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Morphological analysis and disambiguation are crucial pre-processing steps for a variety of natural language processing applications, from search and information extraction to machine translation. For languages with complex morphology these are nontrivial processes. This paper presents a morphological disambiguation mo... | 0 |
Implicit reasonings, commonly referred to as warrants (Toulmin, 1958) , have long been studied to understand the grounds on which a premise lends support to the claim (Freeman, 1992) . In other words, a warrant, when made explicit, clearly shows the inferential link between claim and premise (Pineau, 2013) . As depicte... | 0 |
Cette recherche est directement issue de la volonté d'extraire des informations à partir d'un corpus dégradé (nombreuses abréviations, phrases asyntaxiques, ponctuation inexistante, etc.). L'extraction d'information est définie comme un processus en deux étapes : la modélisation des types d'informations recherchés et l... | 0 |
Speech translation systems must integrate components handling speech recognition, machine translation and speech synthesis. Speech recognition often uses special hardware. More components may be added in the future, for task understanding, multimodal interaction, etc. In more traditional NLP systems, such ,'cq MT syste... | 0 |
In this paper, we describe our submission to shared task on Machine Translation (MT) for English → Hinglish at CALCS 2021. The objective of this shared task to generate Hinglish (Hindi-English Code-Mixed 1 ) data from English. In this task, we submit an NMT system which is trained on the parallel code-mixed English-Hin... | 0 |
Argumentation is a multi-disciplinary field that extends from philosophy and psychology to linguistics as well as to artificial intelligence. Recent developments in argument mining apply natural language processing (NLP) methods to argumentation (Palau and Moens, 2011; Lippi and Torroni, 2016a) and are mostly focused o... | 0 |
Computational sarcasm is a very well studied research area in computational linguistics (Joshi et al., 2017) . Sentiment analysis and opinion mining of sarcastic texts are known to be difficult problems (Pang et al., 2008) . For instance, in aspect based sentiment analysis, which deals with the identification of sentim... | 0 |
Yorick Wilks has often been credited with the tendentious but plausible remark that more has been written about MT evaluation than about MT itself. This paper starts by asking why that might be so, concluding that there are features of MT evaluation which make evaluators feel that each evaluation is special, tempting t... | 0 |
Selectional preferences (SP) or selectional restrictions capture the plausibility of predicates and their arguments for a given relation. Kaze and Fodor (1963) describe that predicates and their arguments have strict boolean restrictions, either satisfied or violated. Sentences are semantically anomalous and not consis... | 0 |
In statistical machine translation (SMT) (Brown et al., 1993) , it is known that translation with models trained on larger parallel corpora can achieve greater accuracy (Dyer et al., 2008) . Unfortunately, large bilingual corpora are not readily available for many language pairs, particularly those that do not include ... | 0 |
Feature selection is well established for many machine learning methods, for instance for feed-forward neural networks [2] or decision trees [17] . The main advantages are an improvement of prediction performance, faster training and prediction as well as a better understanding of the models [4] . Methods can be distin... | 0 |
As in many other work environments, such as hospitals and law firms, employees in software development must communicate through written feedback and comments to develop functional and secure code. Developers elicit feedback from their collaborators on the code that they write through the code review process, which is a... | 0 |
Social media platforms are a feature of everyday life for a large proportion of the population with an estimated 4.2 billion people using some form of social media (Hootsuite and Social, 2021) . Twitter is one of the largest social media platforms with 192 million daily active users (Conger, 2021) . The 6th Social Medi... | 0 |
Cross-document coreference occurs when the same person, place, event, or concept is discussed in more than one text source. Computer recognition of this phenomenon is important because it helps break "the document boundary" by allowing a user to examine information about a particular entity from multiple text sources a... | 0 |
Cross-linguistic transfer can be broadly described as the application of linguistic structure of a speaker's native language in the context of a new, foreign language. Transfer effects may be expressed on various levels of linguistic performance, including pronunciation, word order, lexical borrowing and others (Jarvis... | 0 |
Features of linguistic typology such as basic word order (examples are SVO and SOV) and the presence or absence of tone constitute a promising resource that can potentially be used to uncover the evolutionary history of languages. It has been argued that in exceptional cases, typological features can reflect a time spa... | 0 |
introduce a class of graphical dependency models, called graph drawings (which differ from standard dependency structures), that are equivalent to lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) derivations (Joshi and Schabes 1997) . Whereas TAG is a generative framework in which each well-formed expression corresponds with ... | 0 |
Europe is a multilingual society with 24 official Member State languages and many additional unofficial and regional languages as well as languages of minorities, immigrants and important trade partners. Nevertheless, day in and day out, language barriers keep severely hampering the free flow of information, thought, i... | 0 |
With the popularity of social media, nowadays, user-generated contents are available in many languages. In various social media platforms, such as review forums and social networking sites, users express their feelings, opinions, emotion, etc. Due to the open nature of social media, the presence of abusive, offensive, ... | 0 |
A potential work item (PWI) for ISO standard (let us call it 'MAP' for convenience in the rest of the paper) of linguistic annotation concerning syntax-semantics mapping is introduced, which is an extension of SemAF-DS (ISO, 2013) , which in turn is based on Linguistic DS (Description Scheme) in ISO/IEC (2004) . Import... | 0 |
With the rapid rate at which the availability of information is increasing, it is important to make access to this information easier. One may wish to get the arrival/departure information for a given flight, verify if a particular book is available at a library, find the stock price for any fund, access yellow page in... | 0 |
Building computational agents that execute actions given natural language instruction has a great deal of potential in real-world applications. One common approach is to cast the problem as mapping from instruction text into action sequence, and train an agent with supervised learning (Chen and Mooney, 2011; Mei et al.... | 0 |
Discourse relation analysis is to automatically identify discourse relations (e.g., explanation relation) that hold between arbitrary spans of text. This analysis may be a part of many natural language processing systems, e.g., text summarization system, question answering system. If there are discourse connectives bet... | 0 |
Intuitively, humans can exhibit their thought, intellect and mind using their mothertongue effortlessly, although human languages are extremely variant and of great complexity. People usually can not be explicit about the rules of their own mothertongue of ambiguous words or phrase, whereas they can use their language ... | 0 |
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (G2P) is the task of converting grapheme sequences into corresponding phoneme sequences. Many languages have the difficulty that some grapheme sequences correspond to more than one different phoneme sequence depending on the context. G2P plays a key role in speech and text processing syst... | 0 |
Semantic parsing is the task of translating text to a formal meaning representation such as logical forms or structured queries. There has recently been a surge of interest in developing machine learning methods for semantic parsing (see the references in Section 2), due in part to the existence of corpora containing u... | 0 |
The success of statistical modeling methods in a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks in the last decade depended crucially on the availability of annotated resources for their training. And while sizable resources for most standard tasks are only available for a few languages, the human effort required t... | 0 |
Natural language inference (NLI) is a pivotal and fundamental task in natural language understanding and artificial intelligence. The goal of NLI is to predict whether a premise sentence can infer another hypothesis sentence. As illustrated in Table 1 , logical relationships between the two sentences include entailment... | 0 |
Controllable text generation is the task of generating natural sentences whose attributes can be controlled. The attributes to control can range from being stylistic such politeness, sentiment, formality, etc.; demographic attributes of the person writing the text such as gender, age, etc.; content such as information,... | 0 |
This paper reports results for the UU-Stymne system on the WMT 2016 pronoun prediction shared task. The task entails classifying which among a set of target pronouns, or other is the correct translation of a given source pronoun. There are tasks for two language pairs, English and German/French, in both directions.An e... | 0 |
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have grown increasingly large in the recent years. This has led to models requiring more storage requirements, more resources for training and inference (e.g., GPUs and TPUs), longer compute times and larger carbon footprints. This is largely due to the rise of masked self-supervised learnin... | 0 |
Dependency and constituency frameworks define different syntactic structures. Dependency grammars describe the structure of a sentence in terms of binary head-modifier (also called dependency) relations on the words of the sentence. A dependency relation is an asymmetric relation between a word callexl head (governor, ... | 0 |
The rapid advancement of machine translation technologies, especially statistical machine translation (SMT), draws attention to questions of its usability in practical, business-oriented applications.One promising area where industry could benefit from SMT is localization. Translation memories (TM) have been in use in ... | 0 |
Neural generative dialogue agents have become sufficiently mature to make contact with real users through programs such as the Alexa Prize (Gabriel et al., 2020) . Though these models have known problems with factual correctness (Mielke et al., 2020) , using dialogue history (Sankar et al., 2019) , and bias , they have... | 0 |
Word embeddings map words into a vector space, allowing to reason about words in this space. They have been shown to be beneficial for several tasks such as machine translation (Botha and Blunsom, 2014) , parsing (Lei et al., 2014) , and named entity recognition (Passos et al., 2014) . Recently, word embedding techniqu... | 0 |
The gender imbalance in science and engineering is particularly striking in computer science, where the percentage of graduate students in computer science that are women seems to have been declining rather than increasing recently (Palma, 2001; Beaubouef and Zhang, 2011; Spertus, 1991; Hill et al., 2010; Singh et al.,... | 0 |
Offensive language classification and offensive span identification from code-mixed Tamil-English comments portray the same task at different granularities. In the former case, we classify if the code mixed sentence is offensive or not, while the latter concentrates on extracting the offensive parts of the comments. Ac... | 0 |
It is common that people receive tens or hundreds of emails everyday. Reading and managing all these emails consume significant time and attention. Many efforts have been made to address the email overload problem. There are studies modeling the email importance and the recipients' actions in order to help with the use... | 0 |
Opinions are ubiquitous in language. Existing opinion analysis techniques rely on the clues in the sentence that focus on the sentiment analysis task itself. Consider, for example, (Ex1) Oh no, the voters defeated the bill.The sentiment lexicons are used to recognize Oh no as a negative opinion, the semantic role label... | 0 |
Natural language inference (NLI) is the task of identifying the inferential relation between a text pair: premise and hypothesis. If a hypothesis can be inferred from a premise using logical and common sense knowledge, it is judged as entailment; if they are incompatible, it is judged as contradiction; and if neither o... | 0 |
The current study is a response to a question that proponents of syntactically-informed machine translation frequently encounter: How sensitive is a syntactically-informed machine translation system to the quality of the input syntactic analysis? It has been shown that phrasal machine translation systems are not affect... | 0 |
Relation Classification (RC) is a fundamental task in natural language processing (NLP) and is particularly important for knowledge base construction. The goal of RC (Zelenko et al., 2003) is to identify the relation type of a given entity pair in a sentence. Generally, a relation should be explicitly expressed by some... | 0 |
The Universal Dependencies (UD) initiative 1 is an international, cross-linguistic and cross-cultural initiative aimed at providing morpho-syntactically annotated data sets for the world's languages under a unified, harmonized, annotation scheme.The UD scheme (Nivre et al., 2016) adheres to two main principles: (i) the... | 0 |
Our goal is to grapple seriously with the natural sense variation arising from individual differences in word usage. It has been widely observed that usage features such as vocabulary and syntax vary across corpora of different genres and registers (Biber, 1995) , and that serve different functions (Kittredge et al., 1... | 0 |
Relation Extraction (RE) aims to discover the semantic relation that holds between two entities and transforms massive corpus into structured triplets (entity head , relation, entity tail ). For example, from "A letter head was delivered to my office tail ...", we can extract a relation Entity-Destination between head ... | 0 |
Metrics for translation quality estimation (QE) (Blatz et al., 2004; Specia et al., 2009) aim at providing an estimate on the quality of a translated text. Such metrics have no access to reference translations, as they are intended for translation systems in use. QE has shown promising results in several applications i... | 0 |
Deeper and larger neural networks have led to significant improvement in accuracy in various tasks, but they are also more computationally expensive and unfit for resource-constrained scenarios such as online serving. An interesting and viable solution to this problem is knowledge distillation (KD) (Buciluǎ et al., 200... | 0 |
Spoken language is a very important and also challenging target for machine translation. MT tasks in the IWSLT evaluation campaign [1] focus on translating subtitles of speech from TED Talks. These subtitles are clean transcriptions without disfluencies that sometimes appeared in original talks. These talks can be expe... | 0 |
Many important questions about language comprehension can only be answered by examining processes that are closely time-locked to the linguistic input. These processes take place quite rapidly and they are largely opaque to introspection. As a consequence, psycholinguists have increasingly turned to experimental method... | 0 |
There has been a lot of research in evaluating the performance of machine learning models to identify concrete concepts present in text and answer questions based on it (Hermann et al., 2015a) . The organizers of ReCAM task at Semeval 2021 have provided a dataset to benchmark the models' performance on understanding th... | 0 |
Scripts were originally proposed by Schank and Abelson (1977) as "structures that describe the appropriate sequence of events in a particular context". These event sequences define expectations for how common scenarios (such as going to a restaurant) should unfold, thus enabling better language understanding. Although ... | 0 |
In order to fully understand a piece of text, we must understand its temporal structure. The first step toward such an understanding is identifying explicit references to time. We focus on the task of automatically annotating temporal expressions (or timexes)-both identifying them in text and interpreting them to deter... | 0 |
Advancements in biomedical science has led to large volume of published research articles, especially in Nutritional Genomics, an emerging interdisciplinary that studies the relationship between human genome, food and diseases (Hakenberg et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2010; Tsuruoka et al., 2011) . For example, many rese... | 0 |
Building a task-oriented dialogue system is challenging. In real world, unlabeled dialogue data is usually available for companies who has interactive platform with users. Based on these unlabeled data, the well-known sequence-to-sequence framework (Sutskever et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2014) is widely used in dialogue r... | 0 |
Depuis de nombreuses années maintenant, les méthodes de recherche d'information montrent leur efficacité pour gérer, indexer et accéder au contenu de bases de données textuelles ou multimédia. De grandes variétés de contenus provenant de la langue générale ou des domaines de spécialité peuvent ainsi être prises en char... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is currently the most promising approach to automatically translate text from one natural language into another. While it has been successfully used for a lot of languages and applications, many challenges still remain. Translating from a morphologically rich language is one such c... | 0 |
Comprehensible input is key to foster language learning (Swain, 1985) , especially when it challenges learners by falling slightly above their individual level of language competence (Vygotsky, 1978; Krashen, 1985) . Also in content-matter education, input comprehensibility has been linked to learning success (e.g., O'... | 0 |
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is the problem of assigning the appropriate meaning (or sense) to a given word in a text or discourse. Resolving the ambiguity of words is a central problem for large scale language understanding applications and their associate tasks (Ide and V4ronis, 1998) . Besides, WSD is one of the ... | 0 |
Eye movement data has been one of the most used and most important resource that has pushed various interdisciplinary fields such as development studies, literacy, computer vision, and natural language processing research into greater heights. In a technical point of view, correctly determining theoretically grounded a... | 0 |
More than 100 Chinese input methods have been developed in the past (Becker 1985 , Huang 1985 , Gu et al. 1991 , Chung 1993 , Kuo 1995 , Fu et al. 1996 , Hsu et al. 1999 , Chen et al. 2000 , Tsai and Hsu 2002 , Gao et al. 2002 , Lee 2003 . Their underlying approaches can be classified into four types: (1) Optical chara... | 0 |
Automatic metrics are a critical component for all tasks in natural language processing. For many tasks, such as parsing and part-of-speech tagging, there is a single correct answer, and thus a single metric to compute it. For other tasks, such as machine translation or summarization, there is no effective limit to the... | 0 |
Word embeddings are a way of representing discrete words in a continuous space. Embeddings are used in neural networks trained for various tasks, e.g. in neural machine translation (NMT), or can be pre-trained in various versions of language models to be used as continuous representations of words for other tasks. One ... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing (NLP) on large social media datasets has emerged as a popular theme in the academic NLP community with publications ranging from predicting elections, e.g. (Tumasjan et al., 2010; Marchetti-Bowick and Chambers, 2012) , to forecasting box-office revenues for movies, e.g. (Asur and Huberman, 2... | 0 |
The terminology of a domain encodes the existing knowledge in that domain. Hence understanding and interpreting a message belonging to a domain cannot be fully achieved without knowing its terminology. This makes Automatic Terminology Extraction (ATE) an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). ATE methods ... | 0 |
Reading and Spelling are key skills acquired by children during their first four years of school. According to PISA and IGLU (OECD, 2014), a significant number of school children are still left behind in Germany. PISA (2000 PISA ( -2012 has documented a significant discrepancy between students' scores. It is generally ... | 0 |
Semantic web, which collects and formats different kinds of web knowledge, plays an important role in the development of a new generation of web. One important component of semantic web is to automatically extract different relations existing in web data. Information extraction (IE) can provide such a technology to sol... | 0 |
Social media services such as Twitter have become important platforms for information sharing and dissemination. Automatically detecting tweets which mentions drug names (DNs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) at a large scale is an interesting research topic and has many important applications such as pharmacovigilanc... | 0 |
De nombreux domaines de recherche requièrent la récolte d'avis d'utilisateurs, notamment en traitement automatique des langues et de la parole. Par exemple, il peut s'agir pour les utilisateurs de se prononcer sur le naturel de signaux sonores produits par des systèmes de synthèse de parole, la validité des réponses d'... | 0 |
With the increasing popularity of social networks in the last decade, people started to communicate more and more online, organising themselves in groups and social networks in general. It became easier than ever before to interact with foreign people because geographical distance played no role any more. While this is... | 0 |
How robust is human sensory perception, and to what extent do perceptions differ between individuals? In May 2018, an audio clip of a man speaking the word "laurel" received widespread attention because a significant proportion of listeners confidently reported hearing not the word "laurel," but rather the quite differ... | 0 |
In this paper we describe work which uses decision trees to estimate probabilities of words appearing with various parts-of-speech, given the context in which the words appear. In principle, this approach affords the optimal solution to the problem of predicting the correct sequence of parts-of-speech. In practice, the... | 0 |
In the field of information retrieval (IR), megabytes or terabytes of text have become commonplace. This is particularly true for commercial systems. Taking LEXIS-NEXIS, one of the leading providers of electronic research services, as an example, the entire services, at the time of writing, consists of more than 11,000... | 0 |
The use of automatic tools for the detection and correction of writing errors is not new, and there are many tools that can accurately correct errors in standard texts in many languages, including Swedish. However, most of the existing tools are not freely available and usually do not provide any information on the err... | 0 |
Persuasion is pervasive in everyday human interactions. People are often exposed to scenarios that challenge their existing beliefs and opinions, such as medical advice, election campaigns, and advertisements (Knobloch-Westerwick and Meng, 2009; Bartels, 2006; Speck and Elliott, 1997) . Of late, huge strides have been ... | 0 |
To resolve various forms of definite reference u anaphora in particular --early natural language understanding systems (reviewed in Hirst 1981) typically used a simple kind of history list of concepts previously mentioned in the input, with heuristics for selecting from this list. The history list was usually just a sh... | 0 |
Semantic role labeling (SRL) is the task of identifying semantic arguments of predicates in text. It is an important step in text analysis and has applications in information extraction (Christensen et al., 2010) , question answering (Shen and Lapata, 2007; Moreda et al., 2011) and machine translation (Wu and Fung, 200... | 0 |
Authors of English-language print documents containing both text and graphics traditionally have used phrases such as 'See Figure 1'. Intuitively, these cross-media cues (CMCs) help the print reader to integrate information presented in different media, i.e., printed text and printed graphics. We are investigating how,... | 0 |
One Corporate Event Sequence (CES) is a sequence of events that take place at one company during a period of time. A series of company events can represent corporate strategy and future plans. Therefore, CES can be used as a tool to probe corporate strategy and decision-making behaviors.Investors can use existing CES t... | 0 |
Machine-readable dictionaries provide the raw material from which to construct computationally useful representations of the generic vocabulary contained within it. Many sublanguages, however, are poorly represented in on-line dictionaries, if represented at all (cf. Grishman et al (1986) ). Yet vocabularies geared to ... | 0 |
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) (Devlin et al., 2019) is a language representation model trained in advance on a very large monolingual dataset. We adapt this model to our own tasks after fine-tuning (Freitag and Al-Onaizan, 2016; Servan et al., 2016) using task-specific data. Systems usi... | 0 |
Intonation corpus can be thought of as a speech corpus that has its orthographic / phonetic annotations complemented with prosodic labels. Prosodic labels may characterize both prosodic phenomena themselves (e.g. pitch accents and boundary tones) and features that affect prosody (e.g. logical stress). Some prosodic lab... | 0 |
An important challenge within the domain of natural language processing is the construction of adequate semantic representations for textual unitsfrom words over sentences to whole documents. Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for the construction of vector-based representations for larger textual units, ... | 0 |
Recently, a huge amount of information is accumulated and distributed on the web day by day. As a result, many people get information via web rather than the conventional mass media. On the other hand, the amount of information on the web is so huge that we often encounter the difficulty in finding information we want.... | 0 |
The Arabic language is a highly inflected natural language that has an enormous number of possible words (Othman et al., 2003) . And although it is the native language of over 300 million people, it suffers from the lack of useful resources as opposed to other languages, specially English and until now there are no sys... | 0 |
Listening to and performing oral reading are activities that permeate daily life, from parents reading aloud to young children, through reading instruction in elementary school, to audiobook narrations increasingly chosen by adults as the form of bookreading that fits in a busy schedule. Oral reading is also used in as... | 0 |
Sentiment Analysis is a natural language processing (NLP) task which aims at classifying documents according to the opinion expressed about a given subject (Federici and Dragoni, 2016a,b) . Many works available in the literature address the sentiment analysis problem without distinguishing domain specific information o... | 0 |
Humanities are no longer just the realm of scholars turning pages of thick books. As the worlds of humanists and computer scientists begin to intertwine, new methods to revisit known ground emerge and options to widen the scope of research questions are available. Moreover, the nature of language encountered in such re... | 0 |
Language is not sealed in a textual medium disconnected from the world. People use language to talk about people, places and things that exist both in time and space. Abstract ideas are typically conveyed through metaphors that are grounded in embodied concepts from the domains of spatial movement, forces, and manipula... | 0 |
An important subtask in sentiment analysis is sentiment classification. Sentiment classification involves the identification of positive and negative opinions from a text segment at various levels of granularity including document-level, paragraphlevel, sentence-level and phrase-level. This paper focuses on document-le... | 0 |
Considerable effort has been invested in the past few years in developing what has been called a "new generation" of translation support tools based on parallel text alignment (Brown et al. [2] ; Gale and Church [8] ; Isabelle et al. [10] ). One of the questions we can ask at this stage, then, is: How well do these tra... | 0 |
Important facts in a new text are those which deviate from previous knowledge on the topic. When people create summaries, they use their knowledge about the world to decide what content in an input document is informative to include in a summary. Understandably in automatic summarization as well, it is useful to keep a... | 0 |
Both fictional and non-fictional texts often comprise multiple, intersecting and inter-related narrative arcs. This work considers the task of identifying the (sub-)narratives latent within a narrative text and the set of passages that comprise them. As a motivating example, I consider David Foster Wallace's opus Infin... | 0 |
Key information extraction from form-like documents is one of the fundamental tasks of document understanding that has many real-world applications. However, the major challenge of solving the task lies in modeling various template layouts and formats of documents. For example, a single document may contain multiple co... | 0 |
Fixed-dimensional span representations are often used as a component in recent models for a number of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as question answering (Lee et al., 2016; Seo et al., 2019) , coreference resolution (Lee et al., 2017) , and constituency parsing (Stern et al., 2017; Kitaev and Klein, 201... | 0 |
Pre-trained Transformer architectures have led to huge progress in building more human-like language processing systems (Radford et al.; Devlin et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020, among others) . These models achieve impressive perplexity results on language modelling datasets, perform well on grammatical judgments (Wars... | 0 |
It is widely accepted that dialogues proceed through dialogue moves or acts, and dialogue act annotation is very valuable in furthering understanding of the structure of interactions, particularly when such knowledge is needed in the design of artificial spoken or text dialogue. While many dialogues and indeed parts of... | 0 |
Sarcasm detection is the process of classifying whether the text (i.e., a full document, a single sentence, a word, etc.) is sarcastic or not. Sarcastic writing is a common way for people to share their sentiment in many online texts (i.e., social media, reviews, posts, comments, etc.) . This linguistic phenomenon has ... | 0 |
The use of language greatly varies with the geographic location (Firth, 1935; Johnstone, 2010) . Even within places where people speak the same language (Britain, 2013) , there is a lot of lexical variability due to change of style and topic distribution, particularly when considering content posted on social media, bl... | 0 |
A number of large scale corpora have been collected, processed, and made available for public use over the decades, for instance, the British National Corpus [Leech 1994 ] and the American National Corpus [Ide and Macleod 2001] . However, most of these corpora contain written language data only. For modern Mandarin, th... | 0 |
Word similarity detection plays an important role in Natural Language Processing (NLP), as it is the backbone of several applications, such as Paraphrasing, Query Expansion, Word Sense Disambiguation, Automatic Thesauri Creation, and so on (Terra and Clarke, 2003) . Several approaches have been proposed to measure word... | 0 |
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