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Summary Statistics 28
Factor Analysis and Clustering 28
Factor Analysis 29
Hierarchical Clustering 31
Clusters Characteristics 36
Freshwater Flow 36
Salinity 37
Temperature 39
Turbidity 39
Nitrite (NO2) 40
Nitrate (NO3) 41
Ammonium (NH4) 42
Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Organic Nitrogen (TON) 43
Total Phosphorous (TP) 45
Chlorophyll a (CHLa) 46
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 47
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 48
Trend Analysis 50
Total Nitrogen 51
Total Phosphorous 51
Total Organic Carbon 53
Chlorophyll a 54
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 55
Salinity 56
Dissolved Oxygen 57
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Temperature 57
SECTION 4: BOX-MODEL 60
SECTION 5: THREATS TO BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES 68
Habitat Loss and Impairment 69
Coastal Development 69
Channelization/Sheet Flow Barriers 70
Habitat Fragmentation 71
Power Plants 71
Water Quality 72
Nutrient enrichment 73
Turbidity 74
Microbial contamination 74
Pesticides and herbicides 75
Metals 76
Anti-fouling agents 77
PCBs and PAHs 78
Climate Change 78
Sea Level Rise 79
Ocean acidification 79
SECTION 6: NUMERIC NUTRIENT CRITERIA 82
Segmentation of South Florida Waters 84
Numeric Nutrient Criteria 87
Threshold Analysis 89
Criteria 94
RECOMMENDATIONS 96
REFERENCES 98
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX 1: Cetacean Logic Foundation Box-Model Report
APPENDIX 2: Data Source Description
APPENDIX 3: Master Database
APPENDIX 4: Time-series Analysis with Zcusum Charts
APPENDIX 5: Summary Statistics
APPENDIX 6: Method for Derivation of Protective Numeric Nutrient Criteria
APPENDIX 7: Detection Limits for FIU Biogeochemical data
APPENDIX 8: Biscayne Bay Factor Analysis
APPENDIX 9: Akritas Theil Sen Regression Results
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LIST OF FIGURES page
Figure 1.1: Location of FIU sampling sites in Biscayne Bay 9
Figure 1.2: Location of DERM sampling sites in Biscayne Bay 9
Figure 1.3: Location of BNP sampling sites in Biscayne Bay 10
Figure 1.4: Summary of QA/QC procedures and summary statistics 11
Figure 2.1: Satellite image of Biscayne National Park 14
Figure 2.2: Sediment type map for Biscayne Bay bottom 17
Figure 2.3: Protected areas in the vicinity of the Biscayne National Park 19
Figure 2.4: Precipitation time-series and seasonality of precipitation 21
Figure 2.5: Zcusum charts for precipitation on BNP watershed 22
Figure 2.6: Zcusum of rain chemical composition 23
Figure 2.7: Average Flow contributions to Central and South Biscayne Bay 24
Figure 2.8: Box-plots of WQ biogeochemical composition 25
Figure 2.9: Low-productivity forest and Coastal Wetlands 27
Figure 3.1: Caccia and Boyer (2005) and Hunt and Todt (2006) subdivision 30
Figure 3.2: Cluster tree showing water classes for Biscayne Bay 32
Figure 3.3: Cluster evolution of Biscayne Bay 33
Figure 3.4: Final biogeochemical segmentation of Biscayne Bay waters 34
Figure 3.5: Correspondence of spatial classifications of Biscayne Bay 35
Figure 3.6: Net freshwater contribution to Biscayne Bay 37
Figure 3.7: Seasonal variability of salinity 38
Figure 3.8: Seasonal variability of Temperature in BB 39
Figure 3.9: Seasonal variability of Turbidity in th BB 40
Figure 3.10: Seasonal variability of NO2 in BB 41
Figure 3.11: Seasonal variability of NO3 in BB 42
Figure 3.12: Seasonal variability of NH4 in BB 43
Figure 3.13: Seasonal variability of TN in BB 44
Figure 3.14: Seasonal variability TON in BB 44
Figure 3.15: Seasonal variability of TP in BB 45
Figure 3.16: Seasonal variability of CHLa BB 47
Figure 3.17: Seasonal variability of TOC in BB 47
Figure 3.18: Seasonal variability of DO in BB 48
Figure 3.19: TN Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 52
Figure 3.20: TP Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 53
Figure 3.21: TOC Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 54
Figure 3.22: CHLa Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 55
Figure 3.23: Hurricane Irene track over Southeast Florida 55