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and BB as a part of the U.S. Geological Survey South Florida
Program, including satellite data for Florida Bay.
http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/index.php
iv. EPA. WQ data from a variety of research and monitoring programs
is available throughout the STORET Data Warehouse, which is a
repository for water quality, biological, and physical data.
(http://www.epa.gov/storet/).
v. FIU: a) SERC. Water quality data has been collected since 1989
and has been monitored under the South Florida Water
Management District and EPA funded Water Quality Monitoring
Network since 1991 for stations in Florida Bay, and 1993 in BB.
Measured parameters include dissolved and total nutrients (N, P,
C, SiO2), CHLa, salinity, pH, temperature, DO, alkaline
phosphatase activity, and Kd. (http://serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork/); b)
FCE-LTER. The FCE LTER Program was established in May of
2000 in SoFlo to study how hydrology, climate, and human
activities affect ecosystem and population dynamics in the ecotone
and, more broadly, in the Florida Coastal Everglades. WQ data is
available along transects from freshwater sites in the Everglades to
West Florida Bay. The FCE-LTER website is also an outlet for the
NPS data. (http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/).
vi. NPS. Biscayne National Park, Miami-Dade County and United
States Army Corps of Engineers are involved in monitoring
hydrodynamics and salinity in Biscayne National Park, especially in
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the western portion of central and southern BB. The network
consists of 36 sampling locations (14 instrumented at surface and
sea floor, 22 with bottom units only) and records high frequency
data (every 15 min.), including temperature, salinity, and depth.
Sarah Bellmund from Biscayne National Park kindly supplied the
dataset
vii. NADP. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) is a
cooperative effort between federal, state, tribal and local
governmental agencies, educational institutions, private companies,
and non-governmental agencies to monitor precipitation chemistry.
It provides data on the amounts, trends, and geographic
distributions of acids, nutrients, and base cations in precipitation.
Data for station FL-11, located at Everglades National Park, was
downloaded from NADP website (http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/NADP/)
viii. DBHYDRO is the South Florida Water Management District's
corporate environmental database which stores historical and upto-date environmental data (hydrologic, meteorologic,
hydrogeologic and water quality data) for the District’s 16-county
region.
(http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20environmental%
20monitoring/dbhydro%20application)
We have selected FIU’s database as our WQ reference dataset for bay waters
given its spatial-temporal coverage at 39 fixed stations (Fig 1.1), completeness of
measured variables (over 96,000 WQ measurements) and its sustained field and
analytical protocols along the selected period of record (1991-2008). Other available
databases, especially DERM’s database (Fig 1.2) would be used for inland (freshwater)
and marine water quality assessment and for comparison and verification purposes in
bay waters. NOAA’s database (Appendix 3) would be used with the same purpose for
bay waters.
FIU unfiltered surface water samples were analyzed for total organic carbon
(TOC), total nitrogen (TN), TP and CHLa. Additionally, filtered surface water samples
were analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), NOx, nitrite (NO2
-
), Alkaline
Phosphatase Activity (APA), ammonium (NH4
+
) and silica (SiO2). Some parameters
were not measured directly, but were calculated by difference. Nitrate (NO3
-
) was
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calculated as NOX
-
- NO2
-
and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was calculated as
NOX
-
+ NH4
+
. Details of sampling methodology and laboratory analysis have been
described elsewhere (Boyer and Fourqurean 1999; Boyer and Briceño, 2007).
Preservation procedure for DERM samples was by acidification of unfiltered
water samples, so adsorbed species and labile compounds, if present, would be
incorporated into solution. FIU samples were not acidified and either unfiltered for total
nutrients or filtered for dissolved nutrients; hence, direct comparison of some analytical
results between DERM and FIU is not recommended. A detailed inter-laboratory
comparison analysis was completed by Hunt and Todt (2006) using stations from FIU
and DERM programs. Samples were either co-located (four stations) or within a few
hundred meters of each other, and most reported measurements were from surface
samples. Only salinity and dissolved oxygen were reported for depths in excess of 1
meter. Salinity, DO, NOx and CHLa values reported from both programs were similar
and acceptable correlation were observed for salinity, DO and NOx between samples
collected within a 24-hour window. Total phosphorous values were slightly different
between programs perhaps due to differences in sampling schedule.
Major differences between DERM ammonia and FIU ammonium values were
impossible to reconcile stoichiometrically, perhaps due to differences in sample
preservation and analytical methods, let alone time and spatial differences in sampling
events. Acidification of unfiltered water samples by DERM would incorporate nitrogen
species, either contained in labile compounds or loosely bound on suspended particles,
to the liquid phase. This combination of methodological differences would render higher
total ammonia values for DERM than corresponding FIU ammonium data. In summary,
FIU’s dissolved ammonium measurements (Boyer and Briceño 2006) are not
comparable to DERM’s total ammonia measurements (Zhang et al. 1997). Each
parameter seems to express a totally different chemical character of BB waters.
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