Infantry Regiment Johann Georg Andræ (1775–1814) Nicoline Christine Holm (1789–1862).He enrolled at Landkadetakademiet in 1825. In 1829, he was appointed to Second Lieutenant in the Road Corps. He followed a course in mathematics under Hans Christian Ørsted at the College of Applied Sciences before enrolling at the new Militære Højskole in 1830. He graduated with honours in December 1834 and was then made a First Lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. He completed two study trips to Paris in 1835–38.Andræ developed a system of what is now called the single transferable vote (STV), which was used in Danish elections from 1855. This was two years before Thomas Hare published his first description of an STV system, without reference to Andræ. Though thoroughly convinced of the soundness of his method of electing representatives and ready to defend it in the cabinet or the parliament, he made no effort to bring it to the attention of scientific men and statesmen in other countries, much less to defend his claim as an inventor.In 1842, Andræ married Hansine Pouline Schack, an early feminist, who commented on his political views in her diaries, published from 1914 to 1920 as "Geheimeraadinde Andræs politiske Dagbøger".He died on 2 February 1893. He is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.
|
[
"Speaker of the Folketing",
"member of the Danish Constituent Assembly",
"Prime Minister of Denmark"
] |
|
Which position did Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ hold in Dec, 1856?
|
December 19, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Finance Minister of Denmark",
"Prime Minister of Denmark"
]
}
|
L2_Q947789_P39_3
|
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Prime Minister of Denmark from Oct, 1856 to May, 1857.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Speaker of the Folketing from Jan, 1850 to Aug, 1852.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of Finance Minister of Denmark from Dec, 1854 to Jul, 1858.
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ holds the position of member of the Danish Constituent Assembly from Oct, 1848 to Jun, 1849.
|
Carl Christoffer Georg AndræCarl Christopher Georg Andræ (14 October 1812 – 2 February 1893) was a Danish politician and mathematician. From 1842 until 1854, he was professor of mathematics and mechanics at the national military college. He was elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 1853. Andræ was by royal appointment a member of the 1848 Danish Constituent Assembly. In 1854, he became Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Bang before also becoming Council President of Denmark 1856-1857 as leader of the Cabinet of Andræ. After being replaced as Council President by Carl Christian Hall in 1857 Andræ continued as Finance Minister in the Cabinet of Hall I until 1858. Being an individualist he, after the defeat of the National Liberals, never formally joined any political group but remained for the rest of his life a sceptical de facto conservative spectator of the Constitutional Struggle.Andræ was born in Hjertebjerg Rectory on the island of Møn. His parents were captain at the Third Jutland Infantry Regiment Johann Georg Andræ (1775–1814) Nicoline Christine Holm (1789–1862).He enrolled at Landkadetakademiet in 1825. In 1829, he was appointed to Second Lieutenant in the Road Corps. He followed a course in mathematics under Hans Christian Ørsted at the College of Applied Sciences before enrolling at the new Militære Højskole in 1830. He graduated with honours in December 1834 and was then made a First Lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. He completed two study trips to Paris in 1835–38.Andræ developed a system of what is now called the single transferable vote (STV), which was used in Danish elections from 1855. This was two years before Thomas Hare published his first description of an STV system, without reference to Andræ. Though thoroughly convinced of the soundness of his method of electing representatives and ready to defend it in the cabinet or the parliament, he made no effort to bring it to the attention of scientific men and statesmen in other countries, much less to defend his claim as an inventor.In 1842, Andræ married Hansine Pouline Schack, an early feminist, who commented on his political views in her diaries, published from 1914 to 1920 as "Geheimeraadinde Andræs politiske Dagbøger".He died on 2 February 1893. He is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.
|
[
"member of the Danish Constituent Assembly",
"Speaker of the Folketing"
] |
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