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Although language independent, many linguistic technologies are inherently tied to the availability of particular language data (i.e. Language Resources, LR). The nature of these data is very much dependent on particular technologies and the applications where are used. Currently, most systems are using LR collected by... | 0 |
In representative governments, laws result from a complex social process. Central to that process is language. Text data emerging from the process include debates among legislators (Laver et al., 2003; Quinn et al., 2010; Beigman Klebanov et al., 2008) , press releases (Grimmer, 2010) , accounts of these debates in the... | 0 |
Code summaries are concise natural language descriptions of source code and they are important for program comprehension and software maintenance. However, it remains a labor-intensive and time-consuming task for developers to document code with good summaries manually.Over the years, many code summarization methods ha... | 0 |
The building of the Croatian Wordnet has begun in 2004 at the Institute of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. The Croatian WordNet is a lexical database built through the expand model (Vossen, 1998) . The development of the Croatian Wordnet (CroWN) can be divided into two majo... | 0 |
Due to the casual nature of social media, there exist a large number of non-standard words in text expressions which make it substantially different from formal written text. It is reported in (Liu et al., 2011b) that more than four million distinct out-of-vocabulary (OOV) tokens occur in the Edinburgh Twitter corpus (... | 0 |
Computational learning of natural language can be considered from two common perspectives. Firstly, there is the psychological perspective, which leads to the investigation of learning problems similar to those faced by people and the building of systems that seek to model human language learning faculties. Secondly, t... | 0 |
Since Visual Question Answering (VQA) was first proposed as a Turing test (Malinowski and Fritz, 2014) , several human-annotated datasets (Mogadala et al., 2019) have been used to train and evaluate VQA models. Unfortunately, heavy reliance on these datasets for training has the unwanted side-effects of bias towards an... | 0 |
With the rapid growth of clinical data produced by health organisations, efficient information extraction from these free text clinical notes will be valuable for improving the work of clinical wards and gaining greater understanding of patient care as well as progression of disease. Recognising named entities is a key... | 0 |
A language model specifies a probability distribution over sequences of words: given a sequence s = x 1 x 2 • • • x n of length n, the model assigns a probability P (s) to the entire sequence. The probability distribution may be conditioned: for example in machine translation the distribution is conditioned on the sour... | 0 |
Online shopping has become a popular form of purchasing goods even before the most recent acceleration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As ecommerce websites strive to make the shopping process more useful and enjoyable for customers, many interesting challenges arise. One challenge deals with how to surface opinions from... | 0 |
The task of delexicalized dependency parser transfer (or delex transfer for short) is to train a parser on a treebank for a source language (src), using only non-lexical features, most notably partof-speech (POS) tags, and to apply that parser to POS-tagged sentences of a target language (tgt) to obtain dependency pars... | 0 |
One of the biggest research challenges faced by the agricultural industry is to understand the molecular network underlying the regulation of seed development. Different tissues involving complex genetics and various environmental factors are responsible for the healthy development of a seed. A large body of research l... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) has achieved promising performance when large-scale parallel data is available. Unfortunately, the abundance of parallel data is largely limited to English, which leads to concerns on the unfair deployment of machine translation service across languages. In turn, researchers are increasingly in... | 0 |
Numerous documents from a variety of sources are uploaded to the Internet or database everyday, such as news articles (Hermann et al., 2015) , scientific papers (Qazvinian and Radev, 2008) and electronic health records (Jing et al., 2019) . How to effectively digest the overwhelming information has always been a fundam... | 0 |
A serious problem in corpus-based analysis of the Japanese language is the lack of reliable balanced corpus. Most of the corpus-based studies of contemporary Japanese are based upon the analyses of text archive of newspaper articles, archive of copyright-expired literary work (Aozora Bunko), or crawling of the Internet... | 0 |
The correct interpretation of anaphora is vital for natural language understanding. Bridging anaphora (Clark, 1975) represents a special part of the general problem of anaphora resolution, which has been studied and discussed for various languages and domains (Hahn et al., 1996; Murata et al., 1999; Poesio et al., 2004... | 0 |
We present an evaluation of the effect of syntactic and structural constraints at multiple levels of granularity on the robustness of sentence compression at varying compression rates. Our evaluation demonstrates that the new feature set produces significantly improved compressions across a range of compression rates c... | 0 |
In recent years, topic modeling on phrases has been developed for providing more interpretable topics (El-Kishky et al., 2014; Kawamae, 2014; He, 2016) . They represent each topic as a list of phrases, which are easy to read for humans. For example, the topic represented in "grounding conductor, grounding wire, aluminu... | 0 |
Answer sentence selection is a crucial subtask of the open-domain question answering (QA) problem, with the goal of extracting answers from a set of pre-selected sentences (Heilman and Smith, 2010; Yao et al., 2013; Severyn and Moschitti, 2013) . In order to conduct research on this important problem, Wang et al. (2007... | 0 |
High-quality machine translation (MT) is highly desirable in today's global community and is the goal of many computational systems. Unfortunately, natural languages are very complex, and this poses great challenges for any MT system. No MT system today is able to produce perfect translations of arbitrary text. For any... | 0 |
Toxic language detection has attracted significant research interest in recent years as the volume of toxic user-generated online content has grown with the expansion of the Internet and social media networks (Schmidt and Wiegand, 2017) . As toxicity is such a subjective measure, its definition can vary significantly b... | 0 |
There is active debate over how we should test semantic models. In fact, in 2016 there was an entire workshop dedicated to the testing of semantic representations (RepEval, 2016) . Several before us have argued for the usage of brain data to test semantic models (Anderson et al., 2013; Murphy et al., 2012; Anderson et ... | 0 |
Given two short texts or sentences, similarity systems or models should output a score that reflects how similar the two texts are in meaning. Semantic textual similarity (STS) formalizes an operation that is an important component of many natural language processing systems and has generated substantial interest withi... | 0 |
Recent advances on natural language processing (NLP) benchmarks have been driven by increasingly sophisticated language models, which are pretrained on enormous amounts of data before use. Refinements of this process has led to increasingly powerful language models, such as BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) , RoBERTa , and mo... | 0 |
Arabic has been used as a written language for more than fourteen centuries. While Arabic attracts significant interest from the natural language processing (NLP) community, leading to large corpora and other valuable resources, mostly in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), we still lack a large-scale, historical corpus of A... | 0 |
Large news media organisations often work in a multilingual space in which they both publish their material in numerous languages and monitor the world's media across video, audio, printed and online sources. As regards content creation, one way in which efficient use is made of journalistic endeavour is the republicat... | 0 |
How the computer recognizes, generates, and analyzes humor is an interesting but meaningful challenge for artificial intelligence (AI). Not only creativity and sophistication of language are needed for the sense of humor, but also world knowledge, empathy, and cognitive mechanisms which are not so easy for technologist... | 0 |
Learning sentence representations from unlabelled data is becoming increasingly prevalent in both the machine learning and natural language processing research communities, as it efficiently and cheaply allows knowledge extraction that can successfully transfer to downstream tasks. Methods built upon the distributional... | 0 |
The inside-outside algorithm (Baker, 1979 ) is a core method in natural language processing. Given a sentence, it computes the expected count of each possible grammatical substructure at each position in the sentence. Such expected counts are commonly used (1) to train grammar weights from data, (2) to select low-risk ... | 0 |
Emotion Cause Analysis (ECA) has attracted increasing research interest in recent years (Wei et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2021; , because of the great potential of applying in consumer review mining, public opinion monitoring, and online empathetic chatbot building. Its goal is to detect causes or stim... | 0 |
In order to obtain the meaning of a sentence automatically, it is necessary to have access to its syntactic analysis at some level of complexity. Many NLP applications like translation, questionanswering, etc. might benefit from the availability of syntactic parses. Probabilistic parsers trained over labeled data have ... | 0 |
Telephone services which rely on spoken dialogue systems (SDSs) have now been introduced at a large scale. For the human user, when dialing the number it is often not completely clear that the agent on the other side will be a machine, and not a human operator. Because of this fact, and because the interaction with the... | 0 |
This paper describes an empirical evaluation of the Bible as a resource for cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). The paper is organized as follows: section 2 describes the background to this project and explains our need for CLIR. Section 3 sets out the various alternatives available (as far as multilingual cor... | 0 |
We rely on our senses: touch, taste, hearing, sight and smell; to complement one another in shaping our interpretation of our environment. There is shifting historical relevance placed on smell -its worthiness for attention, its association with social standing, lifestyle, emotion, science and superstitions, and other ... | 0 |
Probabilistic topic model such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) (Blei et al, 2003) has been widely used for discovering latent topics from document collections by capturing words' cooccuring relation. However, the "bag of words" assumption is employed in most existing topic models, it assumes the order of words can ... | 0 |
The use of social media platforms has become central to many teenager's and adult's lives. With the emerging forms of communication, much of the freely available texts in the opinionated texts are linguistically unstructured. People have adopted creative spellings and abbreviations, and are excessively using more intel... | 0 |
When building a speech parsing component for small domains, an important goal is to get good performance. If low hand labor is involved, then it's even better.Unification based formalisms, e.g. (Gazdar et al., 1985; Kaplan and Bresnan, 1982; Pollard and Sag, ]987), have been very successful for analyzing written langua... | 0 |
Adverse Drug Events (ADE) arising from the medical intervention of drugs account for 1.3 million visits to the emergency department in the United States alone (CDC, 2017) . Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the primary mechanism for monitoring and identifying ADEs, are hampered by insufficient sample sizes of clinic... | 0 |
Bilingual users frequently face bigger challenges regarding literacy in the lesser used language than in the majority language due to reduced access to language arenas (Outakoski, 2013; Lindgren et al., 2016) . However, literacy and in particular writing is important in today's society, both in social contexts and when... | 0 |
Logic grid puzzle (LGP) is a type of word problem where the task is to solve a problem in logic.LGP can be on any domain. Constraints for an LGP are provided as textual clues. The precise understanding of these clues is crucial to correctly solve the puzzle because the representation of clues leads the logical reasonin... | 0 |
Machine Comprehension of text is one of the important goals of natural language processing. The traditional approaches to machine reading and comprehension have been based on either hand engineered grammars (Riloff and Thelen, 2000) , or information extraction methods of detecting predicate argument triples that can la... | 0 |
By convention, texts written using the Latin alphabet are normally subdivided into smaller units -sentences -by capitalised initial characters and closing full-stops (periods), question marks and exclamation marks. The sentence has in turn become an orthodox unit of analysis for much linguistic research, from natural l... | 0 |
The globalization of the world economies and societies has presented the world order with new challenges.Today's world is more interconnected on issues of health, economics and trade. One of the effects of globalization has been increased international travel and trade.This however, has increased the microbial threat w... | 0 |
Each minute, new stories are published online, listed in news aggregators, and spread through social media. With the amount of information each of us is constantly bombed with, most people end up looking at the headlines and, only sporadically, opening and reading the full text. We may thus say that headlines play a ke... | 0 |
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in developing usable, two-way speech-to-speech (S2S) translation systems that enable real time cross-lingual spoken communication [1] [2] . Conventionally, S2S systems comprise a pipeline of three speech and language technology components: automatic speech recog... | 0 |
Translation Memories (TMs) are "structured archives of past translations" which store pairs of corresponding text segments 1 in source and target languages known as "translation units" (Simard, 2020) . TMs are used during the translation process in order to reuse previously translated segments. The original idea of TMs... | 0 |
It has long been acknowledged by the NLP community that extensive world knowledge and inference capabilities are necessary to perform basic language understanding tasks, such as reading a children's story (Minsky, 1975) . Shallow knowledge representation techniques relying on only textual information have proven diffic... | 0 |
Finding linguistic structure in raw text is not easy. The classical forward-backward and inside-outside algorithms try to guide probabilistic models to discover structure in text, but they tend to get stuck in local maxima (Charniak, 1993) . Even when they avoid local maxima (e.g., through clever initialization) they t... | 0 |
Semi-supervised learning of structured variables is a difficult problem that has received considerable attention recently, but most results have been negative (Abney, 2008) . This paper uses stacked learning (Wolpert, 1992) to reduce structured variables, i.e. dependency graphs, to multinomial variables, i.e. attachmen... | 0 |
The CIRESFI project 1 sets out to reassess a theatrical heritage that has often been considered as inferior to that of the two major, royally-privileged theaters (the Opera and the French Comedy). By studying the theater that was excluded from the system of privileges, the Italian Theater, we analyze the questions of a... | 0 |
Recent advances in interpretability for NLP focus on the problem of adversarial examples (Ribeiro et al., 2018) (Jia and Liang, 2017) which lead systems to mistakenly change output. In case of QA systems, either questions or contexts are modified, and it is shown that seemingly small changes in semantics flip system de... | 0 |
Information about a mental health patient's clinical condition is documented routinely in mental health records, mostly in the form of free-text. Extracting information from these documents can be useful for large-scale clinical studies to develop new treatment alternatives, to understand disease progression and medica... | 0 |
The most commonly used method for solving NLU tasks is to leverage pretrained models, with the dominant architecture being a transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) , typically trained with a language modelling objective (Devlin et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019b ). Transfer to a task of interest is achie... | 0 |
Motivation: The wider diffusion of the Web since the dawn of Web 2.0 has enabled instantaneous access to an expanding universe of information. The entire nature of news consumption has shifted dramatically, as individuals increasingly rely on the Internet as their major source of information. While people access, filte... | 0 |
Human evaluation is essential in machine translation (MT) research because it is the ultimate way to judge system quality. Furthermore, human evaluation is used to evaluate automatic metrics which are necessary for tuning system parameters. Unfortunately, there is no clear consensus on which evaluation strategy is best... | 0 |
In recent years, a Machine Learning technique known as Explanation-based Learning EBL (Mitchell, Keller, and Kedar-Cabelli, 1986; van Harmelen and Bundy, 1988; Minton et al., 1989) has successfully been applied to control and speeding-up natural language parsing (Rayner, 1988; Samuelsson and Rayner, 1991; Neumann, 1994... | 0 |
Recent research in spoken dialogue systems (SDS) has called for a "synergistic convergence" between research and industry (Pieraccini and Huerta, 2005) . This call for convergence concerns architectures, abstractions and methods from both communities. Under this motivation, several research orientations have been propo... | 0 |
Event-based extractive summarization has emerged recently (Filatova and Hatzivassiloglou, 2004) . It extracts and organizes summary sentences in terms of the events that sentences describe.We follow the common agreement that event can be formulated as " [Who] did [What] to [Whom] [When] and [Where]" and "did [What] " d... | 0 |
Named entity recognition (NER) aims at detecting the spans and semantic categories of entities from the text. Previous studies usually treat NER as a sequential labeling problem (Ma and Hovy, 2016; Chiu and Nichols, 2016) . These studies restrict each token belonging to at most one entity mention, and hence it is unabl... | 0 |
The explicit schema, graph-based structure, and interlinking nature of information represented in publicly available knowledge graphs (KGs) e.g., DBpedia (Auer et al., 2007) , Freebase (Bollacker et al., 2007) , Wikidata (Vrandecic, 2012) or knowledge bases (KBs) such as Wikipedia; introduce a new landscape of features... | 0 |
The use of the context restriction rule of two-level morphology (Koskenniemi, 1983) has traditionally been limited to relatively simple phonological rules. The purpose of this paper is to make this operation more widely applicable in finite-state morphology, by improving its compilation methods and by developing new wa... | 0 |
Social media has enabled web users to interact through social platforms, express their opinions, comment and review various products/items. Such user-generated content has been analysed from a social as well as content-oriented point of view. For instance, social network analysis techniques have been used to identify u... | 0 |
A metaphor is a form of figurative language that creates a link between two different concepts and conveys rich linguistic information (Lakofi and Johnson, 1980) . The complex information that accompanies a metaphorical text is often overlooked in sentiment analysis, machine translation, and information extraction. The... | 0 |
Un terme-clé est un mot ou une expression polylexicale qui représente un concept important d'un document auquel il est associé. En pratique, plusieurs termes-clés représentant des concepts différents sont associés à un même document. Ils forment alors un ensemble à partir duquel il est possible de caractériser, synthét... | 0 |
An effectiveness of stochastic lailguage modeling as a methodology of naturM language processing has been attested by various applications to tile recognition system such as speech recognition and to the analysis system such as part-of-speech (POS) tagger. In this methodology a stochastic lailguage model with some para... | 0 |
We discuss part-of-speech (POS) tagging using the well-known conditional random field (CRF) model introduced originally by Lafferty et al. (2001) . Our focus is on scenarios, in which the POS labels have a rich inner structure. For example, consider PRON+1SG V+NON3SG+PRES N+SG I like ham ,where the compound labels PRON... | 0 |
The application of machine learning techniques to classify text into sentiment categories has become an increasingly popular area of research. Models induced from data can be very accurate (Halevy et al., 2009) , but a learner may require a significant amount of data to induce a model which can accurately classify a te... | 0 |
Dependency distance is the linear distance between two words in dependency relationship within the same sentence. It has been investigated as one of the important measures of memory burden and syntactic complexity (Gibson, 1998 (Gibson, , 2000 Gildea and Temperley, 2010; Grodner and Gibson, 2005; Liu 2007 Liu , 2008 Li... | 0 |
The community-wide interest in rapid development in many areas of natural language processing and information retrieval resulted in creation of reusable test collections in large-scale evaluations such as the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) 1 . Researchers in more specific areas, for which no TREC or other collections... | 0 |
Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) methods (Fader et al., 2011a; Stanovsky et al., 2018) can be used to extract triples in the form (noun phrase, relation phrase, noun phrase) from given text corpora in an unsupervised way without requiring a pre-defined ontology schema. This makes them suitable to build large Open K... | 0 |
The demanding market of the fashion industry has led to a challenging environment for recommender systems (Nenni et al., 2013) . To say, increasing information in the fashion shopping brings confusion to users who have to select the right choice among a huge number of available fashion products. Furthermore, to satisfy... | 0 |
In fields of machine translation, neural network attracts lots of research attention recently that the encoder-decoder framework is widely used. Nevertheless, the main drawback of this neural machine translation (NMT) framework is that the decoder only depends on the last state of the encoder, which may deteriorate the... | 0 |
News editorial is a form of persuasive text that conveys consensus opinion on a controversial topic from the editors of a newspaper. Much like an argumentative essay, a news editorial centers around a thesis, which represents the authors' perspective on the topic. Usually, a news editorial argues in favor of the author... | 0 |
Consumers often carry out online research about a product before purchasing. This can take the form of reading consumer reviews and/or asking specific questions on online fora. In this paper we ask whether a question-answering (QA) system can utilize the information in consumer reviews when answering yes/no questions a... | 0 |
The goal of the Text Analysis Conference Knowledge Base Population (TAC-KBP) Slot Filling (SF) task (McNamee and Dang, 2009; Ji et al., 2010; Ji et al., 2011; Surdeanu and Ji, 2014) is to extract the values (fillers) of specific attributes (slot types) for a given entity (query) from a largescale corpus and provide jus... | 0 |
The ability of natural language processing (NI.P) systems is limited due to the knowledge they have, not their framework. This is reflected by recent intensive research on acquisition of linguistic knowledge from a corpus [2] [6] [91.Machine translation (MT) systems are no exception.Conrpared with monolingual knowledge... | 0 |
Corpus-based methods in natural language processing have advanced rapidly in the past decade.Their relevance to parsing and natural language analysis is vast, including lexical and structural disambiguation, and even purely data-driven parsers. In this paper we investigate an aspect of the relationship between parsing ... | 0 |
Distributional word representations or embeddings are currently an active area of research in natural language processing (NLP). The motivation for embeddings is that knowledge about words is helpful in NLP. Representing words as vocabulary indexes may be a good approach if large training sets allow us to learn everyth... | 0 |
Different languages arrange words in different orders, whether due to grammatical constraints or other conventions. Dealing with these word order permutations is one of the fundamental challenges of machine translation. Given an exceptionally large training corpus, a phrase-based system can learn these reordering on a ... | 0 |
The Universal Dependencies (UD) initiative seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent annotation guidelines and apply them to many languages to create treebank annotations that are uniform in e.g. their theoretical basis, label sets, and structural aspects. Such resources could substantially advance cross-lingual... | 0 |
Summarization is the process of identifying the most important information pieces in a document. For humans, this process is heavily guided by background knowledge, which encompasses preconceptions about the task and priors about what kind of information is important (Mani, 1999) .Despite its fundamental role, backgrou... | 0 |
Novelty detection implies finding elements that have not appeared before, or new, or original with respect to relevant references. The explosive growth of documents across the web has resulted in the accumulation of redundant ones, thereby consuming space as well as precious time of readers seeking new information. Thi... | 0 |
In this paper, we seek to understand the ways contradictions occur across texts and describe a system for automatically detecting such constructions. As a foundational task in text understanding (Condoravdi et al., 2003) , contradiction detection has many possible applications. Consider applying a contradiction detecti... | 0 |
Human engagement in narrative is partially driven by reasoning about discourse relations between narrative events, and the expectations about what is likely to happen next that results from such reasoning (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; Lehnert, 1981; Goyal et al., 2010) . Thus discourse relations are one of the ... | 0 |
The number and types of corrections in a sentence containing grammatical errors written by an English learner vary from annotator to annotator (Bryant and Ng, 2015) . For example, it is known that the JFLEG dataset (Napoles et al., 2017) has a higher degree of correction in terms of the amount of corrections per senten... | 0 |
Lemmatization is the process of finding the base form (or lemma) of a word by considering its inflected forms. Lemma is also called dictionary form, or citation form, and it refers to all words having the same meaning.Lemmatization is an important preprocessing step for many applications of text mining and question-ans... | 0 |
It is difficult for statistical machine translation (SMT) to perform translation between languages such as Japanese and English, which have a systematic difference in their word orders: typically, Japanese is a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, whereas English is a subject-object-verb (SVO) language.Although PBSMT is... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) (Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015) has enabled end-to-end training of a translation system without needing to deal with word alignments, translation rules, and complicated decoding algorithms, which are the characteristics of phrase-based statistical machi... | 0 |
Parsing bilingual texts (bitexts) is crucial for training machine translation systems that rely on syntactic structures on either the source side or the target side, or the both (Ding and Palmer, 2005; Nakazawa et al., 2006) . Bitexts could provide more information, which is useful in parsing, than a usual monolingual ... | 0 |
Since a growing number of psychological studies shed new light on human cognition in 1970s, the field of semantics has witnessed flourishing cognitive-oriented approaches to semantic representations of lexicon and grammar-especially lexical semantics and cognitive semantics (Rosch 1973 , 1977 , Lakoff and Johnson 1980 ... | 0 |
Relation recognition is a challenging task because finding appropriate features to represent the relationship between two entities is difficult and limited by the scarcity of annotated corpora. Prior works on relation recognition have focused on syntactic features, e.g., parsing trees (Culotta and Sorensen, 2004; Zelen... | 0 |
Building natural language processing (NLP) models in low-resource scenarios is of great importance in practical applications because labeled data are scarce. Meta-learning-based methods (Thrun and Pratt, 2012) have been commonly used in such scenarios owing to their fast adaptation ability. Notable successes have been ... | 0 |
Starting from early work by Agrawal et al. (2003) , Stance Detection (SD) has gained increasing interest from the research community (Zubiaga et al., 2018a) . Recent work in SD has mostly focused on modeling user-generated data (Mohammad et al., 2017; Küçük and Can, 2020) . However, SD on complex and articulated texts,... | 0 |
In a verbal conversation the roles of speaker and listener have to be defined. Sacks et al. (1974) stated "minimize gap and overlap" as the first rule for a working turn-taking-mechanism. According to them, the end of turn has to be marked in some way. Since linguistic cues are rarely found, it is obvious that this mar... | 0 |
Test categorization, as a key technology of data mining, has received intensive study for decades. Recently, real-world applications have raised some large-scale tasks that typically have tens of thousands of classes, where many established techniques such as the 1-vs-Rest multiclass classification fail due to computat... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis systems require a set of pre-processing steps that include tasks such as lemmatization, syllabification, lexical stress prediction and phonetic transcription. Because these all these tasks require knowledge of the word composition (deriva... | 0 |
An important level of natural language processing is the finding of grammatical relationships such as subject, object, modifier, etc.Such relationships are the objects of study in relational grammar [Perlmutter, 1983] . Many systems (e.g., the KERNEL system ) use these relationships as an intermediate, form when determ... | 0 |
Sentence and document modeling systems are important for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. The challenge for textual modeling is to capture features for different text units and to perform compositions over variable-length sequences (e.g., phrases, sentences, documents). As a traditional method, the ... | 0 |
Recently there has been an explosion in applications for natural language and dialogue interaction ranging from direction-giving and tourist information to interactive story systems (Dethlefs et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2015) . While this is due in part to progress in statistical natural language understanding, many appli... | 0 |
Recently, there are renewed interests in using bilingual corpus for building systems for statistical machine translation (Brown et al. 1988 (Brown et al. , 1991 , including data-driven machine translation (Richardson et al. 2002) , computer-assisted revision of translation (Jutras 2000) and cross-language information r... | 0 |
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