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Propaganda techniques need to attach importance to arouse the emotions of the receivers, sometimes even by temporarily bypassing the intellectual defenses of the receivers Pearlin and Rosenberg (1952) . Propaganda uses psychological and rhetorical techniques to achieve its purpose. Such techniques include using logical... | 0 |
Modern search engines have become very good at understanding typical, most popular user intents, recognizing topic of a question and providing a relevant links. However, search engines are not necessarily capable of providing an answer that would match a style, personal circumstances, knowledge state, an attitude of a ... | 0 |
Automatic summarisation datasets are generally expensive to create, because they generally involve a human reading a document several times and then crafting a fluent piece of text that captures both the important information of the document and the intention of the resulting summary. Each datapoint in such a dataset c... | 0 |
Garbage in, garbage out is a well known adage in the computer science and machine learning community. In NLP it has become the centre-focus, demanding a task of its own right; namely, lexical normalisation (Baldwin et al., 2015) . Lexical normalisation is the task of identifying and normalising non-canonical tokens (e.... | 0 |
We propose a novel solution for the analysis of sentiment expressed in text media. Novel corpus based and lexicon based sentiment analysis methods are created each year. The continual emergence of conceptually similar methods for this known problem shows that a satisfactory solution has still not been found. We believe... | 0 |
In this paper, we describe our (team tubafs) efforts in three different tasks during our participation in NLI shared task 2017 . All the three tasks aim at identifying native language using essays (essay track), speech transcriptions along with i-vectors (speech track) and fusion track that allows the participants to u... | 0 |
Example-Based (EB) Machine Translation (MT) systems have recently led to successful limiteddomain applications [Brown et al., 1993 , Vogel et al., 1996 . Subsequential Transducers (SSTs) [Berstel, 1979] , which are also within the EB framework and are a class of Finite-State Models (FSMs), have become an interesting ap... | 0 |
Text segmentation is the task of dividing text into segments, such that each segment is topically coherent, and cutoff points indicate a change of topic (Hearst, 1994; Utiyama and Isahara, 2001; Brants et al., 2002) . This provides basic structure to a document in a way that can later be used by downstream applications... | 0 |
Computational grammars of natural language lie at the heart of various wide-coverage symbolic parsing systems. At present, such systems have been integrated into real-world NLP applications, such as IE, QA, grammar checking, MT and intelligent IR. This integration, though, has reminded us of some of the problems which ... | 0 |
Automatic turn and dialogue level quality evaluation of end user interactions with Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDS) is vital for identifying problematic conversations and for optimizing dialogue policy using a data driven approach, such as reinforcement learning. One of the main requirements to designing data-driven polic... | 0 |
We present a new French -Romanian cognate identification module, integrated into a lexical alignment system using French -Romanian parallel law corpora. We define cognates as translation equivalents having an identical form or sharing orthographic or phonetic similarities (common etymology, borrowings) . Cognates are v... | 0 |
Madly Ambiguous is an open source, 1 in-browser online game 2 aimed at teaching audiences of all ages about structural ambiguity and some of the difficulties it poses for natural language processing. Users are introduced to the spunky Mr. Computer Head (Figure 1 ), a character who gives them an introduction to structur... | 0 |
Users' queries for Web search are usually short. For example, the average length of TREC topic description for conventional text retrieval is 15 tokens [11, 12] , while analyses of web search engine logs reveal that the average query length for Web search is about 2.3 tokens [6, 9] . Short queries means that the inform... | 0 |
In statistical machine translation (SMT) (Brown et al., 1993) , large quantities of high-quality bilingual data are essential to achieve high translation accuracy. While in many cases large corpora can be collected, for example by crawling the web (Resnik and 1 Code to replicate the experiments can be found at https://... | 0 |
This paper deals with supertagging 2 as a preprocessing step before full parsing.A TAG parser has too many elementary trees to choose from if they are not at least partially disambiguated beforehand (Joshi and Bangalore, August 1994): the combinatorics at the parsing level are huge. As suggested in Srinivas Bangalore's... | 0 |
Automatically scoring the content of student answers is a well-established research field (see, e.g., Sukkarieh and Blackmore (2009) ; Ziai et al. (2012) ; Higgins et al. (2014) ). However, content scoring is usually restricted to training a model on labeled answers in one language and then applying it to unseen studen... | 0 |
In recent years, language model pre-training has achieved great success in almost all NLP fields (Devlin et al., 2019; Lan et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019c; Lewis et al., 2020; Radford et al.; Yang et al., 2019) . By learning from large corpus text segments without supervision, the models are able to learn the general r... | 0 |
Stock investment platforms like StockTwits 1 provide their users with many indicators of live events occurring on markets. To anticipate volatility, seen as a risk, investors use indexes such as the VIX 2 (Volatility IndeX) which is interpreted as a measure of investor confidence with respect to S&P 500 stock index opt... | 0 |
For Machine Learning practitioners of supervised classification, the task of debugging and improving their classifiers involves repeated iterations of training with different parameters. Usually, at each stage the trained model is kept as an opaque construct of which only aggregate statistics (precision, recall, etc.) ... | 0 |
Domain adaptation is a major challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). Although impressive improvements have been achieved in recent years (c.f. Bojar et al. (2016) ), NMT systems require a large amount of training data and thus perform poorly relative to phrase-based machine translation (PBMT) systems in low res... | 0 |
With the explosive growth of text documents on the web, relevant information retrieval has become a crucial task to satisfy the needs of different end users. To this end, automatic text categorization has emerged as a way to cope with such a problem. Automatic text (or document) categorization attempts to replace and s... | 0 |
As the number of image collections is rapidly growing, so does the need to browse and search them. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in developing methods for image retrieval 1 , many of which are query-based. Given a database of images, each annotated with keywords, the query is used to retrieve relevan... | 0 |
Pre-trained language models, such as GPT (Radford et al., 2018) , BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) , RoBERTa and UniLM (Dong et al., 2019) have achieved impressive success in many natural language processing tasks. These models usually have hundreds of millions of parameters. They are pre-trained on a large corpus of general... | 0 |
One of the most widely used transition systems for dependency parsing is the arceager system first described in Nivre (2003) , which has been used as the backbone for greedy deterministic dependency parsers (Nivre, Hall, and Nilsson 2004; Goldberg and Nivre 2012) , beam search parsers with structured prediction (Zhang ... | 0 |
Speech is one of the most natural form of communication for humankind (Honda, 2003) . Computer with the ability to understand natural language promoted the development of man-machine interface. This can be extended through different digital platforms such as radio, mobile, TV, CD and others. Through these, speech trans... | 0 |
Automatic construction of Knowledge Graphs (KGs) from Web documents has received significant interest over the last few years, resulting in the development of several large KGs consisting of hundreds of predicates (e.g., isCity, sta-diumLocatedInCity(Stadium, City)) and millions of their instances called beliefs (e.g.,... | 0 |
Les algorithmes de génération d'expressions référentielles se sont jusqu'à présent préoccupés essentiellement de la génération de descriptions définies. L'un des buts essentiels de ces algorithmes est de produire des descriptions suffisamment informatives pour permettre au locuteur d'identifier le référent décrit par l... | 0 |
It is well known that a snippet of text in Chinese (or some other oriental languages) consists of a span of continuous characters without delimiting white spaces to identify words. Therefore, most parsing systems do not make full use of space characters when parsing. Furthermore, even though Latinbased languages such a... | 0 |
Being an important human language phenomenon, coreference brings simplicity for human languages while introducing a huge challenge for machines to process, especially for pronouns, which are hard to be interpreted owing to their weak semantic meanings (Ehrlich, 1981) . As one challenging yet vital subtask of the genera... | 0 |
Turkish is an agglutinating language, a single word can be a sentence with tense, modality, polarity, and voice. It has free word-order, subject to discourse restrictions. All these properties make it a challenge to language theories like CCG (Steedman (2000) ).Several studies have been made into building a CCG for Tur... | 0 |
State-of-the-art automated essay scoring engines such as E-rater (Attali and Burstein, 2006) do not grade essay content, focusing instead on providing diagnostic trait feedback on categories such as grammar, usage, mechanics, style and organization. Hence, persuasiveness and other content-dependent dimensions of argume... | 0 |
In statistical machine translation (SMT), there have been many works on smoothing translation model probabilities (Foster et al., 2006; Kuhn et al., 2010) , but few work on feature estimation. (Chiang et al., 2009) proposed to add new features outside the translation model, but to the best of our knowledge there is few... | 0 |
Propaganda is an information, particularly of a misleading or biased nature, used to promote certain causes or views influencing specific audiences agenda using incorrect claims that might include emotional delusions.Thus, propaganda detection problem is a reallife challenge that can affect how people understand news. ... | 0 |
Statistical parsers and rule-based parsers have advanced over recent years. However, significant efforts are required to increase the performance of current parsers (Klein and Manning, 2003; Nivre et al., 2006; Ballesteros and Nivre, 2012; Marimon et al., 2014) .One of the linguistic phenomena which parsers often fail ... | 0 |
Rationale models aim to introduce a degree of interpretability into neural networks by implicitly baking in explanations for their decisions (Lei et al., 2016; Bastings et al., 2019; . These models are carried out in a two-stage 'rationalizethen-predict' framework, where the model first selects a subset of the input as... | 0 |
Natural language processing (NLP) is being demanded in various fields, such as biomedical research, patent application, and WWW, because an unmanageable amount of information is being published in unstructured data, i.e., natural language texts. To exploit latent information in these, the assistance of NLP technologies... | 0 |
Matching speech signal and its orthographic transcription is a necessary first step for many research questions in linguistics (Yuan et al., 2018; Olsen et al., 2017; DiCanio et al., 2013) . For wellresourced languages, manually aligned corpora exist, providing an easy starting point for linguistic research. For under-... | 0 |
One of the expected dialogue tasks for spoken dialogue systems is attentive listening, which is when an automated system carefully listens to the user and then generates a response. This task has been found to be useful for elderly people living alone who desire social interaction. We have so far developed an attentive... | 0 |
In procedural approaches of linguistic semantics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence, natural language understanding systems make use of language and/or world knowledge bases. Defined as lexical structures, memory models or semantic networks, they are formatted according to whatever representational, expl... | 0 |
Les performances des analyseurs morpho-syntaxiques statistiques chutent de manière significative dès qu'ils sont utilisés pour étiqueter des phrases provenant d'un domaine différent de celui sur lequel ils ont été entrainés. Cette chute est généralement expliquée (Seddah et al., 2012; Plank et al., 2014; Bartenlian et ... | 0 |
The recent progress of computational linguistic techniques and frameworks had a deep impact in the field of the assistive technologies. For instance, the recent development of commercial platforms for building speech dialogue systems, which are designed for not-impaired people, can also help people with disabilities in... | 0 |
Recently published Polish Coreference Corpus (PCC) (Ogrodniczuk et al., 2013) contains a large number of Polish texts annotated manually with coreference. During the initial stage of this project in 2011, a tool had to be selected for the manual text annotation with coreference.First issue considered during the selecti... | 0 |
Within the field of text-to-text generation, the sentence compression task can be defined as follows: given a sentence S, consisting of words w 1 w 2 ...w n , what is a subset of the words of S, such that it is grammatical and preserves essential information from S? There are many applications which would benefit from ... | 0 |
Task-oriented dialogue systems achieve specific user goals within a limited number of dialogue turns via natural language. They have been used in a wide range of applications, such as booking restaurants (Wen et al., 2017) , providing tourist information (Budzianowski et al., 2018) , ordering tickets (Schulz et al., 20... | 0 |
Word embeddings have become an important cornerstone in any NLP pipeline. Although such embeddings traditionally involve context-free distributed representations of words (Mikolov et al., 2013; Pennington et al., 2014) , recent successes with contextualized representations (Howard and Ruder, 2018; Peters et al., 2018; ... | 0 |
Since Bird & Klein (1994) , there have been many trials to implement phonological processes within the typed feature structure formalism. Most of them have been conducted within Headdriven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG; Pollard & Sag, 1994; Sag & Wasow, 1999; Sag et al. 2003) .The goal of this paper is to provide comp... | 0 |
Linguistic resources are hard to come by and unevenly distributed across the world's languages. Consequently, transferring linguistic resources or knowledge from one language to another has been identified as an important research problem. Most work on cross-lingual transfer has used English as the source language. The... | 0 |
We humans are complex creatures that use language as a communication tool in order to express our thoughts to one another (Sabbagh, 1999) . One of the ways that we communicate with another person is through use of verbal irony. Verbal irony is defined as where the words that are being used to communicate differ from th... | 0 |
Citizens utilize public demonstrations, protests, and in extreme cases, riots, to express dissatisfaction over the current political or social state in their country. Some of these movements successfully achieve government reforms, many do not. These movements are often driven from the ground up, by grassroots advocacy... | 0 |
In automatic text generation, Referring Expression Generation (REG) is the task responsible for generating references to discourse entities, addressing, for example, the question whether the text should refer to an entity using a definite description (the West Coast poet and patron saint of drinking writers), a pronoun... | 0 |
With the proliferation and growth of Web 2.0, cQA services, such as Yahoo! Answers 1 , Quora 2 and WikiAnswer 3 , have emerged as extremely popular alternatives to acquire information online. They permit information seekers to post their specific questions on any topic and obtain answers provided by other participants.... | 0 |
A quel niveau de l'analyse doit-on situer la multimodalité que l'on veut étudier ? Autrement dit, un constat fait de manière unanime, à savoir la multimodalité des phénomènes de sens, peut-il infuser l'analyse et jusqu'où ? La segmentation des unités constitue la première phase d'extraction des données d'un corpus et n... | 0 |
A typical text understanding system confronts ambiguity while parsing, mapping words to concepts and formal relations, resolving co-references, and integrating knowledge derived from separate sentences or texts. The system discards many candidate interpretations to avoid combinatorial explosion. Commonly, after reading... | 0 |
Event Extraction (EE), a challenging task in Natural Language Processing, aims to extract key types of information (aka event roles, e.g., perpetrators and victims of an attack event) that can represent an event in texts and plays a critical role in downstream applications such as Question Answer (Yang et al., 2003) an... | 0 |
Training machine learning models with human explanations is considered a promising way for interaction between human and machine that can lead to better models and happier users. If a model is provided with information about why a specific prediction should be made for an instance, it can often learn more and faster th... | 0 |
It has been widely recognized that the biomedical literature is now so large, and growing so quickly, that it is becoming increasingly difficult for researchers to access the published results that are relevant to their research. Consequently, any technology that can facilitate this access should help to increase resea... | 0 |
In the course of recent years the scientific community working on the problem of automatic text summarization has been experiencing an upsurge. A multitude of different techniques has been applied to this end, some of the more remarkable of them being (Marcu, 1997; Mani et al. 1998; Teufel and Moens, 2002; Elhadad et a... | 0 |
Sarcasm is a typical multi-layered semi-conscious language phenomenon. Essentially, there are a dual purpose expression. That is, the meaning of what a speaker wants to express is very different from the superficial meaning of what he/she says, and even in most cases the two meanings are completely opposite. Because of... | 0 |
Relation extraction is a traditional information extraction task which aims at detecting and classifying semantic relations between entities in text (Pawar et al., 2017) . The task essentially induces structure from unstructured textual information, allowing us to obtain valuable information about the way in which enti... | 0 |
We participate in the IWSLT 2022 Offline Speech Translation Task (Anastasopoulos et al., 2022) for English→German and English→Chinese. Due to the limited amount of direct speech translation (ST) data, we mostly focused on building a strong cascade pipeline structured as follows:• ASR model with Conformer (Gulati et al.... | 0 |
Spoken language is a very important and also challenging target for machine translation (MT). MT tasks in the IWSLT evaluation campaign focus on the translation of TED Talks subtitles. These subtitles tend to be clean transcriptions with few disfluencies, and the talks themselves are logically and syntactically well-or... | 0 |
Depuis l'article de (McCarthy, 2002) , la tâche de substitution lexicale s'est répandue : elle est de plus en plus utilisée dans des tâches telles que, par exemple, la désambuiguisation sémantique (McCarthy & Navigli, 2009 ) ou l'interprétation automatique de métaphores (voir (Desalle et al., 2009; Desalle, 2012) pour ... | 0 |
In the development of real-world-applicable language technologies, it is good to find an application with a significant need, and with a complexity that appears to be within the capabilities of current existing technology. Based on our experience in building speech-to-speech translation, we believe that some important ... | 0 |
Words are basic units for sentences, with which we convey ideas. Understanding the meanings carried by words, both explicitly and implicitly, is essential for correct and successful communication. The ability to "read between the lines" is important for thorough understanding. In addition to considering collocations, f... | 0 |
The availability of large-scale corpora representative of real language use, together with the development of sophisticated Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipelines that make explicit the linguistic structure underlying a text, has encouraged a paradigmatic shift towards a more extensive use of data-driven methods t... | 0 |
An inter-language is an idiolect developed by a learner of a second language (or L2). It is characteristic that it preserves some features of the first language (or L1), and can overgeneralize some L2 linguistic rules. An investigation on the grammatical errors made by L2 learners will disclose the error patterns, whic... | 0 |
Learning universal sentence representations which accurately model sentential semantic content is a current goal of natural language processing research (Subramanian et al., 2018; Conneau et al., 2017; Wieting et al., 2016; Kiros et al., 2015) . A prominent and successful approach is to train recurrent neural networks ... | 0 |
The proliferation of multilingual and multimodal content online has ensured that multiple views of the same data exist. For example, it is common to find the same article published in multiple languages online in multilingual news articles, multilingual wikipedia articles, etc. Such multiple views can even belong to di... | 0 |
Semantic dependency parsing is a form of semantic analysis where semantic roles for all words in a sentence are analyzed and specific semantic relations are assigned to each word pair (Che et al., 2012) . Chinese semantic dependency parsing is especially of interest as there is a remarkable difference between syntactic... | 0 |
Rhyme represents the correspondence of final sounds of words, beginning with the rightmost stressed vowel. Hence, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowels and all following phonemes are identical (Reddy and Knight 2011) .In Romanian language the accent is variable and therefore cannot be determined in a determini... | 0 |
Coordination is a long standing problem for linguistic theories, because of its particular aspects which do not fit well with the dominance-based character of the vast majority of paradigms. The accounts of coordination which have been devised in constituency theories all rely on the notion of non traditional constitue... | 0 |
Open Information Extraction (Open IE) was originally formulated as a function from a document to a set of tuples indicating a semantic relation between a predicate phrase and its arguments (Banko et al., 2007) . Wu and Weld (2008) further defined that an Open IE extractor should "produce one triple for every relation s... | 0 |
Natural Language Generation (NLG) is the research area that aims to give to the computers the ability to generate texts in human language from some underlying representation of information (Reiter and Dale, 2000) . This area has gained relevance in the Natural Language Processing community and in the industry in the la... | 0 |
Topic models are a suite of generative probabilistic models aimed at discovering thematic information (or topics) of an unstructured collection of documents. These models, including the well-known Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) , usually consider texts as the unique source of information and are ... | 0 |
Most syntax-based machine translation models with synchronous context free grammar (SCFG) have been relying on the off-the-shelf monolingual parse structures to learn the translation equivalences for string-to-tree, tree-to-string or tree-to-tree grammars. However, stateof-the-art monolingual parsers are not necessaril... | 0 |
Everyday conversation is the most basic form of human communication. In order to understand our diverse and situated interactional behavior, it is needed to collect and analyze various kinds of conversations in our daily life. Although several corpora of Japanese conversations have been developed, most of them are bias... | 0 |
Coordination has Mways been a centre of academic interest, be it in linguistic theory or in computational linguistics. The problem is that the assumption according to only the constituents of the same category (1) may be conjoined is false; indeed, coordinations of different categories (2)-(3) and of more than one cons... | 0 |
Applications on the basis of unification-based grammars (UG) so far are rather rare to say the least. Though the advantages of UGs are obvious in that properties such as monotonicity, declarativity, perspicouity are important for maintaining and easily extending grammars, their popularity (despite 15 years of history) ... | 0 |
Information status is not a term unfamiliar to researchers working on discourse processing problems. It describes the extent to which a discourse entity, which is typically a noun phrase (NP), is available to the hearer given the speaker's assumptions about the hearer's beliefs. According to Nissim et al. (2004) , a di... | 0 |
The main goal of this article is to show the implementation of a psycholinguistic model of second language learners' interlanguage in an Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) system for studying second language acquisition. The ICALL system, and the computational model for representing interlanguage, ... | 0 |
Available data has allowed a steady improvement in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks for English. Nevertheless, English is not the broadest native language spoken in the world. According to Ethnologue (Simons and Fenning, 2019), English ranks third, behind Chinese (Mandarin) and Spanish, and is only one of the ap... | 0 |
Attempts to explain speech production data often suffer from circularity. That is, the classification of data tends to be purely descriptive without shedding light on the processes that give rise to them. In criticizing the databased approach, Lindblom (1990) favors, instead, the use of substance-based approaches. Here... | 0 |
BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) and its improvements to natural language understanding have spurred a rapid succession of contextual language representations Liu et al., 2019; inter alia) which use larger datasets and more involved training schemes. Their success is attributed to their use of bidirectional context, often v... | 0 |
Anaphora in which the anaphoric expression refers to an abstract object such as a proposition, a property, or a fact is known as abstract object anaphora. This is seen in the following examples.(1) [Be careful what you wish... because wishes sometimes come true.] i [That] i is what the Semiconductor Industry Associatio... | 0 |
Question answering in reading comprehension tasks focusing on procedural texts (i.e. texts describing processes) is particularly challenging in natural language processing (NLP), because this type of text describes a changing world state , Du et al. 2019 , Gupta and Durrett 2019 . Tracking the state of entities in such... | 0 |
The acquisition of common sense knowledge is the focus of a series of projects originated in AI like CYC [5] or Open Mind [10] . The aim of this paper is the acquisition of every day knowledge for a restricted category of concepts: basic level concepts denoting concrete objects.One of the main criteria for concept orga... | 0 |
In this paper we address the task of creating alignments between Princeton WordNet (PWN 3.0) synsets and English Wikipedia articles. In principle the alignment of monosemic words should be relatively easy, as a simple comparison of the word forms would be sufficient. The problem arises with the granularity of senses in... | 0 |
Mastery learning was first formally proposed by Benjamin Bloom in 1968 (Bloom, 1981 , suggesting that students must achieve a level of mastery (e.g., 90% on a knowledge test) in prerequisite knowledge before moving forward to learn subsequent knowledge concepts. From then on, prerequisite relations between knowledge co... | 0 |
Video captioning refers to the task that generating a description of a given video automatically and it combines computer vision and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in a unified framework. It can be widely used in video retrieval, video recommendation, disabled supporting and scene understanding (Yao et al., 2015) , ... | 0 |
Measures of text similarity have been used for a long time in applications in natural language processing and related areas. One of the earliest applications of text similarity is perhaps the vectorial model in information retrieval, where the document most relevant to an input query is determined by ranking documents ... | 0 |
An open question in the field is why certain constituent orders are preferred to their reverse-order variants. For example, why do pretty blue fish or Toni went to the store after eating lunch seem more felicitous than blue pretty fish or Toni went after eating lunch to the store? In both sequences, two constituents of... | 0 |
A translation memory (TM) is a computational tool used by professional translators to speed up translation of repetitive texts. At its core is a database, in which source and target of previously translated segments of text are stored. TMs are capable of retrieving not only exact, but also partial matches, where only a... | 0 |
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the process by which named entities are identified and classified in an open-domain text. NER is one of the most important sub-tasks in Information Extraction. Thanks to standard evaluation test beds such as the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) 1 , the task of NER has garnered signif... | 0 |
The connections between WordNets, large semantic databases grouping lexical units into synonym sets or synsets, are an important resource in knowledge-based multilingual language processing. EuroWordNet (Vossen, 1997) aims to build language-specific WordNets among the same lines as the original WordNet 1 (Miller et al.... | 0 |
Recent years have witnessed a shift in grammar development methodology, from crafting large grammars, to annotation of corpora Correspondingly, there has been a change from developing rule-based parsers to developing statmUcal methods for reducing grammatmal knowledge from annotated corpus data The shift has mostly occ... | 0 |
Question answering (QA) is the task of searching for an answer to question sentences using some variety of information resource. Generally, documents, web pages, or knowledge bases are used as these information resources. When the language of the question differs from the language of the information resource, the task ... | 0 |
The amount of information and knowledge in the World Wide Web (WWW) is increasing at a rapid rate. As of September 2011, approximately 500 million websites were estimated to be present in the WWW; a jump of 1000% from 1995 1 . An increasingly large proportion of these websites are in non-English languages. For example,... | 0 |
There is an old Chinese proverb that says: "Read a hundred times and the meaning will appear." Several recent reading comprehension (RC) models have embraced this kind of multiple-turn strategy; they generate predictions by making multiple passes through the same text and integrating intermediate information in the pro... | 0 |
German compounds and especially noun-noun compounds often include a linking element (LE), i.e. segmental material between the two constituents of a compound, such as -s in Liebesbrief 'love letter' (liebe-s-brief [love-LE-letter]) or -er in Kindergarten 'nursery' (kind-er-garten [child-LE-garden]). Though linking eleme... | 0 |
Incorrect writings in Chinese are related to our understanding of the cognitive process of reading Chinese (e.g., Leck et al., 1995) , to our understanding of why people produce incorrect characters and our offering corresponding remedies (e.g., Law et al., 2005) , and to building an environment for assisting the prepa... | 0 |
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