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Summarization, or the task of condensing a document's main points into a shorter document, is important for many text domains, such as headlines for news and abstracts for research papers.This paper presents a novel unsupervised abstractive summarization method that generates summaries directly from source documents, w... | 0 |
A customary pattern for papers on natural language processing runs roughly as follows:1. Here's a difficult language situation. 2. Here's the semantic (pragmatic / discourse / whatever) information necessary to interpret the situation as we humans interpret it. 3. Here's how I put this information into my system. 4. Th... | 0 |
Computational modeling of human multimodal language is an upcoming research area in natural language processing. This research area focuses on modeling tasks such as multimodal sentiment analysis (Morency et al., 2011) , emotion recognition (Busso et al., 2008) , and personality traits recognition (Park et al., 2014) .... | 0 |
The standard keyboard was initially designed for native English speakers. In Asia, such as China, Japan and Thailand, people cannot input their language through the standard keyboard directly. Asian text input becomes one of the challenges for computer users in Asia. Therefore, an Asian language input method is one of ... | 0 |
One of the main stumbling blocks for Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDSs) is the lack of reliability of Automatic Speech Recognizers (ASRs) (Pellegrini and Trancoso, 2010). Recent research prototypes of ASRs yield Word Error Rates (WERs) between 15.6% (Pellegrini and Trancoso, 2010) and 18.7% (Sainath et al., 2011) for broad... | 0 |
As we all know, we are currently facing an incompletely harmonious and secure network environment. Nowadays, the number of Internet users is very large, especially the proportion of minors is steadily increasing, which shows how important it is to create a hopeful social media environment.Such an environment that embod... | 0 |
Our long term goal is the development of methods which will allow one to produce optimal analyses from arbitrary natural language corpora, where by optimization we understand an MDL (minimum description length; Rissanen, 1989) interpretation of the term: an optimal analysis is one which finds a grammar which simultaneo... | 0 |
Although extensive and various forms of text data are easily available in the present age, in order for readers to gather information effectively, they need technology that overcomes any differences in their linguistic competence. For example, technology that buries the difference in the linguistic competence of foreig... | 0 |
A key characteristics which speech-to-speech machine translation systems strive to have is a good trade-off between accuracy of translation and low latency (Waibel and Fuegen, 2012; Bangalore et al., 2012) . Latency is defined as the delay between the input speech and the delivered translation (Niehues et al., 2016) an... | 0 |
The use of notes written by healthcare providers in the clinical settings has long been recognized to be a source of valuable information for clinical practice and medical research. Access to large quantities of clinical reports may help in identifying causes of diseases, establishing diagnoses, detecting side effects ... | 0 |
Deep neural network-based machine learning (ML) models are powerful but vulnerable to adversarial examples. Adversarial examples also yield broader insights into the targeted models by exposing them to such maliciously crafted examples. The introduction of the adversarial example and training ushered in a new era to un... | 0 |
The communication of critical imaging findings from the radiologist to the referring physician is a key factor in providing efficacious patient care (Lakhani et al., 2012) . Currently, the most common form of communication is a physicianto-physician telephone conversation, initiated by the radiologist at the time of im... | 0 |
Any text-to-speech (TTS) system that aims at producing understandable and natural-sounding output needs to have on-board methods for predicting prosody. Most systems start with generating a prosodic representation at the linguistic or symbolic level, followed by the actual phonetic realization in terms of (primarily) p... | 0 |
The Arabic Language is one of the oldest languages in the world, which made Arabic dialects emerge over the years. Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the only standardized form of the Arabic language that has a predefined set of grammatical rules, it is only used in education, some media channels, and official wr... | 0 |
Recently, many vision and language (V&L) models that combine images and text have been proposed (Lu et al., 2019; Tan and Bansal, 2019; Li et al., 2019; Su et al., 2020) . These models follow the pretrain-andfinetune paradigm, i.e. they are pretrained using self-supervision on large amounts of image-caption pairs 1 and... | 0 |
In applications of complex Natural Language Processing tasks, such as automatic knowledge base construction, entity summarization, and question answering systems, it is essential to first have high quality systems for lower level tasks, such as partof-speech (POS) tagging, chunking, named entity recognition (NER), enti... | 0 |
People are social beings who communicate their feelings, emotions, thoughts, ideas, etc. through verbal and non-verbal interactions. Based on these interactions, we build relationships, and these relationships, in turn, help create and maintain a network of peers. Peers in a network cooperate with each other, help each... | 0 |
Wikipedia, one of the most frequently visited web sites nowadays, contains the largest amount of knowledge ever gathered in one place by volunteer contributors around the world (Poe, 2006) . Each Wikipedia article contains information about one entity or concept, gathers information about entities of one particular typ... | 0 |
Pretrained language models (LMs), like BERT and GPTs Brown et al., 2020) , have shown remarkable performance on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as text classification and question answering (Raffel et al., 2020) , becoming the foundation of modern NLP systems. By performing self-supervised learning o... | 0 |
In dependency semantic parsing, one is given a natural language sentence and has to output a directed graph representing an associated, mostlikely semantic analysis. Semantic parsing integrates tasks that have usually been addressed separately in statistical natural language processing, such as named entity recognition... | 0 |
Emotion classification has become increasingly important due to the large-scale deployment of artificial emotional intelligence. In various aspects of our lives, these systems now play a crucial role. For example, customer care solutions are now gradually shifting to a hybrid mode where an AI will try to solve the prob... | 0 |
There is much computer-assisted language learning (CALL) literature that explores effective methods of teaching vocabulary. In recent studies conducted using the REAP system, which finds documents from the internet to teach vocabulary, we have shown that speech synthesis reinforces written text for learning in reading ... | 0 |
Meaning relations refer to the way in which two sentences can be connected, e.g. if they express approximately the same content, they are considered paraphrases. Other meaning relations we focus on here are textual entailment and contradiction 1 (Dagan et al., 2005) , and specificity.Meaning relations have applications... | 0 |
Relation extraction (RE), defined as the task of identifying the relationship between concepts mentioned in text, is a key component of many natural language processing applications, such as knowledge base population (Ji and Grishman, 2011) and question answering (Yu et al., 2017) . Distant supervision (Mintz et al., 2... | 0 |
Our participation in SemEval 2015 was focused on solving the technical problems that afflicted our previous participation (Buscaldi et al., 2014) and including additional features based on alignments, such as the Sultan similarity (Sultan et al., 2014b) and the measure available in CMU Sphinx-4 (Lamere et al., 2003) fo... | 0 |
System Combination refers to the method of combining output of multiple MT systems, to produce a output better than each individual system. Currently, there are several approaches to machine translation which can be classified as phrasebased, hierarchical, syntax-based (Hildebrand and Vogel, 2008) which are equally goo... | 0 |
Crowdsourcing is no longer a new term in the domain of Computational Linguistics and Machine Translation research (Callison-Burch and Dredze, 2010; Snow et al., 2008; Callison-Burch, 2009) . Crowdsourcing -basically where task outsourcing is delegated to a largely unknown Internet audience -is emerging as a new paradig... | 0 |
Swearing is the use of taboo language (also referred to as bad language, swear words, offensive language, curse words, or vulgar words) to express the speaker's emotional state to their listeners (Jay, 1992; Jay, 1999) . Not limited to face to face conversation, swearing also occurs in online conversations, across diff... | 0 |
In the area of biomedical NLP, Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a widely discussed and studied topic. The aim of the task is to identify biomedical entities such as genes, proteins, cell types, and diseases in biomedical documents, to allow for knowledge discovery in this domain. Models for Biomedical NER (Bio-NER) of... | 0 |
This paper presents the phrase-based machine translation system developed at RALI in order to participate in both the French-English and English-French translation tasks. In these two tasks, we used all the corpora supplied for the constraint data condition apart from the LDC Gigaword corpora.We describe its different ... | 0 |
After its introduction in 2017, the Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) quickly became the gold standard for the task of neural machine translation (NMT) (Ott et al., 2018) . Furthermore, variants of the Transformer have since been used very successfully for a variety of other tasks such as language modelin... | 0 |
A Text-to-Speech (TTS) system converts the input text into synthetic speech with high naturalness and intelligibility. Naturalness is mainly influenced by the prosody modeling, especially by the Phrase Break (PB) prediction. Because the PB prediction is the first step of TTS, any error in this step will propagate to do... | 0 |
Translation from one source language to multiple target languages at the same time is a difficult task for humans. A person often needs to be familiar with specific translation rules for different language pairs. Machine translation systems suffer from the same problems too. Under the current classic statistical machin... | 0 |
Recently pre-trained language models like Bert (Devlin et al., 2018) , XLnet (Yang et al., 2019b) , Elmo (Peters et al., 2018) ,GPT (Radford et al., 2018) have been demonstrated to offer substantial performance boosts for many NLP tasks such as Machine Reading Comprehension, Named Entity Recognition, and Natural Langua... | 0 |
The today's outputs of Machine Translation (MT) often contain serious grammatical errors. This is particularly apparent in statistical MT systems (SMT), which do not employ structural linguistic rules. These systems have been dominating the area in the recent years (Callison-Burch et al., 2011) . Such errors make the t... | 0 |
L'objectif de notre travail est l'enrichissement de bases de connaissances sémantiques de type BabelNet (Navigli & Ponzetto, 2012) ou DBPédia (Lehmann et al., 2014) à partir des informations contenues dans des documents textuels semi-structurés. Ces bases de connaissances jouent aujourd'hui un rôle clé dans de nombreus... | 0 |
Many works in sentiment analysis try to make use of shallow processing techniques. The common thing in all these works is that they merely try to identify sentiment-bearing expressions as shown by Ruppenhofer and Rehbein (2012) . No effort has been made to identify which expression actually contributes to the overall s... | 0 |
In situated human-robot dialogue, humans and robots have mismatched capabilities of perceiving the shared environment. Thus referential communication between them becomes extremely challenging. To address this problem, our previous work has conducted a simulation-based study to collect a set of human-human conversation... | 0 |
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is affecting public health and the economy worldwide. The surge in social media usage during the pandemic led the online content to an excellent tool to examine risk communication (Lazer et al., 2018; Beaunoyer et al., 2020) . As more people seek and share information online, NG... | 0 |
With increasing penetration of ecommerce, reliance on and importance of contact centers is increasing. While emails and automated chat-bots are gaining popularity, voice continues to be the overwhelming preferred communication medium leading to mil-lions of phone calls landing at contact centers. Handling such high vol... | 0 |
Over the past few years, much work has focussed on inferring political preferences of people from their behavior, both in unsupervised and supervised settings. Classical ideal point models (Poole and Rosenthal, 1985; Martin and Quinn, 2002) estimate the political ideologies of legislators through their observed voting ... | 0 |
Quality Estimation (QE) for Machine Translation (MT) is the task of predicting the overall quality of an automatically generated translation e.g., on either word, sentence or document level (Blatz et al., 2004; Ueffing and Ney, 2007) . In opposition to automatic metrics and manual evaluation which rely on gold standard... | 0 |
Urdu uses Nastalique style of Arabic script for writing, which is cursive in nature. Characters join together to form ligatures, which end either with a space or with a non-joining character. A word may be composed of one of more ligatures. In Urdu, space is not used to separate two consecutive words in a sentence; ins... | 0 |
Question Generation (QG) systems play a vital role in question answering (QA), dialogue system, and automated tutoring applications -by enriching the training QA corpora, helping chatbots start conversations with intriguing questions, and automatically generating assessment questions, respectively. Existing QG research... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis has a long and successful history in the context of natural language processing. As with the majority of the problems in this domain, we have seen a gradual shift towards solutions based on neural models. Nowadays, such models can be readily used as a part of a larger solution, for example to analyse... | 0 |
De nombreux développements de logiciels sont effectués dans les laboratoires de recherche comme support à la recherche ou aboutissement d'une recherche. Ces développements sont souvent innovants et intéressent rapidement d'autres entités que le laboratoire. Il se pose alors la question des choix pour permettre et pour ... | 0 |
Tweeting 1 is a modern phenomenon. Complementing short message texting, instant messaging, and email, tweeting is a public outlet for netizens to broadcast themselves. The short, informal nature of tweets allows users to post often and quickly react to others' posts, making Twitter an important form of close-to-real-ti... | 0 |
Complex nominals (CNs) (e.g. wind power) are very frequent in English specialized texts (Nakov, 2013) . They are distinguished by their syntactic-semantic complexity, since at least two concepts are juxtaposed with no clear indication of the link between them (Rosario et al., 2002) . This means that in CNs such as air ... | 0 |
The specificity of terms represents the quantity of domain specific information contained in the terms. If a term has large quantity of domain specific information, the specificity of the term is high. The specificity of a term X is quantified to positive real number as equation 1.EQUATIONThe specificity is a kind of n... | 0 |
Opinion summarization, i.e., the aggregation of user opinions as expressed in online reviews, blogs, internet forums, or social media, has drawn much attention in recent years due to its potential for various information access applications. For example, consumers have to wade through many product reviews in order to m... | 0 |
Language is an indispensable and important part of human daily life. Natural language is everywhere as a most direct and simple tool of expression. Natural language processing is to transform the language used for human communication into a machine language that can be understood by machines. It is a model and algorith... | 0 |
The task of temporal annotation, which is addressed in the TempEval-3 challenge, consists of three subtasks: (A) the extraction and normalization of temporal expressions, (B) event extraction, and (C) the annotation of temporal relations . This makes sub-task A, i.e., temporal tagging, a prerequisite for the full task ... | 0 |
Text style transfer aims to convert an input text into another generated text with a different style but the same basic semantics as the input. One major challenge in this setting is that many style transfer tasks lack parallel corpora, since the absence of human references makes it impossible to train the text style t... | 0 |
The system described in this paper 1 was submitted for the CoNLL-SIGMORPHON 2018 Shared Task (Cotterell et al., 2018) , part 1 only. This assignment challenges the participants to design systems that generate inflected forms based on an input lemma and feature set as shown in Figure 1 .Training data is usually provided... | 0 |
This paper presents a proposition bank for Russian (RuPB) that balances parallelism with the English PropBank against guidance from linguistic properties specific to Russian. A proposition bank, or PropBank, is a lexical resource that follows the PropBank scheme (Palmer et al., 2005) to provide consistent labeling of s... | 0 |
Various kinds of corpora developed for analysis of linguistic phenomena and statistical information gathering are now accessible via electronic media and can be utilized for the study of natural language processing. Since these include written-language and monolingual corpora, however, they are not necessarily useful f... | 0 |
The investigation for Chinese information extraction is one of the topics of the project COLLATE dedicated to building up the German Competence Center for Language Technology. After accomplishing the task concerning named entity (NE) identification, we go on studying identification issues for named entity relations (NE... | 0 |
Automatic processing of curriculum vitae (CVs) is important in multiple real-life scenarios. This includes analyzing, organizing and deriving actionable business intelligence from CVs. For corporates, such processing is interesting in scenarios such as hiring applicants as employees, promoting and transitioning employe... | 0 |
The Internet offers a constantly growing source of information, not only in terms of size, but also in terms of languages and communication settings it includes. As a consequence, Web corpora, language resources developed by automatically crawling the Web, offer revolutionary potentials for fields using textual data, s... | 0 |
Deep data-driven (or stochastic) sentence generation needs to be able to map abstract semantic structures onto syntactic structures. This has been a problem so far since both types of structures differ in their topology and number of nodes (i.e., are non-isomorphic). For instance, a truly semantic structure will not co... | 0 |
Surface realisation consists in producing all the sentences associated by a grammar with a given semantic formula. For lexicalist grammars such as LTAG (Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar), surface realisation usually proceeds bottom-up from a set of flat semantic literals 1 . However, surface realisation from flat sem... | 0 |
The idea of HFST -Helsinki Finite-State Technology (Lindén et al. 2009 (Lindén et al. , 2011 is to provide opensource replicas of well-known tools for building morphologies, including XFST (Beesley and Karttunen 2003) . HFST's lack of replace rules such as those supported by XFST, prompted us to implement them using th... | 0 |
Switzerland has four national languages: German/Swiss German (63%), French (22.7%), Italian (8.1%), Romansh (0.5%); the numbers in brackets are the percentages of the population speaking them 1 . As can be derived from Figure 1 , French is spoken in the west, Italian is spoken primarily in Ticino, Val Bregaglia and Va... | 0 |
Open-domain question answering (Voorhees, 1999; Chen et al., 2017 ) is a long-standing task where a question answering system goes through a largescale corpus to answer information-seeking questions. Previous work typically assumes that there is only one well-defined answer for each question, or only requires systems t... | 0 |
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is of primary importance in the medical field. Its goal is to present statistical analyses of issues of clinical focus based on retrieving and analyzing numerous papers in the medical literature (Haynes et al., 1997) . The PubMed database is one of the most commonly used databases in EBM (... | 0 |
Since the development of the Prolog programming language (Colmerauer 1973; Roussel 1975) , logic programming (Kowalski 1974 (Kowalski , 1979 Van Emden 1975) has been applied in many different fields. In natural language processing, useful grammar formalisms have been developed and incorporated in Prolog: metamorphosis ... | 0 |
This paper describes our development of systems for the WMT17 Neural Machine Translation (NMT) Training Task (WMT, 2017) . This task tests methods of adjusting the NMT training process, with a fixed size and format for the final English-to-Czech system. A large (approx. 50 million line) general-domain (mostly subtitles... | 0 |
Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses "one entity to refer to another that is related to it" (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p.35) . In example (1), for instance, China and Taiwan stand for the governments of the respective countries:(1)China has always threatened to use force if Taiwan declared independence. (BNC) Meton... | 0 |
For digitization of incoming mails in business contexts as well as for retro-digitizing archives, batch scanning of documents can be a major simplification of the processing workflow. In this scenario, scanned images of multipage documents arrive at a document management system as an ordered stream of single pages lack... | 0 |
The need for statistical hypothesis testing for machine translation (MT) has been acknowledged since at least Och (2003) . In that work, the proposed method was based on bootstrap resampling and was designed to improve the statistical reliability of results by controlling for randomness across test sets. However, there... | 0 |
Learning from examples is the predominant approach for many NLP tasks: A model is trained on a set of labeled examples from which it then generalizes to unseen data. Due to the vast number of languages, domains and tasks and the cost of annotating data, it is common in real-world uses of NLP to have only a small number... | 0 |
In questions where the wh-word is embedded into a larger NP, there are two structural possibilities, shown in (1) and (2).(1) (a) The picture of whom does John like?(b) Which boy's father did you see?(2) (a) Whom does John like a picture of? (b) Which painting did you see a photograph of?The larger NP containing the qu... | 0 |
The objective of the ILLICO project, is the development of a generator of natural language interfaces for the consultation of different kinds of knowledge bases in French. The main external characteristic of the ILLICO interface lies in the fact that it can guide, if necessary, the user while he/she composes sentences.... | 0 |
A working definition of coreference resolution is partitioning the noun phrases we are interested in into equivalence classes, each of which refers to a physical entity. We adopt the terminologies used in the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) task (NIST, 2003a) and call each individual phrase a mention and equivalence... | 0 |
The increasing popularity of social media services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google+, and the advance of Web 2.0 have enabled users to share information and, as a result, to have influence on the content distributed via these services. The ease of sharing, e.g., directly from a laptop, a tablet or a smart phone, ha... | 0 |
When electronic means became the prime instrument for storage and exchange of personal health data, the risks of inadvertent disclosure of personal health information (i.e., details of the individual's health) had increased. Inadvertently disclosed personal health information facilitates criminals to commit medical ide... | 0 |
In this paper, we describe some new extensions to the hybrid data-driven MT system developed at DCU, MATREX (Machine Translation using Examples), subsequent to our participation at IWSLT 2006 [1] , IWSLT 2007 [2] and IWSLT 2008 [3] . In this year's participation, optimising the system in a low-resource scenario is our ... | 0 |
Recently, we have been witnessing the steady increasing demand for human-computer systems and interfaces of various complexity. The current research efforts in humancomputer system design diverge more and more from traditional paradigms to modelling of two-party task-oriented systems like information-seeking dialogues.... | 0 |
Recently, the fully-connected attention-based models, like Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) , become popular in natural language processing (NLP) applications, notably machine translation (Vaswani et al., 2017) and language modeling (Radford et al., 2018) . Some recent work also suggest that Transformer can be an alt... | 0 |
Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) has achieved the state-of-the-art performance on a variety of translation tasks. It consists of different stacked components, including self-attention, encoder-attention, and feed-forward layers. However, so far not much is known about the internal properties and functionalities it le... | 0 |
Basic research is critically needed to guide the develop: ment of a new generation of complex natural language systems that are still in the planning stages, such as ones that support multimodal, multilingual, or multiparty exchanges across a variety of intended applications. In the case of planned multimodal systems, ... | 0 |
In recent years, there has been growing interest in diachronic lexical resources, which comprise terms from different language periods. (Borin and Forsberg, 2011; Riedl et al., 2014) . These resources are mainly used for studying language change and supporting searches in historical domains, bridging the lexical gap be... | 0 |
Big countries such as India and China have several languages which change by regions. For instance, India has 23 constitutionally recognized official languages (e.g., Hindi, Tamil, and Panjabi) and several hundreds unofficial local languages. Despite Indian population is approximately 1.3 billion, only approximately 10... | 0 |
Sentiment Analysis (SA) is an active field of research in Natural Language Processing and deals with opinions in text. A typical application of classical SA in an industrial setting would be to classify a document like a product review into positive, negative or neutral sentiment polarity. In contrast to SA, the more f... | 0 |
Many real-world speech recognition applications, including teleconferencing, and AI assistants, require recognizing and understand long conversations. In a long conversation, there exists the tendency of semantically related words or phrases reoccur across sentences, or there exists topical coherence. Thus, such conver... | 0 |
Peer review provides learning opportunities for students in their roles as both author and reviewer, and is a promising approach for helping students improve their writing (Lundstrom and Baker, 2009) . However, one limitation of peer review is that student reviewers are generally novices in their disciplines and typica... | 0 |
Due to a rapid proliferation of textual information in digital form various security-related organisations have recently acknowledged the benefits of deploying techniques to automate the process of extraction of structured information on events from free texts (Appelt, 1999; Ashish et al., 2006; Ji et al., 2009; Piskor... | 0 |
As people have access to an increasingly larger amount of information, technologies may enable them to consume that information more efficiently. Existing technologies have focused on automated summarization techniques. However, summarization techniques are not fully mature: emphasis mistakes are frequent and may cause... | 0 |
Human beings are known to perceive and feel various, highly-nuanced emotions, expressed both in spoken and written texts. Modeling emotions in user-generated content has been shown to benefit domains such as commerce, public health, and disaster management (Bollen et al., 2011b; Neppalli et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2018; ... | 0 |
Halliday distinguishes between two kinds of variation in language: social variation, which he calls dialect, and functional variation, which he calls register (e.g. Halliday, 1989, p. 44) . Var-Dial's focus is on the first kind of variation, in particular diatopic variation, and addresses topics such as automatic ident... | 0 |
The use of machine translation (MT) has now become widespread in many areas thanks to improvements in neural modelling (Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015; Vaswani et al., 2017) . Accordingly, researchers have attempted to integrate discourse into neural machine translation (NMT) systems. As a consequence, d... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) has recently achieved excellent results in the news translation task. Hassan et al. [1] report achieving a "human parity" on Chinese→English news translation. WMT 2018 overview paper [2, p. 291 ] reports that our English→Czech system "CUNI Transformer" [3] was evaluated as significantly... | 0 |
Extracting temporal information from text is important linguistic skill to process health-related text. Also, there are a lot of potential applications of temporal information extraction in the healthrelated domain, including forecasting treatment effect (Choi et al., 2016) , early detecting diseases (Khanday et al., 2... | 0 |
Case markers express semantic roles, describing the relationship between the arguments they apply to and the action of a verb. Adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions) further express a range of semantic relations, including space, time, possession, properties, and comparison.The use of specific c... | 0 |
This paper reviews the currently available design strategies for software infrastructure for NLP and presents an implementation of a system called GATE -a General Architecture for Text Engineering. By software infrastructure we mean what has been variously referred to in the literature as: software architecture; softwa... | 0 |
Task-oriented dialogue systems play an important role in helping users accomplish a variety of tasks through verbal interactions (Young et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2019) . Dialogue state tracking (DST) is an essential component of the dialogue manager in pipeline-based task-oriented dialogue systems. It aims to keep trac... | 0 |
The usage of social media sites has significantly increased over the years. Every minute people upload thousands of new videos on YouTube, write blogs on Tumblr 1 , take pictures on Flickr and Instagram, and send messages on Twitter and Facebook. This has lead to an information overload that makes it hard for people to... | 0 |
The assessment of learners' language abilities is a significant part in language learning. In conventional assessment, the problem of limited teacher availability has become increasingly serious with the population increase of language learners. Fortunately, with the development of computer techniques and machine learn... | 0 |
The field of NLP had seen a resurgence of research in shallow semantic analysis. The bulk of this recent work views semantic analysis as a tagging, or labeling problem, and has applied various supervised machine learning techniques to it Jurafsky (2000, 2002) ; Gildea and Palmer (2002) ; Surdeanu et al. (2003) ; ; Thom... | 0 |
Swiss German ("Schwyzerdütsch" or "Schwiizertüütsch", abbreviated "GSW") is the name of a large continuum of dialects attached to the Germanic language tree spoken by more than 60% of the Swiss population (Coray and Bartels, 2017) . Used every day from colloquial conversations to business meetings, Swiss German in its ... | 0 |
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