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Aspect-level sentiment classification (ASC) is a fine-grained subtask in sentiment analysis. Given a sentence and an aspect occurring in the sentence, ASC aims to determine the sentiment polarity of the aspect. Traditional methods mostly use machine learning models with handcrafted features to build sentiment classifie... | 0 |
Task-oriented dialogue systems assist users to complete tasks in specific domains by understanding user's request and aggregate useful information from external resources within several dialogue turns. Conventional task-oriented dialogue systems have a complex pipeline (Rudnicky et al., 1999; Raux et al., 2005; Young e... | 0 |
There are generally many ways to transliterate a person"s name from one language script into another. For example, writers have transliterated the Arabic name, ,الشكري into Roman characters in at least 13 ways, such as Al Choukri, Ashshukri, and al-Schoukri. This ambiguity can make it very difficult to "untranslitera... | 0 |
A central issue in Language & Vision (L&V) is how speakers refer to objects. This is most prominent for referring expression generation and interpretation (Kazemzadeh et al., 2014; Mao et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2016) , but it also pervades virtually any other L&V task, such as caption generation or visual dialogue (Fang... | 0 |
In our online world, social media users tweet, post, and message an incredible number of times each day, and the interconnected, information-heavy nature of our lives makes stress more prominent and easily observable than ever before. With many platforms such as Twitter, Reddit, and Facebook, the scientific community h... | 0 |
Building effective automatic named entity recognition (NER) systems that is capable of extracting useful semantic shallow information from texts has been one of the most important tasks in the field of natural language processing. An effective NER system can typically play an important role in certain downstream NLP ta... | 0 |
In tasks involving lexical substitution, alternatives need to be identified for a given target word Navigli, 2007, 2009) , usually in a particular context. Candidates can be chosen to maximize word properties that are relevant for the particular task, such as unigram and n-gram frequencies, concreteness, imageability, ... | 0 |
In neural sequence-to-sequence learning, in particular Neural Machine Translation (NMT), Reinforcement Learning (RL) has gained attraction due to the suitability of Policy Gradient (PG) methods for the end-to-end training paradigm (Ranzato et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Flachs et al., ... | 0 |
The analysis-transfer-synthesis architecture shown in Figure 1 Brown et al. [1] describe a. statistical model for generating English sentences and for translating these sentences into French. They show that this model can be combined with a stack-based search strategy to make a. system for translating sentences from Fr... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) (Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015; Vaswani et al., 2017) relies heavily on large parallel corpora (Koehn and Knowles, 2017) and needs careful hyperparameter tuning, in order to work in low-resource settings (Sennrich and Zhang, 2019) . A popular approach for addressing data... | 0 |
The process of PBSMT can be interpreted as a search problem where the score at each step of exploration is formulated as a log-linear model (Koehn, 2010) . For each candidate phrase, the set of features is combined with a set of learned weights to find the best target counterpart of the provided source sentence. Becaus... | 0 |
The SemEval-2018 shared task on Hypernymy Discovery sought to study approaches for identifying words that hold a hypernymic relation (Camacho-Collados et al., 2018) . Two words have a hypernymic relation if one of the words belongs to a taxonomical class that is more general than that of the other word. For example, th... | 0 |
One of the original goals of AI was to build machines that can naturally interact with humans. Over time, the challenges became apparent and language processing emerged as one of AI's most puzzling areas. Nevertheless, major breakthroughs have still been made in several important tasks; with IBM's Watson (Ferrucci et a... | 0 |
Text classification is an important and fundamental problem in natural language processing (NLP). With the increasing spread of the Internet, there are numerous applications of classification of short texts with only one sentence, for example, classifying questions according to what product or which part of the product... | 0 |
The term bridging (bridging anaphora, indirect anaphora, associative anaphora) refers to relations between non-coreferential expressions that influence the text coherence. In most cases these expressions are nominal (and we will limit our analysis to such cases in this paper), although bridging between events can be al... | 0 |
Data-oriented Parsing (DOP) is an approach to wide-coverage parsing based on assigning structures to new sentences using fragments of variable size extracted from a treebank. It was first proposed by Scha in 1990 and formalized by Bod (1992) , and preceded many developments in statistical parsing (e.g., the "treebank g... | 0 |
Currently, there exist a number of commercial and research Machine Translation (MT) systems, which are developed under different paradigms such as rule-based, example based, statistical machine translation, trained using different algorithms, e.g., phrase-based SMT, hierarchical phrase-based SMT, syntax-based SMT with ... | 0 |
Considérant la grande quantité d'informations textuelles sur la musique pouvant être extraite du Web, ce qui inclut métadonnées diverses et paroles de chanson, de nouvelles avenues pour l'étude de la chanson populaire s'ouvrent aux chercheurs. Au moyen de techniques de fouille de textes, il devient désormais possible d... | 0 |
Over the last 10 years, a number of different kinds of metrics for quantifying the quality of machine translation (MT) systems have been proposed in the literature (BLEU [Papineni et al., 2002] , NIST [Doddington, 2002] , METEOR [Banerjee and Lavie, 2005] , Word Error Rate, etc.). The dominant approach of such metrics ... | 0 |
Relation extraction (RE), which aims to extract relations between entities from plain text, serves as an essential resource in populating knowledge bases (KBs) from large-scale corpora automatically. Existing RE systems typically focus on either sentence-level RE (Socher et al., 2012; Zeng et al., 2014 Zeng et al., , 2... | 0 |
Lemmatization is the process of deriving the base form, or lemma, of a word from one of its inflected forms. For morphologically complex languages like German this is not a simple task that can be solved solely through a rule-based algorithm: Performing an accurate lemmatization for German requires a lexicon. This can ... | 0 |
As one of the world's largest crowdsourced knowledge bases, Wikipedia has strict community guidelines to maintain content quality. One guideline, called the Neutral Point of View policy (Wikipedia, 2021d) , outlines best practices for maintaining the encyclopedia impartiality that Wikipedia strives toward. But with few... | 0 |
Spelling check, an automatic mechanism to detect and correct document inputting errors, is a common task for every written languages. How to detect and correct error spellings in a document is an important and difficult task in particular for Chinese language. Since many Chinese characters have similar shape and simila... | 0 |
Automatic Post Editing (APE) aims to improve the quality of an existing Machine Translation (MT) system by learning from human edited samples. It first started by the automatic article selection for English noun phrases (Knight and Chander, 1994) and continued by correcting the errors of more complex statistical MT sys... | 0 |
MMAX2 1 (Müller and Strube, 2006) is a multi-level annotation tool implemented in Java, with a focus on rich, discourse-level features in small to mid-sized corpora. MMAX2 has been used in many different annotation projects (e.g. Desmet and Hoste (2010) , Dipper et al. (2011) , Liu (2011) , Hendrickx et al. (2012) , Sc... | 0 |
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown impressive performance in many natural language processing tasks. In particular, DNN models pretrained with large-scale data such as BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) have achieved high accuracy in various benchmark tasks (Wang et al., 2019a,b) , which suggests that they might possess so... | 0 |
In lexicalist approaches to grammar, lexical rules are a crucial component of the overall theory and more and more generalizations have come to be stated within them. For example, in the development of HPSG Sag 1987, 1994) from GPSG (Gazdar et al. 1985) several syntactic metarules concerning the location of empty categ... | 0 |
On estime à 200 000 le nombre de décisions rendues annuellement par les tribunaux judiciaires canadiens, représentant 2 millions de pages de texte, sans compter les décisions rendues par les tribunaux administratifs. L'accès à la jurisprudence, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des décisions rendues par les tribunaux, est primor... | 0 |
Automatic Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) systems, made possible by the availability of Prop-Bank (Kingsbury and Palmer, 2003; , and encouraged by evaluation efforts in (Carreras and Marquez, 2005; Litkowski, 2004) , have been shown to accurately determine the argument structure of verb predicates.A successful PropBank-ba... | 0 |
Thousands of years ago, writing ushered in a new era for mankind. The advent of writing made it possible for thoughts and information to be conveyed between individuals across distinct epochs and localities. The ideas recorded in writing began to fertilize other minds and generate new ideas, exponentially accelerating ... | 0 |
Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging is the task of assigning labels, denoting word classes and morphosyntactic features, to words in running text.The state-of-the-art tagging accuracy for English, using supervised methods, is above 97%, e.g. (Collins, 2002; Toutanova et al., 2003; Giménez and Màrquez, 2004; Shen et al., 2007)... | 0 |
Building an intelligent dialogue system that can freely converse with human, and fulfill complex tasks like movie recommendation, travel planning and etc, has been one of longest standing goals of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI). Thanks to the breakthrough in deep learning, the progre... | 0 |
It is important to develop gender-specific bestpractice guidelines for biomedical research (Holdcroft, 2007) . If research is heavily biased towards one gender, then the biased guidance may contribute towards health disparities because the evidence drawn-on may be questionable (i.e., not well studied). For example, the... | 0 |
Sentence representation learning plays a vital role in natural language processing tasks (Kiros et al., 2015; Hill et al., 2016; Conneau et al., 2017; Cer et al., 2018) . Good sentence representations benefit a wide range of downstream tasks, especially for computationally expensive ones, including largescale semantic ... | 0 |
Multimodality -or how multiple modes of communication interact and co-operate -has become a concern within many fields that fall under the umbrella of digital humanities (Svensson, 2010; O'Halloran et al., 2014) . Whereas gestures, gaze and postures accompany spoken language in faceto-face conversation, written languag... | 0 |
The study of collocability has not lost its relevance over the past decades. The identification of lexical constructions and their further analysis are crucial for various issues in modern applied linguistics: creating dictionaries for sentiment analysis, search queries expansion, machine translation, language learning... | 0 |
Sluices are questions where material beyond the wh-word is missing and must be retrieved from context. Consider the following example from Rønning et al. (2018): (1) If [this is not practical], explain why.Here, the antecedent is the complete sentential constituent, this is not practical.Anand and Hardt (2016) present ... | 0 |
Dependency parsers (Dozat et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2018; Strzyz et al., 2019 ) already achieve accurate results for certain setups (Berzak et al., 2016 ). Yet, they require large amounts of data to work, which hurts low-resource (LR) scenarios. In this line, authors have studied how to overcome this problem.On data aug... | 0 |
The two largest standardized, cross-lingual datasets for morphological annotation are provided by the Universal Dependencies (UD; and Universal Morphology (UniMorph; Sylak-Glassman et al., 2015; Kirov et al., 2018) projects. Each project's data are annotated according to its own cross-lingual schema, prescribing how fe... | 0 |
The Information Extraction (IE) task aims to extract informative knowledge elements (e.g., entities, relations, and events) from natural language. In practice, we usually extract knowledge elements for a pre-defined ontology consisting of various types of knowledge elements of interest. In this setting, IE is often for... | 0 |
Multi-lingual pretraining has been shown to effectively use unlabelled data through learning shared representations across languages that can be transferred to downstream tasks (Artetxe and Schwenk, 2019; Devlin et al., 2019; Wu and Dredze, 2019; Conneau and Lample, 2019) . Nonetheless, the lack of labelled data still ... | 0 |
Pre-trained language models (PLMs) (Devlin et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019; Beltagy et al., 2019) are pervasively used in language-related tasks, but interpreting their predictions is notoriously difficult because of their parameters' complex interdependencies. Given a specific prediction, we want to know why a model ma... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) research is biased towards language pairs including English due to the ease of collecting parallel corpora. Translation between non-English languages, e.g., French→German, is usually done with pivoting through English, i.e., translating French (source) input to English (pivot) first with a Fren... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) needs large parallel corpora. Their creation is a costly and labour-intensive process and there are never too many. It is no wonder that once a language pair has more than one parallel corpus, it is tempting to collate them in order to get a new and better corpus for MT. It may happen that the ... | 0 |
Evaluation methodology in NLG has generated a lot of interest. Some recent work suggested that the relationship between various intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation methods (Spärck-Jones and Galliers, 1996) is not straightforward (Reiter and Belz, 2009; Gatt and Belz, to appear) , leading to some arguments for more domai... | 0 |
There are many factors that influence word order, e.g. humanness, definiteness, linear order of grammatical functions, givenness, focus, constituent weight. In some cases, it can be relatively straightforward to automatically detect these features (i.e. in the case of definiteness, this is a syntactic property). The mo... | 0 |
Captioning, the task of translating a multimedia input source into natural language, has been substantially studied over the past few years. The vast majority of the journey has been through the visual senses ranging from static images to videos. Yet, the exploration into the auditory sense has been circumscribed to hu... | 0 |
There has recently been a great deal of interest in cross-lingual transfer of dependency parsers, for which a parser is trained for a target language of interest using treebanks in other languages. Crosslingual transfer can eliminate the need for the expensive and time-consuming task of treebank annotation for low-reso... | 0 |
The performance of a Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) system using a finite set of senses depends greatly on the definition of the word senses. Fine grained senses are hard to distinguish while coarse grained senses tend to be more clear. Word Sense Disambiguation is not a final goal, but it is an intermediary step used... | 0 |
Offensive speech is defined as speech that causes a person to feel upset, resentful, annoyed, or insulted. In recent years, social media such as Twitter, Facebook and Reddit have been increasingly used for the propagation of offensive speech and the organization of hate and offense-based activities (Mandl et al., 2020;... | 0 |
Speech-to-text translation (ST) takes speech input in a source language and outputs text utterance in a target language. It has many real-world applications, including automatic video captioning, simultaneous translation for international conferences, etc. Traditional ST approaches cascade automatic speech recognition ... | 0 |
While languages differ greatly in their "surface structures", they all share a common "deep structure"; hence came the idea of creating a universal representation capable of conveying this deep structure while enjoying the regularity and predictability natural languages lack. Although interlingua is a promising idea, t... | 0 |
Future improvement of machine translation (MT) systems requires reliable automatic evaluation and error classification tools in order to minimise efforts of time and money consuming human classification. Therefore automatic error classification tools have been developed in recent years (Zeman c � 2015 The authors. This... | 0 |
In recent years, contextual embeddings have drawn much attention. The approaches of calculating contextual embeddings include multi-prototype embeddings, sense-based and contextualized embeddings (Camacho-Collados and Pilehvar, 2018) . However, it is not easy to evaluate such multiple embedding methods in one framework... | 0 |
SAP AG is one of a few German companies that are investing in Russian translation and localization. SAP started translating its products into Russian 10 years ago and is now able to provide the Russian-speaking countries in the CIS with 15 software products as well as documentation and training courses.As a result of t... | 0 |
As the amount of the knowledge bases (KBs) grows, such as DBpedia 1 , Freebase 2 , and WikiData 3 , people are paying more attention to seeking effective methods for accessing these precious intellectual resources. While knowledge bases are usually very large and not easily accessible for users. KB-QA (Unger et al., 20... | 0 |
In 2017, three shared tasks on Natural Language Generation (NLG) take place: Task 9 of SemEval (May and Priyadarshi, 2017) , WebNLG 1 and E2E 2 . The first starts from Abstract Meaning Representations (AMRs), the second from RDF triples, and the third from dialog act-based Meaning Representations (MRs) respectively. Wi... | 0 |
Citation plays an important role in science. It makes the accumulation of knowledge possible. When a reference appears in a scientific article, it is usually accompanied by a span of text that highlights the important contributions of the cited article. We call a sentence that contains an explicit reference to previous... | 0 |
Comparisons are phrases that express the likeness of two entities. They rely on specific patterns that make them recognisable. The most obvious pattern, be like , is illustrated by the following example, but many subtler ways of building comparisons exist:"He was like his father, except he had a crooked nose and his ea... | 0 |
Email has become an important way of communication in our daily life. Because of its wide usage, it has been the subject of various studies such as social network analysis (e.g., (Leuski, 2004; Diesner et al., 2005; Carvalho et al., 2007) ), deception detection (e.g., (Zhou et al., 2004; Keila and Skillcorn, 2005) ), i... | 0 |
As compared to English, many Indian languages including Hindi have a freer word order and are also morphologically richer. These characteristics pose challenges to statistical parsers. Today, the best dependency parsing accuracies for Hindi are obtained by the shift-reduce parser of (Malt) . It has been observed that M... | 0 |
La génération de définitions (Noraset et al., 2017, ou 'definition modeling') vise à convertir un jeu de plongements lexicaux en un jeu de définitions équivalentes, telles qu'elles pourraient apparaître dans un dictionnaire. Fournir à un modèle de génération de définitions le vecteur du mot "répétitivité" devrait produ... | 0 |
Motivation and Problem. Personal knowledge about individual users is a valuable asset for personalizing downstream applications, such as intelligent assistants, recommender systems and search engines. However, such personalized services are commonly achieved with end-to-end learning approaches, where user information i... | 0 |
The encoder-decoder based Neural machine translation (NMT) models (Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016; Vaswani et al., 2017; have made great progresses and drawn much attention in recent years. In practical applications, NMT systems are often fed with a document-level input which requires re... | 0 |
Recent progress on end-to-end neural approaches for building open-domain chatbots (Zhang et al., 2020; Adiwardana et al., 2020; Roller et al., 2020) has demonstrated that large-scale pre-training using heavy-weight models combined with careful selection of datasets for fine-tuning to acquire specific skills can deliver... | 0 |
Qualia structures have been originally introduced by (Pustejovsky, 1991) and are used for a variety of purposes in natural language processing (NLP), such as for the analysis of compounds (Johnston and Busa, 1996) as well as co-composition and coercion (Pustejovsky, 1991) , but also for bridging reference resolution (B... | 0 |
The sentiment classification (SC) is an active area of research concerned automatic identification of sentiment strength or valence of texts. SC of product reviews is commercially important and widely researched but it typically needs to be optimised separately for each type of product (i.e. domain). When domain-specif... | 0 |
Over the past two decades, language evolution studies have attracted the attention of researchers working on domains such as biology, anthropology, artificial life or linguistics. This multitude of perspectives provides a rich variety of techniques on how to address this issue, including including agent-based modelling... | 0 |
The state of the art statistical machine translation systems have been modeled by the log-linear approach which is a generalization of the noizy-channel approach. This approach has achieved a lot of great advances because it has provided a natural extention to integrate many useful components [1] . To estimate the weig... | 0 |
If automatic text processing is to be a useful enterprise, it. must be demonstrated that the completeness and accuracy of the information extracted is adequate for the application one has in nfind. While it is clear that certain applications require only a minimal level of competence from a system, it is also true that... | 0 |
Single document summarization is the focus of most current summarization research thanks to the availability of large-scale single-document summarization datasets spanning multiple fields, including news (CNN/DailyMail (Hermann et al., 2015) , NYT (Sandhaus, 2008) , Newsroom (Grusky et al., 2018) , XSum (Narayan et al.... | 0 |
Machine Translation (MT) systems are usually trained to output a single translation. However, many possible translations of a given input text can be acceptable. This situation is common in online language learning applications such as Duolingo, 1 Babbel 2 , and Busuu. 3 In applications of this type, learning happens v... | 0 |
A fundamental assumption in supervised statistical learning is that training and test data are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples drawn from a distribution. Otherwise, good performance on test data cannot be guaranteed even if the training error is low. On the other hand, transfer learning techn... | 0 |
This paper presents a novel language model construction method for speech recognition, which is to be utilized by Ikkyu, an open-domain voiceactivated Japanese QA system. Ikkyu takes relatively short spoken questions concerning a broad range of topics as input through a smartphone and provides the answers retrieved fro... | 0 |
A widespread phenomenon that is still poorly studied in NLP is the meaning contribution of unfilled semantic roles of predicates in discourse interpretation. Such roles, while linguistically unexpressed, can often be anaphorically bound to antecedent referents in the discourse context. Capturing such implicit semantic ... | 0 |
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the task of assigning pre-defined senses to words occurring in some context. An example is to disambiguate an occurrence of "bank" between the "money bank" sense and the "river bank" sense. Previous studies e.g., (Lee and Ng, 2002; Florian and Yarowsky, 2002) , have applied supervised... | 0 |
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have seen rapid adoption in natural language processing applications. Since these models are not equipped with explicit linguistic representations such as dependency parses or logical forms, new methods are needed to characterize the linguistic generalizations that they capture. One suc... | 0 |
One of the key research questions in semantic understanding of natural language is bridging the lexical gap; i.e. in absence of lexical overlap between a pair of text segments, judging their semantic content with respect to semantic similarity, entailment, or equivalence. The term paraphrase is used to describe semanti... | 0 |
In the field of information retrieval (for a detailed survey see e.g. (Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto, 1999)), document indexing and representing documents as vectors belongs among the most successful techniques. Within the framework of the well known vector model, the indexed elements are usually individual words, which... | 0 |
Finding information about people on huge text collections or on-line repositories on the Web is a common activity. In ad-hoc Internet retrieval, a request for documents/pages referring to a person name may return thousand of pages which although containing the name, do not refer to the same individual. Crossdocument co... | 0 |
Automated grammar checking for learners of English as a foreign language has achieved obvious progress. Helping Our Own (HOO) is a series of shared tasks in correcting textual errors (Dale and Kilgarriff, 2011; Dale et al., 2012) . The shared tasks at CoNLL 2013 and 2014 focused on grammatical error correction, increas... | 0 |
Discriminating between Dutch and Flemish in Subtitles (DFS) is a shared task at the VarDial evaluation campaign 2018. The task aims at identifying language variety in written Dutch texts, specifically subtitles from movies and television, and classifying them as either Netherlandic Dutch or Flemish Dutch (Zampieri et a... | 0 |
l>art-of-spee<:h disanll>iguation techni<lues (taggers) are often used to eliminat<, (or sul>sl;antlally reduce) the lm.rt-of-spee,<;h anil>iguity prior to parsing. The ta.ggel's are all local hi the sense that they use inform~tion front a limited context in deciding which tag(s) to choose for each word. As is well kno... | 0 |
The vector space model (Salton et al., 1975) of representing documents in high-dimensional vector spaces has been validated by decades of research and development. Extensive deployment of inverted-index-based information retrieval (IR) systems has led to the availability of robust open source IR systems such as Sphinx,... | 0 |
Abbreviation is defined as a shortened description of the original fully expanded form. For example, "NLP" is the abbreviation for the corresponding full form "Natural Language Processing". The existence of abbreviations makes it difficult to identify the terms conveying the same concept in the information retrieval (I... | 0 |
The clinical narrative in electronic medical records (EMRs) can provide critical information for improving quality of care, patient outcomes, and safety. Extracting information from EMRs has been an active area of research in recent years due to the advances in natural language processing (NLP) techniques. As transform... | 0 |
The increasing amount of biological data generated by the high throughput experiments has lead to a great demand of computational tools to process and interpret such amount of information. The protein-protein interactions, as well as molecular events related to one entity only, are key issues as they take part in many ... | 0 |
Sequence labeling models have been widely used in a variety of NLP tasks, such as word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, chunking, and named entity recognition. Various sequence labeling models have been proposed, like hidden Markov models (HMM) (Rabiner, 1989) , structured perceptron (Collins, 2002) , conditional ... | 0 |
Research in affect has a long established tradition in many sciences -linguistics, psychology, sociopsychology, cognitive science, pragmatics, marketing or communication science. Recently, many closely related subtasks were developed also in the field of Natural Language Proceesing (NLP), such as emotion detection, sub... | 0 |
Entity linking is the task of determining the identities of entities mentioned in texts. Most existing studies on entity linking have focused on linking entity mentions to their referred entities in a knowledge base (Cucerzan, 2007; Ling et al., 2015) . However, on social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Yel... | 0 |
After the DNA success story, the likelihood ratio (LR)-based approach became the new paradigm for evaluating and presenting forensic evidence in court. The LR approach has also been applied to speech evidence (Rose, 2006) , and it is increasing-ly accepted in forensic voice comparison (FVC) as well (Morrison, 2009) .Th... | 0 |
Computer mediated communication is becoming more frequent. The next step in this new communication style, is Inter-Lingual Computer Mediated Communication. Recently, Microsoft released the Skype Translator (Lewis, 2015) that translates up to 10 languages in Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation. The Japanese Ministry of... | 0 |
The task of named entity recognition (NER) aims to put named entity mentioned in a sentence into some pre-defined categories such as the person names, organizations, locations, etc. NER is a fundamental task in nature language processing (NLP), and often serves as an information extraction tool embedded in solutions fo... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) systems require the use of parallel corpora for training the internal model parameters. Data quality is vital for the performance of the SMT system (Simard, 2014) . To acquire a massive parallel corpus, many researchers have been using the Internet as a resource, but the quality of... | 0 |
The paper introduces the results of several projects (ALLES (Advanced Long distance Education System) 1 , ILLU (Internet-Lehr-Lernmodule für die Übersetzer-und Dolmetscherausbildung) 2 AUTOLEARN (AUTOmatic tutor for lifelong language LEARNing) 3 , and the soon starting COMENIUS project ICE3 'Integrating CALL in Early E... | 0 |
During the last decades, it became easier to collect large naturalistic corpora of speech data. It is now possible to obtain new realistic measurements of turn-takings and linguistic behaviours (Ash and Grossman, 2015) . These measurements can be especially useful during clinical interviews as they augment the current ... | 0 |
Knowtator is a general-purpose text annotation tool for creating annotated corpora suitable for evaluating Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems. Such corpora consist of texts (e.g. documents, abstracts, or sentences) and annotations that associate structured information (e.g. POS tags, named entities, shallow pars... | 0 |
Multi-word expressions (MWEs) are defined as "idiosyncratic interpretations that cross word boundaries" (Sag et al., 2002) . They tend to have a standard syntactic structure but are often semantically non-compositional; i.e. their meaning is not fully determined by their syntactic structure and the meanings of their co... | 0 |
It is well-known that many oceanic languages have no adjective class which is distinguishable from noun and verb classes (Wetzer, 1996) . The only criteria which distinguish adjectives from nouns and verbs could be comparative constructions (Dixon, 2004) . However, comparative construction is not universal. Some langua... | 0 |
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a key enabling-technology.Supervised WSD techniques are the best performing in public evaluations, but need large amounts of hand-tagged data. Existing hand-annotated corpora like Sem-Cor (Miller et al., 1993) , which is annotated with WordNet senses (Fellbaum, 1998) allow for a small... | 0 |
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