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With the exception of explicit tasks in metonymy and metaphor analysis, computational treatment of language relies on the assumption that the texts to be processed have a literal interpretation. This contrasts with the fact that figurative expressions are common in language, as exemplified by the metonymy in the excerp... | 0 |
Lexical knowledge is one of the most important resources in natural language applications, making it almost indispensable for higher levels of syntactical and semantic processing. Among many kinds of lexical relations, synonyms are especially useful ones, having broad range of applications such as query expansion techn... | 0 |
Spoken dialogue systems have shown steady improvements in recent years. To continue advancing the state of the field, we must direct research towards reducing a tradeoff between complexity and portability. Otherwise, we will continue to have systems which can handle complex interactions, or systems which can be easily ... | 0 |
The ability to ask questions during online shopping is found to be a key factor for customers to make purchase decisions (Smith and Anderson, 2016) . To this end, product-related community question answering (PQA) platforms have emerged in many E-commerce sites such as Amazon and Taobao, allowing users to pose their co... | 0 |
In Uganda, patients receive medical information verbally during the patient-doctor consultation. However, DiMarco et al., (2005; 2006) and Wilcox et al., (2011) noted that patients consistently retain a rather small fraction of the verbal information after the consultation, possibly resulting in improper compliance to ... | 0 |
Multimodal machine translation (MMT) introduces visual information into neural machine translation (NMT), which assumes that additional visual modality could improve NMT by grounding the language into a visual space . However, most existing MMT methods require additional input of images to provide visual representation... | 0 |
The Uniform Information Density (UID) hypothesis holds that speakers tend to maintain a relatively constant rate of information transfer during speech production (e.g., Jurafsky et al., 2001; Aylett and Turk, 2006; Frank and Jaeger, 2008) . The rate of information transfer is thereby quantified using as each words' Sur... | 0 |
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is now a state-of-the-art approach for building translation systems. The reason behind this is both the invention of new techniques (Bahdanau et al., 2014) and availability of massive amounts of training data. Despite of abundance of parallel datasets for some popular language pairs we ... | 0 |
Classical topic modeling approach consists of statistical learning methods for uncovering the latent topics from a corpus and the semantic meaning of each document in the corpus. Notable works include the pioneering ones by (Hofmann, 1999; Blei et al., 2003) . During its more than 20 years of research, topic modeling h... | 0 |
The BioNLP 2013 Shared Task focuses on information extraction in the biomedical domain and comprises of a range of extraction tasks. Our system was developed to participate within the Genia Event Extraction task (GE), which focuses on the detection of gene events and their regulation. The task considers 13 different ty... | 0 |
A dialogue system is a computer system which is used for communication with human beings in natural language. It can be used for communication in either written or spoken form. Dialogue systems is a research problem which is being explored very rigorously over the past few years and there are great advancements as well... | 0 |
The evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) has mostly relied on methods that produce a numerical judgment on the correctness of a test set. These methods are either based on the human perception of the correctness of the MT output (Callison-Burch et al., 2007) , or on automatic metrics that compare the MT output with t... | 0 |
Since the first release of Princeton WordNet (PWN) (Fellbaum, 1998) -at the beginning of 1990it has become one of the most popular and used language resources in the field of NLP. It models lexical knowledge as a lexico-semantic network, containing groups of word senses with associated set of synonyms, called synsets, ... | 0 |
During the last two decades there has been an increasing interest in automatic approaches to historical linguistics, which is reflected in the large amount of literature on phylogenetic reconstruction (e.g. Ringe et al., 2002; Gray and Atkinson, 2003; Brown et al., 2008) , statistical aspects of genetic relationship (e... | 0 |
Morphological inflection is the task of inflecting a lemma given either a target form or some contextual information. Morphology has traditionally been solved by finite state transducers (FST) that employ a large number of handcrafted rules. The discrete nature of such processes makes it difficult to directly translate... | 0 |
Text-based communication has become indispensable as society accelerates online. In natural language processing, communication between humans and machines has attracted attention, and the development of dialogue systems has been a hot topic. Through the invention of Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) and the success of... | 0 |
The availability and use of electronic resources such as electronic dictionaries has increased tremendously in recent years and their use in Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems is widespread. For languages with limited electronic resources, i.e. low-density languages, however, we cannot use automated techniques b... | 0 |
Some words are associated with colors (i.e., danger and red) and these associations play important roles in information visualization. For example, red is used to successfully strengthen the message given by stop signs (i.e., danger). However, few studies have investigated word-color associations. This is because few a... | 0 |
In this multilingual world, easily accessible through Internet, machine translation is becoming increasingly important. While the problem as a whole remains yet to be solved, there are several systems which provide an interesting service, by automatically producing a translated version of a text. In these days Google (... | 0 |
While Space Vector Model (SVM) with TF-IDF is widely used as a traditional method for text classification, we cannot neglect that the deep learning with word embedding technique outperforms traditional method so far until now in many comparison reports such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, semantic rela... | 0 |
Word segmentation is very important for Chinese text processing, which is aiming at recognizing the implicit word boundaries in plain Chinese text. Over the past decades, great progress has been made with Chinese word segmentation technology. However, two difficulties still face us while developing a practical segmenta... | 0 |
In recent years, the idea of embedding words in a vector space has gained enormous popularity. This success of such word embeddings as semantic representations has been driven in part by the development of novel methods to efficiently train word vectors from large corpora, such that words with similar contexts end up h... | 0 |
The prodigious rate at which scientific literature is produced makes it virtually impossible for researchers to manually read every article to identify interesting and relevant papers. It is therefore critical to have automatic methods to analyze the literature to identify topical structure in it. The latent structure ... | 0 |
Despite the fact that the research in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is very active, there isn't an abundance of open-source tools available to the community. In this paper, we present Phramer, an open-source system that embeds a phrase-based decoder, a minimum error rate training (Och, 2003) module and various ... | 0 |
Recent progress in unsupervised methods has created breakthroughs in natural language processing applications, such as machine translation (Artetxe et al., 2018; Lample et al., 2018) . Those have been mostly based on a bootstrapping approach, which consists in iteratively alternating between two representations, and op... | 0 |
Recent studies in parsing natural language has seen a shift from shallow models that use high dimensional, sparse, hand engineered features, e.g. (Zhang and Nivre, 2011) , to deeper models with dense feature vectors, e.g. (Chen and Manning, 2014) . Shallow linear models cannot represent feature conjunctions that may be... | 0 |
During the past few years, the focus of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) has shifted from the word/sentence level to the discourse level. A challenging task in NLU is discourse parsing, which involves analysing the relations between discourse units and building the document structure. As one of the most influential... | 0 |
End-to-end dialog systems that learn from humanto-human conversations have huge potential for various goal-oriented dialog tasks such as hotel, restaurant and flight reservations. Recent work (Serban et al., 2016; Bordes et al., 2017) has shown that it is possible to train dialog models in an end-toend manner and achie... | 0 |
Compared to human translation, machine translation (MT) is fast and low-cost, so it has been used for translating large numbers of patent documents. Patent documents are juridical documents, which are typically more structured than general documents, and they have their own special characteristics. People tried to util... | 0 |
Chemical patents are a crucial resource for chemical research and development activities. In fact, many compounds are reported first in patents and only a small fraction of them appears in the chemical literature after 1 to 3 years (Senger et al., 2015) , meaning that chemists habitually search over both academic paper... | 0 |
Automatic Post-Editing (APE) is the task of automatically correcting machine translation (MT) outputs. Along with fixing systematic errors in MT outputs, APE models can adapt general purpose MT systems to new domains and provide better translations to reduce the human post-editing effort . APE has seen significant prog... | 0 |
Two projects are described in this abstract: Provision of Web-Scale Parallel Corpora for Official European Languages (Action 2016-EU- IA-0114, September 2017 -March 2019 or Paracrawl, and Broader Web-Scale Provision of Parallel Corpora for European Languages (Action 2017-EU-IA-0178, September 2018-September 2020, ongoi... | 0 |
The mapping and the integration of lexical resources is today a main concern in the world of computational linguistics. In fact, during the past years, many linguistic resources were built whose bulk of linguistic information is often neither easily accessible nor entirely available, whereas their visibility and intero... | 0 |
Human speech is highly complex and variable. The sources underlying this variability include speakerrelated factors such as vocal tract shape, gender, age, and dialect as well as context-related factors such as word surprisal and phonological prominence. As a result, two acoustic realizations of the same word are unlik... | 0 |
Geolocation is an essential component of applications such as traffic monitoring (Emadi et al., 2017) , human mobility pattern analysis (McNeill et al., 2016; Dredze et al., 2016) and disaster response (Ashktorab et al., 2014; Wakamiya et al., 2016) , as well as targeted advertising (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2016) and l... | 0 |
We introduce diagNNose, an open source library for analysing deep neural networks. The diagNNose library allows researchers to gain better insights into the internal representations of such networks, providing a broad set of tools of state-ofthe-art analysis techniques. The library supports a wide range of model types,... | 0 |
Paraphrase generation is an important natural language generation task which aims to generate a target sentence that encapsulates the meaning of a given source sentence while conforming to the style of some desired exemplar. It plays an essential role in many real-world applications for natural language processing, suc... | 0 |
Representing words by dense, real-valued vector embeddings, also commonly called "distributed representations," helps address the curse of dimensionality and improve generalization because they can place near each other words having similar semantic and syntactic roles. This has been shown dramatically in state-of-the-... | 0 |
The goal of the DialPort spoken dialog portal is to gather large amounts of real user data for spoken dialog systems (SDS). Sophisticated statistical representations in state of the art SDS, require large amounts of data. While industry has this, they cannot share this treasure. Academia has difficulty getting even sma... | 0 |
Translation post-editing is a common use case of machine translation (MT) in the industrial environment. Post-editing consists of the supervision by a human agent of outputs generated by an MT system, who corrects the errors made by the MT system. As MT systems are continuously improving their capabilities, translation... | 0 |
Native Language Identification (NLI) is a wellestablished problem in NLP, where the goal is to identify a writer's native language (L1) from his/her writing in a second language (L2), usually English. NLI is generally framed as a multi-class classification problem (Koppel et al., 2005; Brooke and Hirst, 2011; , where n... | 0 |
Despite rapid advances in neural machine translation, human input is still needed to meet the translation quality requirements of many applications. Interactive machine translation seeks to combine the quality of human translation with the speed and lexical coverage of machine translation. This paper explores an intera... | 0 |
Le présent article décrit des travaux en cours de réalisation dans le cadre du projet SCRIBO 1 ayant pour objectif la mise au point d'algorithmes et d'outils collaboratifs pour l'extraction de connaissances à partir de textes et d'images. Dans ce projet, l'extraction de connaissances est considérée comme un processus c... | 0 |
As the state of the art in machine translation (MT) is now dominated by end-to-end (e2e) neural architectures, the task of aligning phrases of parallel corpora has been neglected. In fact, the tides have turned to such an extent that discovery of intermediate structure, hitherto the standard approach, now requires spec... | 0 |
This paper discusses a detection method for transliterated orthographic variants of foreign words. Transliteration of foreign words causes orthographic variants because there are several conditions required for transliterating. One may person transliterate to approximate pronunciation, whereas another one may conduct t... | 0 |
Semantic similarity of words is one of the most important lexical knowledge for NLP tasks including word sense disambiguation and synonym acquisition. To measure the semantic relatedness of words, a concept called distributional similarity has been widely used. Distributional similarity represents the relatedness of tw... | 0 |
"Sorry I didn't hear you" maybe the first empathetic utterance by a commercial machine. Since the late 1990s when the Boston company SpeechWorks International began providing their customer-service software to other numerous companies, which was programmed to use different phrases, people have gotten used to speaking t... | 0 |
In this paper we report on a preliminary study of the suitability of eye tracking for measuring the ease with which machine translation output can be read. The focus of this paper lies firmly in the testing of methodology, rather than in the evaluation of specific MT outputs or systems.Eye tracking is a method which re... | 0 |
The goal of this shared task is to evaluate the ability of NLP systems to detect whether a sentence from an instructional text requires clarification. Such clarifications can be critical to ensure that instructions are clear enough to be followed and the desired goal can be reached. We set up this task as a binary clas... | 0 |
With machine translation technology going through a period of intense development, the focus of the industry often shifts away from the © 2019 The authors. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 licence, no derivative works, attribution, CCBY-ND.human actors without which this technology would not have e... | 0 |
There is a large class of potential users of dialogue systems technology who lack the background for many of the formal modeling tasks that typically are required in the construction of a dialogue system. The problematic steps include annotating the meaning of user utterances in some semantic formalism, developing a fo... | 0 |
It is a known phenomenon that the distribution of linguistic units, or words, in a language follows a Zipf law distribution (Zipf, 1949) , wherein a relatively small number of words appear frequently, and a much larger number of items appear in a long tail of words, as rare events (Czarnowska et al., 2019) . Significan... | 0 |
In natural language parsing, lexical information is seen as crucial to resolving ambiguous relationships, yet lexicalized statistics are sparse and difficult to estimate directly. It is therefore attractive to consider intermediate entities which exist at a coarser level than the words themselves, yet capture the infor... | 0 |
The use of contextualised language models such as ELMo and BERT has brought about remarkable performance gains on a wide range of downstream tasks (Peters et al., 2018a; Devlin et al., 2019) ; but the question to what extent these models have acquired linguistic knowledge remains open. One way to investigate this quest... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) systems achieved a breakthrough in translation quality recently, by learning an end-to-end system (Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015) . However, NMT systems have low quality when translating out-of-vocabulary words (OOVs), especially because they have a fixed modest sized vo... | 0 |
Reasoning about relationships between pairs of words is crucial for cross sentence inference problems such as question answering (QA) and natural language inference (NLI). In NLI, for example, given the premise "golf is prohibitively expensive", inferring that the hypothesis "golf is a cheap pastime" is a contradiction... | 0 |
The typical approach to XML authoring views an XML document as a mixture of tree-like structure, expressed through balanced labelled parentheses (the tags), and of surface, expressed through free text interspersed between the tags (PCDATA). A Document Type Definition (DTD) is roughly similar to a context-free grammar 1... | 0 |
Worldwide the percentage of bilingual speakers is fairly large, and it keeps increasing at a high rate. In the U.S., 18% of the total population speaks a language other than English at home, the majority of which speaks Spanish (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003) . A significant percentage of this Spanish-English bilingual popu... | 0 |
This paper induces a new representation of structured knowledge called narrative event chains (or narrative chains). Narrative chains are partially ordered sets of events centered around a common protagonist. They are related to structured sequences of participants and events that have been called scripts (Schank and A... | 0 |
Le résumé automatique de document repose généralement sur des méthodes par extraction qui sélectionnent dans le texte des passages pertinents et les juxtaposent pour former un résumé. Ces méthodes sont peu adaptées à la problématique du résumé de conversations orales de part la nature spontanée de celles-ci et l'import... | 0 |
Paraphrasing is the task of rephrasing a given text in multiple ways such that the semantics of the generated sentences remain unaltered. Paraphrasing Quality can be attributed to two key characteristics -fidelity which measures the semantic similarity between the input text and generated text, and diversity, which mea... | 0 |
Extragrammatical phenomena in natural lan guages are very common and there has been much effort devoted to dealing with them ( Car bonell -Hayes, 1983; DARPA 1991 DARPA , 1992 . Al though (Generalized)LR parsers have many mer its when applied to NL, most progress with extra grammatical phenomena has been through rule b... | 0 |
Models of coherent discourse are central to several tasks in natural language processing: such models have been used in text generation (Kibble and Power, 2004) and evaluation of human-produced text in educational applications (Miltsakaki and Kukich, 2004; Higgins et al., 2004) . Moreover, an accurate model can reveal ... | 0 |
Humans use speech to communicate what's on their mind. However, until now, automatic speech recognizers (ASR) and dialogue systems have had no direct way to take into account what is going on in a speaker's mind. Some work has attempted to infer cognitive states from volume and speaking rate to adapt language modeling ... | 0 |
Multiword units (MWUs) include a large range of linguistic phenomena, such as compound nouns (e.g. interior designer), phrasal verbs (e.g. run through), adverbial locutions (e.g. on purpose), compound determinants (e.g. an amount of), prepositional locutions (e.g. in front of) and institutionalized phrases (e.g. con ca... | 0 |
The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis (LTH, Frankle and Carbin (2018) ) suggests that an over-parameterized network consists of "lottery tickets", and training a certain collection of them (i.e., a subnetwork) can 1) match the performance of the full model; and 2) outperform randomly sampled subnetworks of the same size (i.e.,... | 0 |
Over the past 50 years, Europe has seen a substantial increase in the number of immigrants and in the diversity of their origin. A direct consequence of this situation is the rise of the so-called "Urban Youth Languages" (Wiese, 2017) : specific linguistic practices used by young people in multiethnic urban areas. One ... | 0 |
The recent years have seen a resurgent interest for dialog systems, ranging from help desks and more complex task-based dialog to general purpose conversational agents, e.g., Alexa, Cortana or Siri. All these different application scenarios show that users expect to formulate complex information needs in natural langua... | 0 |
Constructing grounded representations of natural language is a promising step towards achieving human-like language learning. In recent years, a large amount of research has focused on integrating vision and language to obtain visually grounded word and sentence representations. One source of grounding, which has been ... | 0 |
Unsupervised object matching is a method for finding one-to-one correspondences between objects across different domains without knowledge about the relation between the domains. Kernelized sorting (Novi et al., 2010) and canonical correlation analysis based methods (Haghighi et al., 2008; Tripathi et al., 2010) are tw... | 0 |
Paraphrase generation is the problem of restating a given sentence such that its overall meaning is preserved. This can be seen as a task useful in and of itself or it can serve in proxy applications such as sentence summarization, sentence simplification, question expansion in question answering or rephrasing utteranc... | 0 |
Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task aiming at automatically identifying the language in which a text is written. From the machine-learning perspective, DSL can be viewed as a multi-class, single-label classification problem, in which automatic methods have to assig... | 0 |
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) has been an open problem in Computational Linguistics (Navigli, 2009) . It aims at identifying the correct meaning of an ambiguous word in a given context, e.g., 'adjustment' could refer to individual adjustment or adjustment action in "marital adjustment" and "dietary adjustment", respe... | 0 |
Web pages are complex documents containing both structured properties (e.g., the internal tree representation) and unstructured properties (e.g., text and images). Due to their diversity in content and design, web pages provide a rich environment for natural language grounding tasks.In particular, we consider the task ... | 0 |
Social media are the interactive platforms that are in and around the daily life of most of the people Mahesan, 2019, 2020a,b) . Memes has become integral part of daily life and they play a crucial role in sociopolitical, cultural and behaviour of the people (a P K et al., 2020) . Memes are not only media for conveying... | 0 |
Il peut être difficile dans de nombreuses circonstances d'établir un corpus selon les pratiques habituelles, c'est-à-dire une double annotation avec un consensus. C'est notamment le cas dans les domaines spécialisés où mobiliser plusieurs experts pour réaliser des annotations peut être compliqué. En pratique, les corpu... | 0 |
Human-computer conversation is a critical and challenging task in AI and NLP. There have been two major streams of research in this direction, namely task oriented dialog and general purpose dialog (i.e., chit-chat). Task oriented dialog aims to help people complete specific tasks such as buying tickets or shopping, wh... | 0 |
Natural language processing applied to healthrelated texts, including clinical reports, can be valuable for extracting information that does not exist in any other form. One important NLP task for clinical texts is concept extraction and normalization, where text spans representing medical concepts are found (e.g., col... | 0 |
Extracting lexical semantic resources from text with minimal supervision is critical to overcoming the knowledge bottleneck in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks ranging from Word Sense Disambiguation to Question Answering.Template-based extraction is attractive because it is reasonably efficient, works on small a... | 0 |
The COMPRISE project 1 (Cost-effective, Multilingual, Privacy-driven voice-enabled Services) is a Research and Innovation Action funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme. It aims to develop the next generation of voice interaction technology that will be more affordable, inclusive and, above all, secure.Vo... | 0 |
Negation is used to reverse the polarity of part of statements that are otherwise affirmative by default (Blanco and Moldovan, 2011) , which is common in natural language. Negation focus is defined as the special part in sentence, which is most prominently or explicitly negated by a negative expression. For example, se... | 0 |
Traditionally, linguistic corpora are collected in order to represent a language or a specific part of it (McEnery and Wilson, 1996; Biber et al., 1998; Kytö and Ludeling, 2008) . Typically, in order to do so, corpora are composed of texts chosen to represent different genres or registers, that is, situationally define... | 0 |
It is not our intention to present here a comprehensive overview of the previous work on coordination, but just to describe a couple of recent studies On this topic and to specify the main differences between them and our approach.It must be noticed, however, that both systems that will be discussed use a logic grammar... | 0 |
Shallow approaches to semantic processing are making large strides in the direction of efficiently and effectively deriving tacit semantic information from text. Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is one such approach. With the advent of faster and more powerful computers, more effective machine learning algorithms, and impo... | 0 |
Call routing refers to the technique of automatically relaying a customer's telephone enquiry to one of several appropriate destinations, using computational speech and language processing techniques. Transcribing calls for training purposes for a particular application requires considerable human effort, and it would ... | 0 |
BioASQ 2016 is the fourth annual BioASQ challenge as an established international competition for large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question-answering, since 2013 (Tsatsaronis et al., 2015) . The challenge consists of two tasks: Task 4a on large-scale online biomedical semantic indexing and Task 4b on biomed... | 0 |
One interesting phenomenon in Japanese is the fact that quantifiers can appear in two main positions, as pre-modifier in a noun phrase (1), or 'floating' as adjuncts to the verb phrase, typically in pre-verbal position (2). 1,2(1) watashi-wa 3-ko-no kgki-wo tabeta I-TOP 3-CL-ADN cake-ACC ate I ate three cakes(2) watash... | 0 |
Systems that jointly annotate syntactic and semantic dependencies were introduced in the past Shared Task (Surdeanu et al., 2008 . These systems showed promising results and proved the feasibility of a joint syntactic and semantic parsing (Henderson et al., 2008; .The Eisner (1996) algorithm and its variants are common... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis aims to identify the polarity and intensity of certain texts in order to shed light on people's sentiments, perceptions, opinions, and beliefs about a particular product, service, scheme, etc. Knowing what people think can, in fact, help companies, political parties, and other public entities in stra... | 0 |
This paper reports on the methodology and results of the Second Challenge on Generating Instructions in Virtual Environments (GIVE-2), which we ran from August 2009 to May 2010. GIVE is a shared task for the NLG community which we ran for the first time in 2008-09 ). An NLG system in this task must generate instruction... | 0 |
Speech repair is a phenomenon in spontaneous speech where a speaker interrupts the flow of speech (at what's called the interruption point), backtracks some number of words (the reparandum), and continues the utterance with material meant to replace the reparandum (the alteration). 1 The utterance can be rendered synta... | 0 |
According to the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP, 2009) , only 34 percent of fourth-graders, 30 percent of eighth-graders, and 21 percent of twelfth-graders tested as proficient in science. Thus, over two thirds of U.S. students are not proficient in science. The vast majority of these students a... | 0 |
Large transformers (Vaswani et al., 2017) pretrained with variants of a language modeling objective, such as BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) , have proven their effectiveness at flexibly transferring to a variety of domains and tasks. One design decision that makes them particularly adaptable is their graceful handling of t... | 0 |
Learning to read and write Chinese characters is a challenging task for learners of Chinese. To read everyday news articles, one needs to learn thousands of Chinese characters. The official agents in Taiwan and China, respectively, chose 5401 and 3755 characters as important basic characters in national standards. Cons... | 0 |
Up to now the annotation of translation corpora, i.e. their linguistic enrichment, has been carried out in order to empirically investigate the properties of translated text. On the other hand, practical translators also work with large amounts of translated texts, the enrichment of these parallel texts, however, being... | 0 |
In recent years, some large scale repositories of collaboratively constructed semantic resources (CSRs), such as Freebase 1 , are available online. Those semantically structured data enable more precise search than simple text matching (e.g. "Find a dental clinic near Kyoto station opens at Saturday night.") and more c... | 0 |
The phenomenon of logical metonymy is defined as a type clash between an event-selecting metonymic verb (e.g., begin) and an entity-denoting nominal object (e.g., the book), which triggers the recovery of a hidden event (e.g., reading). Logical metonymies have been widely studied, on the one hand, in theoretical lingui... | 0 |
Emotion Detection problem arises in the context of conversational interactions, among two or more agents, when one agent is interested in knowing the emotional state of other agent involved in the conversation. The detection of emotions is a difficult task when the content is expressed by using only text, due to the la... | 0 |
Unsupervised POS tagging requires neither manual encoding of tagging heuristics nor the availability of data labeled with POS information. Rather, an unsupervised POS tagger operates by only assuming as input a POS lexicon, which consists of a list of possible POS tags for each word. As we can see from the partial POS ... | 0 |
Pre-trained language models like BERT are optimized to predict the distribution of words in an Internet corpus (Devlin et al., 2019) . Naturally, this distribution encodes information about world facts. Recently, researchers have taken an interest in measuring how much factual information language models acquire from p... | 0 |
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