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Crowdsourcing (Howe, 2008 ) is a popular platform to annotate massive corpora inexpensively. It has bred lots of interest in machine learning and deep learning tasks. However, when workers provide annotations, the results may be noisier comparing with labels provided by experts. Thus, it becomes essential to conduct tr... | 0 |
Emojis, pictograms that have recently gained a worldwide momentum, are considered to be a further development of emoticons, pictorial representations of facial expressions using punctuation marks. While the first days of emoticons go as far as the 19th century (Fitzgerald, 2016) , emojis were developed in the late 1990... | 0 |
La schizophrénie est définie comme un trouble mental sévère (Association et al., 2015) . Cette maladie s'accompagne de symptômes très variables, les plus manifestes étant les idées délirantes, les halluci-nations et le discours désorganisé. De nombreuses études convergent aujourd'hui vers l'hypothèse selon laquelle il ... | 0 |
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) research in the last decade demonstrated a number of important insights (Agirre and Edmonds, 2006) : 1. evaluation results are strongly dependent on the corpus and the lexicons used, 2. the most-frequentsense derived from SemCor (Miller et al., 1993 ) is a strong baseline that is not eas... | 0 |
Following the February 1991 DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, the DARPA Spoken Language contractors decided to institute a multi-site data collection paradigm in order to:• support a common evaluation on speech, natural language and spoken language;• maximize the amount of data collected;• provide some divers... | 0 |
In recent years, microblogs such as Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/) have emerged as a highly popular form of social media. Microblogs provide a platform for users to post short messages (a.k.a. "tweets") for followers to read in an on-or off-line fashion. One of the major attractions of microblogs is their contextual... | 0 |
One of the important trends in modern speech and language technology is the increasing focus on scaling up the current state of the art to the large number of language communities in the world. Progress in this direction is difficult, because, more often than not, the languages in the long tail of the distribution of t... | 0 |
A core function of language is to communicate propositions (e.g., who did what to whom). As such, language models need to be able to generate this information reliably and coherently. Existing language models (Devlin et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020) do not have explicit representations for such i... | 0 |
The extraction of relations is a fundamental aspect of natural language understanding, playing a central role in knowledge base construction, question answering, and recognizing textual entailment. Semantic relations can be expressed via a syntactically diverse set of constructions. Consider the following approximate p... | 0 |
Readability studies date back to the 1920's and have already spawned probably more than a hundred papers with research on the development of efficient methods to match readers and texts relative to their reading difficulty. During this period of time, several methodological trends have appeared in succession (reviewed ... | 0 |
Social platforms, like Snapchat, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest, have become part of our lives and play an important role in making communication easier and accessible. Once textcentric, social media platforms are becoming in-creasingly multimodal, with users combining images, videos, audios, and texts for better exp... | 0 |
Most scientific papers include a related work section providing, in a well organized and condensed form, the key information from a carefully selected list of publications which contextualize and ground the research being presented by an author (Rowley and Slack, 2004) . Related work sections are critical for quality a... | 0 |
Task-oriented dialogue systems have become very popular in the recent years. Such systems assist the users in accomplishing different tasks by helping them interact with APIs using natural language. Dialogue systems consist of multiple modules which work together to facilitate such interactions. Most architectures have... | 0 |
Given the growing interest in the application of search-based planning methods in NLG, we can describe how text planning has evolved from its beginning in terms of the kinds of questions that have been addressed. | 0 |
We constructed a lexical resource that represents the domain relation among Japanese fundamental words (JFWs), and we call it the domain dictionary. 1 It associates JFWs with domains in which they are typically used. For example,home run is associated with the domain SPORTS 2 . That is, we aim to make explicit the hori... | 0 |
There is a long history of experimentation in information retrieval. Research started with experiments in indexing languages, such as the Cranfield I tests [1] , and has continued with over 30 years of experimentation with the retrieval engines themselves. The Cranfield II studies [2] showed that automatic indexing was... | 0 |
During the last couple of years, the number of applications which are entirely Web-based or offer at least some Web front-ends has grown dramatically. As a response to the need of managing all this data, a new type of systems appeared: the web-content management systems. In this article we will refer to this type of sy... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) approaches have aided the machine translation field in achieving great advances in the recent years, starting with encoder-decoder models with attention (Bahdanau et al., 2014; Luong et al., 2015) , to transformers using self-attention (Vaswani et al., 2018) , to massively multilingual ... | 0 |
How children acquire vocabulary is among the most central issues in the fields of cognitive science and developmental psychology. Many previous studies have scrutinized what types of words young children acquire during their early stages of lexical development using a vocabulary checklist methodology, such as the MacAr... | 0 |
We argue that if one is going to teach only a single machine learning technique in a computational linguistics course, it should be conditional loglinear modeling. Such models are pervasive in natural language processing. They have the formEQUATIONwhere f extracts a feature vector from context x and outcome y ∈ Y(x). T... | 0 |
This paper investigates decidability and undecidability in stand-alone feature logics, that is, feature logics strong enough to express entire grammars without the assistance of a phrase-structure backbone. Our results are predominately negative and seem applicable to most existing stand-alone formalisms. We strengthen... | 0 |
Recent years research communities have seen a strong resurgent interest in modeling with deep (multi-layer) neural networks. This trending topic, usually referred under the name Deep Learning, is started by ground-breaking papers such as (Hinton et al., 2006) , in which innovative training procedures of deep structures... | 0 |
The context in which a phoneme occurs leads to consistent differences in how it is pronounced. Phonologists employ a variety of contextual descriptors to explain phonological variation. These descriptors are theoretically motivated by studies of different languages and are comprised of many factors, such as stress and ... | 0 |
We show that XMEANT, a new cross-lingual version of MEANT , correlates with human judgment even more closely than MEANT for evaluating MT adequacy via semantic frames, despite discarding the need for expensive human reference translations. XMEANT is obtained by (1) using simple lexical translation probabilities, instea... | 0 |
In this paper we describe our Spanish speech-to-text (STT) system with which we participated in the 2011 Quaero STT evaluation. Our STT makes extensive use of system combination and cross-adaptation, by utilizing acoustic models which are trained with different acoustic front-ends and are, in addition to the normally u... | 0 |
Social signals, such as emotional expressions, play an important role in human-human interaction, thus they are increasingly recognised as an important factor to be considered both in human-robot interaction research (Cid et al., 2013; Novikova et al., 2015; Devillers et al., 2015) and in the area of spoken dialogue sy... | 0 |
Retrieving descriptions of the words and phrases, which are not often found in dictionaries, has potential benefits for a number of fields. The Descriptive Phrase Finder (DPF) is a system that retrieves descriptions of a query term from free text. The system only uses simple pattern matching to detect a description, an... | 0 |
Learning bilingual word embeddings is an important problem in natural language processing (Mikolov et al., 2013; Faruqui and Dyer, 2014; Artetxe et al., 2016; Conneau et al., 2018) , with usage in cross-lingual information retrieval (Vulić and Moens, 2015 ), text classification (Wan et al., 2011; Klementiev et al., 201... | 0 |
With so many official languages, Europe is a paradise for machine translation research. One of the largest bodies of electronically available parallel texts is being nowadays generated by the European Union and its institutions. At the same time, the EU also provides motivation and boosts potential market for machine t... | 0 |
Discourse relations describe the relationship between discourse units, e.g. clauses or sentences. These relations are either signalled explicitly with a discourse connective (e.g. because, and) or expressed implicitly and are inferred by sequential reading (Example 1 below).(1) A figure above 50 indicates the economy i... | 0 |
We present an estimate of an upper bound for the entropy of characters in printed English. The estimate is the cross-entropy of the 5.96 million character Brown Corpus (Kucera and Francis 1967) as measured by a word trigram language model that we constructed from 583 million words of training text. We obtain an upper b... | 0 |
Language is under continuous development. People enlarge vocabulary and let words carry more meanings. Meanwhile the language also develops larger lexical units to carry specific meanings; specifically MWE's, which include compounds, phrases, technical terms, idioms and collocations, etc. The MWE has relatively fixed p... | 0 |
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily impairing memory, followed by declines in language, ability to carry out motor tasks, object recognition, and executive functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Gauthier et al., 1997) . An accurate measure of functional decline c... | 0 |
Building robust and high-quality word representations is a key step for most NLP tasks. The quality mostly relies on the training corpus (its size and relevance), along with the training criterion and strategy. Some noisy sentences might for instance damage the quality of embeddings, while many sentences do not contrib... | 0 |
Weighted finite state transducers (WFSTs) have been used for decades to analyze, align, and transduce strings in language and speech processing (Roche and Schabes, 1997; Mohri et al., 2008) . They form a family of efficient, interpretable models with wellstudied theory. A WFST describes a function that maps each string... | 0 |
This paper describes new results in our continuing investigation of prosodic information as a potential resource for error recovery in interactions between a user and a spoken dialogue system. In human-human interaction, dialogue partners apply sophisticated strategies to detect and correct communication failures so th... | 0 |
Since its first version, the Stanford Dependencies (SD) representation (de Marneffe et al., 2006) has had the status of being both a syntactic and a shallow semantic representation. This dual status is also reflected in the usage of SD in natural language processing tasks which broadly fall into two categories. The fir... | 0 |
Dialogue structure analysis is an important and fundamental task in the natural language processing domain. The technology provides essential clues for solving real-world problems, such as producing dialogue summaries (Murray et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2010) , controlling conversational agents (Wilks, 2006) , and design... | 0 |
With the rapid growth of unregulated social media platforms, a major problem coming to surface is the aggressive nature of text used by people while interacting in these mediums. Manual monitoring or filtering of this user generated data is a challenging task due to its sheer scale. Therefore, automatic detection of ag... | 0 |
An emotion lexicon is a lexical repository which encodes the affective meaning of individual words (lexical entries). Most simply, affective meaning can be encoded in terms of polarity, i.e., the distinction whether an item is considered as positive, negative, or neutral. This is the case for many well-known resources ... | 0 |
Given a collection of mentions of entities extracted from a body of text, coreference or entity resolution consists of clustering the mentions such that two mentions belong to the same cluster if and only if they refer to the same entity. Solutions to this problem are important in semantic analysis and knowledge discov... | 0 |
Most of the existing approaches to opinion mining propose algorithms that are independent of the text genre, the topic and the target involved. However, practice shows that the opinion mining challenges are substantially different depending on these fac-tors, whose interaction has not been exhaustively studied so far. ... | 0 |
Probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs for short) are a statistical model widely used in natural language processing. Several computational problems related to PCFGs have been investigated in the literature, motivated by applications in modeling of natural language syntax. One such problem is the computation of pre... | 0 |
Evaluation of spoken dialog systems is essential for developing and improving the systems and for assessing their performance. Normally, humans are used to evaluate the systems, but training and employing human evaluators is expensive. Furthermore, qualified human users are not always immediately available. These inevi... | 0 |
ISO standards are examined every five years for the need of corrections, extensions, or other updates. This means that the ISO standard for dialogue act annotation, ISO 24617-2, 1 which was published in September 2012, is up for possible revision in September 2017. Application of ISO 24617-2 in annotation efforts in re... | 0 |
Understanding natural language texts involves, inter alia, correctly identifying coherent segments and the relations that hold between them. Recognizing discourse relations is an important part of this process because such relations not only conceptualize which parts of a text belong together but also how they are rela... | 0 |
Several unsupervised methods such as SkipGram (Mikolov et al., 2013) and Glove (Pennington et al., 2014) have demonstrated that co-occurrence data from large corpora can be used to compute low-dimensional representations of words (a.k.a. embeddings) that are useful in computational NLP tasks. While not as accurate as s... | 0 |
The rapid rate at which scientific literature grows makes it difficult to keep up with new research even in one's own field. Automated solutions are challenging since text formatted and written for human consumption does not lend itself to machine processing. (Jaradeh et al., 2019) have proposed a knowledge graph based... | 0 |
The TextCoop platform and the Dislog language (for Discourse in Logic) have been primarily designed for discourse processing. TextCoop was initially a research prototype which reached some maturity via its use in research, in teaching and in applications developed in cooperation with the industry. We estimate that the ... | 0 |
The financial market is a dynamic and composite system where people can buy and sell currencies, stocks, equities and derivatives over virtual platforms supported by brokers. The stock market allows investors to own shares of public companies through trading either by exchange or over-thecounter markets. This market ha... | 0 |
In the last years, especially with the development of new methodologies and new technologies in corpus and computational linguistics, language corpora have become more and more common and needed in linguistic research. Corpora vary a lot in size, uses or presentations but it appears clearly that doing research using li... | 0 |
Machine Translation (MT) between English and Russian was one of the first translation directions tested at the dawn of MT research in the 1950s (Hutchins, 2000) . Since then the MT paradigms changed many times, many systems for this language pair appeared (and disappeared), but as far as we know there was no systematic... | 0 |
It is well-known that large pre-trained language models (LMs) learn substantial linguistic Amrami and Goldberg, 2018) and factual world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2020; Bosselut et al.; Bouraoui et al.; Zuo et al., 2018) , achieving state-of-the-art performance on classic NLP tasks like closed-book question-answering, ... | 0 |
Accounts of presupposition are typically concerned with describing the contexts in which a presupposition is satisfied, and with the syntactic and compositional factors which relate to the projection properties of presuppositions. However, there are a number of issues that can arise using the highly general methods for... | 0 |
L'abondance de l'information, due au développement de l'Internet, des supports de stockage (contenant de larges corpus textuels) et des encyclopédies numérisées, rend difficile, voir impossible, son exploration et analyse. D'où naît le besoin d'explorer de nouvelles approches automatiques d'aide à l'analyse des textes.... | 0 |
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is a task of analyzing predicate-argument structures in texts. More specifically, SRL identifies predicates and their arguments with appropriate semantic roles. Resolving surface divergence of texts (e.g., voice of verbs and nominalizations) into unified semantic representations, SRL has at... | 0 |
Modern Standard Arabic (MAS) is currently the sixth most widely spoken language in the world with estimated 422 million native speakers. It is usually written without diacritics which makes it difficult for performing Arabic text processing. In addition, this often leads to considerable ambiguity since several words th... | 0 |
According to the traditional formal semantics approach, inference is conducted at the logical level. However, practical text understanding systems usually employ shallower lexical and lexical-syntactic representations, augmented with partial semantic annotations. Such practices are typically partial and quite ad-hoc, a... | 0 |
Lemmatization is the task of mapping a token to its corresponding dictionary head-form to allow downstream applications to abstract away from orthographic and inflectional variation (Knowles and Mohd Don, 2004) . While lemmatization is considered to be solved for analytic and resourcerich languages such as English, it ... | 0 |
In June 2003, the U.S. government organized a "Surprise Language Exercise" for the NLP community. The goal was to build the best possible language technologies for a "surprise" language in just one month (Oard, 2003) . One of the main technologies pursued was machine translation (MT). Statistical MT (SMT) systems were ... | 0 |
This paper addresses the issue of improving the quality of opinion mining from online contentious texts like the posts in debate sites. Mining and summarizing these new resources is crucial, especially when the opinion is related to a subject that stimulates divergent viewpoints within people (e.g. Healthcare Reform, S... | 0 |
Temporal information processing is a topic of natural language processing boosted by recent evaluation campaigns like TERN2004, 1 TempEval-1 (Verhagen et al., 2007) and the forthcoming TempEval-2 2 (Pustejovsky and Verhagen, 2009) . For instance, in the TempEval-1 competition, three tasks were proposed: a) identifying ... | 0 |
The problem of detecting and correcting misspelled words in text has received great attention due to its importance in several applications like text editing systems, optical character recognition systems, and morphological analysis and tagging (Roche and Schabes, 1995) . Other applications, like machine translation an... | 0 |
We consider grammar correction as a translation problem -translation from an incorrect sentence to a correct sentence. The correcting system is trained using a parallel corpus of incorrect and their corresponding correct sentences. The system learns SCFG (synchronous context free grammar) rules (Chiang, 2005) during tr... | 0 |
Entity Linking (EL) task annotates surface forms in the text with the corresponding reference mentions in knowledge bases such as Wikipedia. It involves the two sub-tasks, i.e. Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation (NER and NED) tasks. The state of the art contains considerable research body for EL from text to i... | 0 |
Learning directly on a graphical structure is a crucial requirement in many domains. These graphs represent information in many forms, ranging from interconnected user groups to contextually linked documents to a central document by shared vocabulary. Learning on graphs has been studied extensively in the form of spect... | 0 |
With the development of e-commerce, more and more people like to buy products on the web and express their opinions about the products by writing reviews. These reviews usually contain valuable information for other people's reference when they buy the same or similar products. In some applications, it is useful to cat... | 0 |
Synonym discovery has been an active topic in a variety of language processing tasks ( Baroni and Bisi, 2004; Fellbaum, 1998; Lin, 1998; Pereira et al., 1993; Sanchez and Moreno, 2005; Turney, 2001 ). However, due to the difficulties of synonym judgment (either automatically or manually) and the uncertainty of applying... | 0 |
Any computer system for natural language processing has to struggle with the problem of ambiguities. If the system is meant to extract precise information from a text, the ambiguities must be resolved. One of the most frequent ambiguities arises from the attachment of prepositional phrases (PPs). Simply stated, a PP th... | 0 |
Les termes-clés, également appelés mots-clés, sont des mots ou expressions polylexicales qui représentent les concepts importants d'un document (Evans & Zhai, 1996) . Ils se présentent généralement sous la forme de syntagmes nominaux non récursifs contenant majoritairement des noms communs et adjectifs qualificatifs et... | 0 |
The I2RNTU system works on the Subtask A: Message Polarity Classification in Twitter of SemEval-2016 Task 4: the Sentiment Analysis in Twitter (Nakov et al., 2016) . The task is to predict whether a tweet is of positive, neutral, or negative sentiment. This task can be formulated as a multiclass classification problem,... | 0 |
Finding relevant publications for a certain topic is an important task daily carried out by most researchers in various domains, such as computer science or biomedicine. However, most information retrieval methods usually consider only words and terms (named entities) and do not usually profit from semantic relationshi... | 0 |
User-generated conversational data such as discussion forums provide a wealth of naturally occurring arguments. The ability to automatically detect and classify argumentative relations (e.g., agree/disagree) in threaded discussions is useful to understand how collective opinions form, how conflict arises and is resolve... | 0 |
Book likability prediction is an important but challenging task. It can be a valuable resource for supporting buying decisions. The experience of choosing a book can be daunting for readers, considering the overwhelming number of books being published. On the other hand, being able to predict how a book will fare in th... | 0 |
Unsupervised dependency parsing is a type of grammar induction -a central problem in computational linguistics. It aims to uncover hidden relations between head words and their dependents in free-form text. Despite decades of significant research efforts, the task still poses a challenge, as sentence structure is under... | 0 |
Arabic morphology is complex, partly because of its richness, and partly because of its complex morpho-syntactic agreement rules which depend on functional features not necessarily expressed in word forms. Particularly challenging are broken plurals (which resemble singular nouns), nouns with irregular gender (masculin... | 0 |
Noun-compounds hold an implicit semantic relation between their constituents. For example, a 'birthday cake' is a cake eaten on a birthday, while 'apple cake' is a cake made of apples. Interpreting noun-compounds by explicating the relationship is beneficial for many natural language understanding tasks, especially giv... | 0 |
Software vulnerabilities are flaws in computer systems that leave users open to attack; vulnerabilities are generally unknown at the time a piece of software is first published, but are gradually identified over time. As new vulnerabilities are discovered and verified they are assigned CVE numbers (unique identifiers),... | 0 |
Cross-lingual representations have gained much interest recently. It has been shown that cross-lingual word embedding models succeed in many inherently cross-lingual Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as machine translation and cross-lingual entity linking (Artetxe et al., 2018c) (Lample et al., 2018) (Tsai a... | 0 |
In alphabetic languages, words are delimited by spaces. Some words can combine to create a new unit of meaning that we call a multiword expression (MWE). However, MWEs such as kick the bucket must be distinguished from free combinations of words such as kick the ball. A sequence of several words is an MWE if "at least ... | 0 |
The plethora of textual information shared on the Web is strongly multilingual and users' information needs often go well beyond their knowledge of foreign languages. In such cases, efficient machine translation and cross-lingual information retrieval systems are needed. Machine translation already has a decades long h... | 0 |
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is meant to be the ideal data format for arbitrary information in the Web of Data, since it is open, machine-readable, non-proprietary and a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard. In Berners-Lees popular five star ranking system, rankings above three stars can only be archive... | 0 |
Topic modeling is one of the latest applications of machine learning techniques to the natural language processing. Topic models identify which topics relate to each document and which words form each topic. Each topic is defined as a multinomial distribution over terms and each document is defined as multinomial distr... | 0 |
Polysemy is a fundamental feature of natural languages, which typically have many polysemic words. Chair, for example, can refer to either a piece of furniture or to a person in charge of a meeting. Therefore both theoretical linguistics and computational linguistics seek to establish principled methods of identifying ... | 0 |
A common source of errors in spoken dialogue systems is the speech recogniser (ASR), and the handling of such errors is a crucial issue in the design of spoken dialogue systems. The most common way of handling such errors has been to use utterance confidence scores for selecting implicit or explicit verification of ful... | 0 |
With the rapid development of e-commerce, most customers express their opinions on various kinds of entities, such as products and services. These reviews not only provide customers with useful information for reference, but also are valuable for merchants to get the feedback from customers and enhance the qualities of... | 0 |
Voice activity detection (VAD) aims at separating the background noise and speech. VAD plays an important preprocessing role in applications like automatic speech recognition (Karray and Martin, 2003) , speaker verification (Kinnunen and Rajan, 2013) , wireless communications (Beritelli et al., 1998) , speech enhanceme... | 0 |
This paper deals with dynamic programming based decoding and alignment algorithms for phrase-based SMT. Dynamic Programming based search algorithms are being used in speech recognition (Jelinek, 1998; Ney et al., 1992) as well as in statistical machine translation (Tillmann et al., 1997; Niessen et al., 1998; Tillmann ... | 0 |
One notorious problem of distributional similarity models is that they tend to not only retrieve words that are strongly alike to each other (such as synonyms), but also words that differ in their meaning (i.e. antonyms). It has often been argued that this behaviour is due to the distributional similarity of synonyms a... | 0 |
Narrative intelligence (Mateas and Sengers, 2003) is a form of humanistic artificial intelligence that requires the system to organize, comprehend, and reason about narratives, and then, produce meaningful responses. Story generation tasks can be considered as a test bed for examining whether a system develops a good u... | 0 |
The Sheffield team were involved in TempEval as co-proposers/co-organisers of the task. 1 For our participation in the task, we decided to pursue an MLbased approach, the benefits of which have been explored elsewhere (Boguraev and Ando, 2005; Mani et al., 2006) . For the TempEval tasks, this is easily done by treating... | 0 |
A basic requirement for the language processing capability for any language is the availability of lexicographical data, ideally open source data which is often hard to find for less resourced languages. This includes many members of the Bantu language family. For enhancing the usability of this kind of data this paper... | 0 |
Automated dialogue systems allow users to interact with information systems in a natural and intuitive manner. With the growth of speechenabled applications for mobile devices, the demands for practical dialogue systems have been increasing at an accelerating pace. The core tasks of automated dialogue systems include d... | 0 |
Post-editing, the process of editing the outputs of a Machine Translation (MT) system in order to correct the translations in terms of fluency and adequacy, is becoming more and more popular both to produce human-quality translations at a reduced cost (Garcia, 2011) or to evaluate the quality of MT systems. Indeed, the... | 0 |
Lexical ambiguity is a fundamental aspect of natural language. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) investigates methods to automatically determine the intended sense of a word in a given context according to a predefined set of sense definitions, provided by a semantic lexicon. Intuitively, WSD can be usefully exploited in... | 0 |
Compressing information by encoding it into a fixed size representation in such a way that perfect decoding is possible is challenging. Instead, most of the existing sentence encoding methods focus more on learning encoding such that the encoded representations are good enough for the downstream tasks. In this work, we... | 0 |
Unlike English, Chinese sentences consist of continuous characters and lack obvious boundaries between Chinese words. Words are usually regarded as the minimum semantic unit, therefore Chinese word segmentation (CWS) becomes a preliminary pre-process step for downstream Chinese natural language processing (NLP). For ex... | 0 |
Text adventures are computer games with which the player interacts via a natural language dialogue. Texts describe the game world and how it evolves, and the player can manipulate objects in this game world by typing in commands; Fig. 1 shows a sample interaction. Text adventures were very popular and commercially succ... | 0 |
Sentiment classification is the task of determining the opinion (e.g., negative or positive) of a given document. In recent years, it has drawn much attention with the increasing reviewing pages and blogs etc., and it is very important for many applications, such as opinion mining and summarization (e.g., (Ku et al., 2... | 0 |
Discontinuous constituents offer particular challenges for various NLP applications, such as question-answering, coreference resolution or topic modeling. This paper relates to an application that is further up the NLP toolchain: syntactic parsing. Here, the main challenges lie in:• adapting the parser to be able to pr... | 0 |
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