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Anaphora/co-reference resolution is the task of identifying noun phrases that are used to refer to the same entity in a text. More precisely, let us assume that C1 and C2 are occurrences of two noun phrases (NPs) and both have a unique referent in the context in which they occur. Here C2 refers to C1 in the context. C1... | 0 |
Multi-word expressions (MWE) were defined by Sag et al. (2002) as "idiosyncratic interpretations that cross word boundaries (or spaces)" while Bouamor et al. (2012) defined a MWE as "a combination of words for which syntactic or semantic properties of the whole expression can not be obtained from its parts". Jackendoff... | 0 |
Optimality Theory (OT) claims that linguistic expressions are restricted by a set of universal, mutually inconsistent and violable constraints (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) . Conflicts result in the satisfaction of higher ranked constraints at the expense of their lower ranked adversaries. The variations among languages... | 0 |
Speech prosody is an important aspect of natural speech. Pitch, duration, and intensity are some of the prosodic components that dictate the naturalness of speech and differentiate contextual meaning. The objective of this study is to present computational analyses and perceptual experiments to confirm the existence an... | 0 |
Much research in lexical acquisition of verbs has concentrated on the relation between verbs and their argument frames. Many scholars hypothesize that the behavior of a verb, particularly with respect to the expression of arguments and the assignment of semantic roles is to a large extent driven by deep semantic regula... | 0 |
This paper focuses on spoken dialog translation, in which specific states of dialog can be identified and exploited to adapt a phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) system, in order to compute more appropriate translations. Adaptation in this scenario, more than coping with a statistical mismatch between t... | 0 |
Traditional open-domain semantic parsers often use statistical syntactic parsers to derive syntactic structure on which to build a meaning representation. Recently there have been interesting attempts to view semantic parsing as a translation task, mapping a source language (here: English) to a target language (a logic... | 0 |
Toponym resolution is an important task in the natural language processing field and has many applications such as emergency response and social media geographical event analysis (Gritta et al., 2018) . Toponym resolution is usually modelled as a two-step task. The first step is toponym detection, which is a typical na... | 0 |
Cet article propose de définir une classification des déterminants afin de s'en servir pour formuler dans de futurs travaux une formalisation de la sémantique de ces déterminants. elle se fonde sur une analyse des propriétés dynamiques des déterminants.Pour cela, nous commençons dans la partie 2 par présenter le cadre ... | 0 |
Automatic post-editing (APE) aims to learn how to correct machine translation errors by use of the human post-editing feedback. The traditional statistical post-editing builds monolingual statistical phrased-based machine translation system to translate the wrong raw outputs into good translations (Simard et al., 2007;... | 0 |
Discourse Parsing is the process of assigning a discourse structure to the input provided in the form of natural language. The term "Shallow" signifies that the annotation of one discourse relation is independent of all other discourse relations, thus leaving room for a high level analysis that may attempt to connect t... | 0 |
Researchers have been using NLP tools to analyze corpora for various tasks on online platforms. For example, Pei and Jurgens (2020) found that female-female interactions are more intimate than male-male interactions on Twitter and Reddit. Different from social media, open collaboration communities such as Wikipedia hav... | 0 |
Although the field of machine translation has a very long history, the number of really successful systems is not very impressive. Most of the funds invested into the development of various MT systems have been wasted and have not stimulated a development of techniques which would allow to translate at least technical ... | 0 |
Relation Extraction is the task of predicting semantic relations over entities expressed in structured or semi-structured text. This includes, for example, the extraction of employer-employee relations mentioned in newswire, or protein-protein interactions expressed in biomedical papers. It also includes the prediction... | 0 |
Visual Question Answering (VQA; Antol et al., 2015) requires models to jointly understand an image and a natural language question. This is a challenging task; despite massive training data and recent pre-training strategies (Tan and Bansal, 2019; Lu et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2020) models still struggle to close the g... | 0 |
Identifying the tense and aspect of predicates can provide important clues to the sequencing and structure of events, which is a vital part of numerous down-stream natural language processing applications.Our long term goal is to augment Abstract Meaning Representations (Banarescu et al., 2013) with tense and aspect in... | 0 |
The field of Machine Translation (MT) has evolved very rapidly since the emergence of statistical approaches almost three decades ago (Brown et al., 1988; Brown et al., 1990) . MT is nowadays a growing reality throughout the industry, which continues to adopt this technology as it results in demonstrable improvements i... | 0 |
Word embeddings quickly achieved wide adoption in natural language processing (NLP), precipitating the development of efficient, word-level neural models of human language. However, prominent word embeddings such as word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and GloVe (Pennington et al., 2014) encode systematic biases against wom... | 0 |
The goal of this paper is to present a discourselevel annotation scheme developed for the purpose of investigating information distribution in text from a cross-linguistic perspective, with a particular focus on the interplay of various factors pertaining to the realization of information structure.Information Structur... | 0 |
We describe the KIT systems submitted to the Shared Translation Task of the EMNLP 2015 Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. They are phrase-based English→German and German→English systems.In order to clean a large amount of noisy webcrawled data, we applied a filtering technique using an SVM classifier. L... | 0 |
A statistical natural language modeling can be viewed as estimating a combinational distribution X x Y -+ [0, 1] using training data (x~,y,),..., (XT, YT) e X x Y observed in corpora. For this topic, Baum (1972) proposed EM algorithm, which was basis of Forward-Backward algorithm for the hidden Markov model (HMM) and I... | 0 |
The availability of large scale semantic lexicons, such as FrameNet (Baker et al., 1998) , allowed the adoption of a wide family of learning paradigms in the automation of semantic parsing. Building upon the so called frame semantic model (Fillmore, 1985) , the Berkeley FrameNet project has developed a semantic lexicon... | 0 |
Information Retrieval (IR) is a central component of many natural language applications. Traditionally, lexical methods (Robertson et al., 1994) have been used to search through text content. However, these methods suffer from the lexical gap (Berger et al., 2000) and are not able to recognize synonyms and distinguish ... | 0 |
Spelling check, which is an automatic mechanism to detect and correct human spelling errors in every written language, has been an active research area in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, spelling check in Chinese is very different from that in English or other alphabetical languages. First beca... | 0 |
We describe a real-time event extraction system for three less-resourced languages: Bulgarian, Romanian and Turkish 1 . The goal of event extraction is to identify instances of a specified set of event types in natural language texts, and to retrieve database-like, structured information about event participants and at... | 0 |
Nowadays, a deluge of scientific articles is published every year, which demonstrates that we are living in an emerging knowledge era. An important drawback of this situation is that the study of a given field or problem requires reviewing an huge number of scientific publications, becoming such a very arduous task. Mo... | 0 |
Dam une tr6s large proportion, Ivs roots sont grammaticalemcnt ambigus. Par exemple ferme est hors eontexte substantif, adjectif, verbe ou adverbe. En arabe, ,~-~ (kataba, dcrire) eat verbe dt la fl'= personne du singuBer de 5. Verbe dl l'impdratif 2 ~"~ personne masculin singulier ('.~" katfib : fais dcrire) auxquelle... | 0 |
Substitution ciphers have been used widely in the past to encrypt secrets behind messages. These ciphers replace (English) plaintext letters with cipher symbols in order to generate the ciphertext sequence.There exist many published works on automatic decipherment methods for solving simple lettersubstitution ciphers. ... | 0 |
We say that a problem of translation is weak if the sentence correspondence defined by that problem is such that there is always a very small number of target sentences corresponding to a given source sentence, if it is presented in isolation, and almost always only 1 target sentence in a given context. On the contrary... | 0 |
The booming volume of user-generated content and the consequent popularity growth of online review sites has led to vast amount of user reviews that are becoming increasingly difficult to grasp. There is desperate need for tools that can automatically process and organize information that might be useful for both users... | 0 |
Supervised event extraction models require sufficient training data to achieve a good performance. However, event annotation is a challenging task costing a lot of time and manual effort due to the sparsity of event mentions in natural language and the potentially large number of emergent event types that human annotat... | 0 |
Many natural language processing tasks begin by identifying sentences, but due to the semantic ambiguity of the period, the sentence boundary detection (SBD) problem is non-trivial. While reported error rates are low, significant improvement is possible and potentially valuable. For example, since a single error can ru... | 0 |
The overall high dimensionality of textual data is of major importance in text classification (also known as text categorization), opinion mining, noisy text normalization and other NLP tasks. Since in most cases a high number of words occurs, one can easily fall in the case of overfitting. Regularization remains a key... | 0 |
One of the central design questions in machine translation is that of the best method of structural transfer, that is, the conversion from the syntactic analysis structure of the source language to the syntactic generation structure of the target language. Although several of the various approaches to thisinterlingua, ... | 0 |
Recently, text-to-speech (TTS) system synthesizers have been evaluated from different aspects, such as intelligibility, naturalness, and preference of the synthetic speech, as noted by Stevens, Lees, Vonwiller, and Burnham (2005) . Since the final purpose of applying synthetic speech is to make it usable to application... | 0 |
Machine Translation systems frequently encounter terms they are not able to translate due to some missing knowledge. For instance, a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system translating the sentence "Cisco filed a lawsuit against Apple for patent violation" may lack words like filed and lawsuit in its phrase table.... | 0 |
The definition of drug-drug interaction (DDI) is broadly described as a change in the effects of one drug by the presence of another drug (Baxter and Stockely, 2010) . The detection of DDIs is an important research area in patient safety since these interactions can become very dangerous and increase health care costs.... | 0 |
Common sense suggests that unnecessarily complex utterences are best avoided by speakers and writers who want to get their message across and, broadly speaking, this idea is confirmed by empirical research (Clark 1992 , Cremers 1996 ). The present paper will discuss the complexity of referring expressions, and the impl... | 0 |
Natural language generation involves a number of processes ranging from planning the content to be expressed through making encoding decisions involving syntax, the lexicon and morphology. The present study concerns decisions made about the form and distribution of each "mention" of a discourse entity: should reference... | 0 |
The structured language model uses hidden parse trees to assign conditional word-level language model probabilities. As explained in (Chelba and Jelinek, 2000) , Section 4.4.1, if the final best parse is used to be the only parse, the reduction in PPL -relative to a 3-gram baseline-using the SLM's headword parametrizat... | 0 |
The term offensive language (OL) is used to describe "hurtful, derogatory or obscene comments made by one person to another person" and the term hate speech (HS) to describe speech that is possibly harmful to disadvantaged social groups. 2 Although both legal and ethical aspects have been considered in an effort to dif... | 0 |
The builders of affective lexica face the vexing task of distilling the many and varied pragmatic uses of a word or concept into an overall semantic measure of affect. The task is greatly complicated by the fact that in each context of use, speakers may implicitly agree to focus on just a subset of the salient features... | 0 |
Automatic text summarization is one of the tasks that have long been studied in natural language processing area. One of well-known approaches for automatic text summarization is an extractive method which picks important textual units (e.g. sentences) from given documents (Kupiec et al., 1995; Goldstein et al., 2000; ... | 0 |
One phenomenon in which prosody is often assumed to play a disambiguating role is anaphora resolution. In particular, many have proposed that the presence of accent on a pronoun is a signal that the pronoun has an "unusual" antecedent, not the maximally salient compatible discourse referent, which is what an unaccented... | 0 |
Deep linguistic processing is essential for spoken dialogue systems designed to collaborate with users to perform collaborative tasks. We describe the TRIPS natural language understanding system, which is designed for this purpose. As we develop the system, we are constantly balancing two competing needs: (1) deep sema... | 0 |
The example-based approach (Nagao, 1984) contrasts with the statistical approach (Brown et al., 1990; Brown et al., 1993) to machine translation in that it uses a bilingual corpus of aligned sentences as its main knowledge at run time. We aim at building an EBMT system based on proportional analogies.A translation meth... | 0 |
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) in the biomedical domain presents challenges in addition to general domain translation. Firstly, available corpora are relatively small, exacerbating the effect of noisy or poorly aligned training data. Secondly, individual sentences within a biomedical document may use specialist vocab... | 0 |
It is difficult to recognize and quantify semantic similarities across languages. The Fr-En phrase-pair {'un cas de force majeure', 'case of absolute necessity'}, Zh-En phrase pair {'依然故我','persist in a stubborn manner'} are similar in semantics. If cooccurrences of exact word combinations are rare in the training para... | 0 |
As conversational systems (i.e., chatbots) become more pervasive, careful analysis of their capabilities becomes important. Conversational systems are being used for a variety of support, service, and sales applications that were formerly handled by human agents. Thus, organizations deploying such systems must be able ... | 0 |
Extractive approach to multi-document summarization (MDS) produces a summary by selecting sentences from original documents. Document Understanding Conferences (DUC), now TAC, fosters the effort on building MDS systems, which take document clusters (documents on a same topic) and description of the desired summary focu... | 0 |
Code-Mixing (CM) is formally defined as the embedding of linguistic units such as phrases, words, and morphemes of one language into an utterance of another language, which is commonly observed in multilingual communities ((Myers-Scotton, 1997) , (Poplack, 1980) , (Muysken, 2000) ). Traditionally, some studies (Yow and... | 0 |
In languages like English, the substantial scaffolding provided by surface constituent structure trees is often a useful guide for semantic composition, and the h-calculus is a convenient formalism for assembling the semantics along that scaffolding [Montague, 1974] . This is because the derivation of the meaning of a ... | 0 |
In recent years, and in particular in the context of digital humanities, historical language data has been gaining increasing significance. The focus is on providing easy access to the information contained in the data. To this end, historical texts are digitized and processed by OCR or even transcribed manually. Due t... | 0 |
Reflecting the rapid growth in science and technology, new words and technical terms are being progressively created, and these words and terms are often transliterated when imported as loanwords in another language.Loanwords are often not included in dictionaries, and decrease the quality of natural language processin... | 0 |
Relation Extraction (RE) is an important task which aims to identify relationships held between entities in a given piece of text. While most previous methods focus on extracting relations from a single sentence (Lin et al., 2016; , recent studies begin to explore RE at document level (Peng et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2... | 0 |
Question Answering (QA) aims at finding exact answers to natural language questions in a large collection of documents (such as World Wide Web). Within a QA system, passage retrieval reduces the search space for finding the answer from such large collection of documents to a fixed number of passages (say top 20). But t... | 0 |
Supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems often rely directly on the local contexts in which target words appear. For example, the state-of-the-art system of Zhong et al. (2008) uses features based on collocations centered on the target word. Models relying on such features do well with copious amounts of trai... | 0 |
This paper summarises the first shared task on end-to-end (E2E) natural language generation (NLG) in spoken dialogue systems (SDSs). Shared tasks have become an established way of pushing research boundaries in the field of natural language processing, with NLG benchmarking tasks running since 2007 (Belz and Gatt, 2007... | 0 |
The main hypothesis underlying the tasks in Lexical Acquisition is that it is possible to infer lexical properties from distributional evidence, taken as a generalisation of a word's linguistic behaviour in corpora. The need for the automatic acquisition of lexical information arised from the so-called "lexical bottlen... | 0 |
One of the key goals of AI is to build a machine that can talk with humans when given an initial topic. To achieve this goal, the machine should be able to understand language with background knowledge, recall knowledge from memory or external resource, reason about these concepts together, and finally output appropria... | 0 |
Many Natural Language Processing applications (i.e machine translation) require syntactic information and tools for syntactic analysis. However, these linguistic resources are only available for some languages(i.e English, Japanese, Chines). In the case of Vietnamese, currently most researchers have focused on word seg... | 0 |
Having high quality annotated data is crucial for training supervised machine learning models. However, producing large datasets with good labeling quality is expensive and labor intensive. Most NLP datasets rely on labels provided by human annotators with varying skills and limited training and expertise. The label in... | 0 |
Compositionality is a mechanism by which the meanings of complex expressions are systematically determined from the meanings of their parts, and has been widely assumed in the study of both artificial and natural languages (Montague, 1973) as a means for allowing speakers to generalize to understanding an infinite numb... | 0 |
The automatic processing and understanding of multiparty meetings has emerged recently as a major area of research. Technically, meetings present many interesting multidisciplinary challenges; for instance, they have multiple interacting participants and contain spontaneous speech, movement, and gesture. Commercially, ... | 0 |
Understanding natural language to solve problems be it algebraic word problems Hosseini et al., 2014) or questions from biology texts (Berant et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2011) , has attracted a lot of research interest over the past few decades. For NLP, these problems are of particular interest as they are concise, yet ... | 0 |
It is a truth universally acknowledged that an annotation task in good standing be in possession of a measure of inter-annotator agreement (IAA). However, no such measure is in widespread use for the task of syntactic annotation. This is due to a mismatch between the formulation of the agreement measures, which assumes... | 0 |
The Multilingual News Article Similarity Task 1 (SemEval 2022 Task 8) is designed as a shared task to encourage participants to build systems that check if a monolingual or cross-lingual pair of news articles belong to the same story (Chen et al., 2022) . The task consists in providing a similarity score from 1 to 4 fo... | 0 |
It is widely agreed that identifying paraphrases is a core task for natural language processing, including applications like document summarization (Barzilay et al., 1999) , Recognizing Textual Entailment (Dagan et al., 2005) , natural language generation (Zhao et al., 2010; Ganitkevitch et al., 2011) , and machine tra... | 0 |
Since Berners-Lee (2001) presented his vision of a Semantic Web at the turn of the century, there has been an explosion of technologies and tools made available to implement it 1 . The core idea of the Semantic Web is linked data, where data forms a giant graph spread across the internet, known as the Giant Global Grap... | 0 |
The paper is based on a non-English-based programming language, called Sanskritam being developed under a doctoral thesis. Instead of adopting the syntax of programming languages highly inspired by the symbolic language of logic and mathematics, we have adopted a natural language-based syntax like those of generic Sans... | 0 |
Semantic parsing is a promising technique for enabling natural language user interfaces (Ge and Mooney, 2005; Artzi and Zettlemoyer, 2013; Berant et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015) . However, a key challenge facing semantic parsing is the richness of human language, which can often encode concepts (e.g., "circle") that d... | 0 |
HIV can cause a dangerous infection that can lead to AIDS, a disease that can lead to severe immunological symptoms and eventual death. Common modes of infection include sexual contact, blood transfusion, or the sharing of drug paraphernalia. While the rates have dropped over the last few decades, HIV infection is not ... | 0 |
Min-Nan is one of the subcategories of the Min dialect, which is one of the seven Chinese dialect families [Yuan et al. 1989] . Aside from some pockets of speakers scattered over Southeast Asia, varieties of Min-Nan are spoken in southern Fujian, eastern and southeastern Guangdong, and are spread over much of the islan... | 0 |
This paper concerns a technique which we use to measure whether two texts are representative of the same text genre or sublanguage. It is very much in the spirit of the well-known work in this field by Douglas Biber (1988 , 1990 , 1995 , but differs crucially in that we avoid the explicit selection of linguistic featur... | 0 |
I)espite the long history of research and development, perfect or nearly perfect analysis of a fairly ',vide range of natural language sentences is still beyond the state of the art. The users of the existing batch-style machine translation systems are obliged to post-edit the machine-translated text even if it contain... | 0 |
Corpus annotation is a process of adding interpretive linguistic information to a corpus (Leech, 2004) . In the era of increasing trend of machine learning in NLP, annotated data drives the progress of NLP systems in many ways. Fields of NLP like Machine Translation, Information Extraction/Retrieval, Relationship Detec... | 0 |
Biological pathways represent important insights into the flow of information within a cell by encoding the sequence of interactions among various biological players (such as genes, proteins etc.) in response to certain stimuli (or spontaneous at times) which leads to a change in the state of the cell. Studying and ana... | 0 |
Ambiguity is inherent to human language. In particular, word sense ambiguity is prevalent in all natural languages, with a large number of the words in any given language carrying more than one meaning. For instance, the English noun plant can mean green plant or factory; similarly the French word feuille can mean leaf... | 0 |
The opinions expressed in various Web and media outlets (e.g., blogs, newspapers) are an important yardstick for the success of a product or a government policy. For instance, a product with consistently good reviews is likely to sell well. The general approach is to summarize the semantic polarity (i.e., positive or n... | 0 |
L'analyse automatique de l'opinion est une tâche importante pour beaucoup d'entreprises qui souhaitent connaître l'accueil public de leur marque ou de leur produit et a, de ce fait, donné lieu à de nombreuses recherches ces dernières années (Pang & Lee, 2007; Liu, 2012) . Dans toute sa généralité, la problématique de l... | 0 |
Modern neural architectures for NLP are highly effective when provided a large amount of labelled training data (Zhang et al., 2015; Conneau et al., 2017; Bowman et al., 2015) . However, a large labelled data set is not always readily accessible due to the high cost of expertise needed for labelling or even due to lega... | 0 |
Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) is the first step for many Chinese Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks (Cai and Zhao, 2016; . Approaches to CWS could be categorized into two categories: character-based and wordbased. The former treats CWS as a sequence labeling problem, labeling each character in a sequence with B/... | 0 |
Word alignment (Brown et al., 1993; Vogel et al., 1996; Och and Ney, 2003a; Graca et al., 2007) remains key to providing high-quality translations as all subsequent training stages rely on its performance. It alone does not effectively capture many-to-many word correspondences, but instead relies on the ability of subs... | 0 |
The annotation of linguistic corpora has recently extended its scope from morphological or syntactic tagging to discourse-level annotation. Discourse annotation, however, is known to be highly challenging due to the multiple factors that make up texts (anaphors, discourse relations, topics, etc.). The challenge may bec... | 0 |
Labeling of sentence boundaries is a necessary prerequisite for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including part-of-speech tagging (Church, 1988) , (Cutting et al., 1991) , and sentence alignment (Gale and Church, 1993) , (Kay and RSscheisen, 1993) . End-of-sentence punctuation marks are ambiguous; for exam... | 0 |
Relation extraction, the task of extracting semantic relations between named entities mentioned in text, has become a key research topic in natural language processing (NLP) with a variety of practical applications (Bach and Badaskar, 2007) . Traditional approaches for relation extraction are feature-based and kernel-b... | 0 |
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models are typically trained using a fixed-size lexical vocabulary. In addition to controlling the computational load, this limitation also serves to maintain better distributed representations for the most frequent set of words included in the vocabulary. On the other hand, rare words ... | 0 |
The goal of the semantic parser is to analyze the semantic structure of a natural language sentence. Similar in spirit with the syntactic parser -whose goal is to parse a valid natural language sentence into a parse tree indicating how the sentence can be syntactically decomposed into smaller syntactic constituents -th... | 0 |
Temporal information extraction has been a trending topic of research interest in the field of information extraction. It is crucial for improvement of systems used in number of applications ranging from question answering, search engines, text classification etc. to the systems that establish timelines and explicitly ... | 0 |
Communicative gestures, such as head movements, gaze and hand gestures, are important in face-toface communication, where they provide relevant and non redundant information that must be processed together with speech (Kendon, 2004) . The automatic annotation of gestures is still problematic while their manual annotati... | 0 |
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has made remarkable progress over the past few years (Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016) . Just like Moses (Koehn et al., 2007) does for statistic machine translation (SMT), open-source NMT toolkits contribute greatly to this progress, including but not limi... | 0 |
Hypernymy relations are important in many Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, and in general in data-intensive applications processing large amounts of unstructured and semi-structured information in order to interpret data and text that are not already semantically annotate... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis is an important task in natural language processing. It has received not only a lot of interest in academia but also in industry, in particular for identifying customer satisfaction on products and services. Early research in the field (Das and Chen, 2001; Morinaga et al., 2002) of sentiment analysis... | 0 |
It has been argued by LaPolla (1993 LaPolla ( , 1995 and Van Valin and LaPolla (1997) that word order in Mandarin Chinese (henceforth MC) cannot be used to define grammatical relations given that word order is (almost exclusively) determined by informational/communicative considerations. In this respect, LaPolla (1995:... | 0 |
The lexical substitution task consists in providing the best substitute for a given word in a given context, usually the sentence. This is a crucial task in Natural Language Processing that requires systems to identify words that are semantically close to the target, and to select among candidates those that best fit t... | 0 |
Semantic parsing is the task of converting natural language utterances into machine executable programs such as SQL, lambda logical form (Liang, 2013) . This has been a classical area of research in natural language processing (NLP) with earlier works primarily utilizing rule based approaches (Woods, 1973) or grammar b... | 0 |
Online retail business has been on an unprecedented growth since last few years, with a market share of 600 Billion dollars last year in the United States 1 . To cope up with such an epochal growth, product discovery becomes an important aspect for any e-commerce platform. It is an important aspect to help customers na... | 0 |
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Ad-hoc romanization is the practice of using the Roman script to express messages in languages that have their own native scripts ( Figure 1) . The phenomenon is observed in informal settings, such as social media, and is due to either unavailability of a native-script keyboard, or the writer's preference for using a R... | 0 |
The advances in information technology have revolutionised both the speed and the variety of information presentation in a variety of media. The challenge of today is to satisfy the demand for that information in all its forms in a multitude of languages. The key to delivering on these demands is the translator. In thi... | 0 |
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