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In the world of localization and professional translation, translation consistency is a much desired property. Given a particular domain, consistency in translation is characterized not only by correctness and fluency, but also by adhering to specific terminology translation, language patterns, and even error patterns ... | 0 |
Government-Binding theory 1 (henceforth "GB") seeks to describe human knowledge of language by positing a small number of highly general principles, which interact to produce highly specific effects. Most of these principles are regarded as universal principles. Specific construction types in different human languages ... | 0 |
In natural language processing (NLP), the high performance of a machine learning solution often depends on the quality and quantity of training data, but its collection is not always trivial (Wei and Zou, 2019) . For some tasks, such as sentiment analysis, extensive corpora already exist, and can be used at least as a ... | 0 |
The availability of large syntactically annotated corpora led to an explosion of interest in automatically inducing models for syntactic analysis and disambiguation called statistical parsers. The development of successful statistical parsing models for English focused on the Wall Street Journal Penn Treebank (PTB, (Ma... | 0 |
Along with the trend of "Affective Computing", the task of Emotion Detection in text has received much attention in the recent years. However, very little research has been working on the detection of multiple emotion simultaneously. Instead, most of them make simple assumption that emotions are mutually exclusive and ... | 0 |
Despite the successes of neural machine translation (Wu et al., 2016; Vaswani et al., 2017; Ahmed et al., 2018) , state of the art NMT systems are still challenged by translation of typologically divergent language pairs, especially when languages are morphologically rich (Burlot and Yvon, 2017) . One of the reasons li... | 0 |
Unification Grammars with a context-free skeleton, like Lexical Fhnctional Grammar (LFG) and PATR-II (cf. e.g. Kaplan and Bresnan 1982, Shieber et al. 1983) assign to a sentence not only a constituent structure (c-structure), but also an additional linguistic entity. In the rather restricted grammars of the early stage... | 0 |
Cross-lingual Word Sense Disambiguation (CL-WSD) is an approach to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) that exploits the similarities and the differences across languages to disambiguate text in an automatic fashion. Using existing multilingual parallel corpora for this purpose is a natural choice, as shown by a long serie... | 0 |
In this paper, we describe a modeling language for constructing 3D visualizations of concepts denoted by natural language expressions. This language, VoxML (Visual Object Concept Modeling Language), is being used as the platform for creating multimodal semantic simulations in the context of human-computer communication... | 0 |
L'utilisation d'outils informatiques tels que les concordanciers, qui permettent d'extraire des collocations de mots et leur contexte, est fréquente dans la communauté des chercheurs en sciences du langage. La taille de corpus actuellement disponibles est en augmentation constate, de même que les schèmes d'annotation, ... | 0 |
Multiword expressions (MWEs) are notoriously challenging for NLP, due to their many potential levels of idiosyncrasy, from lexical to semantic and pragmatic to statistical (Sag et al., 2002; Ramisch, 2015) . One widely known problem is the semantic interpretation of noun compounds, which in English are noun phrases com... | 0 |
If a system has seen only positive examples, how does it recognize a negative example? This is the problem addressed by outlier detection, also called novelty detection 1 (Markou and Singh, 2003a; Markou and Singh, 2003b; Marsland, 2003) : to detect novel or unknown items that differ from all the seen training data. Ou... | 0 |
Despite BERT's (Devlin et al., 2019) popularity and effectiveness, little is known about its inner workings. Several attempts have been made to demystify certain aspects of BERT (Rogers et al., 2020) , often leading to contradicting conclusions. For instance, Clark et al. (2019) argue that attention measures the import... | 0 |
Determining the linguistic structure of natural language texts based on rich hand-crafted features has a long-going history in natural language processing. The focus of traditional approaches has mostly been on building linguistic analyzers for a particular kind of analysis, which often leads to the incorporation of ex... | 0 |
Cloze items (Taylor, 1953 (Taylor, , 1956 O'Toole and King, 2011) are frequently used to test language proficiency. A cloze item consists of a sentence with usually one word being blanked. The learner's task is to find the correct word for the blank:(1) He sold his ____ yesterday below price.As we can see from example ... | 0 |
Cerebral palsy is a common speech motor disability in children, and an umbrella term to indicate a neurologic developmental condition that affects individuals from early childhood throughout their lifespan [1] . Due to the neurologic factors, children with cerebral palsy tend to have several types of speech deficits. A... | 0 |
Authorship attribution (AA) is the task of identifying the author of a text, given a set of authorlabeled training texts. This task typically makes use of stylometric cues at the surface lexical and syntactic level (Stamatatos et al., 2015) , although Feng and Hirst (2014) and Feng (2015) go beyond the sentence level, ... | 0 |
Natural language processing of spontaneous speech is particularly difficult because it contains false starts, out of vocabulary words, and ungrammatical constructions. lleca,se of this, it is unreasonable to hope to be able to write a grammar which will cover all of the phenomena which a parser is likely to encounter i... | 0 |
In the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field, one of the most challenging applications is dialogue systems (Kuppevelt and Smith, 2003) . A dialogue system is usually defined as a computer system that can interact with a human being through dialogue in order to complete a specific task (e.g., ticket reservation, timet... | 0 |
Imagine asking a friend whether you can borrow their car for the afternoon, and the only reply you get is "no". You would presumably perceive this as somewhat brusque, and Conversation Analysis would back you up there: This kind of dispreferred reply typically needs more work, often being initiated with a filled pause,... | 0 |
Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au problème de l'analyse sémantique avec des contraintes de bonne formation, c'est-à-dire respectant les contraintes de valence et de typage des arguments. Pour ces problèmes, les analyseurs modernes utilisent des architectures neuronales de type séquence-àséquence avec attention... | 0 |
In this paper, we analyse and discuss German verb-particle constructions (VPCs). VPCs are a type of multiword expressions (MWEs) which are defined by Sag et al. (2002) to be "idiosyncratic interpretations that cross word bounderies (or spaces)". Kim and Baldwin (2010) extend this explanation in their definition of MWEs... | 0 |
Relation extraction identifies specific semantic relationships between two entities within a single sentence. For example, there is a Physical.Located relationship between George Bush and France in the sentence: George Bush traveled to France on Thursday for a summit. Relation extraction is a crucial task for many appl... | 0 |
Open Information Extraction systems, starting with TextRunner (Yates et al., 2007) , seek to extract all relational tuples expressed in text, without being bound to an anticipated list of predicates. Such systems have been used recently for relation extraction (Soderland et al., 2013) , questionanswering (Fader et al.,... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis aims to predict sentiment polarity of user-generated data with emotional orientation like movie reviews. The exponentially increase of online reviews makes it an interesting topic in research and industrial areas. However, reviews can span so many different domains and the collection and preprocessin... | 0 |
German is one of the very few languages for which more than one syntactically annotated resource exists. Other languages for which this is the case include English (with the Penn treebank (Marcus et al., 1993) , the Susanne Corpus (Sampson, 1993) , and the British section of the ICE Corpus (Wallis and Nelson, 2006) ) a... | 0 |
À la suite du développement des analyseurs Fips pour le français et l'anglais (Laenzlinger et Éric Wehrli, 1991) , le Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Technologie du Langage (LATL) s'est engagé dans une reformulation multilingue de cet analyseur (Éric Wehrli, 2004) . Le système, inspiré des théories générativistes chomskyen... | 0 |
Question answering (QA) systems that search large document collections (Voorhees, 2001; Tsatsaro-nis et al., 2015; typically use pipelines operating at gradually finer text granularities. A fully-fledged pipeline includes components that (i) retrieve possibly relevant documents typically using conventional information ... | 0 |
This paper gives an overview of the NAACL-2010 Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data With Amazon's Mechanical Turk. A number of recent papers have evaluated the effectiveness of using Mechanical Turk to create annotated data for natural language processing applications. The low cost, scalable workforce availabl... | 0 |
Difficult and important NLP problems have the property of attracting whole range of researchers, which often leads to the development of several different approaches to the same problem. If these approaches are independent enough in terms of not producing the same kinds of errors, there is a hope that their combination... | 0 |
Vectorial representations derived from large current events datasets such as Google News have been shown to perform well on word similarity tasks (Mikolov, 2013; Levy & Goldberg, 2014) . This paper shows vectorial representations derived from substantially smaller explanatory text datasets such as English Wikipedia and... | 0 |
Knowledge-based question answering is a task that aims to answer natural language questions based on existing knowledge bases (KB). In the last decades, large scale knowledge bases, such as Freebase (Bollacker et al., 2008) , have been constructed. Based on Freebase, two benchmark data-sets, WebQuestions (Berant et al.... | 0 |
Statistical semantics has emerged as a field of computational linguistics, aiming at automatically computing semantic representations for words, sentences and phrases from (large) corpora. While early approaches to distributional semantics were split into symbolic, graph-based approaches (Lin, 1998) and vector-based ap... | 0 |
With the ease of combining representations from different modalities provided by neural networks, text and vision are coming together. There is a growing body of resources addressing a setting in which the visual context can be exploited to support a textual task, for example visual coreference resolution.Several corpo... | 0 |
Similarity is a fundamental concept in theories of knowledge and behavior. Psychological experiments have shown that similarity acts as an organizing principle by which individuals classify objects, and make generalizations (Goldstone, 1994) . For example, a biologist would classify a newly found animal specimen based ... | 0 |
Image captioning is a task of automatically generating a natural language description of a given image. It is a highly useful task, in that 1) it extracts the essence from an image into a self-descriptive form of representation, and 2) the output format is a natural language, which exhibits free-form and manageable cha... | 0 |
Relation and Event Extraction (REE) are important tasks of Information Extraction (IE), whose goal is to extract structured information from unstructured text (Walker et al., 2006) . Due to their complexity, annotations for REE tasks are costly and only available in a few languages. Thus, there have been growing intere... | 0 |
Automatic Text Scoring refers to the task of applying computational techniques to score written text based on certain grading criteria (Alikaniotis et al., 2016) . Since its inception (Page, 1966) , Automatic Text Scoring has been actively investigated and applied to assist educators in scoring student-written text, e.... | 0 |
Recent works have shown that cross-lingual transfer learning in pre-trained multilingual models such as mBERT (Devlin et al., 2019) and XLM-R (Conneau et al., 2020) could be improved further by using parallel data (Conneau and Lample, 2019; Hu et al., 2020a; Ouyang et al., 2020; Luo et al., 2020) . In this paper, we co... | 0 |
Referring to an entity in natural language can broadly be decomposed into two processes. First, speakers directly introduce new entities into discourse, entities which may be shared across discourses. This initial reference is typically accomplished with proper or nominal expressions. Second, speakers refer back to ent... | 0 |
Incorporating natural language processing into systems that provide writing assistance beyond grammar is an area of increasing research and commercial interest (e.g., (Writelab, 2015; Roscoe et al., 2015) ). As one example, the automatic recognition of the purpose of each of an author's revisions allows writing assista... | 0 |
Relation Extraction (RE) is an important task in Information Extraction, which identifies semantic relations between entities in text (Zelenko et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2005; Mintz et al., 2009) . The task becomes a typical classification problem if an entity pair in a text is given. In recent years, supervised models... | 0 |
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) has become enormously popular and has proven to be effective in recent natural language processing studies, which utilizes large-scale unlabeled training data and generates enriched contextual representations. As we traverse several popular machine reading ... | 0 |
Complex Word Identification (CWI) is the task of identifying complex words in texts using computational methods (Shardlow, 2013) . The task is usually carried out as part of lexical and text simplification systems. Shardlow (2014) considers CWI as the first processing step in lexical simplification pipelines. Complex o... | 0 |
Automatic error correction is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It can be used in a wide range of applications such as word processing tools (e.g. Microsoft Office, Openoffice, . . . ), machine translation, information retrieval, optical character recognition . . . Automatic error correction tools... | 0 |
Until recently, most of the work in Computational Linguistics has been focussed on standard written text, often from newswire. The emergence of two new research areas, Digital Humanities and Computational Sociolinguistics, have however shifted the interest towards large, noisy text collections from various sources. Mor... | 0 |
With the advent of big-data era, the amount of technical documents (patents, standards, specifications, manuals) that need translation to different languages explosively increases. Hugevolume technical document translation suddenly became a bottleneck for the globalization of technology. Human translation is inefficien... | 0 |
This paper describes the submission of the Global Tone Communication Technology Co., Ltd. (GTCOM) for the first participation in IWSLT evaluation. We participated in the zero-shot condition in the multilingual task and the Englishto-Chinese and Chinese-to-English tracks in the small data condition of the bilingual task... | 0 |
Paucity of data resources is a challenge for semantic analyses like frame-semantic parsing (Gildea and Jurafsky, 2002; using the FrameNet lexicon (Baker et al., 1998; Fillmore and Baker, 2009) . 1 Given a sentence, a framesemantic parse maps word tokens to frames they evoke, and for each frame, finds and labels its arg... | 0 |
Recently, an increasing number of TM/NLP tools such as part-of-speech (POS) taggers (Tsuruoka et al., 2005) , named entity recognizers (NERs) (Settles, 2005 ) syntactic parsers (Hara et al., 2005) and relation or event extractors (ERs) have been developed. Nevertheless, it is still very difficult to integrate independe... | 0 |
Conventional statistical machine translation (SMT) systems extract and estimate translation pairs based on their surface forms (Koehn et al., 2003) , which often fail to capture translation pairs which are grammatically and semantically similar. To alleviate the above problems, several researchers have proposed learnin... | 0 |
Quality Estimation (QE) (Blatz et al., 2004; Specia et al., 2009) is an important topic in Natural Language Processing (NLP). QE aims to predict the quality of Machine Translation (MT) outputs without human references. QE has a lot of potential. Such a case is automatically optimizing MT systems without having referenc... | 0 |
On many social media platforms like Twitter, users find posts that they are interested in through two mechanisms: (a) search and (b) recommendation. Both mechanisms typically use the topics associated with posts to identify potential candidates that are displayed to the user. Therefore, automatically associating a post... | 0 |
Recurrent neural network language models (RNNLMs) have recently shown great improvements in statistical machine translation (SMT), both during decoding and rescoring. The use of continuous word representations has achieved better generalization of the data which effectively lowered data sparsity problems. Furthermore, ... | 0 |
The concept of a computer system designed for translation assistance is several decades old. While the first computers were created just before World War II to perform calculations (in ballistics), it quickly became apparent that they could be used as decoding tools (to decipher enemy encrypted transmissions such as th... | 0 |
People mainly operate computers through a keyboard interface. However, they often make spelling errors when using a keyboard; e.g., hitting an adjacent key, or using phonologically similar letters. In our study, we define spelling errors as (1) a typo from an incorrect keyboard operation, and (2) a spelling confusion f... | 0 |
The SemEval-2010 Task #12, Parser Evaluation using Textual Entailment (PETE) (Yuret et al., 2010) , is an interesting task connecting two areas of research, parsing and recognizing textual entailment (RTE) (Dagan et al., 2005) . The former is usually concerned with syntactic analysis in specific linguistic frameworks, ... | 0 |
In a document, the clauses, sentences and paragraphs are logically connected together to form a coherent discourse. The goal of discourse parsing is to uncover this underlying coherence structure, which has been shown to benefit numerous NLP applications including text classification (Ji and Smith, 2017) , summarizatio... | 0 |
It has long been documented that there are characteristic facial displays that accompany the emphasised parts of spoken utterances. For example, Ekman (1979) says that eyebrow raises "appear to coincide with primary vocal stress, or more simply with a word that is spoken more loudly." Correlations have also been found ... | 0 |
For the WMT 2009 shared task, RWTH submitted translations for the German-English, French-English and Spanish-English language pair in both directions. A phrase-based translation system enhanced with appropriate morpho-syntactic transformations was used for all translation directions. Local POS-based word reorderings we... | 0 |
Knowledge-based question answering (KB-QA) computes answers to natural language (NL) questions based on existing knowledge bases (KBs). Most previous systems tackle this task in a cascaded manner: First, the input question is transformed into its meaning representation (MR) by an independent semantic parser (Zettlemoye... | 0 |
Information Extraction (IE) systems today are commonly based on pattern matching. New patterns need to be written when we customize an IE system for a new scenario (extraction task); this is costly if done by hand. This has led to recent research on automated acquisition of patterns from text with minimal pre-annotatio... | 0 |
In the last decade, the building of language resources (LR) and theirs relevance to practically all fields of Information Society Technologies has been widely recognized. LRs cover basic software tools for their acquisition, preparation, collection, management, customisation and use and are used in many types of applic... | 0 |
The present paper 1 describes a methodology for taxonomy induction in Spanish and French, using a combination of algorithms based on different quantitative approaches. At this stage of the project, we start with nouns because they are a central part-of-speech for conceptual categories. In our proposal, the major part o... | 0 |
Learner corpora, which consist of texts written by nonnative speakers, are increasingly used in quantitative studies in second language acquisition. Some of these corpora have been annotated to answer various research questions. To support analysis of grammatical mistakes made by learners, a number of them have been er... | 0 |
The same meaning can be expressed or paraphrased in many different ways; automatically detecting or generating different expressions with the same meaning is fundamental to many natural language understanding tasks (Giampiccolo et al., 2007) , so much previous work has investigated methods for automatic paraphrasing (M... | 0 |
The spoken term detection task arises as a key subtask in applying NLP applications to spoken content. Tasks like topic identification and namedentity detection require transforming a continuous acoustic signal into a stream of discrete tokens which can then be handled by NLP and other statistical machine learning tech... | 0 |
Simultaneous machine translation is a task in which the machine starts outputting a translation before reading the entire input sentence. This task is more difficult than full-sentence translation because it translates the initial part of a sentence without the context of the latter part. This involves a trade-off betw... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis aims at automatically detecting the sentiment of given text. Explicit sentiment analysis methods detect the sentiment mainly based on the occurrence of sentiment-related words and have been extensively explored (Agarwal et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2014 Tang et al., , 2015a . However, sentiment could a... | 0 |
As word is the basic unit of a language, the betterment of its representation has significant impact on various natural language processing tasks. Continuous word representations, commonly known as word embeddings, have formed the basis for numerous neural network models since their advent. Their popularity results fro... | 0 |
Chinese word segmentation is deemed to be a prerequisite for Chinese language processing. The competition in the first CIPS-SIGHAN joint conference put the task of Chinese word segmentation in a more challengeable setting, where training and test data are obtained from different domains. This setting is widely known as... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) relies on tokenization to split sentences into meaningful units for easy processing. For morphologically complex languages, such as Arabic or Turkish, this may involve splitting words into morphemes. Throughout this paper, we adopt the definition of tokenization proposed by Habash ... | 0 |
Semantic similarity is a measure that specifies the similarity of one text's meaning to another's. Semantic similarity plays an important role in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as textual entailment (Berant et al., 2012) , summarization (Lin and Hovy, 2003) , question answering (Surdeanu et al., 2... | 0 |
One of the severest problems facing machine translation between Asian languages is the lack of suitable language resources. Even when word-lists or simple bilingual dictionaries exist, it is rare for them to include detailed information about the syntax and meaning of words.In this paper we present a method of adding n... | 0 |
Extracting information about an event (or entity) involves multiple decisions, as one first needs to identify documents relevant to the event, extract relevant information from those documents, and finally reconcile various values obtained for the same relation of the event from different sources (Ahn, 2006) . Search b... | 0 |
This tutorial is split into two parts:A Glass is half-full: deep nets can do much B Glass is half-empty: there is always more to do Part A will make deep nets more accessible to a broader audience (Church et al., 2021b,a) by introducing gft (General Fine-Tuning), a new "little language" 1 for deep nets that is similar ... | 0 |
Classification tasks require a number of previously labeled cases. A major bottleneck is that case labeling is a laborious task requiring significant human effort. This effort is particularly high in the case of text documents, web pages and other unstructured objects.The effort required to retrieve representative labe... | 0 |
Natural spoken discourse is composed a sequence of utterances, not independently generated or randomly strung together, but rather organized according to basic structural principles. This structure in turn guides the interpretation of individual utterances and the discourse as a whole. Formal written discourse signals ... | 0 |
Almost 50 years since Damerau's groundbreaking work was published (Damerau 1964) , the figures he set for the proportion of spelling errors in typed text, along with their classification, still remain in use. According to Damerau, over 80% of all misspelled words present a single error which, in turn, falls into one ou... | 0 |
Imaginons un voyageur dans une ville à l'étranger. Un événement local survient, qui fait la une des journaux télévisés. Le voyageur passe d'une chaîne à une autre, mais ne comprend que partiellement ce qu'il se passe. Pourtant, cela peut avoir un impact fort sur son séjour (fermeture d'aéroport, limitation de circulati... | 0 |
Deploying MT in a multilingual content production and management scenario is challenging because of the many well known problems of MT. On the other hand, jumping to "no go" conclusions when looking at bad MT output means ignoring the potential of MT. Today, MT deployment and LT deployment in general is complex not onl... | 0 |
State-of-the-art Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems usually adopt a two-pass search strategy. In the first pass, a decoding algorithm is applied to generate an N-best list of translation hypotheses; while in the second pass, the final translation is selected by rescoring and re-ranking the N-best hypotheses ... | 0 |
One of the most common criticisms towards Rule-Based Machine Translation (RBMT) regards the amount of work necessary to build a system for a new language pair (Somers, 2003) . In fact, in a traditional scenario, linguists with expertise in the source and target language need to manually build all the dictionary entries... | 0 |
Plusieurs théories de représentation de la structure sémantique coexistent actuellement, et parmi celles-ci, plusieurs projets ont vu le jour, parmi lesquels on trouve WordNet (Miller & Fellbaum, 1998) , PropBank (Palmer et al., 2005) ou encore FrameNet (Fillmore & Baker, 2001 ) . Alors que WordNet s'attache à représen... | 0 |
When it comes to natural language processing (NLP), most of the research work that is done is based on textual data that is usually annotated in some way while human language processing data like eye movement recordings, etc. are often overlooked. The solutions for most tasks in NLP these days are based on neural netwo... | 0 |
The ongoing MACAU project, started in 2012 at the University of Grenoble, aims at providing multilingual access to course material taught at the university (Kalitvianski et al, 2015) . It is motivated by the fact that many foreign students struggle with understanding material taught in French, and have to spend extra t... | 0 |
The National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Japan (NINJAL) has compiled a ten-billion-word scale Japanese web corpus named 'NINJAL Web Japanese Corpus' (hereafter 'NWJC') (Asahara et al., 2014) . This paper presents the web-based corpus concordance system 'BonTen' -Brahman 1 for NWJC. The system desig... | 0 |
The task of identifying texts which share semantic content arises as a general need in many natural language processing applications. For instance, a paraphrasing application has to recognize texts which convey roughly the same content, and a summarization application needs to single out texts which contain the content... | 0 |
Language models (LMs) are a fundamental piece in statistical applications that produce natural language text, such as machine translation and speech recognition. In order to perform optimally, a LM should be trained on data from the same domain as the data that it will be applied to. This poses a problem, because in th... | 0 |
The success of state-of-the-art neural networks crucially hinges on the availability of large amounts of annotated training data. While recent advances on language model pre-training (Peters et al., 2018; Figure 1: Our weak supervision framework, ASTRA, leverages domain-specific rules, a large amount of (task-specific... | 0 |
Keyphrases are short phrases that indicate the core information of a document. As shown in Figure 1 , the keyphrase generation (KG) problem focuses on automatically producing a keyphrase set (a set of keyphrases) for the given document. Because of the condensed expression, keyphrases can benefit various downstream appl... | 0 |
Grammatical error detection is useful to produce an improved final document for writing assistance, provide feedback to language learners, provide features for automatic essay scoring, and postedit machine translation output (see references in Chodorow et al., 2012, sec. 2) . Within this growing field, most of the work... | 0 |
Spelling correction (Islam and Inkpen, 2009; Zhou et al., 2017; Etoori et al., 2018) and grammatical error correction (GEC) (Leacock et al., 2010) are two fundamental tasks that have important implications for downstream NLP tasks and for education in general. In recent years, the use of statistical machine translation... | 0 |
Applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to improve the quality of education programs is a crucial step in ensuring the NLP community's contributions to Social Good. Utilizing NLP unlocks the potential of computationally examining texts that were once only qualitatively analyzed or overlooked because of th... | 0 |
Bayesian models provide a sound statistical framework in which to explore aspects of language acquisition. Explicitly specifying the causal and computational structure of a model enables the investigation of hypotheses such as the feasibility of learning linguistic structure from the available input (Perfors et al., 20... | 0 |
Determining the intended sense of a word is potentially useful in many natural language tasks including machine translation and information retrieval. The best approaches for word sense disambiguation are supervised and they use words that co-occur with the target as features. These systems rely on senseannotated data ... | 0 |
In computational linguistics and related fields, significant work has been invested in the development of algorithms for gaining insight from large bodies of text. The raw output of these techniques can be so complex that it is just as difficult and time consuming to understand as reading the text. Therefore, it is an ... | 0 |
According to the American Library Association, approximately 43% of Americans have reading skills at or below the most basic level of prose literacy, defined as the ability to "search, comprehend, and use information from continuous texts" (Baer et al., 2009) . These underdeveloped literacy skills are in many cases the... | 0 |
Dialogue systems, including question-answering (QA) systems are now commonly used in practice. Early such systems were built mainly based on rules and information retrieval techniques (Banchs and Li, 2012; Ameixa et al., 2014; . Recent deep learning models (Vinyals and Le, 2015; Xing et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017c) lea... | 0 |
Les activités pédagogiques concernant le vocabulaire sont désormais très nombreuses sur Internet (Jaser 2002 , Didier 2002 , La Passerelle 2002 ., pour ne citer que ces sites). Le plus souvent, il s'agit d'exercices à trous ou de QCM, conçus à l'aide de systèmes auteur, un des plus connu étant Hot Potatoes. On peut aus... | 0 |
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