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Chilean nearshore waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 249: 93-105.
Yin KD .2003. Influence of monsoons and oceanographic processes on red tides in
Hong Kong waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262: 27-41.
Yin KD, Zhang JL, Qian PY, Jian WJ, Huang LM, Chen JF and Wu MCS .2004. Effect of
wind events on phytoplankton blooms in the Pearl River estuary during summer.
Continental Shelf Research 24: 1909-1923
Ecological Impacts on Biscayne Bay and
Biscayne National Park from Proposed South
Miami-Dade County Development, and Derivation
of Numeric Nutrient Criteria for South Florida
Estuaries and Coastal Waters
Final Report
A report prepared by the Southeast Environmental Research Center of Florida
International University for the National Park Service, South Florida Natural Resources
Center and the South Florida/Caribbean Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit
by
Henry O. Briceño, Joseph N. Boyer and Peter Harlem
December, 2011
ii
Department of the Interior
National Park Service
South Florida Natural Resources Center
and
South Florida/Caribbean Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit
Host: University - H5000 – 06- 5040
TASK AGREEMENT NO: COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO: EFFECTIVE DATES:
J5297-08-0085 H5000-06-0104 3/20/08- 12/31/11
Florida International University
Henry O. Briceno, Ph.D.
Research Scholar, Principal Investigator
Southeast Environmental Research Center
11200 SW 8th St, OE #148, Miami, Florida 33199
Phone: (305) 348-1269; Fax: (305) 348-4096
Email: bricenoh@fiu.edu
Joseph N. Boyer, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Dept. Earth & Environment
Director of SERC
Southeast Environmental Research Center
11200 SW 8th St, OE #148, Miami, Florida 33199
Phone: (305) 348-3095; Fax: 305-348-4096
Email: boyerj@fiu.edu
National Park Service
Joffre Castro, Ph.D. P.E.
South Florida Ecosystem Office
Everglades National Park
950 N Krome Ave.; 3rd Floor
Homestead, Florida 33030, Miami, Florida 33199
Phone: (305) 224-4247
Email: Joffre_Castro@nps.gov
DISCLAIMER:
Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of
the Interior, National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service or the authors.
RECOMMENDED CITATION:
Briceño, Henry O., Joseph N. Boyer and Peter W. Harlem. 2011. Ecological Impacts on Biscayne Bay
and Biscayne National Park from Proposed South Miami-Dade County Development, and Derivation
of Numeric Nutrient Criteria for South Florida Estuaries and Coastal Waters. NPS TA# J5297-08-
0085, Florida International University, Southeast Environmental Research Center Contribution # T530, 145 p
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Water quality of South Florida’s estuaries and coasts is the result of a long-term
and poorly understood interplay of local, regional and global forcing, drivers, pressures
and responses. South Florida’s coastal and estuarine waters have experienced the
impact of anthropogenic interventions since the early 1900’s, including major disruptions
of its hydrology and also sustained urban and agricultural development. Nevertheless,
Biscayne Bay remains very productive and its biodiversity is noteworthy. Its waters
nurture 800 species including 150 species of shrimp, crabs, sponges and lobsters, 512
tropical and temperate fish species, and prolific benthic communities dominated by
seagrass meadows. Furthermore, its shorelines and intertidal areas are major stopover
of migrating shorebirds where manatees, dolphins, alligator and crocodiles, also thrive.
To protect these valuable resources, the U. S. Congress designated 69,605 hectares
(172,000 acres) of central and southern Biscayne Bay, at the southeastern tip of the
Florida Peninsula, as Biscayne National Park (BNP) in 1982. As such, BNP became the
largest marine park in the U.S. national park system. The Park is bounded by protected
areas on the south and east by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and on the
north by the extension of the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, but its western boundary
is with the Miami City metropolitan area, where sprawl growth and resource demands
pose serious threats to the park integrity and to its natural resources.
The main objectives of this project are: first, to develop an understanding of
nutrient inflows into Biscayne Bay, their effects on the bay’s water, and to evaluate the
ecological impacts on Biscayne National Park’s resources associated with Miami’s
future population growth and land use changes; and second, the derivation of protective
numeric nutrient criteria (NNC) for South Florida estuarine and coastal waters. Several
institutions have implemented water quality (WQ) monitoring for over two decades in
South Florida. We have selected Florida International University’s database as a
reference dataset given its spatial-temporal coverage at fixed 353 stations,
iv
completeness of measured variables (over 725,000 WQ measurements) and its
sustained field and analytical protocols along the period of record. Other available
databases would be used for comparison and verification purposes.
Although Biscayne Bay waters are in general oligotrophic, water composition is
not uniform across the bay, and responds to magnitude and type of intervention. North
Bay, the most affected by urban development, is the highest in total phosphorous, and
chlorpphyll-a (CHLa) concentration, and relatively high silica (SiO2), inorganic nitrogen
and turbidity, while oceanic waters on the reef-track display the lowest nutrient
concentrations. North-central bay, impacted by urban and industrial development,
shows values which are intermediate for all variables, while South-central bay, impacted
by agricultural activities and urban development in its watershed, has the lowest CHLa,