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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19344",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the meaning of 「JAPAなび」? The term is often used on NHK あさイチ\nbroadcasts. Maybe 「なび」is for \"navigation\" here?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T07:29:44.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18902",
"last_activity_date": "2020-09-09T16:31:34.267",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of JAPAなび",
"view_count": 218
}
|
[
{
"body": "\"なび\" is a shortening of \"ナビゲーション\" (navigation). As u may know, japanese\nalphabet contains only one character which begins with sound \"V\" and it is わ.\nFor this reason, all \"vi\", \"vu\", \"ve\", \"vo\" become び、ぶ、べ、ぼ in japanese. For\nexample, Vietnam - ベトナム. But for some reason violin is バイオリン (not ワイオリン).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-02T14:07:15.140",
"id": "19344",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-02T14:07:15.140",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7645",
"parent_id": "18902",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
18902
|
19344
|
19344
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18906",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm supposed to write \"I'm going to sleep tomorrow\" using romaji.\n\nWould the romaji be\n\n> watashi wa ashita neru e iku n desu\n\nbecause\n\n * \"I'm\" is the subject which is \"watashi wa\"\n * the time is \"ashita\" which is \"tomorrow\" and comes after the \"watashi wa\"\n * \"sleep\" is \"neru\" \n * I'm using the particle \"e\" for direction, and \n * \"iku\" is \"to go\". \n\nFor conversational Japanese, I need to add \"n desu\" for the sentence.\n\nWould that be correct or am I missing something?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T08:08:37.343",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18905",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-09T23:34:04.147",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-02T13:32:10.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "4691",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How to write \"I'm going to sleep tomorrow\"?",
"view_count": 9652
}
|
[
{
"body": "There are several issues with the translation you're suggesting there.\n\nLet's start with the English sentence:\n\n> I am going to sleep tomorrow.\n\nThe way you've parsed it to translate \"going to\" is taken to mean the motion\nverb \"to go\". But is sleep a place that you are going to?\n\nUnless, this is some really poetic English, I think less colloquially what you\nare saying is either:\n\n> I will sleep tomorrow [interpreting go as the future tense]\n\nin which case the translation I would go with with is ...\n\n[わたし]{watashi}[は]{wa}[明日]{ashita}[寝]{ne}[る]{ru}.\n\nOR\n\n> I plan to sleep tomorrow [interpreting go as a volitional construction]\n\nin which case I would say\n\n[わたし]{watashi}[は]{wa}[明日]{ashita}[寝]{ne}[る]{ru}[つもり]{tsumori}[です]{desu}.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding the statement\n\n> For conversational Japanese, I need to add n desu for the sentence.\n\nI am not sure where you are getting that rule, but at least for me (as a non-\nnative speaker of Japanese), there are only a limited number of types of\nconversations where I would end sentences with [んです]{ndesu}.\n\n* * *\n\nOne further place where I could be misunderstanding you which would affect the\ntranslation. Do you mean \"I am going to sleep **all-day** tomorrow\" or simply\nthat your plans for tomorrow include sleep?",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T08:31:55.257",
"id": "18906",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T08:31:55.257",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "18905",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "明日は眠ります。「Ashita wa nemurimasu」is the answer to this. Or, \"Tommorow (I) will\nsleep. This here is the way that someone who is Japanese would say it. You\ncould also say, 僕は明日は眠ります。「Boku wa ashita wa nemurimasu」, though I would\nadvise you to use the first one, as Japanese people find that using \"I\"\n「私と僕」too much sounds \"unnatural\". I hope this helps you positively!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T17:55:34.470",
"id": "28543",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-08T20:15:25.440",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-08T20:15:25.440",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11386",
"parent_id": "18905",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The simplest way to translate your English sentence is 「あした ねる」。\n\nWe typically won't say 「わたしは」 or 「あなたは」 unless the subject is unclear from\ncontext. In conversation, there's a general understanding that if you are\ntelling me about something that someone will do, that someone is you unless\notherwise stated. We omit subjects like this in conversational English\noccasionally, but it's almost a rule in Japanese.\n\nBecause there is no future tense in Japanese, you have to use what is called\nthe non-past tense, which is often referred to as the present tense. You\nexpress that you _will_ do something in the future by simply giving a time\nreference: ねる - I sleep あした ねる - Tomorrow, I will sleep.\n\nIf this is a plan you're making, you could say 「あした ねる つもり だ」 (\"The plan is to\nsleep tomorrow\" / \"I plan to sleep tomorrow\"), but if it's in response to a\nquestion asking why you aren't asleep yet, you might say 「あした ねる の だ」 (\"It's\nthat I will sleep tomorrow\") or 「あした ねる んだ から」 (\"It's because I will sleep\ntomorrow\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T23:34:04.147",
"id": "28578",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-09T23:34:04.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4179",
"parent_id": "18905",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
18905
|
18906
|
18906
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18911",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is exact meaning and usage of 「またこんど」? I know that is like saying \"see\nyou later\", but it's not very clear to me. Should we use Kanji in this phrase?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T09:15:32.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18907",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T20:58:44.777",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-02T09:56:15.187",
"last_editor_user_id": "7045",
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Exact meaning and usage of 「またこんど」",
"view_count": 4317
}
|
[
{
"body": "While either way is readable, Kanji is usually used for this phrase; a quick\ngoogle search reveals: \nまた今度：1,790,000 hits \nまたこんど：213,000 hits\n\n**EDIT:** \nUsed a [corpus](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/) per\n[earthliŋ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/1628/earthli%C5%8B)'s\nadvice and got the following results: \nまた今度：77 hits \nまたこんど：7 hits\n\nA translation that fits all the usage patterns for また今度 is difficult but the\nbest I can come up with is: \"to do something at a later date\", with また meaning\n\"later\" and 今度 meaning \"a later time\" or \"next time\". See the link provided by\n[cypher](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/796/cypher) ([Why does\n今度【こんど】 mean \"next time\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/9584))\nfor a good explanation of 今度.\n\nSo, when saying また今度 in the \"see you later\" context, it's more like saying\n\"another time\", though \"see you later\" would probably be an accurate\ntranslation.\n\nExample:\n\n```\n\n #1\n A: 『映画を見に行こう？」 (Shall we go see a movie?)\n B: 「また今度。」 ([Let's do it] Another time.)\n \n #2\n A: 「今日は楽しかった！じゃね！」 (I had a good time today! See you later!)\n B: 「また今度！」 (See you later!)\n \n```\n\nA more literal translation of B in #2 would be something like \"Let's do it\nagain sometime!\"; either translation would be accurate.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T14:25:59.720",
"id": "18911",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T20:58:44.777",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7390",
"parent_id": "18907",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
18907
|
18911
|
18911
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18918",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could you explain more precisely the meaning and grammar of 「緊張しながら」? I know\nthat 「緊張」 means \"nervous\" or \"tension\", but 「〜しながら」 - I can't understand this\npart.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T09:54:23.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18908",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T10:54:33.630",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-03T10:54:33.630",
"last_editor_user_id": "7045",
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「緊張しながら」 and grammar of 「〜しながら」 part",
"view_count": 619
}
|
[
{
"body": "「〜しながら」literally translates to \"while {verb}~ing}. The form is basically basic\nverb+ながら \"i.e. \"緊張し+ながら\". So in your example, it basically means \"While\nworrying.....\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T03:25:10.587",
"id": "18918",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T03:53:30.310",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-03T03:53:30.310",
"last_editor_user_id": "5041",
"owner_user_id": "7397",
"parent_id": "18908",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
18908
|
18918
|
18918
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18914",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "context: \nI read this sentence in a childrens book (オー·スッパ). \nJudging from the pictures, animals are eating a lemon and go crazy because of\nthe sour taste. \nThe whole sentence is:\n\n> ポッカリ ういていたんです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T10:32:34.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18909",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T23:51:36.110",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7355",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "what's a ポッカリ (pokkari)?",
"view_count": 789
}
|
[
{
"body": "ぽっかり/ポッカリ is an onomatopoeic adverb with a few different meanings.\n\nIn your context, it describes how something is floating about in water, air,\netc.\n\n(The most common usage is to describe how someone has his mouth open in a\ngoofy-looking way.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T23:51:36.110",
"id": "18914",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T23:51:36.110",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18909",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
18909
|
18914
|
18914
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My question is about the script of _Genji Monogatari_. It is easy to find many\nanecdotal claims that it was written in hiragana, and that this is explained\nby Chinese characters considered unsuitable for women to study and use at the\ntime.\n\nHowever, I ran into difficulty trying to establish if there's an actual\nscholarly consensus about this. The statements in English-language books - I\ncan't read Japanese - about the history of Japanese seem more cautious; as a\ntypical example, Bjarke Frellesvig in \"A History of the Japanese Language\"\nsays that 10-11th centuries begat a large body of _monogatari_ literature,\n\"much of which was written in hiragana\". At the same time, he mentions other\ngenres, such as _setsuwa_ tales, that employed the mixed kanji/kana style in\nthe same period.\n\nIf I understand correctly, the earliest surviving manuscripts of _Genji\nmonogatari_ date from the 13th century, and are in mixed kanji/kana style,\nwhich might of course be due to the fact that it became standard by that time.\nI imagine that the question of how the original manuscript had been written\nhas been intensely studied. Is there a consensus about whether it did or did\nnot employ a nontrivial number of Chinese characters? If there is one, what is\nit based on? (e.g. maybe there are surviving period manuscripts of other\n_monogatari_ writings all in hiragana, or unambiguous references to the script\nof _Genji monogatari_ in some other writing from the period).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T13:47:33.647",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18910",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-18T21:25:42.887",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7391",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"history"
],
"title": "Was \"The Tale of Genji\" really written completely or almost completely in hiragana?",
"view_count": 3261
}
|
[
{
"body": "I'm not finding anything at the level one could cite in a paper after a brief\nsearch in Japanese, but three different sources ([Japanese\nWikipedia](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E6%B0%8F%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E),\nNHK Kids show, and [Japanese version of yahoo\nanswers](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11135030366))\nagree that the original was written in a mix of kana and kanji. The \"yahoo\nanswers\" answerer points out that there is no copy of the original.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T17:02:19.453",
"id": "18912",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-02T17:02:19.453",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "18910",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "The author, Murasaki Shikibu, is known for badmouthing a contemporary writer\nfor writing her works with kanji \"as if she was a man\" (it was believed back\nthen that the more artistical \"hiragana\", which was not exactly current\nhiragana, was more fitting for women while the more complex and more\nintelligent-looking kanji were for males; katakana was reserved to monks), so\nmost likely, yes.\n\nIt is known that Murasaki Shikibu knew kanji, however, since she used them in\nher personal diary, but given that the diary is personal while the Genji\nMonogatari was public, chances that she used kanji in it are fairly low, but\nthey exist.\n\nIt's impossible to say anything to the respect when not only we don't have any\ncopies ancient enough of the text, we also even lack parts of the story as it\nhas seem to have suffered severe censure and even after that no one managed to\nkeep a complete enough collection.\n\nI've heard that at least three books are theorized to have been lost, one of\nthem centered about Rokujou no Miyasudokoro (the most blatant, as she's\nabruptly introduced as if the reader should have known about her), and the\nfinal part of the last book is missing (the ending is too sudden, with no\nclear indication that it should stop there, and the title of the book that\nshould have come from a verse inside it has no related poem).\n\nI cannot tell you if the Genji had been written like that, but I can tell you\nthat there are other works known to have been written entirely in hiragana.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-01-18T21:25:42.887",
"id": "30524",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-18T21:25:42.887",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9769",
"parent_id": "18910",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
18910
| null |
18912
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18915",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out the proper way to translate \"Town's End\" (a play on\nmy last name of \"Townsend\", like someone living at the end of town).\n\nI've found the word for \"town\", which is: 町\n\nI think the appropriate match for end would be 端, but I'm not sure.\n\nBut would it need の in between? Such as 端の町? Would that be correct? Is 端 the\ncorrect word for what I want to convey?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-02T20:23:15.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18913",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T15:13:00.623",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-03T15:13:00.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7395",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "How do I translate the word \"Town's End\"?",
"view_count": 349
}
|
[
{
"body": "「[端]{はし}の[町]{まち}」 means \"a town at the end (of something)\", which is probably\nnot what you are looking for.\n\n「町の端」 means \"one end of a town\", which is the meaning I suppose you would\nwant.\n\nThe 「の」 does not look good in a name, so you might just drop it and use a\n「町端」, which might actually exist as a family name. It would probably be read\nまちはた instead of まちはし, though.\n\n(In reality, however, your last name is either タウンゼンド or タウンゼント in Japanese.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T00:34:04.020",
"id": "18915",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T00:34:04.020",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18913",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "非回答者 answer is very good, but I would just like to add 2 points:\n\n 1. If using katakana please use タウンゼンド. Reading \"bed\" written as \"ベット\" makes me cringe(Double d is not natural in Japanese but it still can be represented and is not a Japanese word anyways).\n\n 2. I will second \"町の端\" with \"の\" inside. \"の\" does look strange in a name, but otherwise I think it is appropriate. \"の\" is the best way to show posession.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T02:23:31.197",
"id": "18917",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T02:23:31.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6995",
"parent_id": "18913",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
18913
|
18915
|
18915
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[This question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18907/exact-\nmeaning-and-usage-of-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%93%E3%82%93%E3%81%A9) made me\nremember something I'd been wanting to ask.\n\nIn general, また今度 seems to be understood as a farewell (\"See you later\")\nwithout a later time to meet defined.\n\nHowever, a Japanese friend once said, \"In my area, it's strange to say また今度\nunless you already have decided on a time to meet again.\"\n\nDoes anyone have an idea in what areas/dialects in Japan this may hold?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T04:40:19.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18921",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-27T16:03:05.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6861",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Does また今度 imply concrete future plans in certain regions/dialects?",
"view_count": 422
}
|
[
{
"body": "\"また\"+\"今度\" can be used to indicate a specific time you will do something again.\n\nFor example, if you played soccer last Saturday and during the week a friend\nasks what you are going to do this weekend, a conversation could go like this:\n\n```\n\n A: 今週末、何をする？ (What are you doing this weekend?)\n B: また今度の土曜日にサッカーをする。(I'm going to play soccer again this Saturday.)\n \n```\n\nNote, if I was going to be technical, that there is a difference between using\nthe words \"また\" and \"今度\" together and using \"また今度\" as an idiom. My guess is\nyour friend is talking about \"また\"+\"今度\" and not \"また今度\". It is certainly\npossible that the idiom doesn't make sense in his/her region and dialect.\n\nSo in your friend's region, this usage might be the expected usage and not the\n~~idiom~~ usages in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18907/exact-meaning-\nand-usage-of-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%93%E3%82%93%E3%81%A9) or [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/9584/why-\ndoes-%E4%BB%8A%E5%BA%A6-%E3%81%93%E3%82%93%E3%81%A9-mean-next-time?lq=1).\n\nFor reference, I lived in the [甲信越\nregion](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin'etsu_region) for 4.5 years\nand have been living in the [東京\narea](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area) for over 3 and both\nusages are acceptable.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T12:55:37.660",
"id": "18927",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T15:54:32.560",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7390",
"parent_id": "18921",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
18921
| null |
18927
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18936",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 「〜時{じ}に」 and 「 〜しながら」? I know I can say\n「緊張しながら」 - means \"while worrying..\". Would it be correct if I write it as\n「緊張時に」?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T05:43:29.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18922",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T06:55:37.933",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-03T06:47:21.060",
"last_editor_user_id": "7045",
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 「〜 時{じ}に」 and 「〜 しながら」",
"view_count": 669
}
|
[
{
"body": "「～しながら」 explicitly means two different things are happening concurrently.\n\n「～時【じ】に」 literally means \"at the time (of ～)\". You may translate this as\n_when_ , _if_ , _before_ , or _after_ , depending on the context.\n\n * 飲酒【いんしゅ】時【じ】に車を運転する drive a car _after_ drinking (i.e. under the influence of alcohol)\n * 飲酒しながら車を運転する drive a car _while_ drinking (i.e., a steering wheel in one hand, and a can of beer in the other hand...)\n\n * この薬は就寝【しゅうしん】時に飲んでください。 Take this medicine _before_ going to bed.\n\n * (*)この薬は就寝【しゅうしん】しながら飲んで下さい。 Take this medicine _while_ asleep(?).\n\n * 緊張しながら while being nervous, while feeling tension\n\n * 緊張[時]{じ}に when/if I feel nervous",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-04T06:49:53.113",
"id": "18936",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T06:55:37.933",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-04T06:55:37.933",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "18922",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
18922
|
18936
|
18936
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I will like to understand the difference between kara/made から・まで and\nkara/nikakete から・にかけて.\n\nAre they supposed to mean the same thing?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T07:52:52.923",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18925",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-14T20:22:02.560",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7399",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"particle-から"
],
"title": "Difference between kara/made から・まで vs kara/nikakete から・にかけて",
"view_count": 6416
}
|
[
{
"body": "There is a fairly big and important difference between the two that makes it\nimpossible for us to use them interchangeably all the time.\n\n> 「AからBまで」 means \"from A through B\" when both Point A and Point B are defined\n> clearly and precisely without hinting at a possible range either temporally\n> or spatially.\n\n「9[時]{じ}から15時までアルバイトをしています。」 = \"I work part-time from 9:00 till 15:00.\"\n\n「[東京]{とうきょう}から[横浜]{よこはま}まで[歩]{ある}いていった。」 = \"I walked from Tokyo to Yokohama.\"\n\n> 「AからBにかけて」 means \"from around A through around B\" with an implied range for\n> both points either temporally or spatially.\n\n「[深夜]{しんや}から[早朝]{そうちょう}にかけて[大雨]{おおあめ}となるでしょう。」 = \"It is expected to rain\nheavily starting sometime late at night and ending sometime around early\nmorning.\"\n\n「[東北]{とうほく}から[関東]{かんとう}にかけて、[納豆]{なっとう}を[食]{た}べる[人]{ひと}が[多]{おお}い。」 = \"From\nTouhoku through Kantou, you will find many people who eat natto.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T10:04:15.907",
"id": "18926",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T10:04:15.907",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18925",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] |
18925
| null |
18926
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18930",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I think that 文 means \"sentence\" or \"text\"; 文章 means the same and also can mean\n\"writing\" or \"letter\". Is that the only difference?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T15:05:42.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18928",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T00:29:08.260",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-04T00:29:08.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "7363",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 文{ぶん} and 文章｛ぶんしょう}?",
"view_count": 1840
}
|
[
{
"body": "「[文]{ぶん}」 means a \"sentence\".\n\n「[文章]{ぶんしょう}」 refers to the whole passage or piece of writing.\n\nIn other words, 文章 consists of a number of 文's.\n\n文章 does not mean a \"letter\", but 文 when it is read ふみ is a nice old word for\n\"letter\".\n\n「[恋文]{こいぶみ}」, for instance, is an originally Japanese word (no Chinese\ninfluence) for 「ラブレター」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T23:22:25.070",
"id": "18930",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T23:22:25.070",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18928",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
18928
|
18930
|
18930
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18942",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Please consider these two sentences (彼女 is a woman):\n\n> 1. 彼女はきれいです。\n> 2. 彼女は美しいです。\n>\n\nMy sense is that #1 and #2 have the same meaning. Pronouncing きれい is easier,\nso I have just always said #1. And, I don't think that I've heard \"美しい\" spoken\nmuch, if ever.\n\nWhat is the difference between #1 and #2? \nRegardless of the difference, native speakers still don't say 美しい very much?\nきれい is what \"sounds natural\"?",
"comment_count": 12,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T17:22:36.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18929",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-05T07:36:03.347",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-05T07:36:03.347",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Describing a woman with きれい vs. 美しい{うつくしい}?",
"view_count": 3253
}
|
[
{
"body": "Checking against a [this corpus](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/) reveals\nthat 「きれいです」 occurs a lot more often than 「美しいです」:\n\n```\n\n きれいです: 228\n 美しいです: 47\n \n```\n\nSo, it seems that using 「きれい」occurs a lot more than 「美しい」 when being used in\nan XXX+です sentence.\n\nFrom personal experience, I would almost always use 「きれい」 or 「かわいい」 when\ncommenting on an adult female before 「美しい」.\n\nThis **shouldn't** be taken to mean that 「美しい」 is not a common word, or not\ncommonly used. Referencing the same corpus:\n\n```\n\n きれい: 6792\n 美しい: 6364\n \n```\n\nRegarding the meaning though, if someone did say 「美しい」 (or 「美人」) I would\nconsider her to be better looking than 「きれい」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-04T21:33:19.763",
"id": "18942",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T22:03:01.997",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-04T22:03:01.997",
"last_editor_user_id": "7390",
"owner_user_id": "7390",
"parent_id": "18929",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
18929
|
18942
|
18942
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18933",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I was reading a page about passive verbs in Japanese, and I came across the\nphrase: \"蚊に刺された。\" What intrigued me is why the particle \"に\" is used in this\nphrase, because when I read it and try to understand the sense, I understand\nit as \"Bit on the mosquito\". It becomes even weirder if a pronoun is used, as\nin \"私が蚊に刺された\" (\"I was bit on the mosquito\").\n\nWhy does it use \"に\" instead of another particle that, translating, would make\nmore sense and it would be like \"I was bitten **by** a mosquito\"? I think what\nconfuses me is that the phrase doesn't indicate that the person was bitten\n**by** the mosquito. Instead of that, it has a \"に\" indicating that the\nlocation of action is the mosquito instead of the person.\n\nCould someone explain that to me?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T23:23:51.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18931",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T09:03:15.917",
"last_edit_date": "2015-04-16T03:29:46.213",
"last_editor_user_id": "7405",
"owner_user_id": "7405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"phrases",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Can't understand why \"に\" is used in \"蚊に刺された\" or what's the sense of this sentence",
"view_count": 385
}
|
[
{
"body": "The particle \"に\" can fulfil many distinct grammatical functions. In this case,\n\"に\" does not mark a qualifier of time or place, but instead marks the\nagent/source of a **passive** verb. As such, it would usually be translated in\nEnglish with the preposition \"by\":\n\n> 私が刺された。\n\nI was bitten/stung.\n\n> 私が **蚊に** 刺された。\n\nI was bitten **by a mosquito**.\n\nSee [this page](http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa090901a.htm) for an\noverview of the most common use cases of the \"に\" particle.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T23:54:30.430",
"id": "18932",
"last_activity_date": "2016-11-24T13:45:24.920",
"last_edit_date": "2016-11-24T13:45:24.920",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "5176",
"parent_id": "18931",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Little words like _by_ and に have lots of uses.\n\n> 1. He was murdered **by his own doctor**!\n> 2. She was sitting **by the tree** enjoying the sun.\n> 3. I won the contest **by cheating**.\n> 4. She bills **by the hour**.\n>\n\nIn the first sentence, _by_ is used for the agent of a passive clause. \nIn the second sentence, _by_ is used to express a location. \nIn the third sentence, _by_ is used to express a way or means. \nIn the fourth sentence, _by_ is used for a unit of measurement.\n\nAlthough we may not realize it, little words like this have all sorts of\ndifferent uses! And the same is true for Japanese, where に is used lots of\ndifferent ways. It simply isn't accurate to say that に always indicates\nlocation, any more than _by_ always indicates location.\n\n**In your example, に indicates the agent of a passive clause, and that is\nsomething it is very commonly used for that has nothing to do with location.**\n\nUnfortunately, the little words like に and _by_ don't really match up very\nwell between languages, so you'll have to learn the various ways に is used in\nJapanese without thinking of it as a translation of English _by_ (or _at_ ,\n_to_ , _in_ , _on_ , _for_ , _with_ , etc.).",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T23:59:11.540",
"id": "18933",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-03T23:59:11.540",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18931",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "蚊 **に** 刺された _does_ mean \"I was bitten **by** a mosquito.\"\n\nPassives in general work like this:\n\n```\n\n **Active sentence:** _actor_ -GA _patient_ -WO _verb.stem_ - _verb.inflection_\n ⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓\n **Passive sentence:** _patient_ -GA _actor_ -NI _verb.stem_ - **are** - _verb.inflection_\n```\n\nSo in your case:\n\n```\n\n **Active sentence:** ka-GA (watasi-WO) sas-ita\n ⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓\n **Passive sentence:** (watasi-GA) ka-NI sas-are-ta\n```",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-03T23:59:31.423",
"id": "18934",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T00:04:36.627",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-04T00:04:36.627",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "18931",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "There is an article on Wikipedia about Japanese possessives. Particle に is\nused with ある and いる to indicate possession and there is a little explanation\nabout particle に .\n\nJohnさんに車がある。John has a car. Literally it says _A car exists/is in/at john_.\n\nThe literal translation may sound strange since the possessor is indicated as\na place or location, but if you analyse it it may make sense. Particle に is\nused in two basic senses: to indicate **target/destination** and to indicate\n**location** and most other uses stem from these two. In the above sentence\nparticle に is being used in its locative sense (in/at) metaphorically, in\nother words, particle に is showing the \"area\" that possess the car (John, John\nis the area). As I said before, the locative use of particle に in a\nmetaphorical sense.\n\nSo, it could be the case that particle に used to indicate the agent in the\npassive form is also being used in its locative sense metaphorically\nidentifying \"the area\" where the action originates.\n\n蚊に刺された。 I was bitten by a mosquito.\n\nFollowing this logic the literal translation would be _I was bitten in/at a\nmosquito_. The \"area\" where the action of being bitten is already identified\n(a mosquito) so now understanding what is being expressed and the context you\nknow that に is equivalent to _by_ for the passive case.\n\nI hope this can help.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T09:03:15.917",
"id": "43945",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T09:03:15.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20088",
"parent_id": "18931",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
18931
|
18933
|
18933
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18940",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Typically there is no pluralization in Japanese unless specified. For example:\n\n> この車【くるま】は綺麗【きれい】。 \n> This car is clean. / These cars are clean.\n\nDoes スポーツ work in the same way? Considering the romanized form of スポーツ is\n_supōtsu_ (sports), which is plural, does the no-plurals rule work backwards?\nIn this case:\n\n> そのスポーツ が好【す】きです！ \n> I like that sport! / I like those sports!\n\nMy guess is that it does, but I want to make sure. Thank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-04T17:55:09.757",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18939",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T14:51:00.700",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-22T14:51:00.700",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "6814",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"loanwords",
"plurals",
"sports"
],
"title": "Is スポーツ a plural-only word?",
"view_count": 231
}
|
[
{
"body": "Japanese usually doesn't distinguish between singular and plural nouns.\n\nスポーツ is thus both singular and plural insofar as the singular/plural\ndistinction even makes sense when talking about Japanese.\n\nThere are several other words, which have a ツ at the end, like ドーナツ or ピーナッツ,\nbut only end it a single T. I conjecture that ツ was chosen over ト (as in スポート,\nドーナット or ピーナット), precisely because the plural is frequently encountered in\nEnglish.\n\nIn any case, スポーツ can be used when you mean a singular sport, e.g.\n\n> クィディッチはハリーポッターの魔法界においての最も人気のあるスポーツである。 \n> Quidditch is the most popular sport in the magic world of Harry Potter.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-04T18:45:33.060",
"id": "18940",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-04T18:45:33.060",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "18939",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
18939
|
18940
|
18940
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18944",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am confused as if I should put the verb preceding 「次第に」 at the past tense or\njust use the dictionary version:\n\n> ランチを食べた次第に帰った\n\nOr\n\n> ランチを食べる次第に帰った\n\nAlso, if this grammar is not appropriate in this case, could you please\nadditionally provide an example of other constructs that carry the following\nmeaning:\n\n> Upon finishing lunch I went back home",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T07:44:39.173",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18943",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-05T08:28:03.210",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "664",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"past"
],
"title": "Usage of「次第に」with the past tense",
"view_count": 1308
}
|
[
{
"body": "It seems you have learned to use 「[次第]{しだい}」 incorrectly somewhere.\n\nIn saying \"upon doing A\", 「次第」 **cannot** follow directly the dictionary form\nor the past tense form of a verb like [食]{た}べる and 食べた in your sentences. The\nonly verb form that can precede 「次第」 is the [連用形]{れんようけい}. For the verb 「食べる」,\nthe 連用形 is 「食べ」.\n\nThe tense of the sentence is NOT expressed with the verb preceding 「次第」. It is\nexpressed with the verb that follows 「次第」, which is the main verb of the\nsentence. It is, of course, 「[帰]{かえ}った」 in your sentences.\n\nThe correct sentences are:\n\n> 「ランチを食べ次第帰った。」 or\n>\n> 「ランチを食べ終わり次第帰った。」 （終わり is the 連用形 of 終わる）\n>\n> Both mean \"I went home as soon as I finished lunch.\"\n\nIMPORTANT: You do not add 「に」 to 「次第」 in these sentences. The only time you\nneed to is when you want to say \" **gradually** \".\n\n> 「[日本語]{にほんご}が次第 **に** わかってきた！」 = \"I am beginning to understand Japanese!\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T08:18:49.250",
"id": "18944",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-05T08:28:03.210",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18943",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
18943
|
18944
|
18944
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18947",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'd like to know what is the suffix たもうた used in the example phrase 「\n神の創りたもうた世界」. I've found several [more occurrences of\nit](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%9F%E3%82%82%E3%81%86%E3%81%9F) and it\nseem to work like some honorific equivalent of くださる used in ceremonial speech\nwhen referring to divine activities, attached to the masu-stem of the verb. Am\nI correct?\n\nWhile たもうた obviously is past tense, it doesn't seem to follow regular\nconjugation rules. My question is: what is the base verb form and which\ngrammar rules (if any) were used to create this past form?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T12:19:44.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18945",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-05T13:59:32.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6593",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "What is 「たもうた」 in 「 神の創りたもうた世界」?",
"view_count": 703
}
|
[
{
"body": "It comes from the verb 給【たま】う via\n[ウ音便](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF). Other examples: 問【と】う\n→ 問うた, しまう → しもうた, 言【い】う → 言【ゆ】うた. This is a feature of medieval Japanese and\npersists in western dialects of modern Japanese; in standard Japanese it is\nonly found in fossilised forms.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T12:48:10.700",
"id": "18946",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
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{
"body": "It comes from the Classical honorific verb 「[賜]{たま}ふ」, which means \"to give\n(from one in a higher position to one in the lower)\". The Modern counterpart\nis 「お[与]{あた}えになる」 or 「[下]{くだ}さる」. The 「ふ」 has become 「う」 over time as you\nprobably know.\n\nThis verb can be used as an honorific subsidiary verb following another verb.\nThe Modern counterparts are 「～～てくださる」、「お～～になる」, etc.\n\n「[創]{つく}りたもうた」 ＝ 「創る」 + 「たもうた」 = \"to create\" + \"gracefully did so (as a\nsubsidiary verb)\"\n\nThis verb phrase is in the past tense （た at the end）. Classical verbs are\nconjugated in the Classical way even when they appear in the Modern context\nfor the authors' intended aesthetic reasons. It is not even possible to\nconjugate them in the Modern way. The pronunciation, however, is often changed\nto its modern way and, therefore, reflected in the kana. たまふた is Classical and\nたもうた is Modern.\n\nThus, 「 [神]{かみ}の創りたもうた[世界]{せかい}」 means \"the world which God (gracefully)\ncreated (for us)\".\n\nIn the entirely \"modern\" Japanese, the phrase is equivalent to\n「神のお創りになられた世界」or 「神の創ってくださった世界」 in meaning. That is if anyone is interested in\nthe modern translation within Japanese.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T13:06:33.343",
"id": "18947",
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"score": 8
}
] |
18945
|
18947
|
18947
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23141",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "What is the precise etymology of the word? Was it borrowed at the time when it\nwas pronounced `[hwait]` or they just perceived it like that?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T16:39:14.127",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18948",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-11T14:58:04.390",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "1841",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why is ホワイト spelled as it is?",
"view_count": 1280
}
|
[
{
"body": "Tons of words that trickled into Japanese came first through European English.\n\nWhich is why things like cup/glass are \"garasu\" (because it sounds more like\n\"gloss\" ...coming from an American English vernacular)\n\nHowaito probably came from the same path-of-travel... So when you look at\nwords spelled in Katakana, the earlier they came into the Japanese lexicon,\nthe more likely they are from Portuguese or Queen's English.\n\n_the more you know_",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-08T06:31:28.343",
"id": "23120",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T06:31:28.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9542",
"parent_id": "18948",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
},
{
"body": "Depending on where they are from, some native English speakers pronounce the\n\"H\" in \"white\". This reminds me of how Stewie from Family Guy pronounces Cool\nWhip.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-08T09:03:20.423",
"id": "23126",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T09:03:20.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9518",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Yes, it is derived from English classical pronunciation **_wh_ /hw/**. English\n**_wh_ + vowel** is transcribed using **ホワ /howa/, ホエ /hoe/, ホイ /hoi/** in\nJapanese.\n\n( In other words, English **_wh_ /hw/** is transcribed as **/how/** in\nJapanese, but loses its **/w/** sound when followed by a vowel other than\n**/a/** , because only **/a/** can follow **/w/** in traditional modern\nJapanese.)\n\nWhen English words were first introduced and sound transcription rules were\ngradually formed, they tried as far as possible to keep distinctive English\nsounds being distinctive in Japanese too.\n\nAt least, in this case, English **_wh_ /hw/** had to be transcribed as\ndifferent from both English **/f/** and **/w/**.\n\nSo, under the conservative phonetic system of those days, which only allowed\nsyllables listed in traditional modern 五十音図, English **/f/, /w/** and **/hw/**\nbecame to be most likely rendered following rules as below:\n\n> 1. **En. /f/ > Jp. /hu/ :** \n> e.g. _fat_ フアット **/huaQto/** -- _fair_ フエア **/huea/** -- _fit_ フイット\n> **/huiQto/**\n> 2. **En. /w/ > Jp. /w/ before /a/, /u/ otherwise :** \n> e.g. _watt_ ワット **/waQto/** -- _wear_ ウエア **/uea/** -- _wit_ ウイット\n> **/uiQto/**\n> 3. **En. /hw/ > Jp. /how/ before /a/, /ho/ otherwise :** \n> e.g. _what_ ホワット **/howaQto/** -- _where_ ホエア **/hoea/** -- _whip_ ホイップ\n> **/hoiQpu/**\n>\n\nSubsequently, as for lines #1 and #2 above, non-traditional sounds like ファット\n**/FaQto/** , フェア **/Fea/** , ウィット **/wiQto/** , etc. gradually came into use.\nBut sounds of #3 seem to remain unchanged until now.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-09T08:51:39.153",
"id": "23141",
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"score": 5
}
] |
18948
|
23141
|
23141
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does 「予定調和」 mean? Not that stuff about Leibniz, but in daily chatter.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-05T17:33:24.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18949",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T05:45:15.987",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-06T02:49:48.113",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7411",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "「予定調和」 usage in casual speech",
"view_count": 333
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think very few Japanese people recognize that 予定調和 is from Leibniz (I didn't\nknow that). When this appears in daily conversations, it means \"safe but\nexpected result\", \"without surprise/trouble\", \"never changing\", \"repeated many\ntimes\", \"according to the scenario\", etc.\n\nTypically this is used for long-running TV series like サザエさん, where characters\nnever get old for decades.\n\nIt may have some negative nuance. If you see 「国際会議は予定調和で終わった」 in a newspaper,\nit probably implies the meeting was boring and unimportant.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T05:45:15.987",
"id": "18972",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "18949",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
18949
| null |
18972
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My knowledge about ren'youkei is limited to \"tabe is the ren'youkei of\ntaberu\". I would like to know what the meaning of ren'youkei is, what\nlinguistic idea lies behind this term and for what it is actually used in\neveryday usage.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-06T17:38:01.683",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18951",
"last_activity_date": "2016-03-04T22:38:42.483",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-07T00:22:49.310",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"renyōkei"
],
"title": "What is the meaning and application of ren'youkei?",
"view_count": 5612
}
|
[
{
"body": "The 連用形{れんようけい} (\"continuative form\") is one of the various 活用形｛かつようけい}\n(\"inflected forms\") for 用言{ようげん} (\"inflectable words\") in Japanese.\n\nThe way I like to explain this is somewhat non-standard, but I think more\ncoherent than how it is usually explained. I will connect this explanation\nback to the standard way at the end.\n\n* * *\n\nI think there are two things worth discussing:\n\n 1. The `-I` Form\n 2. The Continuative Form\n\n# The `-I` Form\n\nThe `-I` form is `stem-I`: the stem of an inflectable word plus the -I\nmorpheme.\n\n**`-I` definition:**\n\n * Vowel-stem verb: `∅`\n * Consonant-stem verb: `i`\n * i-adjective: `∅`\n\n**Examples:**\n\n * Consonant-stem verb 思う: `omow-I -> omo(w)-i -> 思い`\n * Consonant-stem verb 行く: `ik-I -> ik-i -> 行き`\n * i-adjective 熱い: `atsu-I -> atsu-∅ -> 熱`\n * Vowel-stem verb 食べる: `tabe-I -> tabe-∅ -> 食べ`\n\nThe `-I` form feels a lot like a noun.\n\n**Uses:**\n\n * The continuative form \n * See later for examples.\n * -sou and -sugi- \n * **熱** そう\n * **行き** そう\n * **熱** すぎる\n * **食べ** すぎる\n * Compounding \n * **早** 起き\n * Stand-alone nouns (I can only think of verbs here) \n * **思い**\n * **考え**\n * **感じ**\n\n# The Continuative Form\n\nThe continuative form (a.k.a., 連用形) is `stem-I-CONT`: the stem of an\ninflectable word, plus the `-I` morpheme, plus the `-CONT` morpheme.\n\n**`-CONT` definition:**\n\n * Verbs: `∅`\n * i-adjectives: `ku`\n\n**Examples:**\n\n * Consonant-stem verb 思う: `omow-I-CONT -> omo(w)-i-∅ -> 思い`\n * Consonant-stem verb 行く: `ik-I-CONT -> ik-i-∅ -> 行き`\n * i-adjective 熱い: `atsu-I-CONT -> atsu-∅-ku -> 熱く`\n * Vowel-stem verb 食べる: `tabe-I-CONT -> tabe-∅-∅ -> 食べ`\n\n**Uses:**\n\n * Adjuncts: \n\n * **間違いなく** 怒っている。\n * **優しく** 抱きしめる。\n * 君のことを **思い** 、彼を許した。\n * Conjunction (this form is known as the 中止形): \n * 外へ **行き** 、マスコミに話す。\n * 空は **青く** 、地面は茶色。\n * -te: \n * **熱く** て\n * **食べ** て\n * **思っ** て (omo(w)-i-te after euphonic changes, namely 促音便)\n * Various auxiliaries, e.g.: \n * -mas-: **行き** ます\n * -tutu-: **直り** つつ\n\n* * *\n\nWhile this is hardly complete, maybe it helps give an idea of what the 連用形 is.\nThe way this stuff is usually taught, I think the -i form is often conflated\nwith the 連用形, because the surface form is the same for verbs, but I think it\nmakes more sense to split it out like this.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T00:02:28.970",
"id": "18964",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T00:55:44.613",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
},
{
"body": "Japanese has two main categories for standalone terms: 用言{ようげん} and 体言{たいげん}.\n\n * **用言** inflect: this category includes verbs, _-i_ adjectives, and _-na_ adjectives.\n * **体言** don't inflect, and this category includes nouns, pronouns, and numbers.\n\nThese two terms form the basis of the terms for two different conjugations:\nthe 連用形{れんようけい} and the 連体形{れんたいけい}.\n\n * **連用形** literally breaks down as 連 \"goes with / attaches to\" + 用 short for 用言 + 形 \"form\" -- this is the form of the word (conjugation) that attaches to other words that also conjugates. \nSo when combining verbs into a compound verb, you use the 連用形. Or when using\nan adjective (a part of speech that inflects) to modify another adjective or a\nverb (which also inflects), you use the 連用形. Since this form (and the meaning\nof the underlying term) _continues_ into the following inflected term, this is\noften glossed in English as the **\"continuative form\"**.\n\n * **連体形** literally breaks down as 連 \"goes with / attaches to\" + 体 short for 体言 + 形 \"form\" -- this is the form of the word (conjugation) that attaches to other words that _don't_ conjugate. \nSo when modifying a noun or other non-inflected term with a verb or adjective,\nyou use the 連体形. Since this form is used to describe an _attribute_ of the\nfollowing uninflected term, this is often glossed in English as the\n**\"attributive form\"**.\n\nNotably, the 連用形 for verbs is sometimes used as a noun: for instance, 替{か}わり\nis the 連用形 for 替{か}わる, and it is also a noun meaning \"replacement,\nalternative\".\n\nAlso, the 連体形 and the 終止形{しゅうしけい} (literally \"terminal form\", the form to use\nwhen an inflected word is at the end of a sentence) used to be distinct, but\nthese have become the same thing in modern Japanese (except for _-na_\nadjectives -- these use な for the 連体形 and だ for the 終止形).\n\nFor more about Japanese conjugation forms, see the Wikipedia article on\n[Japanese grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar),\nparticularly the bit on [Conjugable\nwords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Conjugable_words).\n\nFor more about older Japanese where these two forms were still distinct, see\nthe Wikipedia articles on [Classical Japanese\nlanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language) and\n[Early Middle Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-03-04T22:10:43.750",
"id": "32661",
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18951
| null |
18964
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "18965",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is a subsidiary verb? Could someone please explain it and give some\nexamples of its application?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-06T17:51:58.620",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18952",
"last_activity_date": "2023-02-28T02:22:36.207",
"last_edit_date": "2021-01-06T10:44:17.720",
"last_editor_user_id": "40568",
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 20,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "What is a subsidiary verb?",
"view_count": 5090
}
|
[
{
"body": "**Subsidiary verbs** , known as 補助動詞{ほじょどうし} in Japanese grammar, are a small\nset of verbs which have grammaticalized uses following 〜て. According to\nMartin†, these verbs include:\n\n> いる・おる・いらっしゃる \n> くる・まいる \n> いく \n> くれる・くださる \n> しまう \n> みる \n> おく \n> もらう・いただく \n> ある・ござる \n> やる・あげる \n> みせる\n\nIn these grammaticalized uses, they have several properties:\n\n 1. They form a single predicate with the verb they follow.\n\n> 歩いている is usually a single predicate, not \"walks and is\".\n\n 2. They no longer have their literal meaning (although their grammaticalized meanings are generally related to their literal meanings). The 〜ている ending, for example, expresses aspectual meaning rather than expressing existence.\n\n> 歩いている is usually the progressive \"is walking\".\n\n 3. Informally, they often contract with 〜て ([see my previous answer for a chart](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18157/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8F-for-preparation-conjugation-and-nuance/18159#18159)).\n\n> 歩いている can be contracted informally to 歩いてる.\n\n 4. Because they're used grammatically rather than for their literal meaning, they're generally written in kana:\n\n> 歩いている should not be written 歩いて居る.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that these verbs aren't always used as subsidiary verbs.\nWhen they're used as regular verbs, they can in most cases be written with\nkanji.\n\nSubsidiary verbs are often referred to as **auxiliary verbs** , but this can\nunfortunately cause confusion because the same term is used as a translation\nof [助動詞{じょどうし}](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/63351), an unrelated\nclass of inflecting auxiliaries in traditional Japanese grammar including\nwords such as 〜ない and 〜ます.\n\nFor this reason, many people choose to avoid confusion and use the unambiguous\nterm **subsidiary verbs** instead.\n\n* * *\n\n† This list from page 512 of Samuel Martin's 1975 _Reference Grammar of\nJapanese_. Subsidiary verbs are described in more detail in this book on pages\n510-551.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T00:05:29.137",
"id": "18965",
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"parent_id": "18952",
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"score": 31
}
] |
18952
|
18965
|
18965
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As far as I know, \"yo\" at the end of a sentence indicates that quite new\ninformation is contained in the sentence, \"tomo\" ascertains that the content\nexpressed in the sentence is definitely true. Both are placed even behind the\npredicative of the sentence: sentence-yo, sentence-tomo.\n\nDo you know other words that are used like them?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-06T18:20:03.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18953",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T00:36:12.870",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-08T00:36:12.870",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "What are words which stand at the very end of a sentence (like \"yo\" and \"tomo\") called?",
"view_count": 447
}
|
[
{
"body": "These are called \"sentence-final particles\", or `[終助詞]{しゅう・じょ・し}`. There are\nmany particles that can be used in this way; probably more than is acceptable\nfor the scope of questions on this site. But some common ones are `ね`\n(\"agreement\"), `か` (question marker), [わ (see this\npost)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2886/78), and `な` (prohibition).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-06T19:11:28.333",
"id": "18956",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-06T19:11:28.333",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
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"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "18953",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "1. As is mentioned above, sentence-final particles are the ones that connect to predicates or other sentence-final particles.\n 2. The ones that connect to other grammatical elements such as nouns or adverbs are called \"interjection particles\".\n\nInterjection particles can also appear at the end of a sentence when the\nsentence is inverted or incomplete. But they are different things. For\nexample, 'yo' as an interjection particle is out of norm in standard Japanese\nunlike that of sentence-final. (A minority theory treats both of them as\nsentence-final, but I don't see the point of that when there's some\ndifferences.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T04:44:13.770",
"id": "18970",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T04:44:13.770",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "18953",
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"score": 0
}
] |
18953
| null |
18956
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18959",
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "I'm trying to write the name of a Chinese friend, Ying. I know that the sounds\n\"yi\" and \"ye\" don't exist any more except for the deprecated hiragana\ncharacters, and katakana doesn't have either of them. The question, how should\nI write it?\n\nA Japanese friend suggested イン, but this misses out two kinda important\nconsonants from the word. Is there no better way of representing this name in\nkatakana?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-06T21:11:56.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18957",
"last_activity_date": "2019-10-08T23:34:33.350",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"katakana",
"names"
],
"title": "How to write \"yi\" in katakana",
"view_count": 15409
}
|
[
{
"body": "I agree that `イン` is probably the best fit for the limitations of Japanese. Of\ncourse, being Chinese, your friend already has a kanji for his/her name, so\nyou could always just use that and write `イン` as furigana for it.\n\nAlternatively -- and I don't know how much this would happen in real life --\nyou could just use a Japanese pronunciation for the name's kanji. If you've\never seen the movie [Ip Man](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1220719/), the main\ncharacter is the titular Chinese man. His name \"Ip Man\" (sometimes written\n\"Yip Man\") has the Chinese characters `葉問`. In the movie, he is taken prisoner\nby Japanese military, and the Chinese/Japanese intermediary calls him `ヨウ・モン`,\nwhich you can see is the Japanese 音読み of those characters. So you could\npossibly do that, although I don't know if that's somehow disrespectful to\nchange the pronunciation of the name.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-06T21:29:58.497",
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"body": "イン is pretty much the standard way to transliterate Chinese \"ying\" to kana.\nHere are some examples:\n\n * [陶晶瑩](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%99%B6%E7%91%A9) - Taiwanese celebrity \n * Pinyin: Táo Jīngyíng\n * Kana: タオ・チンイン\n * [劉若英](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%8B%A5%E8%8B%B1) - Taiwanese celebrity \n * Pinyin: Liú RuòYīng\n * Kana: リウ・ルオイン\n * [馬英九](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%8B%B1%E4%B9%9D) - President of Taiwan \n * Pinyin: Mǎ Yīngjiǔ \n * Kana: either ばえいきゅう (on'yomi of each kanji) or マー・インチウ (direct transcription of what it sounds in Chinese)\n\n> but this misses out two kinda important consonants from the word\n\nA little on this. When a word ends in ん, that ん can take on the sound of [ŋ].\nFor example, if you listen to [yuu0equal0u's recording of\nわんわん](http://ja.forvo.com/word/%E3%82%8F%E3%82%93%E3%82%8F%E3%82%93/#ja) or\n[panna's recording of\nたくさん](http://ja.forvo.com/word/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E3%81%95%E3%82%93/#ja) on\nForvo.\n\nOften, the transliteration doesn't reproduce exactly the original\npronunciation of the word. For example,\n[スティーブ・ジョブズ](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA)\nsounds a bit different from how \"Steve Jobs\" is pronounced in English.\n\n* * *\n\nAs to \"yi\", い・イ is definitely one way (although not the only way) of\ntransliterating this sound. We can see this in the kun'yomi of some kanjis:\n\n * 意 e.g. 意思\n * 医 e.g. 医者\n * 以 e.g. 以上\n * 衣 e.g. 衣服",
"comment_count": 2,
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"id": "18959",
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"body": "If you look at the Hiragana chart below, you notice that there are no\ncorresponding letters for \"yi\" and \"ye\". Those letters do not exist in\nJapanese (not that we can't pronounce it).\n\n (From\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana>)\n\nWhen we need to write foreign words containing \"yi\" and \"ye\", we use イ, and イエ\n(or sometimes イェ) respectively.\n\nA good example is probably \"yes\". We write it イエス。Another one is \"yay\". This\nbecomes イエイ。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T08:14:32.747",
"id": "18975",
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"body": "Yi (and other characters) existed in Japanese a long time ago and I found an\nold katakana sheet that has the missing characters. This image is from 1873:\n\n\nMore on this at this Japanese wikipedia page for:\n[ヤ行イ](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E8%A1%8C%E3%82%A4). Also, note\nthat this page has the respective hiragana characters too.\n\nIn reality, most native Japanese will not be able to read the \"classical yi\"\nor other classical characters.\n\nThere are contexts where the classical characters are still used, most notably\n**Yebisu Beer** ; look at the katakana character after 琥珀:\n\n \n<http://www.moippai.com/beer-reviews/kohaku-yebisu-(amber-yebisu)-259.html>\n\nIt looks like the katakana for \"we\"... which actually has me confused at the\nmoment because I always thought it was \"ye\"...\n\nAnyways! Although the beer is \"Yebisu\" in romaji and \"Yebisu\" (or \"Webisu\"?)\nin katakana, it is pronounced エビス.\n\n**To answer your question though** you should probably go with イン as the\nothers have suggested but if you really want to use the character for yi, it\ndoes it exist; just understand that most people will not be able to read it\nand, even if they can read it, they will still pronounce it イ.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"body": "is the hiragana foe ye but is HUGELY obsolete and its katakana was the same\nfor the katakana for the letter e (back then the e katakana was different\nthink of the katakana ne ネ and it was similar to this expect it didn't have\nthe 3rd and 4th stroke (the bottom and bottom right strokes))",
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"body": "One time I was formulating sentences on a website, to practice my Japanese and\nget natives to correct them. I had written 「何が言ってわかりませんけど」 which I now\nunderstand was wrong, but when they corrected my sentence with this\n「何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど」 I was shocked.\n\nMost of the sentence I understand, like changing 「が」 to 「を」 but when I got to\n「のか」 and 「かもしれません」 I was deeply confused and to be honest, never seen 「のか」\nused in a sentence. If it’s not too much trouble, could someone explain the\nuse of these two parts in the sentence and why they are needed to make this\nsentence?\n\nThank you.\n\nEdit: Because I forgot to put the whole sentence to clarify who the speaker/\ntopic is, here it is:「私は何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど、今は日本語を練習をしてます。」",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-06T22:03:38.527",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Reason for 「のか」 and 「かもしれません」 in 「何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど」",
"view_count": 2087
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[
{
"body": "It's certainly not surprising that the sentence confuses you, it consists of a\nfew grammatical parts, so let's break it down a little bit.\n\n> 何【なに】を言【い】っているのか分【わ】からないかもしれませんけど\n\n何【なに】を言【い】っている - looks like you understand this, it roughly translates to \"\n**What are you saying** \". However, in Japanese when we refer to an action\nsuch as this one, we want to use the **の** particle to conceptualize it. You\ncan also use **こと** instead of **の** - it will be the same.\n\nSecond, the **か** particle after indicates that our \"concept\" is question-\nlike. That's how the grammar requires the sentence to be structured. And it\nmakes sense, because it follows with 分【わ】からない (do not know).\n\nThird, **かもしれません** adds uncertainty to the sentence. It roughly translates to\n\"may\" and the sentence becomes: **\"I may not know what you are saying,\nbut...\"** Without it, the sentence would have been: **\"I don't know what you\nare saying, but...\"**\n\nFinally, **けど** at the end means \"but\" and is most likely followed by another\nclause or statement.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-06T23:01:50.507",
"id": "18962",
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"body": "Let's break it down piece by piece:\n\n> 何をいっているか → What are you saying?\n\nHowever, depending on the context, this can sound a bit to harsh or direct\n(Japanese people tend to avoid this). As you may know, adding the `の` makes\nthis less direct and/or rhetorical.\n\n> 何を言っているのか → What are you saying? (not expecting an answer; not so direct)\n\nNow, add in the `わからない`.\n\n> 何を言っているのかわからない → \"What are you saying?\" is what I don't understand → I don't\n> understand what you're saying.\n\n`かもしれません` is an ending for low probability, i.e., \"may\" or \"might\".\n\n> 何を言っているのかわからないかもしれません → I may not understand what you're saying.\n\nThe final `けど` I think could mean one of two things in this case. Like the\nother answers said, it could be that it means \"but\" and there will be a\nfollow-up sentence. However, what seems more likely to me is that it is\nanother \"softener\" to bring more indirectness, and take focus off the\nlistener.\n\nTake these sentences for example:\n\n> * 言いたいことがあるんだ → \"There's something I want to say to you\" → Sounds very\n> direct, almost confrontational, putting the listener on the defensive\n>\n\n>\n> vs\n>\n> * 言いたいことがあるんだけど → \"There's something I want to say to you...\" → Sounds\n> less confrontational; \"softens\" the statement; no reason for the listener to\n> become defensive\n>\n\nNow in that sense, let's look at your sentence with and without `けど`:\n\n> * 何を言っているのかわからないかもしれません → Direct and curt; Sounds like they're implying \"I\n> might not understand what you're saying (you nonsense-babbling idiot!)\"\n>\n\n>\n> vs\n>\n> * 何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど → Indirect; non-confrontational; almost like\n> \"(Excuse me but,) I may not understand what you're saying.\"\n>\n\nSo adding those two structures makes the translation closer to something like\n\"Hmm, I'm afraid I may not understand what you're saying...\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-06T23:54:41.100",
"id": "18963",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"body": "The other answers do a reasonable job of breaking things down, but I wanted to\nmake a comment on why 「かもしれません」 was added by a native speaker even though the\nversion without it is perfectly grammatical.\n\nIf you look at the final, full, sentence:\n\n> 何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど、今は日本語の練習をしてます。\n\nThe subject of 言う is pretty clearly \"I\" and the subject of わかる is pretty\nclearly \"you\".\n\nIf you were to say\n\n> 何を言っているのかわからないけど、今は日本語の練習をしてます。\n\nit would be like saying either \"Even though I don't understand what I'm\nsaying, right now I'm practicing my Japanese.\" which sounds silly, or \"Even\nthough you don't/won't understand what I'm saying, right now I'm practicing my\nJapanese.\", which, although you are trying to be humble, just comes off a\nlittle odd even in the English.\n\n> 何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど、今は日本語の練習をしてます。\n\non the other hand is like \"Even though you may not understand what I'm saying,\nright now I'm practicing my Japanese.\", which\n\n 1. disambiguates the subject of わかる\n 2. feels like a standard way to be humble about your abilities because you don't assume anything about the other person",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-07T00:14:13.763",
"id": "18966",
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] |
18960
| null |
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{
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"body": "> * 料理をしているところ **に** 電話がかかってきて困った。\n> * デートをしているところ **を** 友だちに見られてしまった。\n> * 電車に乗ったところ **で** 今日は祝日だと気づいた。\n>\n\nIn the above sentences, what decide the particle following ところ? They all seem\nto indicate a happening during/while the user is engaged in an activity.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T03:03:52.030",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18967",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-31T17:23:09.337",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-20T17:38:09.873",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Particles following ところ （に, を, and で）",
"view_count": 4731
}
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[
{
"body": "It's the verb that counts.\n\n 1. A phone call came to the part where I am cooking.\n 2. My friend witnessed the part where I am going out.\n 3. I noticed today was a holiday at the part where I got on the train.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T05:23:10.787",
"id": "18971",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T05:23:10.787",
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"body": "As user4092 said, it is the verb that matters.\n\nI will break down each sentence by explaining the verb.\n\n# Sentences\n\n 1. > 料理をしているところに電話がかかってきて困った。\n\n`電話がかかってくる` accepts a number of things marked by に, and one of them is the\ntime (compare: 「仕事中に電話がかかってきた。」).\n\nThus, `料理をしているところ` in this first sentence is functioning as a time.\n\n 2. > デートをしているところを友だちに見られてしまった。\n\nExplaining this one is a little complicated since it's just a complicated\nsentence (using the adversarial passive), so you may want to come back to this\nafter you know more Japanese, but anyways...\n\n**Necessary tangent:** 見られる is the passive of 見る. When you form a passive, you\nlift something from the underlying sentence to が, and the が-marked thing in\nthe underlying sentence to に.\n\nIn this case, the original sentence is 友達が［（私が）デートをしているところ］を見た, and the 私が\ngets promoted to the が-marked thing of the passive, and of course 友達 becomes\nthe に-marked thing:\n\n> 友達が ［（私が）デートをしているところ］を 見た \n> ⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ \n> （私が） ［デートをしているところ］を 友達に 見られた\n\nSo, **the thing being marked by を is the thing being seen**.\n\nAs such, `デートをしているところ` here is _not_ behaving like a time as in (1), but\ninstead as a noun referring to a past event.\n\n 3. > 電車に乗ったところで今日は祝日だと気づいた。\n\nUnlike (1), `気付く` doesn't accept times in the に position.\n\nSo, instead, `電車に乗ったところ` here functions as a \"location in time\" where you did\nthe realizing of `今日は祝日だ`.\n\nCompare, 「電車に乗った時点で今日は祝日だと気づいた。」, where 〜時点 is another \"location in time\" sort\nof thing.\n\n# Summary\n\nBasically, the complicated thing here is not ところ -- ところ is just flexible in\nterms of what it can behave as (time, location, noun) -- and that flexibility\nbrings out the complexity of verbs in Japanese.\n\nBeing able to pick the right place to jam ところ with a verb more or less comes\ndown having a good feeling for the verb and understanding what arguments it\naccepts.",
"comment_count": 12,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T06:59:09.500",
"id": "18974",
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{
"body": "1. > _Just as / while_ I was cooking, the phone rang. \n\n 2. > _While_ I was in a date, I was seen by a friend.\n\nHowever, をstress 「デートをしている」 as a direct complement, so literally, \"the friend\nsaw the fact I was in a date\" .\n\n 3. > While on the train, I noticed that today was a day off. \n\nで stresses place here.\n\n* * *\n\nIf you want to understand them better as well as their translation, you should\ncheck **subordinate sentences** regarding grammar.",
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"creation_date": "2018-07-31T17:23:09.337",
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"body": "In the recent thread titled [Reason for 「のか」 and 「かもしれません」 in\n「何を言っているのかわからないかもしれませんけど」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18960/reason-\nfor-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B-and-%E3%81%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-in-%E4%BD%95%E3%82%92%E8%A8%80%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93%E3%81%91%E3%81%A9),\nmy impression is that saying \"何を言っている **のか** 、分からない\" sounds abrupt (and sort\nof impolite). While I have no idea if this is correct Japanese, I would have\nsaid \"何を言っている **なのか** 、分からない\". The \"な\" seems to take the edge out of the\nstraight-up \"のか\".\n\nThe answer to the thread titled [「なん」as a formal, spoken, suffix for\nquestions?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/13470/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93-as-\na-formal-spoken-suffix-for-questions) mentions the phrase \"なのか\". But, I can't\nfigure-out if that answer is applicable to my desire to say \"何を言っている **なのか**\n、~\" instead of just \"何を言っている **のか** 、~\". I also found this thread titled [What\nexactly is なの(nano)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/514/what-\nexactly-is-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE-nano). That thread looks relevant to my\nquestions in this thread, did it really only confuses me.\n\n> 1. Is it even possible to say \"何を言っている **なのか** 、分からない\"?\n> 2. Would saying \"なのか\" make the sentence less formal?\n> 3. Would saying \"なのか\" make the sentence less aggressive / abrupt? more\n> polite?\n> 4. Would saying \"なのか\" make the sentence sound more feminine?\n> 5. Would a native speaker actually ever say \"なのか\" in this type of sentence\n> in a conversation?\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-07T04:21:01.663",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18968",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "\"何を言っている __のか__ 、分からない\" vs. \"何を言っている __なのか__ 、分からない\"",
"view_count": 231
}
|
[
{
"body": "[As I wrote in reply to kingyo's\nquestion:](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13470/1478)\n\n```\n\n どこ **だ** ＋ のだ ＝ どこ **な** のだ\n \n```\n\nThat is, な is the 連体形 of だ used before the formal noun / nominalizer の.\n\nIn this case, だ is simply not possible:\n\n```\n\n *何を言っている **だ**\n \n```\n\nGenerally speaking, you can't follow a verb with だ like this. And so the\nlonger sentence:\n\n```\n\n *何を言っている **なのか** 分からない\n \n```\n\nis ungrammatical for the same reason. Since it's ungrammatical, I don't think\nany of your other questions are relevant.",
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"creation_date": "2014-10-07T04:33:04.730",
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"accepted_answer_id": "18977",
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "I came across to this sentence:\n\n> The Japanese say you have three faces. The first face, you show to the\n> world. The second face, you show to your close friends, and your family. The\n> third face, you never show anyone. It is the truest reflection of who you\n> are.\n\nI would like to know what is the actual word in Japanese? is it true?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T06:50:36.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18973",
"last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T08:18:44.240",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-26T23:39:49.227",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "7425",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Question about supposedly a Japanese proverb",
"view_count": 73906
}
|
[
{
"body": "「顔」 itself has a metaphorical meaning just as described in that paragraph. One\ncan have more than one face in phrases/sentences like these:\n\n> 表の顔と裏の顔 (lit. \"front face and back face\". The face you show to the world,\n> and your inner side.)\n>\n> 彼は別の顔を持っている (lit. \"He has another face\". He has a secret hobby, or he is\n> famous in two different fields, or he is a spy sent from an enemy, ...)\n>\n> アマゾンはクラウド企業としての顔も有している。 (lit. \"Amazon also has a face as a cloud company.\")\n\nI think I occasionally see expressions like \"女は2つの顔を持つ (Women are two-faced)\"\nin Japanese literature. However, having more than two faces is rare, and I\ncan't think of the Japanese proverb that exactly matches \"Every person has\n_three_ faces\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T10:22:43.787",
"id": "18977",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "18973",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "I don't think it is a Japanese proverb, but it is very reminiscent of\nT.S.Eliot's poem 'The Naming of Cats,' perhaps that's where this idea\noriginally comes from?\n\n> When I tell you, a cat must have THREE DIFFERENT NAMES. \n> First of all, there's the name that the family use daily, \n> Such as Peter, Augustus, Alonzo or James, \n> [...] \n> But I tell you, a cat needs a name that's particular, \n> A name that's peculiar, and more dignified... \n> Such as Bombalurina, or else Jellylorum— \n> Names that never belong to more than one cat... \n> But above and beyond there's still one name left over, \n> And that is the name that you never will guess; \n> The name that no human research can discover— \n> But THE CAT HIMSELF KNOWS, and will never confess.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-05-17T16:34:11.163",
"id": "24379",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T14:44:22.133",
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{
"body": "This line of thought probably comes from James Calvell's 1975 novel Shogun:\n“It's a saying they have, that a man has a false heart in his mouth for the\nworld to see, another in his breast to show to his special friends and his\nfamily, and the real one, the true one, the secret one, which is never known\nto anyone except to himself alone, hidden only God knows where.”\n\nAnd in another place: The Japanese have six faces and three hearts, writes\nClavell. A deceitful heart in their mouth to show in public; another heart in\ntheir chest that only friends and family get to know; and at last their real\nheart that nobody knows and that remains hidden in an undisclosed location.\n\nI am sure he based this statement on his research as he wrote the novel, but\nthis is really the only reference I have found on the subject.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-02-29T14:37:12.377",
"id": "32573",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-29T16:28:49.393",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "It's actually an observation of the Japanese people written by a Jesuit\nmissionary:\n\n> \"[The Japanese people] are so crafty in their hearts that nobody can\n> understand them. Whence it is said that they have three hearts: a false one\n> in their mouths for all the world to see, another within their breasts only\n> for their friends, and the third in the depths of their hearts, reserved for\n> themselves alone and never manifested to anybody.\"\n\nFrom _História da Igreja do Japão vol I pg 173_ , written by Father João\nRodrigues, SJ.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-05-24T14:53:15.697",
"id": "34330",
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"owner_user_id": "14524",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
},
{
"body": "the word for what you're looking is Honne and tatemae",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-09-15T17:13:05.940",
"id": "39207",
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"owner_user_id": "17894",
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"score": 0
}
] |
18973
|
18977
|
34330
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18979",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've seen this in multiple combinations, but the one I was specifically\nlooking at was:\n\n> 「背負い **し** 者」\n\n...from 「宿命を背負いし者」.\n\nSimilarly,\n\n> 「かつて来たり **し** 者」\n\nScouring through all my grammar books, I can't find this form of し explained.\n_A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar_ (Seiichi Makino & Michio Tsutsui)\nlists し as a particle, roughly translated as 'and', or as an infix attached to\nan い-adj. In this context, the bit being modified by し is a verb, so would the\ninfix work the same way? I doubt し is a shorthand for する, given that it's\ndirectly modifying the noun after it. Granted, I'm a beginner in Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T11:56:26.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18978",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T12:36:53.067",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7426",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"verbs",
"nouns"
],
"title": "In \"[Vます stem] + し+ [noun]\" what does し mean?",
"view_count": 923
}
|
[
{
"body": "「し」 is the [連体形]{れんたいけい} (= attributive form) of the Clasical auxiliary verb\n「き」, which expresses \"past tense\".\n\nAs in your examples, it is sometimes used in the Modern context when the\nauthor wants it to sound \"literary\" and/or \"dramatic\". Today, it is used\nalmost exclusively in fiction.\n\n「[背負]{せお}いし[者]{もの}」＝「背負った者」\n\n「かつて[来]{き}たりし者」＝「かつて来た者」\n\n<http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009002.htm>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T12:17:46.767",
"id": "18979",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T12:36:53.067",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-07T12:36:53.067",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18978",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
18978
|
18979
|
18979
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm just constructing a few sentences to test my comprehension of grammar.\nI'll make notes in my notebook about things so I don't forget them and\nhopefully end up with a properly constructed sentence.\n\n> 私わ光の島住まう\n\nand\n\n> 私の理想わ余人勿れ裁く私の子等の為にヌードカラー寧ろの為にパーソナリティ\n\nIf they are so badly translated that you need to be told what the translation\nis I'll be happy to give the translation, however I'd rather leave them like\nthis to see if the meaning can be extracted from the sentences.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T15:30:48.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18981",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T16:25:11.320",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-07T15:54:34.000",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7429",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -5,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Could someone tell me what if anything is wrong with these translations?",
"view_count": 106
}
|
[
{
"body": "I could _extract_ something out of those sentences, but it looks to me like\nyou searched word for word (or used an online translation tool).\n\nThe topic marker is indeed pronounced \"wa\", but the hiragana is は. 私は, not 私わ\n\n光の島住まう needs a に to indicate location. Also the verb is a bit odd maybe. I\nwould have said 住んでいる instead.\n\nHonestly, the second sentence is pretty much garbage to me. About my ideal,\nother people mustn't judge, for the sake of my children, nude color, rather\nfor personality?\n\nI'm myself guilty of trying too hard based on too little knowledge sometimes,\nbut really, you should start with simpler sentences and follow a textbook\nfirst!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T16:25:11.320",
"id": "18983",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-07T16:25:11.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7148",
"parent_id": "18981",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
18981
| null |
18983
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Would appreciate if someone helped me understand the following word patterns\nwith examples:\n\n> **なかなか** 〜ない \n> **ほとんど** 〜ない \n> **ぜんぜん** 〜ない\n\nCan any of them be used in a positive context too?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T16:03:26.230",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18982",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-06T04:38:28.997",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-07T02:24:58.713",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"polarity-items"
],
"title": "Using double negative",
"view_count": 320
}
|
[
{
"body": "「ぜんぜん大丈夫【だいじょうぶ】」 is frequently used to mean \"Completely OK\" in a positive\ncontext. It may not conform to strict Japanese grammar instruction, but it is\nwidely used by multiple generations of Japanese people.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-01-06T04:38:28.997",
"id": "21181",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-06T04:38:28.997",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7702",
"parent_id": "18982",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
18982
| null |
21181
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "18987",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I noticed today, while playing _Grisaia no Kajitsu_ (English version, since my\nJapanese is really bad), that when I click on a menu option while using\nMichiru's voice to voice the menus, she ends her sentence with\n\n> じゃないんだからね\n\n(one example being clicking \"Extras,\" which causes Michiru to say\n\n> おまけじゃないんだからね\n\n). I'm not entirely certain that she uses the ん sound, but it sounds like it\nto me. It sounds as if she is telling me that there is no omake, but I feel\nlike I'm missing the importance of the \"んだからね\". She is supposed to be a\ntsundere (well, a fake tsundere anyway), so that likely plays into this.\n\n[Here is a short clip of her saying\nit](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7ov93qPwGFpTmIydnVDcU1kVVE/view?usp=sharing)\n(4 seconds, made with Windows 7's sound recorder), so that you all may tell me\nthat I terribly misheard everything and should give up on Japanese forever.\n\n[I converted it to a\nwav](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7ov93qPwGFpU1Ribm03dl9GaTg/view?usp=sharing)\n(using online-convert.com), so it should play without being downloaded, I\nthink.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-07T23:58:48.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18986",
"last_activity_date": "2021-01-07T19:40:32.403",
"last_edit_date": "2021-01-07T19:40:32.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "7432",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is meant/implied by \"じゃないんだからね\"?",
"view_count": 3792
}
|
[
{
"body": "You heard it quite right; she is saying 「おまけじゃないんだからね！」.\n\nWhere you would normally hear something like this from a ツンデレ is in a scene\nwhere she does something for a guy and then follows it up with\n「べっ別に好きってわけじゃないんだからね！」 \"I-It's not like I like you or anything!\"\n\nIn my opinion, it doesn't really make that much sense in this context, but\nsaying 「〜じゃないんだから」 excessively is basically part of the ツンデレ trope, and I\nguess they are just extending it to somewhere where it sounds completely\nridiculous for fun. She is basically saying \"It's not like this is an extras\nscreen or anything!\" or \"It's not like these are extras or anything!!\" or\nhowever you might want to interpret it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T00:15:56.337",
"id": "18987",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T00:15:56.337",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "18986",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "> so that you all may tell me that I terribly misheard everything and should\n> give up on Japanese forever\n\nYou heard it all exactly correctly including the ん and should not give up on\nJapanese :)\n\n> It sounds as if she is telling me that there is no omake\n\nYep. Or, rather, that these are not omakes (extras). (\"There is no\" would be\n**が** ない or **は** ない rather than **じゃ** ない).\n\nIt's a standard tsundere trope/behavior to stubbornly deny (out of\nembarassment and a desire to maintain the \"tsun\" part) that a situation is a\ncertain way, especially when doing favors or giving compliments. Like\n「あんたの為じゃないんだからね」 (\"I'm not doing it for you, you know[, so...]!\").\n\nThe だから (\"because/so\") omits a second half -- \"...so don't go thinking that I\nam / don't thank me / etc\". The addition of ね actually makes it even more\n\"tsundere\" because ね seeks agreement, to a degree, somewhat like \"okay?!\". It\nmakes the statement lose a little bit of confidence (did the bluff work?)\nwhich increases the effect.\n\nMichiru's thing is that she hasn't got the whole \"pretending to be a tsundere\"\nthing quite figured out. She's not just denying things like a normal tsundere,\nshe's overacting and overusing this mechanism anywhere and everywhere, denying\neven things that are blatantly obvious and which don't hurt her at all in the\nfirst place.\n\nEnjoy Grisaia :)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T00:30:12.267",
"id": "18988",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T00:30:12.267",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "315",
"parent_id": "18986",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "I stumbled upon some\n\n> じゃないんだからね\n\nand I was translated as\n\n> (...), got it ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-01-07T18:07:22.043",
"id": "83520",
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"score": 0
}
] |
18986
|
18987
|
18987
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "# 何歳ですか (なんさいですか) - How old are you?\n\nIs it usual for Japanese to ask each other how old they are, and if it is, how\ndo they go about and ask it? Is there a polite way to ask, or do you not ask\nthis at all, or are you only able to ask this after you get close with the\nperson you want to ask this?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T01:11:38.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18989",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T02:11:24.510",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6863",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"questions"
],
"title": "Is 何歳ですか polite?",
"view_count": 657
}
|
[
{
"body": "Typically one asks おいくつですか？ (or possibly a more polite variant)\n\nIn a format situation (notwistanding that asking someone's age is likely\ninappropriate) 何歳ですか？ is probably not the best way.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T02:11:24.510",
"id": "18990",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T02:11:24.510",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"parent_id": "18989",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
18989
| null |
18990
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19001",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I have searched long and hard for a dictionary translation of \"soft deadline\"\nto no avail. Google Ngram shows that it has peaked in popularity in the last\nthree decades, so it's relatively new. I think it comes from computer science.\n\nIn any case, does my translation follow? Any other ideas would be appreciated.\n\nUPDATE\n\nAs requested in the comments, here is an example in which I would use this\n\"soft deadline\" expression:\n\n\"The hotel has a hard deadline for releasing rooms for the conference, so we\nshould move our soft deadline for attendees back a week from that.\"",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T04:19:25.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18991",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T12:09:11.477",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-08T06:52:25.550",
"last_editor_user_id": "5060",
"owner_user_id": "5060",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "It seems \"hard deadline\" can be translated to 厳しい締切. Would \"soft deadline\" then be translated as 厳しくない締切?",
"view_count": 729
}
|
[
{
"body": "厳しい締切 sounds too literal for my taste to be honest (it has more of a \"tight\ndeadline\" feel to it than \"hard\") and 厳しくない締切 sounds even stranger.\n\nI suppose you are having difficulty finding a decent translation because\nculturally, a soft deadline is quite the oxymoron here (Dates and times are\nblack and white here; If 2:00 is on time, 1:59 is early and 2:01 is late).\n\nI know it's not the best answer, but you're going to have to provide context\nfor which this phrase is used.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T05:58:54.000",
"id": "18992",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T05:58:54.000",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7434",
"parent_id": "18991",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "締切 means usually the deadline for manuscripts and applications. I can't catch\nthe word \" soft deadline\" in Japanese. If I say the sentence like \" soft\ndeadline\" in Japanese, I say like 締切にうるさくない or 締切に厳しくない.\n\n締切 don't be used in your example. I think 退出期限 is used in your example as the\ndeadline.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T08:54:02.600",
"id": "18995",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T12:09:11.477",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-08T12:09:11.477",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "18991",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "「厳しい締切」 means \"there is little time until the deadline\", rather than \"you must\nstrictly meet this deadline.\" The antonym of this is 「緩【ゆる】い締切」, which is more\nlike \"there is much time until the deadline,\" than \"rough/tentative deadline\".\n\nIf you need a word for \"rough/tentative deadline\", you can use 「一応の締切」「大体の締切」\nor 「仮の締切」. For example, when you're inviting people to a party, and want to\nroughly estimate the number of people by this date.\n\n> 会場の準備の都合上、10月15日を仮の締切としますが、その日までに予定が決まらない方も、別途ご相談ください。\n\n「[一次締切](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%B7%A0%E5%88%87)」\nsounds more formal. For example when you're recruiting new employees, and want\nto indicate there may be a chance for applying the job after this deadline.\n\nExpressions like 「柔らかい締切」 are simply weird.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T10:11:43.947",
"id": "19001",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T11:57:16.460",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-08T11:57:16.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "18991",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] |
18991
|
19001
|
19001
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19000",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "There is a phrase 「私は緊{きん}張{ちょう}しすぎて」. Translates as:\n\n> 私は - I \n> 緊張 - nervous \n> すぎて - too; exceedingly\n\nBut what is the purpose of 「し」 after 「緊張」?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T08:57:48.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "18996",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T06:29:21.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of 「し」 in phrase 「私は緊{きん}張{ちょう}しすぎて」?",
"view_count": 269
}
|
[
{
"body": "[緊張]{きんちょう} by itself is a\n[noun](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/59548/m0u/%E7%B7%8A%E5%BC%B5/).\nThe English word \"nervous\" is an adjective.\n\nTo say the sentence in English, you would say \"I was too nervous\" or \"I am too\nnervous.\" That makes the English construction a be-verb construction to apply\nthe adjective to the subject.\n\nTo accomplish the same sort of thing -- to apply 緊張 to a subject in Japanese,\nyou say [緊張]{きんちょう} **する** 。 This is roughly equal to \"I am nervous.\"\n\nThe し you are parsing is a form of the verb する that conjugates with すぎる to\ngive the meaning we would say in English with: \"I was too nervous\"\n\n* * *\n\nI do actually hear people drop the し sometimes in colloquial patterns and just\nsay 緊張すぎる. In those contexts, I somewhat wonder if the meaning is that the\nperson saying it is nervous or they believe the situation itself to be\nnervous.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T09:08:15.230",
"id": "18997",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T06:29:21.730",
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"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "18996",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "緊張し is 連用形(ますform) of the verb \"緊張する\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T09:12:25.370",
"id": "18998",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T09:12:25.370",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "18996",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "「緊張しすぎる」＝「緊張」 + 「する」 +「すぎる」\n\nIn order to combine the two verbs する and すぎる, you need to change the first one\nする into its [連用形]{れんようけい} (continuative form).\n\nThe 連用形 of the verb 「する」 is 「し」. Since 「する」 is the most often used verb in the\nlanguage, 「し」 is very important and you will keep seeing it from now on.\n\n緊張しすぎる = to get too nervous\n\n[飲]{の}みすぎる = to drink too much\n\n[回答]{かいとう}しすぎる = to answer too many questions",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T09:42:28.657",
"id": "19000",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T09:42:28.657",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "18996",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
18996
|
19000
|
18998
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19007",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am curious about the passive form(受動態) of the potential form(可能形).\n\nI thought about using\n\n> （先生に）褒められられる\n\nbut it seems awkward, and there are no search results in Google for it.\n\nSo is\n\n> （先生に） 褒められることができる\n\nthe best form of the expression above?\n\n(for example, 先生に褒められる事が出来るかどうか分からない)\n\nIn conversations, how do Japanese people express this meaning?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T12:57:10.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19003",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T22:59:35.103",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-08T13:03:54.930",
"last_editor_user_id": "7440",
"owner_user_id": "7440",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"passive-voice",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "How to write the passive form of the potential form?",
"view_count": 280
}
|
[
{
"body": "A purely-grammar-based, \"textbook\" answer would be 「[褒]{ほ}められ[得]{う}る」.\n\nThe chances that you would ever hear/see us say that in a natural setting\nwould, however, be close to 0%. It sounds pretty wordy and not even completely\n\"natural\".\n\nIn real life, 「褒めてもらえる」, the phrase given by @Choko above, would be far more\nnatural.\n\n「褒められることができる」 is actually as unnatural as「褒められ得る」. You could say\n「褒めてもらうことができる」, though.\n\n「先生に褒められることができるかどうか分からない。」, therefore, is unnatural if not totally\nnonsensical. A Japanese kid might actually say it if he were nervous.\n\nMore naturally, you could say 「先生に褒めてもらえるかどうか分からない。」, but since you are\ntalking about your teacher, you may want to use the honorific and say 「先生に褒めて\n**いただける** かどうか分からない。」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T22:59:35.103",
"id": "19007",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T22:59:35.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19003",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
19003
|
19007
|
19007
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19013",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "日本語の文章では、引用符として、ダブルクォート（””）も鉤括弧（「」）も両方使用されているのを見たことがあります。もちろん、他の引用符も見たことがありますが、それはさておきます。\n\nダブルクォートは英文に引用符をつける時に使われているような気がしますが、この使い分けは正式に認められていますか？公文書などではダブルクォートも鉤括弧も使えますか？",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T19:27:55.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19004",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T08:30:40.160",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T03:33:46.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"punctuation"
],
"title": "ダブルクォートと[鉤括弧]{かぎ・かっ・こ}の使い分けは？",
"view_count": 23633
}
|
[
{
"body": "[ウィキペディア](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%AC%A6)によると、ダブルクォートの使用は日本語における用法では変則的ですが、NHKテレビのニュース字幕ではよく用いられています：\n\n> **日本語における用法**\n>\n> 引用符について、日本語において一般に行われている用法または特徴的な用例を挙げる。\n>\n> * 引用した文章は、鉤括弧（「 」）で囲む。\n> * 引用文の中にさらに語句を引用する場合、引用中の引用は二重鉤括弧（『 』）で囲む。\n> * 引用した文章に鉤括弧が用いられている場合、鉤括弧は二重鉤括弧（『 』）に置き換える。\n> * 引用文中に補足的説明を加える場合は、説明している部分を亀甲括弧（〔 〕）ないし大括弧（［ ］）で囲む。\n> * 引用文の一部を強調する場合は、該当部分に傍点・傍線・下線・太字化などを施し、引用文の最後に丸括弧（（ ））を用いて引用者が強調した旨を記す。\n> * 引用文の前略・中略をなす場合は、三点リーダー（…）ないし大括弧と三点リーダー（［…］）を用いる。\n> * NHKテレビのニュース字幕では、変則的なダブルクォート（“ „）を用いている。\n>\n\nところが、そのウィキペディアの記事自体は皮肉なことに何の情報源も引用していないから、どこまでこの情報を信頼できるか分かりません。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T23:57:33.123",
"id": "19008",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T00:11:17.693",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T00:11:17.693",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "5176",
"parent_id": "19004",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "「正式な」というのが、「義務教育の国語の授業で学ぶ」という意味であれば、Noです。中学校までに「日本語の文章を書く時の正式なダブルクォートの使い方」というものを学ぶことはないはずです。\n\nまた、ネットで参照できる [公用文の書き方の規程](http://www012.upp.so-\nnet.ne.jp/KASHIWADANI/kouyoubunnokakikata.pdf) や\n[翻訳家向けのスタイルガイド](http://www.jtf.jp/jp/style_guide/styleguide_top.html)\nでも、日本語文章中でのダブルクォートの使い方について、全く、または、ほとんど載っていません。\n\n例外的に、 **科学技術文書**\nのガイドライン内で、ダブルクォートについて言及している文章がいくつか見つかりました。もちろんこれは、一般的な日本語文章を記述するためのものではありません。\n\n> 引用符号“ ”は，語句を引用する場合，又は文字，記号，用語などを特に明らかにする必要がある場合に用いる。 なお， **かぎ括弧“ 「 」\n> ”は，用いない** 。 ([JIS Z\n> 8301：規格票の様式及び作成方法](http://kikakurui.com/z8/Z8301-2011-01.html))\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> Q10. 横書きの文書ではかぎ括弧（「 」）に代えてダブル・クォーテーション・マーク（二重引用符）（“ ”）を使うのですか。 \n> 【回答】（略）SIST全体では不統一で， **かぎ括弧と二重引用符を使い分けているわけではありませんが，両方使われています**\n> 。横書きでも縦書きと同じくかぎ括弧を利用する文書は多く見うけます。このように，現状はさまざまであり，作成する文書で統一を図る際にいずれかに決めればよいと考えます。このＱ＆Ａ文書では日本語にはかぎ括弧，英語には二重引用符を利用して，使い分けてみました。\n> ([科学技術情報流通技術基準 Q&A](http://sti.jst.go.jp/sist/qa/answer.html#q10))\n\nその他にも、業界ごとに自分が知らない細かいルールがあるかもしれませんが、少なくとも「一般に広く認知されている統一的な基準」は、存在しないはずです。プロとして文章の仕事をする場合は、業界や会社の基準を調べ、それに従う必要があります。明確な基準がない場合、特にフォーマルな文書では、ダブルクォートは避けるのが無難だと思います。\n\nもちろん、普段はあまり気にしなくていいです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T08:30:40.160",
"id": "19013",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T08:30:40.160",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19004",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19004
|
19013
|
19013
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19006",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I came across the following phrase: それが、どうしてこんなことに…… and I feel like the\nsecond part of it means something along the lines of \"How did it get like\nthis?\" (I could be totally off of the mark, I'm far from sure), but what I'm\nmost curious is what the それが means in this context. There doesn't seem to be\nanything before the phrase comes up in what I was reading that gives any clue\nto what それ could be referring to, and in fact the phrase seems to be something\nthat stands on its own. Also, what is suggested by the に at the end? I realize\nit's an incomplete sentence, but does it seem like the next part of the\nsentence should be obvious? Thank you very much for any advice.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T19:41:42.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19005",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T22:22:34.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7214",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "What does ”それが” mean in this context?",
"view_count": 403
}
|
[
{
"body": "To \"answer\" without further context, something had to be going right or as\nplanned in the story. 「それ」 refers to that whole situation where things were\ngood.\n\nThen, something had to happen to prevent things from going right and you are\nnow wondering how in the world this could have happened. Correct? The phrase\nin question could not mean anything else.\n\n「それが、どうしてこんなことに・・・」\n\nWhat is left unsaid at the end would be along the lines of\nなったのか、なったのだろう、なってしまったのだろう、なってしまったのか, etc.\n\nIf one speaks Japanese, one will know with no effort that 「なる」 is hiding there\nas a key verb. Thus, one does not have to say it and chooses to end the phrase\nwith 「に」. It just looks smarter ending the sentence that way when the readers\nwill know what is left unsaid.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-08T22:22:34.343",
"id": "19006",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-08T22:22:34.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19005",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] |
19005
|
19006
|
19006
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19011",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Today, a magazine about restaurants in my area arrived in my mailbox. It\nproudly proclaimed :\n\n> １０月の新メニュー！\n\nI am quite curious as to the following points:\n\n * How is this pronounced ? I would have gone with 新{しん} メニュー but although it is recognized by mozc IME I haven't found a reference in my dictionary (Aedict).\n * Why go with this instead of using 新しいメニュー？\n * Is the compound thus generated a proper noun or is it more an \"improper\" use of 新 as an adjective that qualifies メニュー ?\n * Are there any other examples of a kanji + katakana compound ?\n\nThanks a lot everyone !\n\nウルカン",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T01:50:55.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19009",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-03T13:56:34.780",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T04:34:26.143",
"last_editor_user_id": "3614",
"owner_user_id": "3614",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"katakana",
"adjectives",
"compounds",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Compound words with 漢字 and カタカナ? (例えば：新メニュー）",
"view_count": 433
}
|
[
{
"body": "1. Your example is indeed pronounced 新{しん}メニュー.\n 2. Because 新メニュー is shorter, and thus more convenient.\n 3. It's just a common compound noun. If you look up 新{しん} in your dictionary, it should mention that it can be (and very commonly is) used as a noun prefix, unsurprisingly meaning \"new\".\n 4. Plenty, but a large share of them are long technical compound nouns such as 不揮発性半導体メモリ{ふきはつせいはんどうたい} (volatile semiconductor memory) and 仮想{かそう}アドレス空間{くうかん} (virtual address space), which I shamelessly borrowed from [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6061/what-determines-whether-a-word-gets-a-kanji-compound-or-katakana). EDIT: But, as 非回答者 just reminded me with his answer, there are also very common ones such as 段ボール (cardboard) and 缶ビール (canned beer).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T02:41:08.450",
"id": "19010",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T03:02:23.230",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5176",
"parent_id": "19009",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "「[新]{しん}メニュー」 is a very common phrase. We say 新ドラマ、新アニメ、新プラン、新ビール, etc. **all\nthe time** and I do not think anyone finds it \"improper\". At least, I have\nnever heard a native speaker complaining about it.\n\nWhat is extremely uncommon is that they inserted the 「ウ」 in there. Or is that\na typo on your part?\n\nWe do say 「[新]{あたら}しいメニュー」 as well, but the phrase lacks the impact both\nvisually and phonetically if it were to be used in advertising. It is too long\nand flat for advertisement. The sharp Sino sounds シン gives that \"right\"\nimpact.\n\nExamples of words using both kanji and katakana:\n\nリトマス紙{し} (Litmus paper)、ソーダ水{すい} (club soda)、段{だん}ボール (corrugated\ncardboard)、缶{かん}ビール (canned beer), etc. The list would be endless.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T02:42:44.870",
"id": "19011",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-03T13:56:34.780",
"last_edit_date": "2019-07-03T13:56:34.780",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19009",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
19009
|
19011
|
19011
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19024",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "日本語では、話題語がとても重要だと考えられていると思います。文章で話題語がなければ、ほとんどの人には不自然、もしくは不快に聞こえると思います。\n\nしかし、文章が一文より長い場合、話題語の選択は私にはかなり難しくなります。話題語をいつ変えればいいかがいつもよく分かりません。普段、直感的に選びますが、母語話者じゃありませんので、かなり危険なやり方だと思います。したがって、ある種の指針を求めています。\n\n* * *\n\n実例を用いて説明します。\n\n> 前半では、主人公が龍を倒す。後半では、龍が復活し、また勇者に倒される。\n\n話題語が変化しないようにちょっと書き直すと\n\n> 主人公は、前半で龍を倒す。後半で復活した龍をまた倒す。\n\n私には前者の文章のほうが自然に感じると思いますが、後者は間違っているというわけでもないですね。後者はもっと端的に本を説明しているような気がします。そして、後者のほうが短いです。\n\n私の印象はさておき、この単純な２文にさまざまなバリエーションがあるのは間違いないです。ほとんどの文章はこうやって変えられると思います。このバリエーションからどう選択すればいいですか？\n\n* * *\n\n具体例とともに、このような原則があるのでしょうか。（適当に思い付いたんですけど。)\n\n * 「話題語を複数の文にわたって変えないようにせよ。」\n * 「短くすることに集中しすぎるな。そのかわり、話題語を適切な印象を残すように選べ。」\n\n複雑なテーマだと分かっていますが、何かの基準や指針があれば、教えてください。",
"comment_count": 14,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T06:52:49.417",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19012",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-15T17:57:41.960",
"last_edit_date": "2015-06-15T17:57:41.960",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"composition"
],
"title": "文章の話題語の変化はどう解釈されていますか？",
"view_count": 365
}
|
[
{
"body": "他言語と比較した場合、日本語において話題語が特に重要であることは事実だと思います。\n\nその大きな要因としては、英語などと異なり、文の主語が多くの場合に省略されるという文法的な特徴があるからだと思います。また、スペイン語のように、日本語と同様に文の主語が頻繁に省略されはするものの、動詞の中で主語に当たる代名詞を明示することのできる言語とも明らかに構造的に異なっています。\n\n要するに、誇張した言い方をすれば、日本語の場合は、話題語が物理的に『勝手に』読者の目や耳に飛び込んでくる言語ではないということが言えるのではないでしょうか。サブジェクトプロミネントな英語などと異なり、日本語はトピックプロミネントなんですね。\n\nこの相違点が、日常の会話からある程度「正式な」文章までに与える影響は小さくありません。話題の維持・変更をスムーズに行いにくい、あるいは行うのにテクニックが必要になるのが日本語なのかもしれません。\n\n正直に言えば、未だにDJさんの質問の趣旨が完璧には理解できていないのですが、恐らくこのあたりのことについて聞かれているのでは、と思いながら書いています。もし的外れな回答であれば読み流してください。\n\n> 1) 前半では、主人公が龍を倒す。後半では、龍が復活し、また勇者に倒される。\n>\n> 2) 主人公は、前半で龍を倒す。後半で復活した龍をまた倒す。\n\n個人的には2番の方が良いかと思います。\n\n1番は、主語が「主人公」から「龍」に変わっています。従って、最後に受身形を使用しています。つまり、主語を変えてしまったために、「能動態」と「受動態」の両方を使用せざる得なくなってしまったわけですね。この事が文章の流れを悪くしているような気がします。読者に小さなストレスを与えていると言いましょうか。こういう小さなストレスが積もった時に、「この人の文章、読みにくい」という印象をもたれてしまう危険性が出てくるのです。\n\n2番に関しては、一文にまとめて、「主人公は、前半で龍を倒し、後半では復活した龍を再び倒す。」とするとよりスッキリするかと思います。\n\n獅子のような顔をして、指針を述べても似合いませんが（ここは必ず突っ込むべし）、最後に一言。\n\n> 「話題語を複数の文にわたって変えないようにせよ。」\n\nおっしゃる通りです。話題語はあまり変えていかない方が無難かと思います。上述したように、話題語自体が主語になる場合、省略されてしまうことが多く、話題語を直接使用する機会自体が英語などよりは少ないので、少ない機会の中で何度も変更すると読みにくい文章になります。\n\n> 「短くすることに集中しすぎるな。そのかわり、話題語を適切な印象を残すように選べ。」\n\nこれは名言です。コンパクトなら必ずいいというものではありません。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T02:48:18.450",
"id": "19024",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T05:50:42.523",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T05:50:42.523",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19012",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
19012
|
19024
|
19024
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is this sentence polite or casual? Or even better. Is it correct to use this\ncasual type of sentences inside another more polite? This is the sentence:\n\n> 時間が **なかったから** パーティーに行きませんでした。\n\nWouldn't it be more correct written this way?\n\n> 時間が **ありませんでしたから** パーティーに行きませんでした。\n\nThank you very much.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T11:33:41.080",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19014",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T16:16:18.043",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T16:16:18.043",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "7445",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"keigo",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "Polite or casual?",
"view_count": 1017
}
|
[
{
"body": "Both sentences have minor issues even though they may be considered good in\nJapanese as a foreign language. At least, both are grammatical.\n\n「から」 actually sounds more casual/informal than many J-learners seem to think.\nThat is the impression that I get from speaking to them. The more formal words\nwith the same meaning would be 「ので」 and 「ため/ために」.\n\nWith 「です/でした」, which is not particularly polite or formal as some learners\nseem to think but, nonetheless, is on the politer side, you would want to\navoid using 「から」.\n\nIn both of your sentences, 「から」 and 「でした」 are used in combination, which is\nwhat I called an issue at the beginning.\n\nOne more thing. You would sound nicer and more apologetic if you used 「行 **け**\nませんでした」 than if you used 「行 **き** ませんでした」. Former means \"I was unable to ~~\"\nwhile the latter means \"I did not ~~\".\n\nThus, the sentence that I would recommend is:\n\n> 「時間がなかったので、行けませんでした。」\n\nYour second sentence sounds too polite in an awkward way, using 「ありませんでした」 in\nthe sub-clause when the main clause contains a 「行きませんでした」. That is a little\ntoo much for a short sentence like that.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T15:03:05.557",
"id": "19019",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T15:03:05.557",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "19014",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "> * 時間がなかったからパーティーに行きませんでした。\n> * 時間がありませんでしたからパーティーに行きませんでした。\n>\n\nWhile the second one is relatively a bit politer than the first, neither of\nthese are very casual nor polite. If you said these directly to the host of\nthe party, the host would probably feel offended. If you said these to your\nclose friend, he/she would feel that the \"～でした\" part is unnaturally polite.\n\nIf this sentence is to be seen by the host, the polite and formal version\nwould be something like these:\n\n> * どうしても都合が合わず、この度のパーティーは欠席させていただきました。\n> * あいにく当日は先約があったため、残念ながらパーティーに参加することができませんでした。\n>\n\nThe casual example would be:\n\n> * 時間がなかったからパーティーに行かなかった(よ)。\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T15:06:14.073",
"id": "19020",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T15:18:15.257",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T15:18:15.257",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19014",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
19014
| null |
19019
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19016",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "One of my Japanese senseis corrected my homework, and several times she drew a\ntriangle next to the item she was correcting. Does this have a special meaning\nin Japan?\n\n\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T11:59:11.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19015",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-04T00:47:22.503",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T13:00:53.950",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 32,
"tags": [
"symbols"
],
"title": "My teacher wrote a triangle on my Japanese homework. What does it mean?",
"view_count": 18759
}
|
[
{
"body": "In Japan (or Japanese schools), it usually means \"Not correct but not\ncompletely incorrect, either\".\n\n〇 = Correct\n\n△ = In-between \"I'll give you half a point!\"\n\n☓ = Incorrect\n\nThe three symbols are read, respectively, まる、さんかく and ばつ.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T12:17:08.187",
"id": "19016",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-04T00:47:22.503",
"last_edit_date": "2019-11-04T00:47:22.503",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19015",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 55
},
{
"body": "△ means \" almost\" or \"close\" in Japan. 惜しい、もう少しで正解 in Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T12:30:02.633",
"id": "19017",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T12:30:02.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "19015",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 17
},
{
"body": "Δ is the greek letter for delta. The upper-case letter Δ can be used to denote\na change of any changeable quantity. This means the answer is WRONG and needs\nto be changed.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-02-17T02:12:39.107",
"id": "21850",
"last_activity_date": "2015-02-17T02:12:39.107",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9413",
"parent_id": "19015",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -10
}
] |
19015
|
19016
|
19016
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "**Context** : I'm reading the first volume of \"The Twelve Kingdoms\" (月の影・影の海).\nThe protagonist, Yoko, is in the school's staff room when a strange man\nappears and tells here she is in danger. Indeed, a window pane next to her\nsuddenly breaks - the sentence that says this is \"裏庭側の窓ガラスが割れたのは\".\n\nThe last sentence in the chapter is:\n\n> どん、と低い地響きのような音がして、裏庭側に残ったガラスというガラスが白く濁った。\n\n**My question** : Why is ガラスというガラス used here rather than simply ガラス?\n\nWhen I looked for \"ガラスというガラス\" in Google, it seems to be used to describe types\nof glass \"glass called 'crystal glass'\" and the like. Which makes sense. But\nthis doesn't seem to fit with this sentence.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-09T14:54:11.843",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19018",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-09T16:33:50.960",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-09T16:33:50.960",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7446",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Why is ガラスというガラスused in this sentence instead of just ガラス?",
"view_count": 68
}
|
[] |
19018
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19027",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I wanted to say:\n\n> \" _As best can be predicted, economic conditions will continue to worsen_ \"\n\nI tried:\n\n 1. **見{み}える** ほど、景気{けいき}が悪くなっているようです。\n 2. **分析{ぶんせき}** できるほど、景気が悪くなっているようです。\n 3. **推測{すいそく}** できるほど、景気が悪くなっているようです。\n\nA native speaker offered this as the best translation:\n\n> \" _目に見えるほど、景気が悪くなっているようです。_ \"\n\nThe \" **目に見えるほど** \" phrases seems very strange to me.\n\n * \"目に見せる\" seems possible.\n * \"目で見えた\" seems possible (but redundant).\n\nI don't understand the sense of \" **目に見える** \". \nIs this phrase really a metaphor? \nWhat are some contexts in which \" **目に見える** \" can be used?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T02:05:35.400",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19022",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T08:59:01.870",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T06:20:01.510",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "meaning of \"目{め}に見えるほど、〜\"",
"view_count": 468
}
|
[
{
"body": "目に見える (lit. visible to the eye) is similar in meaning to just 見える, but tends\nto be used for \"visibility\" in general, whereas 見える tends to be used for\nspecific cases of \"somebody can see something\".\n\n> 目に見えるほど、景気が悪くなっているようです。It seems that economic conditions have gotten visibly\n> worse. (worse to a visible extent)\n\nis a perfect sentence, but isn't a very good translation of your English\nsentence.\n\nAs for context with 目に見える, did you try alc?\n\n[http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B&ref=sa](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B&ref=sa)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T05:48:05.617",
"id": "19025",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T05:48:05.617",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1073",
"parent_id": "19022",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Does \"as best can be predicted\" mean something like \"as far as one can\npredict\" or \"in the foreseeable future\"? If so, I think your native speaker\ngot it wrong. Try these instead:\n\n> * 予見【よけん】可能な範囲で、\n> * 予測可能な範囲で、\n> * 予測できる限り、\n>\n\n * Xできる範囲で、X可能な限り = as far as one can do X\n * Xできるほど = to the point where one can do X, so that one can do X\n\nSo 目に見えるほど literally means \"to the point where it is visible to (my) eyes\".\n\nAnd \"ようです\" means \"It looks like ～\", referring to something in the present. You\nhave to use \"～しそうです\", \"～するでしょう\", or \"～するだろう\" if you want to describe something\nin the future.\n\nMy best translation would be:\n\n> 予測可能な範囲で、景気は悪化しつづけるでしょう。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T06:30:34.143",
"id": "19027",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T08:59:01.870",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T08:59:01.870",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19022",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
19022
|
19027
|
19025
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19026",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've seen these writings in the ground of Brazil.\n\nI've already tried to translate it with my friend but there are some complex\nkanji that we don't know.\n\nI'm very curious to know what they say, can someone translate it? I have four\npictures, if the writings are not legible I can try to edit the photos and\nmake them more legible.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T02:23:39.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19023",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T06:04:25.937",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7454",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"kanji",
"history"
],
"title": "Japanese writings in Brazil",
"view_count": 151
}
|
[
{
"body": "It seems to be 汗のない社会は堕落だ, which is a variation on\n「愛なき人生は暗黒なり。汗なき社会は堕落なり。」Google tells me this is a quote from\n[前田又兵衛](http://systemincome.com/main/kakugen/tag/%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E5%8F%88%E5%85%B5%E8%A1%9B).\nSomething like \"A life without love is darkness. A society without effort is\ncorruption.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T06:04:25.937",
"id": "19026",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T06:04:25.937",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6793",
"parent_id": "19023",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
19023
|
19026
|
19026
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19032",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading through some text today and found this (emphasis mine):\n\n> While it is possible to use the phonetic Hiragana and Katakana scripts to\n> represent **almost any** Japanese word, it is usually considered more\n> appropriate to use the Kanji characters whenever possible [...]\n\nThis seems to imply that there is something or things that can be written with\nkanji but not with kana. Is this true? If so, what is it?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T16:44:46.583",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19031",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T17:20:12.707",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7463",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"kana"
],
"title": "Something that can be written with kanji but not with kana?",
"view_count": 482
}
|
[
{
"body": "Kanji are supposed to be pronounced and their pronunciation is given in kana.\nThis means that any word in kanji has a unique representation in kana.\nHowever, there are different words with the same kanji representation, e.g.\n\n> 明日{あした} 明日{あす} 明日{みょうにち}\n\nSimilarly, the same kana sequence can represent many different words. One good\nreason to use kanji here is to disambiguate, e.g.\n\n> [きかい]{機会} [きかい]{機械} [きかい]{奇怪} [きかい]{棋界}\n\nWhile some of these \"same kana, different kanji\" examples can be disambiguated\nwith pitch accent, in general there are many homophones (usually loanwords\nfrom Chinese) that cannot even be distinguished with pitch accent.\n\n(I looked at this for the words with pronunciation きかん once and found 16 words\nin Japanese, all different kanji, of course. The pitch accent in Japanese can\nonly classify them into two groups: きかん【HLL】 and きかん【LHL】. The corresponding\nChinese pronunciation can distinguish between almost all of them.)\n\nIn any case, **there are no Japanese words which are written in kanji, which\ncannot also be written in kana,** but there are words, which have different\nkanji but same kana, or the same kanji but different kana.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T17:05:09.040",
"id": "19032",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T17:20:12.707",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T17:20:12.707",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "19031",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19031
|
19032
|
19032
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19034",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question about the usage of 滅多に. As far as I know, when it's followed\nby negation it means 'rarely'. For example -\n\n> めったにたばこを吸わない。 I rarely smoke.\n\nHowever I'm not sure if I'm understanding it correctly in the sentences below,\nI can't understand what exactly 滅多に modifies, あるものではない/ものじゃない?\n\n> 大きな喜びは、そう滅多にあるものではない。\n>\n> A great pleasure is not something that happens often.\n\nor\n\n> 飛行機事故なんて滅多におきるものじゃない\n>\n> Plane crash is pretty rare occasion.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T19:16:56.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19033",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-11T08:36:16.247",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-11T08:36:16.247",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does 滅多に modify in these sentences?",
"view_count": 253
}
|
[
{
"body": "That's a good question. I think that 滅多に doesn't modify ある by itself; I also\nthink it doesn't directly modify ではない. Rather, I think that, at least for 滅多に,\nthe whole phrase あるものではない pretends to be a negative of ある.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T19:41:50.823",
"id": "19034",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T19:41:50.823",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "19033",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19033
|
19034
|
19034
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19037",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Since both (oku and naka) mean 'inside', I am confused as to in which contexts\nthey will be used.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T19:45:45.223",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19035",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-10T20:41:32.147",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-10T20:14:42.780",
"last_editor_user_id": "7252",
"owner_user_id": "7252",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Difference between おく and 中",
"view_count": 1248
}
|
[
{
"body": "`中` means \"inside\" or \"center\" in general.\n\n`奥` means \"inner(most) part\". It has more of \"hidden\" or \"deep\" feeling to it.\n\n(Before the topic was edited) ~~`隅` means \"inside corner\" (as opposed to\noutside corner).~~",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T20:14:34.497",
"id": "19037",
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19035
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19037
|
19037
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "In Japanese there are words which mean \"to try something or attempt at doing\nsomething\", e.g. 試す, 試みる and つとめる.\n\nHowever, at the same time we also have two grammatical constructions\n\"verb＋て＋みる\" and \"verb＋(よ)う＋とする\".\n\nIn English we just say \"try (to do) something\" or \"attempt (to do) something\",\nbut in Japanese it is not that simple. So what is the difference between all\nthese different expressions? Precisely when is each used?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-10T22:20:57.413",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 31,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What is the difference between \"verb＋て＋みる\" and \"verb＋(よ)う+とする\"?",
"view_count": 9764
}
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[
{
"body": "There is a fairly big difference in meaning between 「～～てみる」 and 「～～ようとする」 that\nmakes them virtually noninterchangeable for the better speakers/writers.\n\n> 「～～てみる」 means \" **to try something out (usually for the first time)** (to\n> find out how it is, how you like it, etc.)\".\n\nwhereas\n\n> 「～～ようとする」 means \" **to attempt to ~~ to achieve some kind of goal** (however\n> insignificant it may be)\". It is **_highly volitional_** in meaning.\n\nThe difference would become even clearer if one used actual words in front and\nturned the phrases in question into their past tense forms.\n\n> 「フグを[食]{た}べてみた。」 vs. 「フグを食べようとした。」 フグ = a poisonous blow fish\n\nIf you say 「フグを食べてみた。」, **_you actually ate it_**. If you say, however,\n「フグを食べようとした。」, **_we do not know if you actually ate it_**. This should\nalready be a huge enough difference.\n\n「フグを食べてみた。」 means that you tried it out because, for instance, you had heard\nso much about how yummy fugu was and you had been very curious to find out how\nit tasted. \nThus, this sentence would often be followed by a sentence explaining your\nimpression of the experience such as 「とてもおいしかった」、「あまりおいしくなかった」, etc.\n\n「フグを食べようとした。」 means that you actually intended to eat it but with this\nsentence alone, we do not know if you actually ate it. You probably went to a\nfugu restaurant with all your good intentions of trying the fish but you may\nhave backed off at the last minute fearing you might not return home alive.\nThus, this sentence would often be followed by a sentence telling whether you\nactually ate it or not such as 「でも、こわくて食べられなかった。」、「 **食べてみた。** おいしかった。」, etc.\n\nFinally, to group all the verb phrases mentioned in your question for meaning:\n\nGroup A: ～～てみる、[試]{ため}す、[試]{こころ}みる\n\nGroup B: ～～ようとする、つとめる",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T00:20:02.270",
"id": "19040",
"last_activity_date": "2018-12-18T16:07:07.593",
"last_edit_date": "2018-12-18T16:07:07.593",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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{
"body": "The difference between \"verb + しようとする\" and \"verb + してみる\" has been already\nanswered. In short, the former is \"try to do something,\" and the latter is\n\"(actually) try doing something.\"\n\n～を試す is used with various kinds of _nouns_. I don't know how to combine this\nwith another verb (although you can say \"試しに + verb + してみる\"). It means\n\"test/check\" how something works/tastes/looks/etc. The 漢語 version of this is\n試験(する), which sounds more scientific/technical.\n\n> * 新しいソフトウェアを試す。さっき作った料理の味を試す。数学の能力を試す。\n> * 刺激を与えて反応を試す。 apply stimulus and check the reaction.\n>\n\n～を試みる is combined with nouns which can be followed by \"する\". The meaning of\nthis depends on the context and the noun used with 試みる. Let's see the\nfollowing examples:\n\n> #1 質問に回答しようとした。 made an attempt to answer the question (maybe in vain) \n> #2. 質問に回答してみた。 (actually) tried answering the question. \n> #3. 質問に回答を試みた。\n\nNow you know the big difference between #1 and #2? Sentence #3 usually is a\nformal equivalent of #2. But you can still use it in the same sense as #1.\n(質問に回答を試みたが、いい言葉が思いつかなかったので、やめた。)\n\nOther context-dependent examples:\n\n> * 世界征服を試みる make an attempt to conquer the world (rather than \"actually\n> conquer the world as a test\")\n> * その問題の検討を試みる (actually) investigate the issue (not \"try to investigate\")\n> * 対話を試みる try to communicate / (actually) try communicating (not \"check the\n> communication\")\n> * 反応を試みる try to react / react as a test (not \"check the reaction\")\n>\n\nNote that these nouns can be used with する: 征服する, 検討する, 対話する, 反応する.\n\n(noun)に努める is an explicit and formal way to say \"work hard / make an effort at\nsomething.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T08:03:30.173",
"id": "19043",
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"score": 15
}
] |
19038
| null |
19040
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19044",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "```\n\n いま しごとを かたづけて しまえば あすは らくが できる **というわけ** です\n \n \n わけです is used to state the reason of an incident. \n \n```\n\nHowever,in this case it seems to be different.\n\nCan someone help clarifying the above use of `というわけ`?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T02:23:23.327",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19041",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-11T09:42:28.157",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-11T06:07:17.203",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Usage of wake desu",
"view_count": 1724
}
|
[
{
"body": "That expression is something like \"the point of the scheme is ...\", and it's\nstill a kind of reason for what they are doing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T02:56:48.657",
"id": "19042",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-11T02:56:48.657",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "> 「[今]{いま}、[仕事]{しごと}を[片付]{かたづ}けてしまえば、[明日]{あす}は[楽]{らく}ができるという **わけ** です。」\n\nIn this context, 「わけ」 is used to say that as a result of Action A, Situation B\nwill naturally occur.\n\nAction A: 今、仕事を片付けてしまう (finish one's work now)\n\nSituation B: 明日は楽ができる (one could relax a bit tomorrow)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T09:42:28.157",
"id": "19044",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 2
}
] |
19041
|
19044
|
19044
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've seen asu and ashita both used as furigana for the same kanji (明日).\n\nIs there a big, subtle or no difference in meaning and usage?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T10:45:03.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19045",
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"last_edit_date": "2014-10-11T10:47:19.843",
"last_editor_user_id": "5041",
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between asu and ashita?",
"view_count": 6960
}
|
[
{
"body": "My dictionary says あす is more polite than あした.\n\nAnd 明日 has an another reading like みょうにち and this is more polite あす.\n\nI know みょうにち is polite but I didn't know あす is more polite than あした. I think\nJapanese who know this difference isn't many.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T12:28:33.010",
"id": "19047",
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "19045",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
19045
| null |
19047
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19070",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Dictionary form: お礼{れい}をする\n\nTransformed into ず-form: お礼をせず\n\nIs お礼をせず used similar to the English expression \"without thanking\" which\nitself can work as an adverb, e.g. I ate without thanking\n\nわたしは **お礼をせず** 食{た}べた。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T10:57:47.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19046",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T01:20:17.850",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-11T19:52:13.957",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"negation"
],
"title": "Are verbs transformed into the ず-form used like adverbs?",
"view_count": 563
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes.\n\nHowever, something to be careful of is 〜ず vs. 〜ずに:\n\n> お役に立てず、申し訳ありません。 \n> \"We apologize for being unable to serve you.\"\n>\n> ✗お役に立てずに、申し訳ありません。\n>\n> お礼も言わず（に）食べた。 \n> \"He ate without saying his thanks.\"\n\nI think you could say that 〜ず allows for exactly what なくて supports plus\nadverbial modification, while 〜ずに only allows for adverbial modification.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T22:39:57.227",
"id": "19053",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T01:20:17.850",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "3097",
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{
"body": "_Strictly speaking_ the answer is no. Just the -ず ending by itself won't\ncreate anything _\"adverb-like\"_. That's why it takes the \"ni\" particle (-ずに),\nto become adverb-like (just like 自由 _jiyuu_ is _freedom_ and 自由に _jiyuu ni_ is\n_freely_ ). \nWhen you have a -ず ending you have a 連用形 ren'youkei, also known as ます形. It\nfollows a negative base (未然形 mizenkei), but the auxiliary verb isn't negative,\nit's, as I said, a ren'youkei, meaning that it's more like a substantive than\nan adverb.\n\nWhen it takes \"ni\", it becomes \"adverb-like\", usually depicting the way\nsomething is done. In this case it compares to a ないで ending.\n\nWithout \"ni\" it's like a なくて ending, meaning the sentence will be something\nlike \"[subject] don't A, and [subject] do B\".\n\nIt's pretty straightforward if you think about it. You can coordinate two\nsentences with a て形 te-kei or with a 連用形 ren'youkei (in different contexts).\nBut what if you want to coordinate a negative sentence? The first one becomes\nnakute, but the second one? You can use ず (、), because, yeah, it follows a\nnegative base (未然形 mizenkei), but it's a ren'youkei if it comes to the\nauxiliary verb -ず.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T00:18:22.430",
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|
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19053
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"body": "In the video game Tingle's Love Balloon Trip, whose plot is a parody of _The\nWizard of Oz_ , there is a scene in which Kakashi, the scarecrow boy, says\ngoodbye to a friend. The following dialog takes place between Kakashi and his\nfriend:\n\n> Kakashi: ぼく そろそろ いくね。\n>\n> K's friend: むう、 たびだつんか。ちょっぴり さみしいのぅ ・・・。\n>\n> Kakashi: また あえるよ ! だって ぼく ワラだもん !!\n>\n> K's friend: ? そ、 そうか ・・・たっしゃでな、 カカシくん。\n\nAs far as I understand, Kakashi's second line means, \"We can meet again! After\nall, I'm (made of) straw!!\" Of course, Kakashi is actually made of straw,\nbeing a scarecrow. But taken literally this doesn't make much sense - how is\nthat going to help him meet his friend again?\n\nMaybe it has something to with the ワラ reading of the Kanji 笑, referring to\nlaughter?\n\nI guess this is some sort of wordplay, but what does it mean?",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T12:39:16.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19048",
"last_activity_date": "2015-02-26T11:16:42.673",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3527",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"puns"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of this joke?",
"view_count": 691
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think what Kakashi meant was that since he is made of straw, he can be found\nanywhere, thus they will meet one way or the other.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-28T09:21:57.450",
"id": "21052",
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19048
| null |
21052
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{
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"body": "the plain negative of aru is irregular:\n\nNOT: aru --> ara (mizenkei) --> ara+nai BUT: aru --> nai",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T14:58:32.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19050",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "was the plain negative of aru once or in a certain dialect aranai?",
"view_count": 563
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes, there was ara-nai. Quote from 『おあむ物語』 (c. 1665):\n\n>\n> くびにおはぐろを付て。おじやる。それはなぜなりや。むかしは。おはぐろ首は。よき人とて。賞翫した。それ故。しら歯の首は。おはぐろ付て給はれと。たのまれて。おじやつたが。くびもこはいものでは。\n> **あらない** 。その首どもの血くさき中に。寝たことでおじやつた。\n\nFrom 『雑兵物語 おあむ物語』, page 134, 岩波書店 ISBN4-00-302451-6.\n\nWhile quite short, for those interested in language history, I'd like to point\nout that this text is particularly rich in early 17th century colloquial\nspeech. Other than the above negative ara-nai, there are early examples\nillustrating the change from bigrade to monograde verbs and merging of /di,\nzi/, among others.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-11T15:29:23.247",
"id": "19051",
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19050
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19051
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19051
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{
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"body": "I'm trying to say sentences like \"I can accomplish (a) by doing (b).\" in\nJapanese, and I can't seem to figure it out.\n\nAn example sentence would be \"I can earn good grades by studying hard.\"\n\n* * *\n\nMaybe the english example wasn't quite right. I know accomplish complicates\nthe question but I do feel thats what I'm looking for. Maybe this example of\nwhat I'm looking for will help.\n\n\"I can show initiative by working hard.\"\n\nOr if someone was presenting a product demonstration before an audience.\n\n\"I can make this product appeal to the audience.\" \"I just need to show its\nusefulness.\"\n\nWhat I want to construct is more \"i can make this product appeal to the\naudience by showing its usefulness.\"\n\nI'm not necessarily looking for a direct translation of these sentences. An\nexample of how to construct the idea or something similar would work.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T15:07:28.543",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19057",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-04T10:38:04.470",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T16:26:32.710",
"last_editor_user_id": "7476",
"owner_user_id": "7476",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Sentence structure: \"I can accomplish (a) by doing (b)\"",
"view_count": 2608
}
|
[
{
"body": "I don't think there is a good literal translation of this construction into\nJapanese.\n\nHere are some related expressions that might help.\n\n> 「一所懸命{いっしょけんめい}勉強{べんきょう}したら、いい成績{せいせき}を取れる{とれる}。」 \n> \"If I study really hard, I can get good grades.\"\n>\n> 「一所懸命勉強して、いい成績を取る。」 \n> \"I'll study really hard and get good grades.\"\n>\n> 「いい成績を取れるように、一所懸命勉強する。」 \n> \"I'll study really hard (in order) to get good grades.\"\n\nThough to be honest, I'm not sure I'd ever say \"I can earn good grades by\nstudying hard.\" in English, except maybe when literally listing things I could\naccomplish by doing something else? If I wanted to do that in Japanese, I\nsuppose I'd use the first construction I provided: 「〜たら、〜れる。」.\n\n* * *\n\n> \"I can show initiative by working hard.\"\n\nI honestly can't think of a context I'd say this in English. Maybe we speak\ndifferent dialects?\n\n> \"I can make this product appeal to the audience by showing its usefulness.\"\n\nI think I would say this when trying to convince someone to entrust a\ntalk/product to me.\n\nThe \"can\" does not seem particularly core to the meaning, it is more like a\nway to commit to less when you say it; compare, \"[If you leave it to me] I\nwill make this product appeal to the audience by showing its usefulness\".\n\nFor that reason I think it leaves a bad taste in my mouth in English, and I\npersonally wouldn't say the equivalent of it in Japanese. I would say\nsomething like this:\n\n> 有用性(or実用性/便利さ)を示して、顧客に訴えます。 \n> \"I will exhibit its usefulness, and make it appeal to the customers.\"\n\n(You should wait for a native speaker to check that if you actually want to\nsay this line to someone, as I'm not particularly good with business\nlanguage.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T15:36:30.160",
"id": "19058",
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{
"body": "You over-complicate your question by putting \"accomplish\" in there. You should\ninstead be trying to learn, \"if this, then that\".\n\n頑張って勉強すると卒業することができます\n\n\"If I persevere and study hard, I'll be able to graduate\"\n\nYou can use と as a conditional linking the former statement to the latter\nstatement, in a fashion that the former will be IF and the latter will be the\nTHEN, as in what will happen if the former is true.\n\nTo make a similar, but not a 100% concrete certainty statement, you can write\nit like\n\n頑張って勉強したら卒業することができます",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T15:37:12.390",
"id": "19059",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T15:37:12.390",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7477",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
},
{
"body": "There are a number of ways to express this. **Roughly** in the order of\ninformality, those include:\n\n「～～すれば + Vpotential。」\n\n「～～すれば + Vdictionary + ことができる。」\n\n「～～することで + 《Noun ｜Verb + こと》 + が[可能]{かのう}になる。」\n\n「～～すること《により ｜ によって》 + 《Noun ｜Verb + こと》 + が可能になる。」\n\n「～～すること《により｜によって》 + Noun + が[達成]{たっせい}できる。」\n\nTo use one of your examples \"I can make this product appeal to the audience by\nshowing its usefulness.\", you can say the following. (I take this to be about\nTV shopping.)\n\n「[商品]{しょうひん}の[実用性]{じつようせい}を[示]{しめ}せば、[視聴者]{しちょうしゃ}にアピールできる（or アピールすることができる）。」\n\n「商品の実用性を示すことにより、視聴者 **に** アピールすることが可能になる。」\n\n「商品の実用性 **を** 示すことで、視聴者 **への** アピールが可能になる。」\n\n「商品の実用性 **の** [提示]{ていじ}により、視聴者へのアピールが達成できる。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T14:48:51.113",
"id": "19077",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-04T10:38:04.470",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-04T10:38:04.470",
"last_editor_user_id": "11192",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19057",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
19057
| null |
19077
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19063",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should I translate this phrase?\n\n> 楽に済ませようとする。\n\nMy literal translation is, \"Decide to cause to finish/complete having fun,\"\nbut that doesn't seem to make much sense.\n\nDoes 楽に済む mean to enjoy completely? Is 済ませる the causative form of the verb?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T18:23:21.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19061",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T19:27:19.353",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T18:30:46.453",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "7478",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Meaning of 楽に済ませようとする",
"view_count": 209
}
|
[
{
"body": "予定が済む means something like \"the agenda is clear\", where \"clear\" is\nintransitive, here. 済ませる is indeed the causative form of 済む (and is\ntransitive).\n\nSo 済ませる is something like \"to finish\" (compare the (transitive) \"to clear\").\n\n～ようとする is maybe \"to try to ...\".\n\nThe main point, however, is that 楽{らく} doesn't really mean \"fun\", but\n\"comfortable/easy\". The particle に turns this into an adverb\n\"comfortably/easily/with ease\".\n\nPutting this all together, we get something like\n\n> 楽に済ませようとする \n> to try to finish things easily (in an easy/comfortable way)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T19:27:19.353",
"id": "19063",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T19:27:19.353",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "19061",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19061
|
19063
|
19063
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19064",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm stuck with the construction of 居る/いる in the following sentence (Botchan,\nI)\n\n>\n> 小学校【しょうがっこう】に居【い】る時分【じぶん】学校【がっこう】の二階【にかい】から飛【と】び降【お】りて一週間【いっしゅうかん】ほど腰【こし】を抜【ぬ】かした事【こと】がある。\n\nMy translation (excuse my poor English) :\n\n> **Being** at the elementary school, it happened that I jumped from the\n> second story of the school, my back broken for about a week.\n\nI understand this 居る as if it was a\n[determiner](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner), linked to the word\n\"時分\". But I can't figure out how 居る時分 is linked to the sentence : does 居る\nsomehow introduce 小学校に ( _confer_ my translation) ?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T19:20:08.267",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19062",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T21:07:13.340",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T20:02:23.293",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4550",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"syntax"
],
"title": "いる connected to a proposition?",
"view_count": 194
}
|
[
{
"body": "It is a description of the period of time when this happened. \"During the time\nI was in elementary school\". 小学校に居る modifies 時分. During which period did this\nhappen? During the period when I was in school.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T21:07:13.340",
"id": "19064",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T21:07:13.340",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7446",
"parent_id": "19062",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19062
|
19064
|
19064
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How do you write 縮めて in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T21:47:42.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19065",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-14T14:25:56.913",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T22:09:20.423",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "How do you write 縮めて in IPA?",
"view_count": 694
}
|
[
{
"body": "Writing IPA for Japanese is really quite simple in most cases.\n\nLook up [IPA for Japanese](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Japanese)\nand use the sounds there to write your word.\n\n> 縮めて \n> [tɕi(d)ʑimeteꜜ]\n\nThe `ꜜ` is a tone drop, although here on Japanese.SE we have a fantastic way\nof writing pitch for かな: ちぢめて【LHHH】. (Correct pitch due to @非回答者.)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T22:13:38.060",
"id": "19067",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T22:53:45.357",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T22:53:45.357",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "19065",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "It's pronounced [[c̟ɕiʑimete]], although in careful speech it would probably\nbe [[c̟ɕiɟʑimete]]―there's no contrast between [[ʑi]] and [[ɟʑi]] in Modern\nJapanese, so the word will be understood either way.\n\nFor the pronunciation of ち and ぢ, see section 4.3 \"Affricates\" in Vance's _The\nSounds of Japanese_ (2008), starting on page 82. [Most of this section is\navailable online at Google Books](http://books.google.com/books?id=Hos-\nXSzQ87AC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&ots=XGzpDvrtSH&sig=-HgtDwUGRSnLtLLeTsNwZvZexc8&hl=ja&sa=X&ei=i1KLU82UI83coASds4HgCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T22:15:29.123",
"id": "19068",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-14T14:25:56.913",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-14T14:25:56.913",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19065",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
19065
| null |
19068
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What are the origins of the て-form? Was its meaning when it initially appeared\ndifferent from what it is now?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T21:56:40.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19066",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T22:48:19.460",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-12T22:48:19.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the etymology of the て-form?",
"view_count": 548
}
|
[
{
"body": "The connective particle _-te_ is derived from the continuative form of the\nlower bigrade perfective auxiliary _-tu_.\n\n# Syntactic evolution\n\nThe distribution of the auxiliary _-tu_ (including its continuative form _-te_\n) was that it appeared after the continuative form of verbs (i.e., it did\n**not** appear after _-ku_ in adjectives), which is a restriction all\nauxiliaries share.\n\nAt some point, _-te_ lost its explicit perfective function and became\nreanalyzed as a connective particle, and at that point its distribution became\nmuch more relaxed, allowing it to appear after anything which was in the\ncontinuative form (i.e., including adjectives).\n\n# Semantics\n\nAs to why the perfective auxiliary _-tu_ was what ended up evolving into the\nconnective particle instead of something else, I think it is a fairly natural\nchoice – the perfective semantics (i.e., that the verb has \"completed\") is\nstill present in a number of interpretations of _-te_ , in the sense that the\nverb marked by _-te_ is completed either before or in parallel with the\nfollowing verb.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-12T22:45:54.693",
"id": "19069",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-12T22:45:54.693",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19066",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19066
| null |
19069
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across the expression に限って but not too sure how to use it. It seems to\nmean \"especially/of all the/only\" and has to be used in a negative manner.\n\nHowever, I am confused with the following examples:\n\n> × その日に限っていい天気だった。 \n> Only on that day, the weather was good.\n>\n> ○ 夏はビールに限る。 \n> Beer is the only beverage for summer. (implying beer is the best option)\n\nIs there an easy explanation as to why the first example is wrong and the\nsecond one is right?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T02:39:16.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19071",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T15:43:32.503",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7399",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "How to use に限って【かぎって】 correctly",
"view_count": 434
}
|
[
{
"body": "\"In a negative manner\" does not mean the sentence must be a grammatically\nnegative one. \"～に限って\" tends to be followed by a phrase which denies something\npreviously implied by the context, but not always.\n\nThe first sentence makes perfect sense in certain situations. For example,\nsuppose the weather was good on \"that\" very day, although it had been raining\nthese days. If you wanted rain on \"that\" day, too (for example because you\nwanted a certain event on that day to be cancelled), then you can say:\n\n> （最近はずっと雨だったのに、）その日に限っていい天気だった。\n\nThis emphasizes the speaker's disappointment as compared to \"その日だけはいい天気だった\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T03:52:49.433",
"id": "19072",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T03:52:49.433",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19071",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "@Naruto has already given a great answer but I just want to add a few words of\nmy own because this phrase 「～～に限って」 is actually much more difficult that the\nwords may tell.\n\nThe sentence 「その日に限っていい[天気]{てんき}だった。」 is \"correct\" ONLY if you had been hoping\nfor bad weather for that day. Strange, I know, but you could say that only if\nthe good weather affected you negatively.\n\nIn other words, the same sentence is \"incorrect\" or at least unusual to use if\nyou had been hoping for good weather for that day.\n\nOn a minor note, 「[夏]{なつ}はビールに限る」 has almost nothing to do with 「～～に限って」.\n「～～に限る」 , in that context, just means \"Nothing beats (beer in the summer).\" I\nrecommend that learners remember it as an idiom. No twist with this one.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T15:43:32.503",
"id": "19079",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T15:43:32.503",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19071",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
19071
| null |
19072
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19080",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "as far as i know, in japanese verbs are divided into two groups. One ends in a\nconsonant and one in a vowel.\n\ntor : stemform of toru. mi : stemform of miru.\n\nthose ending in a consonant are called godan-verbs, those in a vowel ichidan.\n\nto attach further suffix to an ichidan-verb nothing is required but simply\nattach the suffix without any further change.\n\nto attach further suffix to a godan-verb one has to attach an a,e,i,o or u\nbefore.\n\ntor --Aeiou--> tora --suffix--> toranai. or: tor --aEiou--> tore --suffix-->\ntoreba.\n\n 1. am i right so for with respect to the grammar?\n 2. is this rule without exceptions?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T15:21:18.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19078",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T17:59:02.990",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "are the godan verbs always followed by either a,e,i,o or u before a further suffix is added?",
"view_count": 162
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes, in fact, this is why they are called \"Godan\" 五段 (\"five class\") and\n\"Ichidan\" 一段 (\"one class\").\n\nThe five polite verbs can be considered an exception to your rule. They are\nconsidered \"godan\" but are conjugated a little differently.\n\n> * いらっしゃる → いらっしゃいます (Not いらっしゃります)\n> * おっしゃる → おっしゃいます\n> * なさる → なさいます\n> * くださる → くださいます\n> * ござる → ございます\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T15:57:00.903",
"id": "19080",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T17:59:02.990",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-13T17:59:02.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7446",
"parent_id": "19078",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
19078
|
19080
|
19080
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19112",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "toru --aEiou--> tore --joshi--> toreba.\n\nIs the ba-joshi the only suffix that can be added to the kateikei form of the\nverb?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T17:20:20.960",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19081",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T00:19:08.887",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-13T18:00:10.887",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is the 仮定形 used only to make the conditional?",
"view_count": 231
}
|
[
{
"body": "In modern Japanese, 仮定形 is used almost exclusively to make a conditional. The\ndefinition in a Japanese dictionary 大辞林 suggests that 仮定形 is alway followed by\n“ば”.\n\nOne apparent exception is “すれども” but this is 已然形 + “ども”. 已然形 is used in\nclassical Japanese and means that something has been done. 已然形 is an ancestor\nof 仮定形 but their meaning is different.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T00:19:08.887",
"id": "19112",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T00:19:08.887",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6554",
"parent_id": "19081",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
19081
|
19112
|
19112
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19083",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I don't know what possible translations are for this sentence:\n\n> どうか異世界の出来事でありますように\n\nalso I'm a little confused by どうか and ~ように...",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T17:24:08.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19082",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T19:04:20.867",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-13T19:04:20.867",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7489",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "どうか〜〜ますように in 「どうか異世界の出来事でありますように」",
"view_count": 249
}
|
[
{
"body": "This is a form used to express a wish. Like in English \"I wish that this will\nturn out to be a dream\", or \"I wish you good health\".\n\nYou convert the plain sentence expressing what you wish into formal language\nand add 〜ように at the end. For example, if you want to wish somebody to have a\ngreat day. You may want to use the sentence:\n\n```\n\n 今日【きょう】が最高【さいこう】の一日【いちにち】になる\n \n```\n\nWhich means \"Today will become the greatest day\". To make this into a wish\nformat, you change it into ます form to make it more formal/polite, and add ように:\n\n```\n\n 今日【きょう】が最高【さいこう】の一日【いちにち】になりますように。\n \n```\n\nThis means \"I wish today becomes the greatest day\".\n\nAdding どうか at the beginning is a way to emphasize the wish - turning it from\njust a wish into a fervent wish, so to speak.\n\nThe idea is that a wish is much like a prayer - you address the \"powers that\nbe\" or the gods - and therefore it has to be formal, polite and humble.\n\nSo, I think the translation of your sentence is something like \"Please make it\nbe a parallel-universe incident\". The exact translation depends on context, of\ncourse.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-13T17:51:36.887",
"id": "19083",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-13T17:51:36.887",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7446",
"parent_id": "19082",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
19082
|
19083
|
19083
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19109",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example I came across a Jukugo like this:\n\n> 名 (name) + 前 (before) = 名前 (name)\n\nWhat is the point in having this Jukugo when you apparently can just use `名`.\nCan someone explain this to me?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-14T04:04:25.610",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19085",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-23T10:58:52.903",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-14T04:05:44.140",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7337",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "名 versus 名前: Why is this seemingly redundant Jukugo used?",
"view_count": 1284
}
|
[
{
"body": "According to the [語源由来辞典](http://gogen-allguide.com/na/namae.html) etymology\ndictionary, the 前 part is believed to have been added as an honorary form,\nmostly since the Meiji era.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T22:11:40.403",
"id": "19109",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T22:11:40.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7446",
"parent_id": "19085",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "名, I have seen the meaning being given as \"reputation\". I think this is a\nbetter meaning than \"name\". Then \"名前\" means \"what goes ahead of the\nreputation\". Also to reduce ambiguity, 名 can be used as a counter and for\nother words.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T07:12:43.503",
"id": "19118",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T07:12:43.503",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7010",
"parent_id": "19085",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19085
|
19109
|
19109
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19089",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "AFAIK words マル and バツ are commonly used as short answers (right and wrong,\n正しい・正しくない). Are there any kanji for these words?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-14T16:43:24.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19088",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T16:13:20.720",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Are there a kanji for マル and バツ (O and X, right and wrong)",
"view_count": 659
}
|
[
{
"body": "マル means 'circle', and this is clearly the word 丸{まる}.\n\nBut the origin of バツ is less clear. It may be from 罰点{ばってん}, and in fact I've\nalways assumed the correct kanji would (in theory) be 罰, but dictionary\neditors appear to be less certain. 日本国語大辞典 says:\n\n> 「ばってん（罰点）からできた語か\n\nAnd 明鏡国語辞典 says:\n\n> 「罰点（ばってん）」からか。\n\nAnd 大辞林 says:\n\n> 「罰点」から生じた語か\n\nNote the か at the end in each case. Based on these dictionary entries, I can't\nstate for certain that it would (in theory) be 罰 in kanji, but that's my best\nguess.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-14T17:13:15.107",
"id": "19089",
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"score": 8
}
] |
19088
|
19089
|
19089
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19092",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 体{からだ}につけたまま使うことができる.....\n\nPlease help me understand this form/usage of `つく`.\n\nSince I don't know which kanji it corresponds to, it is difficult for me to\nmake out what this phrase actually means.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T01:31:22.487",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19090",
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"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Understanding the usage of つくin 体{からだ}につけたまま",
"view_count": 159
}
|
[
{
"body": "In this case つく means you attach something to something and do not remove it\n(for a while). My dictionary says in this case it is written without kanji,\nhowever Google search reveals many usages of 付く in this role which means\npractically same - \"put something somewhere\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T02:19:41.267",
"id": "19092",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T02:19:41.267",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6748",
"parent_id": "19090",
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"score": 0
}
] |
19090
|
19092
|
19092
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19098",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I recently skyped a friend just to ask how her English studies were going.\nDuring the conversation, I think I said something like:\n\n> \"なんか、英文の質問があれば、どうぞ。ま、べつにいいけど。\"\n\nShe seemed to think my usage of \"べつにいいけど\" was hilarious. But, I could not\nunderstand her explanation as to why.\n\nI intended to say: \n(-) \" _If you have any English grammar questions, please ask._ \"\n\nWithout much thought, I tacted on a \"べつにいいけど\" just to mean something like: \n(-) \" _Hey, if you don't have questions, that is cool. I am just here if you\nthe help._ \"\n\n> What is so funny about saying 「べつにいいけど」 in that context? \n> In what context could 「べつにいいけど」 be used and not sound funny? \n> What are more examples where 「べつにいいけど」 sounds funny?\n\nOr, am I just not understanding something more?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T02:20:46.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19093",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T14:21:35.510",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-15T14:21:35.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "4835",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "meaning of \"べつにいいけど\"",
"view_count": 5851
}
|
[
{
"body": "別にいいけど roughly translates to \"Doesn't matter, it's alright\", \"I don't care,\nwhatever\", \"You don't need to do that\", \"No thanks\", \"That's OK\". It's\nsomething to say in response to someone.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T05:42:45.770",
"id": "19097",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T05:42:45.770",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7498",
"parent_id": "19093",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "This set phrase \"別にいいけど\" is typically used with complaint or criticism, like\nso:\n\n> 今晩はカレーじゃないのか。まあ、別にいいけど。\n>\n> 昨日のテストは満点じゃなかったのか。別にいいけど。\n\nThis basically means \"although it's not really a big problem.\"\n\nBut I think this expression often sounds more curt/rude than it looks. It's\nalmost \"after all, I'm not very interested,\" \"who cares?\"\n\n> なんか、英文の質問があれば、どうぞ。べつにいいけど。\n\nAt least you need to say \"if you don't have questions\" in this sentence.\nWithout it, べつにいいけど doesn't make quite sense. Or maybe it's like you are\nsuddenly saying \"after all, your question doesn't matter to me\" or \"I'm not\nreally expecting your question.\"\n\nIf you want to kindly say \"never mind if you don't have any question for now,\"\nsomething like this is OK:\n\n> * 特に質問がないなら、構いません。(polite)\n> * （質問が）ないなら、気にしないで。(casual)\n> * ないならないでいいよ。(casual)\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T08:49:11.860",
"id": "19098",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T09:23:27.723",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"parent_id": "19093",
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"score": 5
}
] |
19093
|
19098
|
19098
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19095",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> * さくら は あたたかく なって きた ことを **しらせる ように** さきます\n>\n> * あき の おわり から はな を **さかせ** はじめ......\n>\n>\n\nThe above sentences use the V(さ)せる forms - though they do not indicate\npermission/compulsion. Could someone help understand this form please?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T03:17:15.927",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19094",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T03:31:06.067",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "V(さ)せる when it doesn't indicate permission/compulsion",
"view_count": 206
}
|
[
{
"body": "They actually _do_ indicate compulsion:\n\n * 知{し}らせる: Literally, \"to make known\", or in other words; \"to inform/notify\".\n\n> 桜は暖かくなってきたことを知らせるように咲きます。\n\n\"The cherry blossoms bloom as if to inform [their viewers] that it has become\nwarmer (or more freely: that warmer days have arrived).\"\n\n * 咲{さ}かせる: \"to make bloom\"\n\n> 秋の終わりから花を咲かせはじめ......\n\n\"To make/force/let flowers start blooming from the end of autumn...\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T04:18:57.347",
"id": "19095",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5176",
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"parent_id": "19094",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
19094
|
19095
|
19095
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19100",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I'm wondering how to say \"nobody is perfect\" in Japanese. Would 「完全な人いない」 be a\ncorrect translation?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T11:14:42.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19099",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-23T22:26:01.460",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-15T11:21:32.267",
"last_editor_user_id": "5041",
"owner_user_id": "7500",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say \"Nobody is perfect\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 4942
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 完璧な人間などいない。 \n> 完璧な人なんていないよ。 \n> 完璧な人間なんかいないさ。 \n> etc, etc.\n\n完璧 is better than 完全 here. \nAdding something like など／なんて／なんか for emphasis sounds natural. \n人 and 人間 are pretty much interchangeable here.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T11:24:15.750",
"id": "19100",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-15T11:37:22.213",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-15T11:37:22.213",
"last_editor_user_id": "3010",
"owner_user_id": "3010",
"parent_id": "19099",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "To affect that meaning, my favourites are:\n\n 1. 河童{かっぱ}の川流れ{かわながれ}。\n 2. 河童も溺{おぼ}れる。{ _much less common than #1_ )\n 3. 猿{さる}も木{き}から落{お}ちる。\n\neither will get you a smile from the listener.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T14:35:18.917",
"id": "19104",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T13:40:02.990",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T13:40:02.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "4835",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"parent_id": "19099",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "(Sorry to post this as a separate answer, but this was too long for a comment)\n\n\"Nobody is perfect\" or \"There is no such thing as a perfect person\" can be\nalmost literally translated as:\n\n> * 完璧な人はいない。\n> * 完璧な人などいない。\n> * 人間は完璧ではない。\n>\n\nI believe this is completely natural, and you can confirm this in\n[ALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E3%81%AA%E4%BA%BA) and\n[Weblio辞書](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/perfect+person). There is [a\nmovie with exactly the same title as\nthis](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E3%81%AA%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84).\nYou can [google it\nyourself](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E5%AE%8C%E7%92%A7%E3%81%AA%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\nand see many native Japanese people actually using expressions like this.\n\n* * *\n\nThere are some traditional Japanese proverbs which look similar:\n\n> * 猿【さる】も木【き】から落【お】ちる (Even monkeys fall from trees.)\n> * 河童【かっぱ】の川【かわ】流【なが】れ (Even\n> [kappa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_\\(folklore\\)) can be swept by\n> water.)\n> * 弘法【こうぼう】にも筆【ふで】の誤【あやま】り (Even [Kōbō-\n> Daishi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABkai) (known as a good\n> calligrapher) makes an error in writing.)\n>\n\nHowever, these proverbs are not drop-in replacement of 完璧な人はいない. There is a\nbig difference between \"Even experts can occasionally make an mistake\" and \"No\none is perfect\".\n\n「猿も木から落ちる／河童の川流れ／弘法にも筆の誤り」 is **only** used when someone is very good at\nsomething, but he made an simple mistake _in his field of expertise_ :\n\n> * チェスのグランド・マスターが、チェスで小学生に負けた。猿も木から落ちるだ。\n> * イチローが野球の試合中に、ボールを落とした。猿も木から落ちるだ。\n> * 日本語の先生が、簡単な漢字を間違えた。猿も木から落ちるだ。\n>\n\nYou can use 「完璧な人はいない」 in several kinds of situations, but it's mainly used\nwhen someone is known to be very good at something, but bad _at a different\nthing_. It's usually the equivalent of \"everyone has his faults\".\n\n> * そのチェスのグランド・マスターは、10年間に5回も離婚した。完璧な人はいない。\n> * いくらイチローでも、サッカーまで上手なわけではない。完璧な人はいない。\n> * その日本語の先生は普段はとても温厚だが、お酒を飲むと暴れる。完璧な人はいない。\n>\n\nYou can never use 猿も木から落ちる and the friends in these examples.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T08:08:58.910",
"id": "19121",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
},
{
"body": "I would say \"まぁ、人のやることですから\" which expresses the idea very well. The nuance is\nvery close to \"Well, we are all only humans.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-23T19:31:49.463",
"id": "19236",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-23T22:26:01.460",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-23T22:26:01.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "5041",
"owner_user_id": "7580",
"parent_id": "19099",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
] |
19099
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19100
|
19121
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19105",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "これ, それ and あれ are demonstrative pronouns. この, その and あの are demonstrative\ndeterminers. What could you call ここ, そこ and あそこ? Are they prepositions?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T13:50:11.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19102",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T16:38:06.177",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Are ここ, そこ and あそこ prepositions?",
"view_count": 1407
}
|
[
{
"body": "I'm afraid that English and Japanese lexical categories don't match up quite\nthat well.\n\n 1. > これ, それ and あれ are demonstrative pronouns.\n\nThat works. In Japanese, these are called **指示代名詞【しじだいめいし】 'demonstrative\npronouns'**.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that grammatically they're really more like English\nnouns―they permit attributive modification, which English pronouns do not. In\nJapanese grammar, this kind of modification is called 連体（れんたい） \"attributive\"\n修飾（しゅうしょく） \"modification\".\n\n 2. > この, その and あの are demonstrative determiners.\n\nNot really. Japanese has nothing like English determiners. These are\n**連体詞【れんたいし】 'attributive words'** , a category English does not have. They're\na class of non-inflecting function words whose sole function is attributive\nmodification (連体修飾). Functionally, the closest thing English has to この would\nbe attributive-only adjectives like _mere_ , but that's not really the same\nthing either.\n\nIn English, nouns permit two very different kinds of premodification. First,\nthey can be determined:\n\n> _this hat_ この帽子【ぼうし】\n\nAnd second, they can be modified attributively:\n\n> _red hat_ 赤い【あかい】帽子\n\nBut in Japanese, both この and 赤い are the same kind of premodifier, called\n連体修飾[語]{ご}. Because this is true, in Japanese, you can say both of the\nfollowing:\n\n> 赤いこの帽子 _*red this hat_ \n> この赤い帽子 _this red hat_\n\nSo it doesn't make sense to say that この is a determiner in Japanese, as\nJapanese doesn't have that kind of premodification. Although it corresponds to\nan English demonstrative determiner, it is grammatically quite different.\n\n 3. > What could you call ここ, そこ and あそこ? Are they prepositions?\n\nThese are **指示代名詞【しじだいめいし】 (demonstrative pronouns)** again.\n\nEnglish prepositions are a category of mainly directional words that are (in\ntraditional grammar) transitive, taking noun phrases as objects. The category\nin Japanese corresponding to English prepositions is a subset of the Japanese\nparticles, which some linguists call postpositions:\n\n> 東京【とうきょう】 **から** ニューヨーク **へ** **_from** Tokyo **to** New York_\n\nJapanese words like ここ are nothing like this:\n\n> ＊東京 **ここ** ニューヨーク **そこ** _* **Here** Tokyo **there** New York_\n\nThis is super ungrammatical―these words can't be used like directional\npostpositions. Instead, they are functionally more like nouns:\n\n> ここは、どこですか？ _Where am I?_ (lit. \"Where is here?\")\n\nIn terms of etymology, you can consider これ and こ as historically being the\nlong and short forms of the same word. The short form こ had relatively\nrestricted distribution, appearing mainly in compounds and before the genitive\nparticle (almost always の). This was true of the other demonstratives as well,\nand of the old personal pronouns as well (e.g. long form われ and short form わ),\nalthough in the case of personal pronouns the other genitive, が, was generally\nused instead of の (giving わが, not わの).\n\nIn modern Japanese, この and わが are now considered single attributive words\n(連体詞【れんたいし】), but you can still understand them as the combination of a noun\nplus a genitive particle if it helps you understand how they work\ngrammatically.\n\n* * *\n\nNotes:\n\n 1. For more details about the etymology, see Frellesvig's _A History of the Japanese Language_ (2010) starting on page 136. \n\n 2. Another common (and more literal) translation of 連体【れんたい】 is \"adnominal\". In Japanese, the term comes from 体言【たいげん】に連なる【つらなる】, and it literally expresses a relationship with a following nominal (independent non-inflecting word―basically, nouns). Compare 連用【れんよう】 and 用言【ようげん】, and the inflectional forms 連用[形]{けい} and 連体[形]{けい}.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T15:09:17.640",
"id": "19105",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T16:38:06.177",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T16:38:06.177",
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"parent_id": "19102",
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"score": 14
}
] |
19102
|
19105
|
19105
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19193",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I understand that 日本人 means \"Japanese person/people\"; however, I am confused\nas to the implied meanings of this term. What are things that we can assume\nwhen someone uses this term? Can it mean:\n\n 1. A person whose nationality is Japanese?\n 2. A person whose ethnicity is Japanese?\n 3. A person who is living in Japan, whether or not their nationality or ethnicity is of Japanese origin (e.g. a native Italian who is currently living in Japan)?\n 4. A citizen of Japan, regardless of ethnicity or nationality?\n\nHow would I express each of the above ideas in Japanese if the term 日本人 does\nnot encompass it?\n\nThis is in reference to a recent post I made on Lang-8 about iodine in the\ndiet of people in Japan. I wanted to talk about the diet of people of the\ncountry in general, whether or not they are of Japanese origin (including\nnationality and ethnicity). I wasn't sure of the best way to express that idea\nor the other ideas I have proposed. Here is a copy of the post:\n\n> 日本の人の食事にヨウ素\n>\n> 過去一週間, ヨウ素と甲状腺について勉強している。 日本の人が最も大量のヨウ素を食べることを知った。海藻はヨウ素の大きいもとだから, それをたくさん\n> 食べると仮定する。\n>\n> 質問は幾つかあります：\n>\n> １） 毎日, いくら海藻を食べているか？ \n> ２） それは, どうやって 例によって 食べる の ですか？\n\nAs an extension of this idea, what would be the implied meaning of 日本の先生?\n\n 1. A teacher that is from Japan (i.e. a teacher whose nationality is Japanese)?\n 2. A teacher whose ethnicity is Japanese?\n 3. A teacher who is giving a course on the country of Japan?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T23:12:05.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19110",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-22T05:20:37.423",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T06:28:45.077",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "The implied meaning of 日本人",
"view_count": 1373
}
|
[
{
"body": "The answer is somewhat blurry. The clear cut example are those born in Japan,\nto Japanese parents [plural], and are Japanese educated. These are clearly\nJapanese. The one where there is almost no wiggle room is the parents. There\nreally is no half-Japanese in Japan. It's just half or more infamously \"ハーフ\".\nIt's very much an all or nothing thing. My son, despite his Japanese being far\nstronger than his English, will never be Japanese.\n\nThere are a handful of special cases of Japanese born to Japanese parents\n(abroad) who return to Japan at a relatively young age (let's say before the\nteenage years start) and learn to read/write at a normal Japanese level.\nAssuming they absorb the culture and language they're usually categorized as\n\"Japanese\", regardless if they hold another passport. If such a person chose\nnot to live in Japan until a later age, the definition becomes blurry. You\ncould almost assume they get an asterisk put next to their categorization, as\nlong as they have a Japanese passport. If they have no passport, they are\nNikkei.\n\nAnyway, back to your question: In actuality the answer will vary quite a bit.\nWhen in doubt, 日本人 will usually mean the first example above. When I read your\npost, I imagined Japanese people, as per the same example, and I assume any\nhigh level or native speaker would do the same. If you need to specify people\nwho are residents of Japan, a very simple 日本に住んでいる人 which will encompass\nexpats, and long term immigrants, where the lines blur. A final one: I've only\nseen it for purposes of discrimination, but there is also 日本の国籍のある人 includes\nnaturalized citizens.\n\nThis really is a cultural question I'm a afraid, but if you want to master the\nlanguage, you must master the culture.\n\nA non-direct reference dealing with the \"half\" issue:\n<https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/hafu-a-film-about-the-experiences-of-\nmixed-japanese-living-in-japan>\n\nA look at Nikkei: <http://japansociology.com/2012/01/18/what-does-it-mean-to-\nbe-japanese-the-cases-of-nikkeijin/>",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T15:49:26.807",
"id": "19193",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-21T17:44:34.157",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-21T17:44:34.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "7550",
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19110",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "1. 日本の国籍の方\n 2. 日本人\n 3. 日本に住んでいる方\n\nAs for 4, I can think of no good way to encompass the idea of a citizen of\nJapan without falling back on nationality or ethnicity.\n\nIn everyday speech some who is not asian is not a 日本人. I once tried to explain\nthat one of my students was a black Japanese teenage (to me he is Japanese. He\nwas raised here, goes to school here, speaks Japanese as a first language\netc), but even to a very liberal open-minded audience this just did not make\nsense. He faces the challenge everyday of being an outsider in his home\ncountry.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-22T05:20:37.423",
"id": "19209",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-22T05:20:37.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7557",
"parent_id": "19110",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
19110
|
19193
|
19193
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19135",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have been searching high and low for how to express appositives in Japanese,\nyet the most I have come across is how to express something like \"my friend\nJohn\". I would like to know how to express more complex appositives in\nJapanese, something like:\n\n> 1.) Dogs, **one of my favorite animals** , are going to be featured in\n> tonight's show. \n> 2.) John, **the person you were talking to yesterday** , will be at the\n> party tonight. \n> 3.) Brian McKnight, **a very popular R &B singer**, has just written a book\n> about the music industry.\n\nMore specifically, I was writing a post and trying to express the following\nidea:\n\n> I had learned that Japanese people consume the greatest amounts of iodine,\n> **up to 13 mg per day**!\n\nI have expressed the first part of the sentence below, but have no clue how I\nwould express the appositive \"up to 13mg per day\" without outright creating a\nnew sentence.\n\n> 日本の人が最も大量のヨウ素を食べることを知った。\n\nI appreciate any help you can provide.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-15T23:52:43.197",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19111",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-18T00:02:48.137",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-17T10:33:13.470",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "7508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to express appositives in Japanese",
"view_count": 1722
}
|
[
{
"body": "I don't think categorically ruling that \"complexity\" is always bad would be\nwise. A lot of rather sophisticated constructions are perfectly natural to a\nnative speaker, and thus may be preferable over simplified options.\n\nNow, in the case of your sentence:\n\n> I had learned that Japanese people [...]\n\n... I'd say that depending somewhat on the context, connecting the first\nstatement with the second using けれども or some of its variants (けど, けれど) would\nresult in a natural and not overly complex sentence, and there are many other\nsimple options as well (が, possibly ~て-form and more, aside those presented by\n@krnk).\n\nDepending on your feeling towards your finding (thinking of the exclamation\nmark), you may want to follow that up with something like なんと to express a\nsense of \"surprise\".",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T07:54:55.803",
"id": "19135",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-17T08:07:13.893",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-17T08:07:13.893",
"last_editor_user_id": "7519",
"owner_user_id": "7519",
"parent_id": "19111",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
19111
|
19135
|
19135
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19125",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I would like to know if there is a difference in nuance between these four\nsentences. I am trying to say oranges are high in vitamin C. These are based\noff a sentence I found in Jisho.\n\n> 1.) オレンジはたくさんのビタミンＣを含む。 \n> 2.) オレンジはたくさんのビタミンＣを含んでいる。 \n> 3.) オレンジにはビタミンＣがたくさん含まれている。 \n> 4.) オレンジにはビタミンＣがたくさん含まれる。\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T03:15:24.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19114",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T23:39:43.413",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T03:22:42.243",
"last_editor_user_id": "7508",
"owner_user_id": "7508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "含む vs. 含んでいる vs. 含まれている",
"view_count": 1225
}
|
[
{
"body": "First, there is a very subtle difference in nuance between [含]{ふく}んでいる and\n含まれている. It is about the amount of focus that the author is placing between\nオレンジ and ビタミンC in your sentences.\n\n> 2.) オレンジ **は** たくさんのビタミンＣを **含んで** いる。 \"Oranges contain much Vitamin C in\n> them.\"\n\nThis sentence would generally place more focus on \"oranges\" than on \"Vitamin\nC\" unless the larger context proves otherwise. In other words, the sentence is\nmore about oranges than about Vitamin C. \"Oranges\" is in fact the subject of\nthe sentence.\n\n> 3.) オレンジにはビタミンＣ **が** たくさん **含まれて** いる。 \"Much Vitamin C is contained in\n> oranges.\"\n\nThis sentence would generally be more about Vitamin C than about oranges -- at\nleast more so than sentence #2. \"Vitamin C\" is the subject of the sentence.\n\nNow on to 含む and 含まれる. Needless to say, the two sentences:\n\n> 1.) オレンジはたくさんのビタミンＣを含む。\n>\n> 4.) オレンジにはビタミンＣがたくさん含まれる。\n\nare grammatical. Would native Japanese-speakers say those, then? We **might**\nbut not nearly as often as we would say them using 含んでいる and 含まれている.\n\nWith stative verbs (static verbs?) such as 含む, it is much more natural to use\nthem in the ～～ている/でいる/れている forms. Sentences #1 and #4 would sound more like\nmemo-writing for that reason. In speaking, it would be near impossible as it\nsounds pretty curt.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T14:43:09.530",
"id": "19125",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T23:39:43.413",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19114",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
19114
|
19125
|
19125
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19117",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am asking for general use, when it is not clear whether you should be\ntalking in formal/informal.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T05:25:23.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19115",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T06:46:23.167",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7337",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"formality"
],
"title": "In general, do Japanese people communicate formally or informally when conversing on a forum/commenting/chat?",
"view_count": 1696
}
|
[
{
"body": "Taking \"formally\" to mean 丁寧語 here, I think it depends.\n\n**Chatting/Twitter/BBS**\n\nIf you use your real name, I think the usual rules apply (which are too\ncomplex to fully describe here, but I'll mention some aspects). Use 丁寧語 with\npeople you don't know well and people older than you. If you aren't talking at\nsomeone (say, a non-@ tweet, or saying something random in a chatroom), then\nno 丁寧語 seems to be mostly fine. Also like in real life, if you are much older\nthen you can drop the 丁寧語 with younger people. There are of course some people\nwho break this pattern and just almost never use 丁寧語 when chatting despite\nusing their real name, but I think that is not too common.\n\nIf you don't use your real name, and especially if you're also talking to\nsomeone else who doesn't use their real name, then there's no real need for\n丁寧語 as far as I can tell. This is quite common on 2ch, IRC, ニコニコ, etc. where\nmost people don't bother using it.\n\n**Forums**\n\nI think 丁寧語 is quite common on forums and Q&A sites, regardless of if you're\nusing your real name. I guess it's just because they have a more serious feel\nto them, and because you're often asking things of people.\n\nThings might be more detailed or different than this in certain places, but\nit's what I've determined personally.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T06:34:54.250",
"id": "19117",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T06:46:23.167",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T06:46:23.167",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19115",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
] |
19115
|
19117
|
19117
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19123",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is **林家パー子ばり**?\n\nA colleague used it in a complex context, but I have found many another\noccurrences, including [this\none](http://www.saitohome.co.jp/wp/blog/2013/09/21/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E5%AD%90%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93/)\nin the very simple context of a self-presentation:\n\n> おもしろそうな場面には必ずカメラを持って「写真撮らせてくださ～い」と現れます。\n>\n> **林家パー子ばり** のアンテナです。 \n> 自宅の家電もほとんどピンク色だそうです(笑)。\n\nWhat is the meaning of **林家パー子ばり** in this context? \nNo definition on the first two pages of Google. \nIt seems to have something to do with laughing and the color pink.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T09:34:58.547",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19122",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T10:23:47.513",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"definitions"
],
"title": "What is 林家パー子ばり?",
"view_count": 167
}
|
[
{
"body": "ばり is an uncommon 接尾語 which means \"like\".\n\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/180011/m0u/>\n\n> ばり【張り】［接尾］ \n> ２ 名詞や人名を表す語の下に付いて、それに似ている、または、それに似せているという意を表す。「西鶴―の文」「左翼―の主張」\n\nSo 「林家パー子ばりのアンテナ」 is \"an antenna just like (that of)\n[林家パー子](http://ameblo.jp/peeparko/)\".\n\nShe is known for the pink dress and the fondness for gossiping, so アンテナ here\nmeans \"ability to find something interesting, or catch up on gossips\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T10:23:47.513",
"id": "19123",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T10:23:47.513",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19122",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
19122
|
19123
|
19123
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example:\n\n> Youtubeで動画をアップしています。\n\nDoes 「アップ」 mean “upload”?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T18:09:08.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19126",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-20T09:59:14.370",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-20T09:59:14.370",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7112",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What does 「アップしています」 mean?",
"view_count": 337
}
|
[
{
"body": "アップする is a 和製英語/abbreviation meaning \"to upload\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T18:26:28.747",
"id": "19128",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T18:26:28.747",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "19126",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "As you guessed, アップ is short for アップロード meaning upload. Adding する makes it\ninto a verb. ～ている has a lot of uses so I will just say without any further\ncontext 「YOUTUBEで動画をアップしています」 could be 'I upload videos on youtube' (repeated\naction), 'I have videos/the video uploaded on youtube' (resultant state) or 'I\nam uploading a video on youtube' (continuous).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T18:27:26.363",
"id": "19129",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-16T18:39:48.793",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T18:39:48.793",
"last_editor_user_id": "3010",
"owner_user_id": "3010",
"parent_id": "19126",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
19126
| null |
19129
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "君 means ruler, お前 honourable one towards me, 貴様 worthy appearance.\n\nHow did these originally honorific terms of address become informal or even\ninsulting?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T20:15:18.637",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19130",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-17T05:51:20.457",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-16T21:49:05.353",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7418",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "How did the originally honorific forms of address 君、お前、貴様 become informal or even insulting?",
"view_count": 468
}
|
[
{
"body": "Something similar happened in English, where \"you\", a formerly polite form\nwhich contrasted with \"thou\", is now the common second person pronoun with no\ninherent politeness.\n\nIt's a kind of semantic change called pejoration. In a society which values\npoliteness, people will use a word B which sounds nicer/more polite than the\nusual word A. Once everybody uses B, B will become the norm, and people will\nstart using a new word C to sound polite. Once C is being used as the polite\nword, using A will have become rude.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T01:46:08.463",
"id": "19134",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-17T05:51:20.457",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-17T05:51:20.457",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "1073",
"parent_id": "19130",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] |
19130
| null |
19134
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19745",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Recently I've noticed several verbs where the imperative form is used in a way\nthat is not the \"correct\" conjugation.\n\n> 1. くれる → くれ！ → The one we're all used to\n> 2. つける → つけ！ → An example from my プログレッシブ dictionary: 「気をつけ」と先生が号令をかけた。\n> 3. はじめる → はじめ！ → Said often by Master Splinter when the Teenage Mutant\n> Ninja Turtles have training sessions in [Nickelodeon's newest incarnation of\n> the series](http://www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/).\n>\n\nWith #1, I don't know if I've ever learned _why_ this is the standard\nconjugation. Is it just because it sounds more natural? With the latter two,\nI'm assuming that these are acceptable because maybe in 戦前/classical Japanese,\nはじむ existed as a real word, and つく could be used both as a transitive and\nintransitive verb; (both) similar to what we discuss\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5506/78) and\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12837/78).\n\nI have to admit that hearing `はじめ!` in those TMNT episodes sounded completely\nnatural to me, and it didn't even click for a long time that it was not the\n命令形 I was expecting. Even `つけ` sounds very natural when used as a 他動詞.\n\nSo I guess my question is, is there a limited set of verbs where the\nimperative is \"different\", yet acceptable to use even in modern Japanese? If\nmy assumption about #2 and #3 is correct, can _any_ verb with an \"obsolete\"\nform use the imperative conjugation of that form? What are some other common\nverbs with different imperative forms like this (if any)?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T20:20:40.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19131",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-08T21:52:03.573",
"last_edit_date": "2018-07-08T21:52:03.573",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "78",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"classical-japanese",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "\"Irregular\" 命令形 of some verbs",
"view_count": 1007
}
|
[
{
"body": "# ～くれ\n\nThe word, `くれ`, is a special word. The original form of this is `くれる (呉れる)`\nand the imperative form is `くれろ`, while it's a deprecated expression.\n\n[According to Daijirin](http://goo.gl/W5FI8z):\n\n> 〔命令形は「くれ」が普通〕\n>\n> 3.\n> その動作者{どうさしゃ}が話{はな}し手{て}または話題{わだい}の人物{じんぶつ}のために何{なん}らかの動作{どうさ}をすることを表{あらわ}す\n>\n> (Translation: [`くれ` is general in imperative form]\n>\n> This means that the hearer do thing for speaker or another person.)\n>\n>\n\nDaijirin says that `くれ` is general and it implies that `くれ` is a special case.\n\n[According to Wikipedia](http://goo.gl/i6XVBl):\n\n>\n> ラ行{ぎょう}下一段{しもいちだん}活用{かつよう}に属{ぞく}する「呉（く）れる」は、一般{いっぱん}に命令形{めいれいけい}が「くれ」となる。ただし方言{ほうげん}や古{ふる}い口語{こうご}では「くれろ」となることもある。\n>\n> (Translation: `くれる` belong to ラ行{ぎょう}下一段{しもいちだん}活用{かつよう} group. Its\n> imperative form is `くれ` generally. But in some dialects or old use, it will\n> be `くれろ` sometimes.)\n\nMy impression is that this word has varied in special way like `する` and\n`来{く}る`.\n\n`する` belong to the unique conjugation called `サ行{ぎょう}変格{へんかく}活用{かつよう}`, and\nonly this word belongs to this conjugation group. Also `来{く}る` belongs\n`カ行変格活用` in similar way.\n\nBoth `する` and `来る` have varied in special way because they are very very old\nword and are used very often.\n\n# 気をつけ\n\nThe example you showed, `気{き}をつけ`, is spoken by captain, leader, teacher and\nsome person like them. I think `気をつけ` is used like noun because person like\nteachers use this word like below when they make children stand at attention:\n\n> 気をつけ しよう。\n>\n> 気をつけの 姿勢{しせい}に なって。\n>\n> (Both can be translated as: Stand at attention.)\n\nIt is interesting that `気をつけろ` doesn't mean `Stand at attention.`; it simply\nmeans `Pay attention.`\n\n# はじめ\n\nPerson like teachers use this when an exam begins. For example:\n\n> (試験{しけん}、)はじめ！\n>\n> (Translation: Begin your exam.)\n\nIt's similar to `気をつけ` and used widely. We can declare the beginning of\nsomething with this, while `気をつけ` means only `Stand at attention.`\n\n> 用意{ようい}、はじめ！\n>\n> (Translation: Get set, go! / start!)\n\n# Another example: やめ\n\nThis and `はじめ` are used together in many cases. It's similar to `気をつけ` and\n`はじめ` that it's used like a noun.\n\n> 試験、はじめ！ -> やめ！\n>\n> (Translation: Begin your exam. -> Stop writing.)\n\n# EDIT\n\nIn the other words, I wanted to say that:\n\n * `くれ` is a conjugation of `くれる`.\n\n * `つけ` is NOT a conjugation of `つける`; it's a noun. But on `気をつけ`, Japanese includes me feel like whole `気をつけ` constructs one noun. Here is a [reference](http://goo.gl/aML1aD).\n\n * `はじめ` is NOT a conjugation of `はじめる`; it's also a noun. Declaring the beginning of something with this word is a special use.\n\n * `やめ` is NOT a conjugation of `やめる`. Furthermore, `やめ`, `やめろ` and `やむ` are not a conjugation of each other except a few cases (the cases are written below).\n\n> [やめ](http://goo.gl/pMZir1) = (noun) やめること。中止{ちゅうし}。とりやめ。\n>\n> [やめる](http://goo.gl/irF68o) = ( _transitive_ verb) 1.\n> 続{つづ}けてきたことを，終{お}わりにする。 2. しようとしていたことを，しないことにする。\n>\n> [やむ](http://goo.gl/XQrFSv) = ( _intransitive_ verb) 1.\n> それまで続{つづ}いていたことが，切{き}れて続{つづ}かなくなる。 … 〔「止{や}める」に対{たい}する自動詞{じどうし}〕\n\nIn old Japanese, `やむ` has a transitive meaning. In modern Japanese, the\ntransitive meaning is no longer available.\n\nWhy traffic signs say `とまれ` instead of `やめろ` is that `とまれ` and `やめろ` is a\ndifferent word (even if they use same Kanji `止`.)\n\n * Basic meanings\n\n> やめろ (Stop doing that. (To a human))\n>\n> とまれ (Stop moving. (To something moving, not only a human))\n>\n> とめろ (Stop moving something. (To a human))\n\n * Example of above\n\n> 私は車を運転するのをやめる。 (I stop driving a car.)\n>\n> 車がとまる。 (A car stops.)\n>\n> 私は車をとめる。 (I stop a car.)\n\nWell, I thought it's funny that the sign doesn't ask human to stop his/her\ncar. But any way, the word on traffic sign is `とまれ`.\n\n### A exception of use of `やめ`\n\nIn a few cases, `やめ` is used like a imperative verb. The targets are the\nnature or some _awesome_ things in most cases.\n\n> 雨{あめ}よ止{や}め！ (Stop raining! (To the nature)) 木枯{こが}らしよ止{や}め！ (Stop blowing!\n> (To the nature))",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T15:12:37.717",
"id": "19745",
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"parent_id": "19131",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19133",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm struggling to turn up any answers on why the word スタンド is used to mean\n\"desk lamp\". My guess would be that it's a case of metonymy, but I don't know.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T21:18:44.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19132",
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"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "What is the origin of スタンド meaning \"desk lamp\"?",
"view_count": 303
}
|
[
{
"body": "It's short for 電気【でんき】スタンド, which we can see in [sense ② in\nDaijirin](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89):\n\n> ②「電気スタンド」の略【りゃく】。\n\nHere, 略 means \"abbreviation\". And of course, 電気{でんき} means both \"electricity\"\nand \"[electric] light\". Why does 電気 have this meaning? Well, most dictionaries\ndon't say, and I suppose _this_ could be simple metonymy, but when we look up\n電気 in 日本国語大辞典, we find:\n\n> ③（「⇨でんきとう（電気灯）の略）電灯{でんとう}。\n\nSo we could consider スタンド as indirectly short for 電気{でんき} \"electric\" 灯{とう}\n\"light\" スタンド \"stand\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-16T21:45:45.867",
"id": "19133",
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19137",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A few minutes ago on TV I heard the phrase 「すこしじつ」. The broadcast is about\ncuisine 「料理」. Maybe I misheard it, because I can not translate it in\nvocabularies.. I think it begins with 「少{すこ}し」, then..?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T09:47:43.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19136",
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"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of phrase 「すこしじつ」",
"view_count": 241
}
|
[
{
"body": "I am pretty sure what you heard was 「すこし **ず** つ」, meaning \"little by little\".\n\n「すこし **じ** つ」 makes no sense.\n\n「ずつ」, which is a particle, by itself means \"per\", \"at the rate of\", etc.\n\nFor instance, 「[毎月]{まいつき}３[度]{ど}ずつ」 means \"3 times a (or per) month\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T10:04:30.660",
"id": "19137",
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"score": 4
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19137
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19137
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19171",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Could somebody help me with translation of the following sentence.\n\n> 留守を預かる者として、主の家を汚した蒙昧――八つ裂きにされようと文句は言えぬ。\n\nText:\n\n> 理屈など通用しない。 ただ一人でも、どんなに卑小な者だろうと、名誉と忠誠に反した愚者を、黒円卓に存在させた罪は罪。 故に罰。\n> 留守を預かる者として、主の家を汚した蒙昧――八つ裂きにされようと文句は言えぬ。\n\nSome sort of translation:\n\n> An ignorance of staining master's house, as a person taking a charge of it\n> during his absence --\n\nContext: The master of a some sort of group is not present for some long\nperiod of time, so he entrusted the control of the group to his subordinates.\nHowever one of them done something bad, so the master is punishing all of his\nsubordinates.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T14:31:56.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19139",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-21T06:38:10.977",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-17T14:58:06.937",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation of phrase 「留守を預かる者として、主の家を汚した蒙昧」",
"view_count": 294
}
|
[
{
"body": "Maybe something like:\n\n> As deputy in his absence, one cannot question the tearing of limb from limb\n> for the ignorance of defiling the house of the Lord.\n\n主{ぬし} (おも, あるじ) bears the meaning of \"lord\", \"chief\", \"master\" and similar. 主\nis also used to reference \"the Lord\" in Christian writings, such as the Bible,\ne.g. [Colossians 3-23](http://biblehub.com/colossians/3-23.htm) and [コロサイ\n３：２３－２４](http://www.believers.org/jp/jbel202.htm). Given the context of\nsomeone involved in 主の家を汚した蒙昧, I concluded that \"the Lord\", as in \"God\", would\nbe the proper translation, rather than \"his lord\", as in some \"master\" person\nin general.\n\nThe phrase \"defiling the house of the lord\" (or similar) is common in the same\ncontext of Christianity.\n\nA 留守{るす}を預{あずかる}かる者{もの} is someone left in charge when the usual person of\nauthority is not present (see for example\n[コトバンク](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%95%99%E5%AE%88%E3%82%92%E9%A0%90%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B-411693)).\nI'm not sure if \"deputy\" is the best translation, but to my mind and ears it\nfits both the meaning and context of the source. People who debate matters of\nChristianity and do Bible studies sometimes refer to for example Jesus as\nbeing the \"deputy of the Lord\".\n\nI found [this Wiki\nentry](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E3%81%A4%E8%A3%82%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%88%91)\ndescribing how to properly \"tear a person to pieces\", as in 八{や}つ裂{ざ}き.\n\nMaybe this approach was wrong all together. Is this actually some アニメ or 漫画\nrelated stuff? If so, I still think that the original aims to mimic the kind\nof language used in religious contexts, but the reference to \"the Lord\" in my\ntranslation would be wrong, of course.\n\n**Edit:** I found the response made by @snailboat very enlightening, and as a\nresult, I propose a new translation:\n\n> What ignorance, defiling the house of your lord while acting his deputy ――\n> Drawing and quartering could not be questioned!\n\nThe technical term for 八{や}つ裂{ざ}き is probably\n\"[quartering](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment)\" in English. I think\n[Robert-François Damiens](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-\nFran%C3%A7ois_Damiens) was among the first to be subjected to this gruesome\ntreatment in real history. (As \"drawing and quartering\" seems as a \"set\nprocedure\", and because I felt the flow of the sentence was nice, I included\nboth in my translation rater than just the one.)\n\nThe \"――\" part I now interpret as a pause during which the speaker contemplates\nthe gravity of of the situation, before finishing of with illustrating his (or\nher) sentiment by proposing a suitable punishment.\n\nLeaving all of my old translation untouched for reference.\n\n**Edit:** I feel the phrase \"could not be questioned\" is somewhat awkward.\nMaybe this is better:\n\n> What ignorance, defiling the house of your lord while acting his deputy ――\n> Drawing and quartering would not be disputed!\n\nEven the literal translation of 文句{もんく}は言{い}えぬ is quite open, including\nvocabulary such as \"complaint\", \"grumbling\" and \"objection\" for 文句. I think\nthis new version sounds better, while still conserving a slightly archaic,\nstubby tone.\n\nDepending on the context, alternatives for \"deputy\" include such words as\n\"delegate\", \"representative\" or even \"legate\". (Of course, if the culprit\nresponsible for the alleged act of desecration, is a group of people rather\nthan a single person, these can all be pluralized, as in \"deputies\".)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T23:10:04.603",
"id": "19145",
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{
"body": "I tried my hand at a free translation, because I couldn't figure out how to\ntranslate it preserving the meaning or sentence structure precisely:\n\n> Utter nonsense. The crime of allowing even one fool who has gone against\n> honor and loyalty at the black round table, no matter how low they might be,\n> is nonetheless a crime. And so, there must be punishment. **Such\n> foolishness, to have defiled your lord's house so while it was left in your\n> care** ―it would be only just were you rent limb from limb.\n\nUnfortunately, this doesn't match up perfectly with the original. I'll try to\ncomment on your translation and the original sentence:\n\n> 留守を預かる者として \n> _as a person taking a charge of it during his absence_\n\nYou seem to understand the literal meaning of this part fairly well. But the\nmaster entrusted it to an entire _group_ , right? So it's \"people\" rather than\n\"a person\". For people who were left in charge of the master's house while the\nmaster was gone . . .\n\n> 主の家を汚した蒙昧 \n> _An ignorance of staining master's house_\n\nMy comments:\n\n 1. In this case, I think 汚した is figurative (as it often is), so I chose to translate it with \"defile\" instead. Their crime of allowing even one such person, no matter how low their station, to be at the black round table has defiled their master's house, and so they must be punished.\n\n 2. Translating 蒙昧 is hard, and I had to rely on dictionaries to figure this out. I think it's figurative, literary language, in which the metaphor is **light as knowledge or intellect** , and **darkness as the lack thereof**. The word 蒙昧 represents that lack, and I've chosen to translate it as \"foolishness\".\n\n 3. I don't think \"An ignorance of\" really makes sense or captures the relationship between 蒙昧 and the rest of the sentence. I think that grammatically the entire clause is a gapless relative that modifies the following head noun 蒙昧. Basically, 蒙昧 \"sums up\" the clause. (I think it's what Martin calls a \"summational epitheme\" in his _Reference Grammar of Japanese_.)\n\nThat is, for people who were left in charge, defiling the lord's house (with\ntheir crime) was utter foolishness.\n\nThis text, by the way, uses a rhetorical device called 体言止め several times. It\nadds force to the original by ending on a noun (e.g. 罪 or 罰). In this\nsentence, the last word is 蒙昧, but it's followed by a long dash, after which\nthe speaker elaborates with another sentence, \"It would be only just (or\nliterally 'You could not complain if') you were torn limb from limb\", which is\na comment on that foolishness.\n\nSo basically, the lord/master guy is pretty cheesed off.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-20T09:41:30.153",
"id": "19171",
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19139
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19171
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19171
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19143",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "**背景**\n\n現在特任講師として大学機関で働いていますが、かつて院生のころから、日本人の「奨学金」の使い方が気になっていました。私は文部科学省の奨学金も頂きましたが、その奨学金は普通の英語の\"scholarship\"のように、返済しなくてもよいものでした。\n\nしかし、院生として学んだ大学、また今教えている大学の日本人学生は、返済しなければならないものにも「奨学金」ということばを使っています。参考として、多分、[JASSOからもらっているもの](http://www.jasso.go.jp/henkan/faq_henkan.html)と思います。\n\n**質問本体**\n\n[辞書でちょっと調べたの](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/35351/m0u/%E5%A5%A8%E5%AD%A6/)で、一応分かっているつもりですが、次の三つの点についてお聞きしたいです。\n\n 1. 区別するため、表現を変えなければなりませんか。（例えば、「返済する奨学金」または「返済しない奨学金」のように言いますか）\n 2. 概念として、「奨学金」というと、返済するもの、と思いますか。\n 3. \"scholarship\"より\"student aid\"に意味が近いと思いますか。\n\n**お詫び**\n\n文法ミスが多くて読みづらいかもしれませんが、すみません。英語で答えてくれても構いません。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T15:42:07.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19142",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-18T15:24:49.453",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-18T15:24:49.453",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "[奨学金]{しょうがくきん} and Repayment",
"view_count": 182
}
|
[
{
"body": "日本語の「奨学金」は、返済が必要なものと、必要でないものの、両方を指します。\n\n * 「返済が必要な奨学金」＝「貸与型の奨学金」\n * 「返済不要の奨学金」＝「給付型の奨学金」\n\nといった言い方で区別しています。JASSOがやっているのは、すべて「貸与型」の方ですが、別の団体から返済不要な奨学金をもらっている人も、たくさんいます。\n\nなお、返済が必要な奨学金の中にも、「利子付きの奨学金」「利子なしの奨学金」の2種類があります。\n\n確かに「利子付きの奨学金」は、「教育ローン」や「借金」と非常に似ており、人によってはほとんど同一視していると思います。ただし一応、JASSOの奨学金は非営利事業であり、ローンは営利目的の金融商品である、という違いはあると思います。\n\n参考： [教育費を借りるなら奨学金？教育ローン？](http://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/12140/) \n奨学金も返済するものなの？ じゃあ教育ローンとはどこが違うの？ 奨学金には返済不要のものもあったはず……これらの疑問にお答えします。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T17:46:41.840",
"id": "19143",
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"parent_id": "19142",
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"score": 3
}
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19142
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19143
|
19143
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19157",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A subset of Japanese nouns is the サ変名詞{へんめいし} nouns such as:\n\n> 勉強{べんきょう}する \n> 運転{うんてん}する \n> 残業{ざんぎょう}する\n\nA subset of 形容動詞 words can be appended with \"にする\" such as:\n\n> 静{しず}かにする \n> 大切{たいせつ}にする \n> 無理{むり}にする\n\nWhat is the English, and Japanese, technical grammar term for this class of\n形容動詞 words?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-17T17:57:12.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19144",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-19T00:28:15.993",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-17T18:08:11.457",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "technical term for \"形容動詞{けいようどうし} + にする\"?",
"view_count": 364
}
|
[
{
"body": "From the point of view of Japanese as 国語 (a national language), it's `連用形 of\n形容動詞 + する`. But from the point of view of \"Japanese as a second/foreign\nlanguage\", I think it's mostly considered to be `辞書形 of な形容詞 + にする`.\n\n形容動詞 are very controversial. Most Japanese as a second/foreign language\ntextbooks call them な形容詞 (na-adjectives), but _Japanese: The Spoken Language_\nfor example calls them な名詞 (na nominals). There are many theories but the\nstrongest one I've heard is that 綺麗な or those words called 形容動詞 in 国語 have\noriginated from `noun + verbal auxiliary なり`. なり meant (1) assertion and (2)\nexistence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T23:04:25.447",
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19147",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'd like to confirm if I'm reading the two following lines correctly - for\ncontext, this is a conversation between a soldier and an outlaw who used to be\nfriends and now find themselves at odds.\n\n> A) 君達は軍の命令で善悪の区別もつかなくなってしまったのか！ \n> _Can’t you even tell right from wrong if the army doesn’t order you to?!_\n>\n> B) 事情も知らないくせに勝手な事を！ \n> _You’re ignoring how things are and just go around doing whatever the hell\n> you want!_\n\n(I'm assuming they suppressed the end of B and it's supposed to be \"勝手な事を\n**する** \"?)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T00:02:26.677",
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"owner_user_id": "5108",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Clarification on 軍の命令で善悪の区別もつかなくなる",
"view_count": 180
}
|
[
{
"body": "> A) [君達]{きみたち}は[軍]{ぐん}の[命令]{めいれい}で[善悪]{ぜんあく}の[区別]{くべつ}もつかなくなってしまったのか！\n>\n> Your TL: \"Can’t you even tell right from wrong if the army doesn’t order you\n> to?!\"\n\nIf it is an attempt at a free translation, yours looks \"okay\". It is difficult\nto comment on a free translation. One could not, however, tell if you\nunderstood the sentence structure from your TL.\n\nThis 「で」 means 「によって」.\n\n「A + で + B + になる/くなる」 = \"A causes B.\", \"A brings about B.\", etc. This is why I\nhave to wonder how you chose to use \"if\" in your translation.\n\nMy own (semi-)literal TL would be: \"Was it an army order that has made you\nguys incapable of telling right from wrong?\"\n\nYour TL of the second phrase looks just fine as it nicely captures the nuance\nof the original. What is left unsaid at the end would be 「しやがって」,「言いやがって」,\netc.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T00:56:39.003",
"id": "19147",
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"score": 3
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19146
|
19147
|
19147
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19153",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How would I say “I have been [...]” as in “I have been studying Japanese.” or\n“I have been working at an office”?\n\nIf I remember correctly it is a particular verb conjugation and this would be\nconsidered past progressive tense. Correct?\n\nI would translate “日本語を勉強していた。” as “I was (but am no longer) studying\nJapanese.” This is not the solution I am looking for.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T07:01:46.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "7437",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"tense",
"subsidiary-verbs",
"aspect"
],
"title": "How do you say \"I have been [...]\"?",
"view_count": 31985
}
|
[
{
"body": "# 「〜いる」 primer\n\nJapanese is honestly far more simple than English when it comes to aspect.\n\nIn Japanese, the rule is that 「〜いる」 means you are currently (or will be) in\nsome state related to the verb, while 「〜いた」 means you had been in some state\nrelated to the verb.\n\nThere are many such states:\n\n * The state of doing something (progressive).\n * The state of regularly doing something (habitual).\n * The state of having done something (perfect).\n * The state of having the experience of having done something (experiential).\n\nFor example, 「勉強している」 can mean\n\n * \"I am studying.\" (progressive)\n * \"I study.\" (habitual)\n * \"I have studied.\" (perfect)\n * \"I have the experience of studying.\" (experiential)\n\n(Note that the last two readings are definitely not common and need context to\nbe forced, but they are possible. Even the habitual reading is not the first\nthing that comes to mind without context. The future reading is also possible\nfor each of these.)\n\nCorrespondingly, 「勉強していた」 can mean\n\n * \"I was studying.\" (past progressive)\n * \"I used to study.\" (past habitual)\n * \"I had studied.\" (past perfect)\n\nWhich lines up perfectly, with the exception of the experiential reading\ndisappearing because having the experience of doing something is permanent –\nyou can't lose it.\n\n* * *\n\n# \"Have been\" in English\n\nYou may have noticed I didn't list \"I have been ...\". The \"have been\" form in\nEnglish is called the \"perfect progressive\", and is a bit of a weird form.\n\n * The progressive in English requires that the action is going on at the current point in time.\n * The past progressive in English requires that the action had been going on at some past point in time. It suggests that it is not going on now, but that can be canceled.\n * The perfect progressive in English requires that the action has been going on until now or just recently, and focuses on the duration.\n\nWith enough context, you can line some of the meanings up exactly:\n\n> \"Lately, I am studying Japanese.\" \n> \"Lately, I have been studying Japanese.\"\n\nAdding \"Lately\" to the progressive results in it having the meaning \"both now\nand up to now\", which is nearly identical to the perfect progressive.\n\n* * *\n\n# \"Have been\" in Japanese\n\nAs I said, Japanese is fairly simple in that it only has two forms. That means\nyou can't get the fine distinction you're looking for just by picking one form\nor the other. Instead, what you need to do is the equivalent of adding\n\"Lately\":\n\n> 最近、日本語を勉強している。 \n> \"Lately, I am studying Japanese.\" ⇒ \"Lately, I have been studying Japanese\"\n\nI would say that 「日本語を勉強していた。」 does _not_ have the meaning you are looking\nfor, and I'm not sure where you heard that.\n\n> ?? 最近、日本語を勉強していた。 \n> ?? \"Lately, I was studying Japanese.\" \n> ?? \"Lately, I used to study Japanese.\" \n> ?? \"Lately, I had studied Japanese.\"\n\nAs in English, it is hard to imagine where you'd say something like that.\nAnother way to explain it: it is hard to have _formerly_ been in a state\n_lately_.\n\nAs a side note, another thing that the perfect progressive \"have been\" does in\nEnglish is allows you to specify how long you've been doing something: \"I have\nbeen studying for 2 hours.\". In Japanese, the 「〜いる」 form works just fine:\n「二時間日本語を勉強している。」\n\nAnother note: the 「〜いた」 forms in Japanese have the same suggestion as the past\nforms in English: they suggest that you are no longer in that state. However,\nas in English, that suggestion can be canceled or irrelevant.\n\n* * *\n\nAspect is Hard™, but hopefully this begins to help paint the connections\nbetween Japanese and English for you.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T19:45:37.340",
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"score": 16
}
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19148
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19153
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19150",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "While reading a 1920s handwritten official document, I'm having some trouble\nto recognize these two kana (or kanji) which the red arrows (see image below)\nare pointing at. The question here is what kana or kanji are these two\nsymbols?\n\nThe content of the text is about a person's health status. And it was wrote\nunder the pre-war Japanese orthography which the native words could be written\nin katakana.\n\n(I'm a native Chinese speaker and just know a little Japanese vocabulary.)\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T07:28:15.503",
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"owner_user_id": "7524",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Can't recognize these handwritten kana (or kanji) in a text",
"view_count": 864
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 老年ニシテ・・・ \n>\n\n(= 老年で・・・/老年なので・・・)\n\n> 視力充分ナラ[ス]{ず}・・・ \n>\n\n(= 視力が充分ではなく・・・)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T07:38:41.490",
"id": "19150",
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|
19150
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These are the last 4 lines of the [lyrics for the song\nはっぴぃなんちゃら](http://www.kasi-time.com/item-33036.html)\n\n> なごりおしいけど そろそろさよなら \n> ときめき **ナーミンナイト** \n> ときめき **ナーミンナイト** \n> ナーミンナイト(イェイ!)\n\nWhat does ナーミンナイト (narmin night) mean here? Especially narmin.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T12:11:04.693",
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"id": "19151",
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"owner_user_id": "6677",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"definitions"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of ナーミンナイト in this song lyric?",
"view_count": 243
}
|
[
{
"body": "『ときめきナーミンナイト』 a [title of an\nepisode](http://wiki.kumetan.net/index.php?%E7%95%AA%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8) from\nthe web radio series Sayonara Zetsubou Housou, hosted by Shintani Ryoko and\nKamiya Hiroshi.\n\nThe title is apparently a play on a phrase from the [manga\nかってに改蔵](http://wiki.kumetan.net/index.php?%E7%AC%AC56%E8%A9%B1%E3%80%8E%E4%B8%8D%E3%81%A3%E7%99%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E3%80%8F)\n(`ときめきウーミンナイト`) and Shintani Ryoko's character name (Hitou **Nami** ).\n\nOn [another site](http://petitlyrics.com/lyrics/49783) this song is credited\nto 日塔奈美 ( **ナーミン** ).\n\nBasically, it seems to the theme song of the web radio, and you should\nprobably listen to some episodes to get all the references in the lyrics.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T17:53:09.090",
"id": "19152",
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| null |
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19158",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19135/7508) thread on\nappositives, @OskarLindberg had mentioned that けれども could be used as a neutral\nconnector. My understanding up until now was that it presented contrasting\nideas, being translated as \"however\", \"but\", \"although\", or \"even though\". I'm\ntrying to understand more of this neutral connector role of けれども. If you could\ngive examples with the corresponding English translation, that would be very\nhelpful.\n\nThese are the examples Oskar had given thus far, but their translations\nconfuse me a bit:\n\n> 犬がほえている **けれども** 、だれか外にいるんじゃない？ \n> The dog's barking, isn't there someone out there?\n\nI would translate this as: \"The dog is barking, but someone _is_ outside,\nright?\" In this case, I would think けれども shows the contrast between what you\nexpected (the dog normally barks when someone is outside) and what is actually\noccurring (it seems that maybe no one is outside, but the dog is still barking\nanyway).\n\n> この地方は寒いと聞いた **けれども** 、本当に毎日冷え込むね。 \n> I had heard that it was cold in this region, and it's truly quite chilly\n> every day.\n\nI would have translated this as: \"I had heard that it was cold in this region,\nbut it really _does_ get very cold every day.\" I thought that the けれども here\nwas showing the contrast between what you had _heard_ and what you had\nactually _experienced_ , but it seems that is not the case based on the\ntranslation.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T21:04:10.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
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"owner_user_id": "7508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "けれども as a neutral connector",
"view_count": 731
}
|
[
{
"body": "The other person is correct on this. We use 「けれども」 as a neutral connector\n**rather frequently** for simply connecting two (mini-)statements. I have no\nidea what bilingual dictionaries would say about this as I almost never use\nthem myself, but a simple search in a monolingual dictionary will reveal the\ndefinition in question.\n\nFor instance, see here (一 - ➂):\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82-257355#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88>\n\nTo use the examples from there,\n\n> 「[本]{ほん}が[届]{とど}いているけれども，[支払]{しはら}いはすんだの。」\n\nmeans \"A book has arrived; Has the payment been already made?\"\n\n> 「[日本]{にほん}の[象徴]{しょうちょう}というけれども，[富士山]{ふじさん}はほんとにすばらしい。」\n\nmeans \"They say it is the symbol of Japan, (and they are right) Mt. Fuji is\nreally wonderful.\"\n\nFinally, my own example senence as an おまけ,\n\n> 「[今日]{きょう}は[晴]{は}れてて[気持]{きも}ちのいい日だけれども、さて、何をしようかなあ。」\n\n= \"It's such a sunny and pleasant day today and I wonder what I should be\ndoing.\"",
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"creation_date": "2014-10-18T22:53:49.017",
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},
{
"body": "As I mentioned before, those examples that I gave you, and that you're using\nfor your question here, are from the Japanese grammar book Particles Plus by\nAtsuko Kawashima (Harcourt, Tokyo 1992).\n\nAbout your first alternative translation:\n\n> The dog is barking, but someone _is_ outside, right?\n\nIn the original Japanese sentence 犬がほえている is merely a justification for asking\nthe question that follows, as in \"Do you think there may be someone outside? -\nWhy do you ask? - Because the dog is barking\" reversed. In your translation\nthough, you introduce a slightly different relationship between A and B, and\nthe \"is\" to me underlines sort of an inversion of the relationship between the\nclauses; The main topic should remain \"is there someone outside\", but becomes\nmore of \"why is the dog barking\", like \"The dog is barking, but I _think_\nthere's a reason (that being someone prowling outside)\".\n\nYour second alternative translation:\n\n> I had heard that it was cold in this region, but it really does get very\n> cold everyday.\n\nI think this one is acceptable, even using \"but\". If you _do_ choose to use\n\"but\" though, it's in the context that the speaker did not really believe it\nwhen he or she was told about the cold, or at least that he or she didn't\nthink it would be _that_ cold, so there's surprise. It's hard to argue that\nthis is not the case, but it doesn't have to be so (I'd hazard, it's most\nlikely not); If not, \"but\" is not the best translation.\n\nI constructed a few more sentences, just off the top of my head, to try and\nadd some more variety:\n\n> ね、ミキちゃん、喉{のど}乾{かわ}いたけど、水{みず}ちょうだい。 Hey, Miki, I'm thirsty - give me some of\n> that water.\n>\n> この説明書{せつめいしょ}って結構{けっこう}曖昧{あいまい}だけど、よくわからないよね。 This manual is quite\n> ambiguous, it's really hard to be sure, don't you think?\n>\n> 健一{けんいち}君{くん}病気{びょうき}だと聞{き}いたけども、車{くるま}を借{か}りてもいいですか。 I heard Kenichi is\n> ill, so would it be alright if I borrowed the car?\n\nIn all of the above examples, translating けれども with \"but\", \"although\" or\nsomething similar (implying contrast) would though grammatically correct make\nlittle sense, or would drastically change the meaning from the original. The\nsecond sentence is a good example, as statement A and B actually convey the\nsame sentiment (that the manual is hard to understand), despite being\nconnected through けれども.\n\nIn the next example, けれども helps introduce a topic:\n\n> お父{とう}さんがぼやいていたけど、最近{さいきん}ガス代{だい}はたかくなってきたって。 My father was complaining that\n> recently gasoline has become more expensive.\n\nIn colloquial speech, adding a さ to けど (giving けどさ) may in some contexts even\nmore clearly imply that statement A preceding けど just contains some most\nlikely non-vital background information (like how @Yang Muye explained it in\nhis comment on [my other\nreply](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19111/how-to-express-\nappositives-in-japanese/19135#19135)), or is just a \"set-up\" for B:\n\n> ビール買{か}ってきたけどさ、飲{の}まない？ I bought some beer, you want some?\n\nIn this example, the fact that the speaker _bought_ the beer (did not steal\nit), and in all likelihood did so not very long ago (rather than store beer in\nvast quantities just in case) is not so important. The question of whether to\ndrink it or not is really what matters the most.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-18T23:11:35.563",
"id": "19158",
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},
{
"body": "Like Oskar Lindberg perhaps, I think that the use of けれども is not entirely\n\"neutral\" in the above examples.\n\nThe phrase following the けれども is not negating truth value of the phrase\nproceeding it but I think it is negating (in the sense of changing) the\nobjectivity-subjectivity-type/ discourse-field/ brain-side(?!) (I am failing\nto find a proper expression) of the prior phrase.\n\nThis change might be rendered by \"but hey,\"\n\nThe dog is barking, but hey, someone is outside right? \nI had heard that it was cold in this region, but hey, it's truly quite chilly\nevery day isn't it. \nThey say it is the symbol of Japan, but hey, Mount Fuji is truly wonderful. \nIt's such a sunny and pleasant day today, but hey, I wonder what I should be\ndoing. \n\nOften the けれども seems to be changing from something that is rationally judged\nto a direct experience or vice versa.\n\nThe dog is barking (direct subjective experience), someone is outside\n(rational judgement) \nI had heard that it was cold in this region (rational judgement) it's truly\nquite chilly every day isn't it (direct subjective experience). \nThey say it is the symbol of Japan (rational judgement), but hey, Mount Fuji\nis truly wonderful(direct subjective experience). \nIt's such a sunny and pleasant day today([pretty undeniable] rational\njudgement), but hey, I wonder what I should be doing(direct subjective\nexperience/felt-quandary).\" \n\nTo me it is like the けれども is changing the side of the brain-side from\nlinguistic to non linguistic that speaker is using in each of the two phrases.\nThis is suggested by the fact that one or other phrase is often reported\nspeech or writing but not always, such as the person being outside, which\nwhile not reported speech, is a rational judgement of something that is not\ndirectly experienced but inferred.\n\nMy only 根拠 is that I have lived more than half my 49 years in Japan.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-19T10:03:55.847",
"id": "19165",
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}
] |
19155
|
19158
|
19156
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Do I say えいが **に** みました or えいが **を** みました？",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-19T02:52:45.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19159",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T02:27:28.860",
"last_edit_date": "2021-02-24T02:27:28.860",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "7530",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Do I say えいがにみました or えいがをみました ？",
"view_count": 192
}
|
[
{
"body": "With this class of perception verbs, the thing you are perceiving is the\n**direct object**. We mark it as a direct object using the **accusative case\nparticle を** :\n\n> 映画【えいが】 **を** 見ました【みました】\n\nOther verbs in this class include 聞く【きく】 'hear' and 嗅ぐ【かぐ】 'smell'.\n\n* * *\n\nWe would make it a direct object in English, too, by the way:\n\n> I saw **a movie**.\n\nExcept that in English, we mark the direct object by its position in the\nsentence. In Japanese, you use the accusative case particle を instead.",
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"score": 8
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19159
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19160
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19163",
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"body": "Branching off from [the comments to this question: Do I say えいがにみました or\nえいがをみました ？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19160/542):\n\n* * *\n\nPreamble:\n\nThe comment says `映画に見た` is valid for \"I saw it in a movie\". I went to search\nfor example sentences and found both `に見た` and `で見た` excluding adverbial types\nlike ～的に見た, ～ように見た. \n\nI found an instance of co-existence of に and で: `夢に見る` and `夢で見る`\n\nI also found that a large amount of で見る results from < medium >で見る：\n\n * 新聞で見る\n * 雑誌で見る\n * テレビで見る\n\nThe purpose of this question is to reconcile the simultaneous existence of\nXに見る and Xで見る for the same X\n\n* * *\n\nMy thoughts so far:\n\nI think both に and で are possible for some cases. YをXに見る places the person in\nthe \"physical\" position X in order to see Y. YをXで見る is what I'm familiar with,\nand it says X is a medium for which the person sees Y.\n\nI think for テレビ, only で is available, because you cannot be physically placed\nin テレビ.\n\nWhile for 夢, both に and で are available; you can see it because you are in the\n夢 and also because 夢 is a medium\n\nIf I were to force a translation of 映画に見る vs. 映画で見る, the former would be \"I\nsaw it at the movies\", the latter would be \"I saw it in a movie\". I.e. I think\nに is locative and で is instrumental.\n\n* * *\n\nFrom the corpus search using [BCCWJ](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/):\n\n * There are 5 results from using 映画に見 as a search term\n * There are 36 results from using 映画で見 as a search term\n\nIt seems both に and で can be used, with で being more common. \nWhat does the use of に do to the sentence? \nWhat circumstances would cause に to be preferred?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-で",
"に-and-で"
],
"title": "に vs で: 映画に見る vs 映画で見る",
"view_count": 1702
}
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[
{
"body": "Both 「[映画]{えいが} **で** [見]{み}る」 and 「映画 **に** 見る」 are correct and natural-\nsounding phrases but they have fairly different meanings from each other.\n\n「映画 **で** 見る」 is the simpler and more often used of the two.\n\nIf you saw a certain thing, town, car, house, actor, etc. in a movie, you 映画\n**で** those things を見た. Those **tangible objects** just physically appeared on\nthe screen and you saw them with your eyes.\n\n「映画 **に** 見る」 is less often used and it is more analytical in meaning than 「映画\n**で** 見る」.\n\nWe use the phrase when talking about **how abstract ideas are depicted** in\nfilms. For instance, you can say things like 「映画 **に** 見るアメリカ文化」= \"American\nculture dipicted in films\", 「イタリア映画 **に** 見る性差別」= \"sexism depicted in Italian\nfilms\", etc.\n\nIn informal speech, however, some people actually would say those phrases\nabove using で, but it would sound more proper and refined if you used に for\nthis meaning.\n\nTo explain this important difference from another angle, the verb 「見る」 has\ndifferent nuances in the two phrases.\n\nIn 「映画 **で** 見る」, 「見る」 simply means \"to see\". If you only had your eyes open,\nyou saw the thing because it appeared in the film. No thinking or analyzing is\ninvolved.\n\nIn 「映画 **に** 見る」,「見る」 implies \"to (carefully) observe for analysis.\"\n\nUnlike what OP states, the same (the に and で difference) goes for the other\nmedia than films as well. We can say 「テレビ **に** 見る～～」.\n\nFinally, because of all that I have discussed, it is also completely correct\nand natural to say 「ラジオ **に** 見る～～」 but not 「ラジオ **で** 見る～～」.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"body": "They are different. AにXをみる means you find abstract things against something.\nFor examples, その映画に人生の意味を見た (I found sense of the life in/out of the movie),\nその人にイエスを見た (I found Jesus in him/her) etc.",
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"creation_date": "2014-10-19T08:42:39.830",
"id": "19164",
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19161
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19163
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19163
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19394",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19155/%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82-as-\na-neutral-connector) before, I tried to produce examples of the usage of けれども\n(けど, けども). These are those examples:\n\n 1. 犬{いぬ}がほえているけれども、だれか外{そと}にいるんじゃない？\n 2. この地方{ちほう}は寒{さむ}いと聞{き}いたけれども、本当{ほんとう}に毎日{まいにち}冷{ひ}え込{こ}むね。\n 3. ね、ミキちゃん、喉{のど}乾{かわ}いたけど、水{みず}ちょうだい。\n 4. この説明書{せつめいしょ}って結構{けっこう}曖昧{あいまい}だけど、よくわからないよね。\n 5. 健一{けんいち}君{くん}病気{びょうき}だと聞{き}いたけども、車{くるま}を借{か}りてもいいですか。\n 6. お父{とう}さんがぼやいていたけど、最近{さいきん}ガス代{だい}はたかくなってきたって。\n 7. ビール買{か}ってきたけどさ、飲{の}まない？\n\nUser @非回答者 commented that some (most) of my examples sound unnatural, and I'd\nlike help from all of you to try and fix this. I'm asking three things:\n\n * Which sentences you think sound unnatural?\n * For each \"unnatural\" sentence, if possible, please suggest a fix to make it sound more natural (still using けれども).\n * If a sentence is not at all \"workable\", please explain why けれども is not suitable for that particular phrase.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-20T06:18:11.680",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19170",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
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"owner_user_id": "7519",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "Natural Usage of けれども",
"view_count": 1110
}
|
[
{
"body": "1. “犬がほえている **けど** 、だれか外にいるんじゃない？” \nThe whole sentence sounds informal.\n\n 2. “この地方は寒いと聞いた **けど** 、本当に毎日冷え込むね。” \nSame as 1.\n\n 3. “ね、ミキちゃん、喉乾いた **から** 、水ちょうだい。” \n“けれども” cannot be used as “because”.\n\n 4. “この説明書って結構曖昧 **で** 、よくわからないよね。” \nSame as 3.\n\n 5. I don’t understand. What is the relationship between 病気 and 借りる?\n\n 6. “お父さんがぼやいていたけど、最近ガス代はたかくなってきた **ね** 。” \n“けれども” cannot introduce a quotation.\n\n 7. “ビール買ってきたけどさ、飲まない？” \nNo thanks :-)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2014-11-05T14:07:17.330",
"id": "19391",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-05T14:13:11.337",
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"body": "I don't get the situation of #5, either.\n\n#4 sounds fairly inconsistent. 曖昧で or 曖昧だし suits here instead.\n\nAs for the remaining 5 examples, I don't think any one is unacceptable. #3 may\nsound a little weird and から obviously seems more adaptable, ~~but I do think\nJapanese people sometimes use けど like this way. There must be a lot of unsaid\nimplication after the conjunction...I believe :)~~\n\n**[Added]** To try to summarize using a model of \"A [けれども|けど] B\", in\n#1,#2,#3,#6,#7, A part functions as a premise or proposal of a topic. B part\nusually expands the topic, sometimes appearing contradictory to A (like,\nこの地方は寒いと聞いたけれども、それほどでもないね), but can never say something predicative whose\nreason can be explained by A, like #4.\n\nSo:\n\n 1. ○ 犬がほえているけど、だれか外にいるんじゃない？ \n 2. × 犬がほえているけど、だれかが外にいることは確実だ。 \n 3. ○ 犬がほえているし、だれかが外にいることは確実だ。\n\nHere #2 sounds rather weird because the above rule applies. In this case you\nshould use から or し(#3). OTOH #1 is rather acceptable, B part being not\npredicative, after all it's a simple proposal and expansion of a topic. Also:\n\n 1. △ 喉が乾いたけど、水をくれるかな？\n 2. ○ 喉が乾いたんだけど、水をくれるかな？\n 3. ○ 喉が乾いたから、水をくれるかな？\n 4. × 喉が乾いたけど、水がほしい。\n 5. ○ 喉が乾いたから、水がほしい。\n\nAbout んだ in #2 is another long story though I can't touch here. But for now, I\nwould point out that #4 is the case the above rule applies, and is almost\nimpossible.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2014-11-06T02:59:42.887",
"id": "19394",
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19170
|
19394
|
19391
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19174",
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"body": "One of my JLPT books, 総まとめ文法Ｎ２, uses the following examples to explain the\ngrammar pattern ところだ:\n\n> * お忙{いそが}しいところをすみません。(=忙{いそが}しいのに) → I am sorry to bother you at this busy\n> time.\n>\n> * 会{あ}いたいと思{おも}っていたところです。(=今{いま}ちょうど思{おも}っていました) → I was just thinking\n> that I wanted to see you.\n>\n>\n\nIt also mentions that ところ could be followed by particles へ・に・を or nothing. But\nit does not give any example or any explanation on the difference between\nthem.\n\nI have a few questions:\n\n * Does ところを always imply the meaning of のに in the meaning of \"although\"?\n\n * What is the difference between ところに and ところへ? Is ところへ more elusive than ところに?\n\nIn another document (related with N3) I see the following explanations:\n\n * ところを allows to use the whole sentence like a noun.\n * ところへ something comes from the situation.\n * ところに something happens in the current situation.\n\nThe given examples were:\n\n> * これから寝{ね}ようとしたところへ友{とも}達{だち}が訪{たず}ねてきた。 → When I was trying to sleep, a\n> friend came by.\n>\n> * こっそりタバコを吸{す}っているところを妹｛いもうと｝に見{み}られた。 → My sister saw me while I was\n> smoking in secret.\n>\n>\n\nAccording to my professor, ところに and ところへ are somewhat the same. But I am still\nwondering whether there is a difference or not?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-20T15:09:46.233",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Does ところを always mean the same thing as のに? What is the difference between ところへ and ところに?",
"view_count": 2351
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[
{
"body": "> \"Does ところを always imply the meaning of のに in the meaning of \"although\"?\"\n\nNo, it does not. 「ところを」 has two different meanings/usages.\n\n**Usage #1: 「だが」 or 「のに」 as you said**.\n\n「このシャツは、いつもは3,000[円]{えん}のところを、[今日]{きょう}は1,980円で[売]{う}っている。」 = \"Although they\nusually sell this shirt for 3,000 yen, they are selling it for 1,980 yen\ntoday.\"\n\n「いつもは[電車]{でんしゃ}で[会社]{かいしゃ}に[行]{い}くところを、[今日]{きょう}はタクシーで行った。」 = \"I usually go to\nmy office by train but today, I went by taxi.\"\n\n**Usage #2: To describe a particular situation, conditions, circumstances,\netc**.\n\n「チヨ[子]{こ}がほかの[男]{おとこ}といるところを[見]{み}てしまった。」 = \"I happened to see Chiyoko with\nanother guy.\"\n\n> \"What is the difference between ところに and ところへ ? Is ところへ more elusive than\n> ところに ?\"\n\nEach has two different meanings/usages.\n\nUsage #1: As an idiomatic expression describing (1)Two things happening\nsimultaneously. (2)One thing happening immediately after another. (3)One thing\nstarting while another thing is in progress. Roughly speaking, however, it is\ntwo things happening at the same tme.\n\nIn this usage, 「ところへ」 and 「ところに」 are completely interchangeable IMHO. I would\nsay that saying otherwise is nitpicking. At least in Japan, you will not\nexperience any trouble by using the two interchangeably whether you are in\nschool or in business.\n\n「チヨ子に[電話]{でんわ}しようとしたところへ（or に）、ミチ子から電話がかかってきた。」 = \"Just when I was going to\ncall Chiyoko, Michiko called me.\"\n\nUsage #2: As a regular \"noun + に/へ\" format with 「ところ」 happening to be the\nnoun. This is where a slight difference in nuance could be discussed.\n\nA textbook explanation would be that 「に」 tends to focus on the destination\nwhile 「へ」 tends to focus on the direction. Even in this usage, however, most\nnative speakers use the two interchangeably in many cases.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-20T20:50:42.620",
"id": "19174",
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"parent_id": "19173",
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"score": 10
}
] |
19173
|
19174
|
19174
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19185",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I think I've translated this correctly, but I started to have doubts about a\nfew words and decided to double-check.\n\n> (person A) 結婚なんて。。。めんどくせーこと オレはやめとくか。。。\n>\n> (person B) ああ。。。。。\n\nOn my first reading, I understood this to come to the meaning of:\n\n\"Something like marriage...it's tiresome. I might pass on it...\"\n\n\"Yeah.....\"\n\n(For context, there's been some vagueness as to whether person A and B's\nrelationship is romantic or not, and the conversation takes place in a happy\ndream of person A's, in which he and person B are watching two married\ncouples- one blissful, the other nagging.)\n\nThere are a few points I'm feeling a little paranoid about and would like some\nclarification on:\n\n1- I'm aware that なんて can be used to express disdain towards the noun prior\nand sorta replaces は. It's with that sort of understanding that I made the\nabove translation (I used 'something like marriage' instead of just 'marriage\nis' to better suit the pause). But I noticed that なんて can also be used to mean\n'and the like', so for a moment I wavered on whether the sentence meant\nmarriage or all romantic matters in general, but then decided it was probably\nfocused on marriage alone due to the context and use of こと.\n\n2- I'm assuming か was added to the end of the sentence as an indicator of the\nspeaker wondering-out-loud, but when I thought about it, it could've just been\nthere due to the speaker's speech pattern (they tend to say a lot of things\nlike 行くか, やるか, etc.) which would change the translation of their second\nsentence to \"I guess I'll pass on it.\"\n\n3- I assumed the \"ああ\" was spoken in a 'ditto' sort of way, with the\nimplication of person B agreeing that marriage was too bothersome to deal\nwith. Endless limits of interpretation aside, can I just check if there's\nanything in the structure of the first speaker's sentence that strongly\nsuggests -in the linguistic sense- another implication to the meaning of the\nreply?\n\nAny opinions/corrections would be greatly appreciated.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-20T21:27:22.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19175",
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"last_edit_date": "2014-10-21T00:57:35.480",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"meaning",
"nuances",
"particles"
],
"title": "Could someone please clarify if I'm translating these two sentences correctly?",
"view_count": 379
}
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[
{
"body": "Your translation looks OK.\n\n> \"there's been some vagueness as to whether person A and B's relationship is\n> romantic or not...\"\n\nEven though Person B's line is only 「ああ・・」, I would think he is a man. A woman\nwould rarely, if ever, say that as a reply to a statement.\n\n> \"so for a moment I wavered on whether the sentence meant marriage or all\n> romantic matters in general, but then decided it was probably focused on\n> marriage alone due to the context and use of こと.\"\n\nYou appear to have made the right decision. Though A's line is short, it does\nnot sound like he is not interested in ANY kind of romantic relationship. It\nsounds like marriage is the only thing he is uneager to pursue.\n\n> \"2- I'm assuming か was added to the end of the sentence as an indicator of\n> the speaker wondering-out-loud, but when I thought about it, it could've\n> just been there due to the speaker's speech pattern (they tend to say a lot\n> of things like 行くか, やるか, etc.) which would change the translation of their\n> second sentence to \"I guess I'll pass on it.\"\"\n\nI could not know his speech pattern without more context, but as a Japanese-\nspeaker, I do know that it is completely natural for him to end that sentence\nwith a か. Without it, it would become too firm a statement of giving up\ngetting married for good.\n\n> \"3- I assumed the \"ああ\" was spoken in a 'ditto' sort of way, with the\n> implication of person B agreeing that marriage was too bothersome to deal\n> with. Endless limits of interpretation aside, can I just check if there's\n> anything in the structure of the first speaker's sentence that strongly\n> suggests -in the linguistic sense- another implication to the meaning of the\n> reply?\"\n\nThere is absolutely nothing A's statement that suggests another implication in\nany way.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T01:41:43.763",
"id": "19185",
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19175
|
19185
|
19185
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{
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"body": "What is the function of ちょうだい after 読んで?\n\nI am not quite sure, but I think I saw this subsidiary verb a couple of times\nin this fixed form and never in another conjugation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-20T21:52:16.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19176",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "What is the function of ちょうだい in 読んでちょうだい?",
"view_count": 1021
}
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[
{
"body": "ちょうだい is another way of making a request. It can be replaced by (or replace)\nください. E.g.\n\n> 早く来てください \n> 早く来てちょうだい\n>\n> 読んでください \n> 読んでちょうだい\n\nThe relevant entry from\n[大辞林](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%82%E6%88%B4-328222#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)\n(J-J dictionary) is\n\n> ⑤\n> 動詞の連用形に助詞「て」の付いた形や，動詞の未然形に「ないで」の付いた形に接続して，補助動詞の命令形のように用いて，親しみの気持ちをこめて相手に求める意を表す。\n> **…てください。** 「この本を見せて－」 「ここにすわらないで－」 〔女性語や幼児語として用いられることが多い〕 \n> emphasis mine\n\n(It also already says in the dictionary entry, but) ちょうだい suggests a more\nintimate/familiar relationship.\n\nJust to be clear, the use of ちょうだい has nothing to do with 読む (only with the\nて-form).",
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"body": "They are all used after the Te-Form of Japanese verbs similar to subsidiary\nverbs, but they seem to differ from subsidiary verbs. What is their true\nnature?",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Do ちょうだい、ごらん、ください、おいで constitute an own class of part of speech?",
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"body": "* in the ちょうだい（頂戴） you have a familiar relationship, like a mother talking to a child: \n\n> 座って頂戴/静かにして頂戴.\n\nIn those case this form is close to the 命令形. [See\n大辞林.](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%82%E6%88%B4-328222)\n\n * in ごらん（ご覧） is a polite form for -teminasai (～てみなさい) that is also a 命令形.\n\n> 座ってご覧/静かにしてご覧.\n\n[See\n大辞泉.](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%A7-269996#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89)\n\n * in ください（下さい） is a polite way to ask someone (a teacher, a boss, older person, any one superior to you) to do something.\n\n> 座ってください/静かにしてください.\n\n * in おいで（御出で） can be use in a similar way as in ちょうだい but in this case you're not asking, you're giving an instruction. \n\n> 座っておいで/静かにしておいで.",
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"body": "**No, they do not constitute their own class of part of speech**. It is true,\nhowever, that they can function in such an \"exceptional\" way that it makes\nthem look as though they constituted one of their own.\n\n> 「ちょうだい」 is a **noun** by name (頂戴 in kanji), meaning \"the **humble** act of\n> receiving something\".\n\n**Usage as a straight-up noun:**\n\n「おいしいハムを頂戴しました。」 = \"I have (humbly) received some tasty ham.\"\n\n**Subsidiary verb-like usage:**\n\nThough it is a noun, 「ちょうだい」 can be attached to the [連用形]{れんようけい} of a verb to\nexpress roughly what the word \"please\" does in English. This would usually be\nmore like a friendly request than an \"imperative\".\n\n「たまには[電話]{でんわ}してちょうだい。」 = \"Please call me once in a while.\"\n\n**Verb-like usage:**\n\n「ちょうだい」 can also function like a verb on its own without a \"real\" verb right\nin front of it. When used this way, it can only mean \"Give me ~~\".\n\n「それ（を）ちょうだい。」 = \"Gimme that!\"\n\n> 「ごらん」 is also a **noun** by category as one could tell from the honorific\n> 「ご」 -- 「ご[覧]{らん}」 -- meaning \"(your highly respectable) act of seeing\". It\n> is an honorific (respectful) form of 「[見]{み}ること」.\n\n**Usage as a straight-up noun:**\n\n「ご覧のとおりです。」 = \"It's just as you can see.\"\n\n**Subsidiary verb-like usage as the shortened form of 「ごらんなさい」:**\n\n「[来]{き}てごらん。[手品]{てじな}をみせてあげる。」 = \"Come over here; I'll show you a magic\ntrick.\"\n\n**Verb-like usage:**\n\n「ごらん！」 = \"Take a look!\"\n\n> 「ください」 is both a **verb** and a **subsidiary verb**.\n\n**As a verb:**\n\nAs a verb, it is the imperative form of 「[下]{くだ}さる」. 「下さる」 is the honorific\nform of 「[与]{あた}える」 and 「くれる」, both of which mean \"to give\".\n\n「ビッグマックをふたつ下さい。」 = \"Please give me two Big Macs.\"\n\n「これがスミスさんの下さった[時計]{とけい}です。」 = \"This is the clock that Mr. Smith has given me.\"\n\n**As a subsidiary verb:**\n\nAttach it directly to the 連用形 of a verb and you will have a '(Verb), please!'\nstructure. Careful writers will write ください for this usage in kana: It is the\nofficial rule, too.\n\n「3[時頃]{じごろ}に[来]{き}てください。」 = \"Please come around 3 o'clock.\"\n\n「ボクと[結婚]{けっこん}してください。」 = \"Please marry me!\"\n\n> 「おいで」 is probably the most complicated of the four words but I will make my\n> explanation as concise as possible. It is both a **noun** and a **compound\n> word**. Notice the honorific 「お」 once again.\n\n**As a noun:**\n\nおいで is a respectful word for \"coming\", \"going\" and \"staying\". I told you it\nwas complicated.\n\n「田中さんがおいでです。」 = \"Mr. Tanaka is here.\" (He has just arrived.)\n\n「どちらへおいでですか。」 = \"Where might you be going?\"\n\n**As a compound:**\n\nForms an **honorific** phrase (again, for coming, going and staying) when\nfollowed by 「になる」、「くださる」, etc.\n\n「[来週]{らいしゅう}おいでくださいますか。」 = \"Would you please come next week?\"\n\n「いつも[夜]{よる}はご[自宅]{じたく}においでになりますか。」 = \"Are you usually at home at night time?\"\n\n**Quasi-verb-like usage (for a lack of word):**\n\n「ここへおいで。」 = \"Come over here.\"\n\n「[雨]{あめ}が[止]{や}むまでここにおいで。」 = \"Why dontcha stay here until the rain lets up.\"\n\n**Subsidiary verb-like usage**\n\nAttached to a real verb, おいで can function like a subsidiary verb to form a\nfriendly and honorific request.\n\n「もうお[店]{みせ}も[閉]{し}まってるから、うちでご[飯]{はん}を[食]{た}べておいで。」\n\n= \"Since stores should be closed by now, please eat dinner with us here\n(before you go home).\"",
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"body": "In [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19153/7508) excellent response\nby @DariusJahandarie , he covered how to say \"I have been [ _verbing_ ]\" in\nJapanese by using ている. He had given many examples of how would could\npotentially translate ている or てい based on the context.\n\nI'm wondering how you would differentiate between the following:\n\n * I was [ _verbing_ ]\n * I had been [ _verbing_ ]\n * I had [ _verbed_ ]\n\nI will try a few sample sentences.\n\n> * 昨日は, テストのために **勉強している** とき, 彼女が来た。 \n> She came yesterday while _I was studying_ for my test.\n>\n> * 昨夜はあなたが **電話した** とき, **勉強していた** 。 \n> _I was studying_ when _you had called_ last night.\n>\n> * 私達がその本のことを初めて **話した** までに, 一週間私がそれをもう **読んでいた** 。 \n> By the time _we had_ first _talked_ about that book, _I had_ already _been\n> reading_ it for a week.\n>\n>",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs"
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"title": "How to say \"had been [verbing]\"?",
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"body": "Note: I can't comment yet, so I need to answer, even though I think your\nattempts are just fine.\n\nI think grammatically you have #3 right (with the verbs) anyway.\n私たちがその本のことを最初に話した時までに、１週間前からもう読んでいた。\n\nI try to keep it in my head the same was as \"would have\", which sounds a\nlittle wonky in English if you do a literal translation (or always has to me\nanyway).\n\n来ることを知っていたら、部屋を奇麗にした。 lit: If I knew you come, I cleaned the room. colloquial:\nIf I knew you would come, I would have cleaned the room.\n\nI'm not sure if you could classify it as implication in these cases, but there\nis no word that directly translates the \"would\", and in English you can use it\nat least once, and probably twice.\n\nThe real trick though is to not think about the English verb tense you want to\nsay - just know how you'd say it in Japanese. :)",
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"body": "I don't know if this answers your question but I would say them as: \n\n> 昨日、テスト勉強(を)しているときに、彼女が来た。 \n> Yesterday she came (to my place) while I was studying for a test.\n>\n> 昨夜、あなたが電話してきたとき、私は勉強していた。 \n> I was studying when you called me last night.\n>\n> 私達がその本のことを初めて話したときには、もう私は一週間それを読んでいた。 \n> By the time we first talked about that book, I had already been reading it\n> for a week.",
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"body": "What is the grammatical relationship between these two words?\n\nAre they just different words expressing the same concept, is one the\nderivation of the other or is a third option true?",
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"creation_date": "2014-10-20T23:51:04.530",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Are な and だ both copula verbs?",
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"body": "**だ is a conclusive copula** , etymologically a contraction of で＋ある. It is\nused sentence-finally (hence the name \"conclusive\"). The uncontracted form is\nstill available in Modern Japanese, but it's somewhat different in\ndistribution and more formal. だ isn't actually a verb―it cannot stand alone\nand doesn't inflect like a verb. で＋ある isn't a verb either, but it _is_ a\nconstruction containing the verb ある. The copular で is a contraction of\nliterary にて.\n\n**な is an adnominal copula** , etymologically a contraction of なる from に＋ある.\nIt is used before nouns (hence the name \"adnominal\"). The uncontracted form なる\nis now very limited and―outside of the literary register―usually only appears\nwith specific words such as 聖なる that can now be viewed as lexical exceptions.\n\nThe two can be now viewed as forms of the same thing. Etymologically, the\ndifference is that だ contains て, but な does not:\n\n```\n\n （に＋て）＋あり → にて＋あり → で＋ある → であ → だ （conclusive copula)\n に ＋あり → に ＋あり → なり → なる → な （adnominal copula） \n \n```\n\nEtymologically speaking, both だ and な contain the Old Japanese **copula\ninfinitive に** `n-i`, which is related to **the adnominal copula の** `n-o`,\nwhich was present in Old Japanese and is still around today:\n\n```\n\n （n-i＋て）＋あり → にて＋あり → で＋ある → であ → だ （conclusive copula)\n n-i ＋あり → に ＋あり → なり → なる → な （adnominal copula） \n n-o → の （adnominal copula)\n \n```\n\nIn other words, all three forms descend from the same Old Japanese defective\ncopula `n-`. Note that in traditional grammar, the adnominal copula の is not\nanalyzed as a copula and is instead treated as a use of the genitive case\nparticle の. You can find it in monolingual Japanese dictionaries listed as\nexpressing 同格の関係 (\"an appositive relationship\").\n\n* * *\n\nIn modern Japanese, we find all three forms in alternation, and they can all\nbe considered forms of the same thing. Generally speaking, **だ** is used\nclause-finally (\"conclusively\"), while **な** and **の** are used before nouns\n(\"adnominally\"). Specifically:\n\n 1. **な** is used following な-adjectives (called 形容動詞 in traditional grammar)\n 2. **の** is used following nouns under most circumstances (including の-adjectives)\n 3. **な** is used following nouns before certain grammatical words such as の\n\nSo we find:\n\n```\n\n きれい **だ** 〜 きれい **な** 花 （きれい is a な-adjective）\n 病気 **だ** 〜 病気 **の** 人 （病気 is a の-adjective, a special type of noun）\n 弟 **だ** 〜 弟 **の** 太郎 （弟 is a regular noun）\n 病気 **だ** 〜 病気 **な** のだ （な is used before certain grammatical words such as の）\n \n```\n\nIn traditional grammar, の-adjectives are simply considered nouns, and for our\npurposes here we can follow the same line of thinking. The boundary between\nthe noun and な-adjective categories is rather fluid in any case, and many\nwords belong to both categories.\n\nNote that in traditional grammar, だ is analyzed as a separate word when it\nfollows a noun, but an inflectional ending when it follows a な adjective\n(形容動詞). Most modern grammars depart from traditional grammar on this point and\npresent だ as a separate word in all cases, as I've done here.\n\n* * *\n\nReferences, by request:\n\n * For more historical information about だ, な, and の, see Frellesvig's 2010 _A History of the Japanese Language_ or Vovin's 2005, 2009 _A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese_. \n * For a brief introduction to だ, な, and の in Modern Japanese, see Iwasaki's 2013 _Japanese: Revised edition_. \n * For a detailed modern analysis, see Martin's 1975 _A Reference Grammar of Japanese_ , though he uses rather different terminology―he calls の-adjectives \"precopular nouns\" and な-adjectives \"adjectival nouns\".\n * For a quick online reference, see [大辞林's entry for だ](http://www.excite.co.jp/dictionary/japanese/?search=%E3%81%A0&match=beginswith&itemid=DJR_da_-070), which covers its etymology and the use of adnominal な before words like の.",
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"body": "The おいで after the Te-form seems to convey a kind of command. Could you explain\nthe usages of this word, what part of speech is it and how it differs from the\nother kinds of commands?",
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"subsidiary-verbs"
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"title": "What is the meaning of 座っておいで?",
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"body": "「[座]{すわ}っておいで。」 = \"Go and sit there.\"\n\nYou can say this when both you and the listener (a kid or someone close, not\nsomeone older or higher than yourself) know there is a place to sit down\nnearby and that place has already been talked about between the two parties.\nIt is a casual/friendly imperative. = \"Why don't you ~~.\"\n\nおいで here is short for おいでなさい. It is the honorific お + [出]{い}でる. In the 「Verb +\nて + おいで」 form, 「おいで」 is used just like a subsidiary verb.\n\nSee definition 二-➁-㋑ in:\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%A1%E5%87%BA%E3%81%A7-216568#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88>",
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"body": "Its like \"come sit here\", like the way you would tell a child or someone lower\nthan you (or a peer if you're just speaking \"cute\" by using diminutives).",
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"body": "「座っておいで。」 = \"Sit there.\"\n\nThere are two 「おいで」s:\n\n 1. 「お出で」means \"come and follow\" or \"come out\". An example is 「お嬢さん、お出でなさい。」which means \"Girl(s), come out(show up).\"\n\n 2. 「お居で」means \"stay\". Examples are 「あの方は今どちらにお居でですか。」which means \"Where is he staying(living)?\", and 「客人はまだそちらにおいでですか。」which means \"Is the visitor still there?\". 「お居で」applies to your case.",
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"body": "Combination of 連用形 and おいで can have various meanings, depending on the\ncontext:\n\n 1. [連用形 + **て** おいで] Casual and mild version of 「連用形 + ていろ」 ( **stay/keep** [verb-ing])\n\n> * 温かい飲み物を作るから、ちょっとそこで座っておいで。 ← 座っていろ。\n> * これからお父さんがすることを、よく見ておいで。 ← 見ていろ。\n> * 今からここで大事な話をするけれども、お前は黙っておいで。 ← 黙っていろ。\n>\n\n 2. [連用形 + **て** おいで] Casual and mild version of 「連用形 + に行け」 ( **go** and [verb], leave here and [verb])\n\n> * (in a train) あそこの席が空いているのが見えるから、座っておいで。 ← 座りにいけ。\n> * あの映画はすごく面白かったよ。ぜひ、見ておいで。 ← 見に行け。\n> * もうすぐ忙しくなるから、その前に、お昼ごはんを食べておいで。 ← 食べに行け。\n>\n\n 3. [連用形 + **て** おいで] Casual and mild version of 「連用形 + て来い」 ([verb] **before coming** , [verb] and come, come with [verb-ing], etc.)\n\n> * うちの家まで来るの？ 歩くと遠いから、ゆっくり電車で座っておいで。 ← 座ってこい。（座りながら来い。）\n> * 明日の授業は難しいから、あらかじめ教科書を見ておいで。 ← 見て（から）こい。\n> * 明日18時から映画を見よう。長い映画だから、あらかじめ夕食は食べておいで。 ← 食べて（から）こい。\n>\n\n 4. [連用形 + **に** おいで] Casual and mild version of 「連用形 + に来い」 ( **come** to [verb], come and [verb]). Friendly invitation.\n\n> * うちの家に50万円するソファーがあるんだ。座りにおいで。 ← 座りに来い。\n> * 東京は桜が綺麗だよ。見においで。 ← 見に来い。\n> * 今晩うちに、晩ごはんを食べにおいで。 ← 食べに来い。\n>\n\n 5. [連用形 + **て** おいで + だ/です] Another way of making an honorific expression. 「連用形 + ていらっしゃいます」 ( **is** [verb-ing]). This is not a kind of command, but I think it's worth mentioning here. Note that this is a _polite_ expression.\n\n> * 社長が、部屋の奥で座っておいでです。 ＝ お座りになっています／座っていらっしゃいます。\n> * 神様は、毎日のあなたの行動を見ておいでです。 ＝ ご覧になっています。\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-21T12:38:17.227",
"id": "19189",
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"score": 4
}
] |
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| null |
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "19224",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'd like to ask about the difference between \"~において、...\" and \"~にとって、...\":\n\nexample #1\n\n> 1. アジア地域{ちいき} **にとって** は、日本{にほん}は超大国{ちょうたいこく}です。\n> 2. アジア地域 **において** は、日本は超大国です。\n>\n\nexample #2\n\n> 1. 中国人{ちゅうごくじん} **にとって** は、漢字{かんじ}は難しくない{むずかしくない}。\n> 2. 中国人 **において** は、漢字は難しくない。\n>\n\nthank you.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T15:20:22.610",
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"id": "19192",
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"last_edit_date": "2014-10-22T23:18:00.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "4835",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "\"~において、...\" vs. \"~にとって、...\" differences?",
"view_count": 1098
}
|
[
{
"body": "Example #1\n\n> 1. Asian countries think that Japan is an extremely large countrie.\n>\n> 2. Japan is one of the largest countris in Asia.\n>\n>\n\nExample #2\n\n> 1. Chinese feel that Kanji is not difficult.\n>\n> 2. (Does not make sense.)\n>\n>\n\n“AにとってB” means “A feels that B”. “AにおいてB” means\n\n * “In A, B”, if A is a place or a time.\n * “About A, B”, if A is a subject.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-22T23:39:31.013",
"id": "19224",
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{
"body": "アジア地域にとっては、日本は超大国です。 → For the Asian region, Japan is a superpower.\n\nアジア地域においては、日本は超大国です。 → In the Asian region, Japan is a superpower.\n\n中国人にとっては、漢字は難しくない。 → For Chinese people, kanji is not so difficult.\n\n中国人においては、漢字は難しくない。 → Among Chinese people, kanji is not so difficult.\n\nにとって is \"for\".\n\nにおいて is \"in\".",
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"creation_date": "2020-10-21T09:10:56.320",
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19192
|
19224
|
19224
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19226",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know about the [\"standard\" special\nkatakana](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/katakana), like ファ _fa_\n, ディ _di_ , ヴ _vu_ , etc. However, I keep running into others I can't find on\nany list, including the ones in _[What special kana are used to write foreign\nwords?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15119/what-special-kana-\nare-used-to-write-foreign-words)_\n\nFor example, on [this Wikipedia\npage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward#Main_characters),\none character has the name:\n\n> **Quark** (クォーク Kwōku)\n\nI've never seen クォ _kwo_ in any katakana list.\n\nAnother example is フュ _fyu_ , as in the new movie [X-MEN:\nフューチャー&パスト](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-MEN:_%E3%83%95%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%26%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88).\n\nSo, **what are all the \"non-standard\" katakana in regular use?**",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T20:40:57.250",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19201",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6786",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 18,
"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "What \"non-standard\" katakana are commonly used?",
"view_count": 8581
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think that there may not be any answer to this question - at least not a\ngood one that includes objectively defining \"regularity\" without any context.\nSurely, some words including some combination(s) are especially common,\nlooking at Japanese as a whole, and I'd hazard (from a subjective standpoint)\nthat combinations with \"ウ + small version vowel\" as well as ティ are among\nthose, but beyond that? Well, according to\n[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana):\n\n> Small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent\n> trailing off sounds (ハァ haa, ネェ nee), but in katakana they are more often\n> used in yōon-like extended digraphs designed to represent phonemes not\n> present in Japanese; examples include チェ (che) in チェンジ chenji (\"change\"),\n> and ウィ (wi) and ディ (di) in ウィキペディア Wikipedia.\n\nI believe that this phenomenon could easily (but roughly) be categorized into\ntwo usage cases. The first would then be loanwords, where パーティー is a good\nexample.\n\nSlightly off topic, I think it's worth mentioning that while English phonemes\nnot present in Japanese can be rather easily identified, the \"rules\" for\nspelling in katakana may be harder to discern. Looking at how \"party\" becomes\nパーティー with katakana, an unknowing student may be tempted to write \"ticket\" as\nティケット, but alas, it's チケット. Certainly, there are tendencies (is it a leading,\ntrailing, middle, surrounding phonemes etc.), but there is also some amount of\ndiscretion involved. (Why is a word beginning with [ˈka] or [ˈkæ] that could\narguably be spelled カ as in カメラ, suddenly キャ, as in キャンパス?)\n\nThe second usage case I was thinking about is proper names. Naturally, there\nare many \"fixed\" spellings of given names for people, countries and such, for\nexample ウィリアム, or スウェーデン to name but a few. The desired pronunciation, and\nhence katakana spelling, in the case of people may however be a matter of\nindividual preference.\n\nAnd by the way, not all loanwords are English in origin, of course. Even some\nthat are easily mistaken for \"English\" are not, like タバコ (Portuguese), ビール\n(Dutch) and アレルギー (German). Sounding rules of the source language may also\naffect how a word is transcribed.\n\nFor example, my own middle name is Knut. In my native language the \"k\" is\n\"hard\", and the \"n\" is pronounced separately, giving roughly [kn'ʉːt] (in\ncontrast to words like \"knight\" in English). When having this name transcribed\nfor my Japanese student's ID (many years ago), they went with the English\nsounding rules, in this case giving ナット, which to me was... Not perfect.\n\nAnyway, if you were to construct a list of foreign words in Japanese that\nincluded \"extended digraphs\", then took it upon you to study their frequency,\nthen you'd probably find that some are rather more common then others, but as\nI've been saying, that's not all to consider. E.g. in the context of mahjong,\nwhere most loanwords are Chinese, you'd find both high frequencies and a\npractical use for one set of \"extended digraphs\" different from what is common\nin another.\n\nAbsent a context, \"anything goes\". If your question would have been \"which\nextended katakana are there\", many dictionaries and such include lists.\nGoogling, I found this one on-line, that contains I think all combinations\nthat I've ever seen, and some that I haven't seen before:\n\n[Katakana (including List of extended\nkatakana)](http://nihongoichiban.com/home/katakana/)\n\nI hope this helps.\n\n**Edit** : Note that the chart in the list linked above, and others linked in\nother answers, may change from time to time.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-22T09:31:24.510",
"id": "19213",
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{
"body": "[Here](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&oldid=629229554#For_extended_katakana)\nis a list of extended katakana color coded based on usage. In my personal\nexperience, I have seen the orange ones and most of the blue ones in actual\nuse multiple times. The beige and purple ones I have never seen used before\n(except maybe スィ), so don't bother learning them.\n\nHere's a list with example words I made based on the link, roughly ordered by\ncommonality based on my experience and the amount of noteworthy dictionary\nhits:\n\n**Common extended katakana:**\n\n * ティ (ti) ― パーティー (party), セキュリティー (security)\n * ディ (di) ― ディスク (disk), メロディー (melody)\n * ファ (fa) ― ファッション (fashion), アルファベット (alphabet)\n * フィ (fi) ― フィクション (fiction), プロフィール (profile, pronounced more like profeel)\n * シェ (she) ― シェルター (shelter), ポルシェ (Porshe)\n * ジェ (je) ― ジェスチャー (gesture), ジェット (jet)\n\n**Uncommon extended katakana:**\n\n * ウィ (wi) ― ハロウィーン (Halloween), ウィルス (virus, pronounced more like weerus)\n * ウェ (we) ― ソフトウェア (software), ウェイトレス (waitress)\n * フォ (fo) ― フォーク (fork), イヤフォン (ear phone)\n * フェ (fe) ― フェア (fair), カフェ (café, coffee house)\n * チェ (che) ― チェス (chess), チェック (check, cheque)\n * デュ (dyu) ― デュエット (duet), プロデューサー (producer)\n * ウォ (wo) ― ストップウォッチ (stopwatch), キャットウォーク (catwalk)\n\n**Rare extended katakana:**\n\n * イェ (ye) ― イェイ (yay!)\n * トゥ (tu) ― タトゥー (tattoo)\n * クォ (kwo) ― クォーツ (quartz), クォーク (quark)\n * ツァ (tsa) ― モーツァルト (Mozart), ピッツァ (pizza - more commonly ピザ)\n * ツェ (tse) ― プレッツェル (pretzel), ヘルツェゴビナ (Herzegovina)\n * ツォ (tso) ― インテルメッツォ (intermezzo)\n * フュ (fyu) ― フューチャー (future)\n\n * ヴァ (va) ― ヴァイオリン (violin), ヴァンパイア (vampire) (more commonly バイオリン and バンパイア)\n\n * ヴィ (vi) ― ヴィーナス (venus) (more commonly spelled ビーナス)\n * ヴ (vu) ― ラヴ (love) (more commonly spelled ラブ)\n * ヴェ (ve) ― ベートーヴェン (Beethoven) (more commonly spelled ベートーベン)\n * ヴォ (vo) ― ヴォーカリスト (vocalist) (more commonly spelled ボーカリスト)\n\n * ドゥ (du) ― シルク・ドゥ・ソレイユ (Cirque du Soleil), ドゥーイットユアセルフ (do-it-yourself)\n\n(even when spelled with ヴァ, ヴィ, ヴ, ヴェ or ヴォ, the words are often still\npronounced with a B sound rather than a V. They just look more fancy or\nforeign or whatever.)\n\n**Almost exclusively in foreign names:**\n\n * クァ (kwa) ― エスクァイア (Esquire)\n * クィ (kwi) ― クィントゥス (Quintus)\n * クェ (kwe) ― クェンティン (Quentin)\n * グァ (gwa) ― グァンタナモ (Guantanamo)\n * ツィ (tsi) ― ツィンメルマン (Zimmermann)\n * テュ (tyu) ― テューリンゲン (Thüringen)\n\nOther combinations such as スィ (si) and ホゥ (hu) also exist, but unlike the ones\nlisted above they are often substituted for other katakana. For example,\nsimple is シンプル and hood is フード. But they can at times be used for portraying\nforeign sounds more accurately. Most often in names of people and places, or\ntranscriptions of foreign words that are not used as loan words in a Japanese\nsentence. (Very similar to the ヴァ row, except those are much more commonly\nused for alternate spellings of loan words)\n\nLastly, as mentioned by OP in the comments, it's worth mentioning small vowel\nkana (ぁ, ぃ, ぅ, ぇ, ぉ) can be used for long vowels, a practice that I believe is\nactually more common in hiragana. It's almost a different matter entirely, but\nfor completion's sake I'll explain it anyway.\n\nIf a small vowel kana is used after a kana with the same vowel (e.g. きぃ, ねぇ,\nハァ, ルゥ) it means it's a long vowel (similar to きい, ねえ, ハー, ルー). I have a hard\ntime finding a source that explains the nuances implied by use of a small\nvowel kana, but from personal experience I know four uses:\n\n 1. Just a long vowel, nothing more. i.e. ああ, あー and あぁ are completely identical, and a long vowel is just used for variation or looks. (Or there _is_ something behind it, but I just can't figure out what. That's another explanation.) For example using ワァド as a variation of ワード. I believe this use is most common in popular fiction, where a character name in a fantasy novel might be spelled with a small vowel kana instead of a ー to make it look more unique or foreign or whatever. I believe エル・プサイ・コングルゥ (L-Ψ-congrue) mentioned by OP falls under this category.\n 2. At the end of a sentence or interjection a small vowel kana is sometimes used to imply a long vowel that decreases in volume and/or pitch. This is because as opposed to ああ, あぁ looks like the vowel is getting \"smaller\". For example, a sigh is often transcribed as はぁ. I believe this usage is most common in manga\n 3. For lengthening the vowel in a word without changing its meaning. A ー or a regular double vowel (e.g. それはなーに or それはなあに) could also be used, but as opposed to a small vowel these are most often used for words with a completely different meaning (e.g. すじ means line, but すうじ means number). A small vowel (それはなぁに) can be used to avoid this ambiguity. This usage is also very common in dialects. For example, in Kansai dialect they say せぇへん and けぇへん (pronounced せーへん and けーへん) instead of しない and こない, and [気]{き}ぃつけて (pronounced きーつけて) instead of [気]{き}をつけて. These are used because etymologically they used to be words with a short vowel. E.g. せぇへん comes from せ (an Old Japanese mizenkei conjugation of the verb する) + へん (Kansai variant of ない). So logically speaking the word _should_ be せへん, but it's pronounced せえへん. Thus you could say せぇへん is a compromise between grammatically correct spelling and actual pronunciation. The same is true for 気 pronounced きい but spelled 気ぃ, and, for that matter, also それはなぁに in standard Japanese.\n 4. In manga and other popular fiction ですぅ and ますぅ is used for characters that pronounce です and ます without a silent vowel at the end. It can be pronounced with a short vowel, a long vowel, or somewhere in between, depending on what the voice actor deems appropriate for the character or situation. For your enjoyment (or annoyance), [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfwoLBNyDUc) is a compilation of Souseiseki from Rozen Maiden saying ですぅ about 200 times.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-23T02:27:33.223",
"id": "19226",
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{
"body": "I'm a Japanese student (so, I am not good at speaking in English, sorry for my\nbroken English)\n\nHistorical, people used to regard Katakana as Men's words. and Hiragana was\nseemed as Women's words.\n\nabove is a part of Old Japanese Constitution \"大日本帝国憲法\" announced in 19century\n\n```\n\n 第１章 天皇\n 第１条大日本帝国ハ万世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス\n \n```\n\nThere isn't any Hiragana because there was thought that publish writings\nshould not be use women's words.\n\nNOWADAYS, there is no difference in gender between Hiragana and Katakana. \nso, Is there difference between Hiragana and Katakana? Answer is \"Yes\"\n\nAt present, Hiragana is used in Japanese ordinal words like\n\"sashimi\",\"Tsunami\",\"Kawaii\" (Japanese ordinal words are called \"Wago\"「和語」 in\nJapanese)\n\nand, Katakana is used in expressing foreign language, expect for archaic\nChinese words like Wikipedia(from English) as ウィキペディア, Chocolat(from French)\nas ショコラ in Japanese.\n\n10/24 PM6:00(in Japan Time) added It is difficult for \"non-standard katakana\"\nto define. Nowadays, new non-standard katakana is created. But there is a\nrule.\n\nStandard Katakana\n\n(a consonant)+ya→ャ ex. キャラ(kyara) \n(a consonant)+yu→ュ ex. キュート(kyuto) \n(a consonant)+yo or ho→ョ ex.ショック(syokku/shokku)\n\nNon Standard Katakana\n\n(a consonant)+wa→ｧ ex.かぁちゃん(kwachan) (It means a mother. but informal\nexpression) \n(a consonant)+(weak)i→ィ ex.カービィ(ka-b (weak)i) ,フレンドリィ(furendor(weak)i) but ｨ\nsometimes replace - instead of i, except for a proper noun.\n\n(a consonant)+(weak)fu→ｩ this is a sound of wind for Japanese ex.フゥーと(fuu-to) \n(this ONOMATOPE is sound of blowing candles out) \nBut Words from foreign languages isn't used ｩ, generally use ｭ ex.フュージョン(fu-\nzyon/fyu-zyon)\n\n(a consonant)+we or he→ｪ ex.クウェート(kwe-to), シェパード(shepa-do) \n(a consonant)+wo→ｫ ex.クォーク(kwo-ku)\n\nThank you for reading",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2014-10-23T14:03:50.863",
"id": "19230",
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19201
|
19226
|
19226
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19207",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the Fire Emblem: Awakening game, the [avatar\ncharacter](http://fireemblemwiki.org/wiki/Avatar_\\(Awakening\\)#Fire_Emblem:_Awakening)\n— that is, the main character whose name and gender you pick — has a default\nname. In English, the default name is Robin, because the character can be male\nor female. Robin is arguably a gender-neutral name in English, so it seems to\nbe a good choice.\n\nIn the Japanese version, the default name is ルフレ (Reflet). Does this\nreasonably come across as \"sounding\" gender-neutral in the minds of Japanese\nplayers? Or do they have no such context because it's a foreign name?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T20:45:49.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19202",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-22T03:24:38.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"loanwords",
"names",
"gender"
],
"title": "Could ルフレ be considered a gender-neutral name?",
"view_count": 249
}
|
[
{
"body": "> Or do they have no such context because it's a foreign name?\n\nThis. ルフレ sounds very foreign to me, a native Japanese speaker who loves\ngames. People don't have any clue how to determine whether it's a male name or\nfemale name. (But if I have to guess, I would imagine it's possibly an\nEuropean female name.)\n\nI googled \"ルフレ\", and then excluded \"-ファイヤーエムブレム\", and \"-スマブラ\" (where ルフレ from\nFE appears as a playable character). I could find only one different\n[character](http://nekowiz.com/archives/40234361.html) with the same name, and\nI think she is not so famous.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-22T03:24:38.983",
"id": "19207",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-22T03:24:38.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
19202
|
19207
|
19207
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across `〜とはいえ` and `〜というものの`. They seem to be fixed expressions but I\nam not quite sure which part of speech they can be re-analysed as.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-21T22:46:22.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19203",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-23T02:24:11.823",
"last_edit_date": "2014-10-23T01:59:28.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "5041",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "To which part of speech belong 〜とはいえ and 〜というものの, and as what part of sentence are they usually used?",
"view_count": 135
}
|
[
{
"body": "You can check a Japanese dictionary.\n\nThey are called 連語 (phrase or idiom) when they are used in these forms:\n\n> 1. Aとはいえ、B。\n>\n> 2. Aというものの、B。\n>\n>\n\n“とはいえ” = 助詞 “と” + 助詞 “は” + 已然形 of 動詞 “言う”\n\n“というものの” = 助詞 “と” + 連用形 of 動詞 “言う” + 名詞 “もの” + 助詞 “の”\n\nThey are called 接続詞 (conjunction) when they are used in these forms:\n\n> 1. A。とはいえ、B。\n>\n> 2. B。というものの、B。\n>\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-10-23T00:13:50.387",
"id": "19225",
"last_activity_date": "2014-10-23T02:24:11.823",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6554",
"parent_id": "19203",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
19203
| null |
19225
|
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