question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Which is the molecular target of the immunosuppressant drug Rapamycin? | The molecular target of Rapamycin is mTOR | The molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a member of the
phosphoinositide 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family and a central modulator
of cell growth, is a prime strategic target for anti-cancer therapeutic
development. mTOR plays a critical role in transducing proliferative signals
mediated through the ... |
Is the protein KCNQ2 associated with idiopathic epilepsy? | Yes, sequence variations of the KCNQ2 gene may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic epilepsy | Mutations in the voltage gated potassium channel gene KCNQ2 and the homologous
gene KCNQ3 have been found to cause a rare monogenic subtype of idiopathic
generalized epilepsy, the benign familial neonatal convulsions. Recently, the
heteromeric KCNQ2/KCNQ3 channel was found to contribute to the native M-current,
one... |
PBT2 has been tested for which disorder? | PBT2 has been tested for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and it
is characterized by elevated brain iron levels and accumulation of copper and
zinc in cerebral beta-amyloid deposits (e.g., senile plaques). Both ionic zinc
and copper are able to accelerate the aggregation of Abeta, the principle
compon... |
What is the basic secondary structure of the variable domains of a typical antibody? | The variable domains of heavy and light chains of antibodies consist of two β-sheets. The first one is composed of four strands, A, B, E and D, and the second one is composed of six strands, named A', G, F, C, C' and C''. The antigen binding site is formed by the inter-strand links BC, C′C″ and FG from each domain. | 1. The temperature function of the myeloma IgG(K) IVA, Bence-Jones protein
(K-type) IVA and its fragments (Fab(t), Fc'(t), VL and CL) was studied by
thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism. 2. The IgG
and Bence-Jones protein studied were found to be capable of a fully reversible
structur... |
How does long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES) occur? | Long Range Epigenetic Silencing (LRES) is a mechanism of gene inactivation that affects multiple contiguous CpG islands and has been described in different human cancer types. | Genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified that lead to
transcriptional deregulation in cancers. Genetic mechanisms may affect single
genes or regions containing several neighboring genes, as has been shown for DNA
copy number changes. It was recently reported that epigenetic suppression of
gene expres... |
What is the mode of inheritance of Acromicric dysplasia? | Acromicric dysplasia has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance | Acromicric dysplasia is a rare bone dysplasia characterised by short stature,
short hands and feet, normal intelligence, mild facial dysmorphism, and
characteristic x ray abnormalities of the hands. Only a very small number of
children with this condition have been reported so far. Here we report on a
series of 22 ... |
Can RNAPolII function as an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase? | RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well-characterized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Pol II can use a homopolymeric RNA template, can extend RNA by several nucleotides in the absence of DNA, and has been implicated in the replication of the ... | Chimeric proteins joining the histone methyltransferase MLL with various fusion
partners trigger distinctive lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. Here, we
immunopurified proteins associated with ENL, a protein commonly fused to MLL.
Identification of these ENL-associated proteins (EAPs) by mass spectrometry
revealed enz... |
Which are the best treatment options to treat Helicobacter pylori? | The best treatment options for eradication of Helicobacter pylori involve triple or quadruple drugs therapy with different types of antibiotics.
Bismuth may be also an additional option. Proton pump inhibitors are also included in treatment.
The more effective drug list includes: amoxicillin, claritromycin, metronidaz... | OBJECTIF : Évaluer l’efficacité d’une thérapie de rattrapage faisant appel à de
la rifabutine, de l’amoxicilline et un inhibiteur de la pompe à protons (IPP)
pour éradiquer l’Helicobacter pylori chez des patients qui n’ont pas réagi à au
moins une cure de trithérapie à base d’IPP.
MÉTHODOLOGIE : La présente étude ét... |
List sclerostin interaction partners. | alkaline phosphatase
carbonic anhydrase
gremlin-1
fetuin A
midkine
annexin A1
annexin A2
collagen α1
casein kinase II
secreted frizzled related protein 4
Phex
asporin
follistatin
erbB-3
LRP5
noggin | The secreted glycoprotein, sclerostin alters bone formation. To gain insights
into the mechanism of action of sclerostin, we examined the interactions of
sclerostin with bone proteins using a sclerostin affinity capture technique.
Proteins from decalcified rat bone were captured on a sclerostin-maltose binding
prot... |
Under which conditions does AMPK phosphorylate TSC2? | The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes, and it is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. | Germline mutations in LKB1, TSC2, or PTEN tumor suppressor genes result in
hamartomatous syndromes with shared tumor biological features. The recent
observations of LKB1-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
and AMPK inhibition of mTOR through TSC2 prompted us to examine the biochemical
and bio... |
What imaging modalities have been listed as method of choice to diagnose CSF leak? | CT cisternography in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. CTC is an accurate, well-tolerated procedure and should be regarded as the method of choice for investigation of this condition.
...unenhanced (three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (3D-CISS)...In conclusion, 3D-CISS is a n... | A case of intracranial hypotension with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
leak was reported. A Tc-99m diethyltriaminepentacetic acid radionuclide
cisternography (RNC) showed the accumulation of radioactivity in the area of the
subarachnoid space, the poor migration of the isotope over the convexities, and
the e... |
Which are currently available software tools for detecting rare codon clusters in coding sequences? | Rare codon clusters (RCCs) correspond to regions along mRNA sequences where among the possible choices of synonymous codons those with lower usage are observed. Due to the fact that relative codon frequencies have been shown to correlate with their cognate tRNA frequencies, RCCs indicate possible translational attenua... | The PAUSE software has been developed as a new tool to study translational
control over protein targeting. This makes it possible to correlate the position
of clusters of rare codons in a gene, predicted to cause a translational pause,
with the position of hydrophobic stretches in the encoded protein, predicted to
... |
How many tissue kallikrein genes are present in the human genome? | Tissue kallikreins (KLKs) are a group of closely related serine proteinases that are represented by multigene families in the human genome. The human tissue kallikrein gene family consists of 15 genes, denoted KLK1–KLK15, tandemly arranged on chromosomal locus 19q13.4. | The cDNA for the trypsin-like serine protease gene (TLSP, HGMW-approved symbol
PRSS20) has been recently identified. TLSP is expressed in brain and skin
tissues but little else is known about this new serine protease gene. In this
paper, we describe the complete genomic organization and precise mapping of the
TLSP ... |
Does the Oncotype DX test work with paraffin embedded tissues? | Yes, the Oncotype DX test works with paraffin embedded tissue. | BACKGROUND: Oncotype DX is a clinically validated, high-complexity, multianalyte
reverse transcription-PCR genomic test that predicts the likelihood of breast
cancer recurrence in early-stage, node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive
breast cancer. The Recurrence Score (RS) provides a more accurate, reproducible
m... |
Where does CTCF colocalize with cohesin? | Cohesin subunits associate with viral and cellular CTCF sites involved in complex gene regulation and chromatin organization. Cohesin cobinds across the genome with transcription factors independently of CTCF, plays a functional role in estrogen-regulated transcription, and may help to mediate tissue-specific transcrip... | Cohesins, which mediate sister chromatin cohesion, and CTCF, which functions at
chromatin boundaries, play key roles in the structural and functional
organization of chromosomes. We examined the binding of these two factors on the
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) episome during latent infection
and fo... |
Name triad of Wernicke encephalopathy. | Wernicke's encephalopathy is a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion seen in alcoholics with dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. | Records of the emergency medical admissions to a large teaching hospital over a
one year period were examined for evidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy or
Korsakoff's syndrome. It was found that only 0.4% of the population studied had
the classical triad of Wernicke's encephalopathy, namely confusion,
ophthalmopleg... |
Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis? | Most association studies have indeed confirmed an association between mutations at the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis | Several multiple, large-scale, genetic studies on autoimmune-disease-associated
SNPs have been reported recently: peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) in
rheumatoid arthritis (RA); solute carrier family 22 members 4 and 5 (SLC22A4 and
5) in RA and Crohn's disease (CD); programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) in systemi... |
Is marijuana use associated with increased risk for stroke? | Yes, the use of marijuana is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke, especially in young adults. The mechanisms underlying such association remain largely unclear, but increased vascular reactivity and increased cerebrovascular resistance were implicated. | OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: This paper reviews acute and chronic effects of drugs of
abuse on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism and their clinical
significance. The most important source of information for the review is human
research reports published in refereed journals. A few animal studies, book
chapters, and... |
How many and which are the different isoforms for the ryanodine receptor? | Generally, three ryanodine receptor isoforms (RyR1-RyR3) are known. RyR1, expressed in skeletal muscle; RyR2, expressed in cardiac muscle; and RyR3, expressed in various cells. RyR3 is preferentially expressed in the brain especially in the hippocampus and striatum. | The rapid cooling (RC) response in muscle is an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+
concentration ([Ca2+]i) that is probably caused by Ca2+ release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). However, the molecular bases of this response have
not been completely elucidated. Three different isoforms of the SR Ca2+ release
channe... |
Which compound is a specific inhibitor for Nox1 and Nox4? | GKT136901 is a specific inhibitor of Nox1 and Nox4. | The functional significance and regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) isoforms by
angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells
(VSMCs) from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats
(SHR) was studied. Expression of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 (gene and protein) and... |
Which molecule is targeted by the drug Gevokizumab? | Gevokizumab is an allosteric anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody. | Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent mediator of inflammatory responses and plays
a role in the differentiation of a number of lymphoid cells. In several
inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, serum levels of IL-1β are elevated and
correlate with disease development and severity. The central role of the IL-1
pathway i... |
Which protein phosphatases have been found to dephosphorylate phospholamban? | The protein phosphatases which dephosphorylate native, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-associated phospholamban were studied in cardiac muscle extracts and in a Triton fraction prepared by detergent extraction of myofibrils, the latter fraction containing 70-80% of the SR-associated proteins present in the tissue. At physi... | The protein phosphatases which dephosphorylate native, sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR)-associated phospholamban were studied in cardiac muscle extracts and in a
Triton fraction prepared by detergent extraction of myofibrils, the latter
fraction containing 70-80% of the SR-associated proteins present in the tissue.
At p... |
What is the most prominent sequence consensus for the polyadenylation site? | Functional polyadenylation [poly(A)] sites consist of two sequence elements, the AAUAAA and G/U box signals, that closely flank the site of mRNA 3'-end formation. The canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA | Functional polyadenylation [poly(A)] sites consist of two sequence elements, the
AAUAAA and G/U box signals, that closely flank the site of mRNA 3'-end
formation. In agreement with previous results, random sequence insertions
between the AAUAAA and G/U box signals were observed to inhibit poly(A) site
function. How... |
Does fibronectin constitute a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | Compared to age-matched controls, fibronectin levels in DMD patients were found to be significantly increased, whereas in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, Bethlem myopathy, or myasthenia gravis were close to the control levels. Additionally, progressive elevation in fibronectin levels was observed in longitudin... | PURPOSE: To identify and validate serum biomarkers for the progression of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using a MS-based bottom-up pipeline.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used a bottom-up proteomics approach, including a
protein concentration equalization step, different proteolytic digestions, and
MS detection scheme... |
What colonoscopy findings have been reported in autism | Endoscopy trials have demonstrated a higher prevalence of nonspecific colitis, lymphoid hyperplasia and focally enhanced gastritis compared with controls. | BACKGROUND: Intestinal mucosal pathology, characterized by ileo-colonic lymphoid
nodular hyperplasia (LNH) and mild acute and chronic inflammation of the
colorectum, small bowel and stomach, has been reported in children with autistic
spectrum disorder (ASD).
AIM: To assess ileo-colonic LNH in ASD and control childr... |
What is a disordered protein? | Intrinsically disordered proteins lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structures under physiological conditions in vitro. Intrinsically disordered proteins undergo significant conformational transitions to well folded forms only on binding to partner. | Intrinsically disordered proteins lack stable tertiary and/or secondary
structures under physiological conditions in vitro. Intrinsically disordered
proteins undergo significant conformational transitions to well folded forms
only on binding to partner. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to research
the mechan... |
What is the Drosophila melanogaster Groucho protein? | Groucho proteins are abundant and broadly expressed nuclear factors that lack intrinsic DNA-binding activity but can interact with a variety of DNA-binding proteins. The recruitment of Groucho to specific gene regulatory sequences results in transcriptional repression.
Groucho (Gro) is a Drosophila melanogaster transcr... | The proteins termed TLE in humans, Grg in mice and Groucho in Drosophila
constitute a family of transcriptional corepressors. In mammalians there are
five different genes encoding an even larger number of proteins. Interactions
between these TLE/Grg proteins and an array of transcription factors has been
described.... |
Which enzyme is inhibited by Imetelstat? | Imetelstat works by inhibiting telomerase. | Cancer stem cells (CSC) are rare drug-resistant cancer cell subsets proposed to
be responsible for the maintece and recurrence of cancer and metastasis.
Telomerase is constitutively active in both bulk tumor cell and CSC populations
but has only limited expression in normal tissues. Thus, inhibition of
telomerase h... |
What is the catalytic mechanism of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases? | The catalytic mechanism of the DNA (Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase involves nucleophilic attack of the C6 of the substrate cytosine by the single conserved cysteine of the enzyme, followed by C5 nucleophilic replacement of the methyl group of the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to produce 5-methyl-6-Cys-81-S-... | 2'-Deoxyoligonucleotides with 5-fluorocytosine residues incorporated at specific
positions of the nucleotide sequence are tools of great potential in the study
of the catalytic mechanism by which DNA cytosine methyltransferases methylate
the 5-position of DNA cytosine residues in specific sequence contexts. Chemical... |
Are mutations in the STXBP1 gene associated with epilepsy? | Yes,mutations in STXBP1 gene, encoding the syntaxin binding protein 1, have been recently described in Ohtahara syndrome, or early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern, and in other early-onset epileptic encephalopathies. | We sequenced genes coding for components of the SNARE complex (STX1A, VAMP2,
SNAP25) and their regulatory proteins (STXBP1/Munc18-1, SYT1), which are
essential for neurotransmission, in 95 patients with idiopathic mental
retardation. We identified de novo mutations in STXBP1 (nonsense, p.R388X;
splicing, c.169+1G>A... |
What is the mechanism of action of geldanamycin? | Geldanamycin is an ansamycin antibiotic which holds the ability to bind heat-shock protein 90. This interaction can lead to the disruption of heat-shock protein 90-containing multimolecular complexes. Additionally, it can induce inhibition or even degradation of partner proteins dissociated from the 90 kDa chaperone an... | The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) forms oligomers with the heat-shock protein
90 (Hsp90) -based heterocomplex, which contains tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)
domain immunophilins (IMMs). Here we investigated the unknown biological role of
IMMs in the MR.Hsp90 complex. Upon hormone binding, FKBP52 was greatly recrui... |
Which is the most widely used anti-TNF drug? | Etanercept is the most widely used anti-TNF drug. | OBJECTIVES: Small studies have shown an improvement in disease activity in
patients with RA who have switched between anti-TNF therapies for reasons of
inefficacy. However, it is not clear whether switching improves longer term
outcomes, such as disability. This analysis compares changes in HAQ scores 1 yr
followin... |
What is the association between number of pregnancies and rheumatoid arthritis | Greater parity significantly reduced the odds of RA. A larger number of pregnancies and late menopause show a protective effect, delaying the onset of the disease. | PIP: A case control study of rheumatoid arthritis and oral contraceptives (OC)
or postmenopausal hormones was begun in women aged 20 in 2 hospitals in Athens,
with same hospital, age-matched controls. Cases have diagnosed definite or
classical rheumatoid arthritis and are being treated in rheumatology clinics. To
d... |
Is mitofusin 2 a receptor for parkin? | Yes, Mfn2 functions as a mitochondrial receptor for Parkin. | Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common characteristic of all neurodegenerative
diseases. However, the cause of this dysfunction remains a mystery. Here, we
discuss the potential role of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the onset and
progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we propose that an
imbal... |
What are the main benefits of pharmacophore models? | As researchers continue to search for new targets of therapeutic interest, transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptors are of ever-increasing importance. However, crystal structures for these targets may be impossible to resolve, posing great challenges in rational drug design. Structure-based virtual screening is no... | The release of arachidonic acid, a precursor in the production of prostaglandins
and leukotrienes, is achieved by activity of the cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α
(cPLA(2)α). Signaling mediated by this class of bioactive lipids, which are
collectively referred to as eicosanoids, has numerous effects in physiological
a... |
How Flaviviridae family of viruses infects vertebrates? | A wide range of about 500 different viruses is transmitted by arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and sandflies. These arboviruses multiply in the arthropod vector, and for each virus there is a natural cycle involving vertebrates (various birds or mammals) and arthropods. The virus enters the arthropod when the latte... | At least 27 alphaviruses and 68 flaviviruses have been recognized, approximately
one-third of which are medically important human pathogens. They vary widely in
their basic ecology; each virus occupies a distinct ecologic niche, often with
restricted geographic and biologic distribution. As shown in Tables 54-1 and ... |
What was the aim of the HAMLET clinical trial? | The aim of the HAMLET (Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction With Life-Threatening Edema Trial) clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of decompressive surgery to improve functional outcome with that of conservative treatment in patients with space-occupying supratentorial infarction. | Patients with a hemispheric infarct and massive space-occupying brain oedema
have a poor prognosis. Despite intensive conservative treatment, the case
fatality rate may be as high as 80%, and most survivors are left severely
disabled. Non-randomised studies suggest that decompressive surgery
substantially reduces m... |
Can we use prodrug amifostine to protect healthy cell during chemotherapy? | Effective radiotherapy for patients with cancer should include maximal tumor cell killing with minimal injury to normal tissue. However, current radiation doses that can be delivered without causing severe damage to surrounding normal tissues are often insufficient to eradicate a tumor. Recently, a number of agents hav... | PURPOSE: Based on preclinical and clinical studies that suggested amifostine may
potentiate the effects of cytotoxic drugs, we conducted a phase II trial of
amifostine, cisplatin, and vinblastine (ACV) in patients with metastatic
non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with met... |
Which is the main difference between Alu and B1 repeats? | B1 is a murine homolog of the human SINE Alu. B1 (Alu-equivalent) is a murine short interspersed element whose amplification probably involved an RNA intermediate. The modern B1 elements are similar to the left Alu monomer, but with a 9 bp deletion and a 29 bp duplication. | The Alu sequence family comprises the major dispersed repeat sequences of rodent
and primate genomes, numbering greater than 300,000 copies in the human haploid
genome. The function of these elements is unknown. The sequences can be
transcribed by RNA polymerase III and represent a substantial fraction of total
het... |
Is there a relationship between thyroid hormone altered metabolism and coronary artery disease? | The major part of the studies and metaanalysis data show that hypothyroidism, both primary and secondary forms, is associated with higher incidence and severity of coronary artery disease. | The activity of the pituitary hormones (ACTH, STH, TTH, FSH, LH), the adrenal
hormones (cortisol, aldosterone), the kidney hormone (renin), and the thyroid
hormones (thyroxine tri-iodthyronine), the thyroxine binding capacity of blood
proteins and the activity of the hormones of the pancreas (insulin) and the sex
g... |
What is the frequency of mutations induced spontaneously through Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis? | Theoretical considerations and empirical analysis suggest that the per-base mutation frequency for a fractionated-dose treatment protocol is on the order of 1 sequence change per 10(5) bp. | In order to maximize the mutagenic effectiveness of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in
mouse stem-cell spermatogonia, advantage was taken of the fact that these cells
can accumulate mutations from repeated doses given over relatively long time
periods. Repeated doses (100 mg/kg) of ethylnitrosourea injected
intraperitoneally... |
What is the molecular pathogenesis of Spinal Muscular Atrophy? | Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterised by degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons, atrophy of skeletal muscles, and generalised weakness. It is caused by homozygous disruption of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene by deletion, conversion, or mutation, resulting ... | Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease
characterised by degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons, atrophy of skeletal
muscles, and generalised weakness. It is caused by homozygous disruption of the
survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene by deletion, conversion, or mutation.
Althou... |
Which drugs affect insulin resistance in obesity? | Enistein treatment could help reduce insulin resistance
ACE inhibitor drugs may improve insulin resistance | Visceral obesity is frequently associated with muscle insulin resistance. Rats
fed a high-fat diet rapidly develop obesity and insulin resistance.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been reported to protect against the
development of obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that DHEA protects
against the increase i... |
Elaborate on the link between conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) and fractality. | Well-developed fractality is revealed for the chromosomal distribution of different classes of CNEs in the human genome by employing the scaling of block entropy and box-counting. This is characteristic of elements that are either extremely conserved between species or are of ancient origin, i.e. conserved between dist... | Conserved, ultraconserved and other classes of constrained elements
(collectively referred as CNEs here), identified by comparative genomics in a
wide variety of genomes, are non-randomly distributed across chromosomes. These
elements are defined using various degrees of conservation between organisms and
several t... |
Which is the primary protein component of Lewy bodies? | The primary protein component of Lewy bodies are fibrils composed of alpha-synuclein. | Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the defining neuropathological characteristics
of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. They are made of abnormal
filamentous assemblies of unknown composition. We show here that Lewy bodies and
Lewy neurites from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are st... |
Are microtubules marked by glutamylation? | Yes, glutamylation is the most prevalent tubulin posttranslational modification and marks stable microtubules. | In most eukaryotic cells, tubulin is subjected to posttranslational
glutamylation, a conserved modification of unclear function. The glutamyl side
chains form as branches of the primary sequence glutamic acids in two
biochemically distinct steps: initiation and elongation. The length of the
glutamyl side chain is s... |
What is known about the Kub5-Hera/RPRD1B interactome? | Ku70-binding protein 5 (Kub5)-Hera (K-H)/RPRD1B maintains genetic integrity by concomitantly minimizing persistent R-loops and promoting repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Thus, the Kub5-Hera/RPRD1B interactome plays a novel role in preserving genetic stability by regulating DNA mismatch repair. | Ku70-binding protein 5 (Kub5)-Hera (K-H)/RPRD1B maintains genetic integrity by
concomitantly minimizing persistent R-loops and promoting repair of DNA double
strand breaks (DSBs). We used tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry,
co-immunoprecipitation and gel-filtration chromatography to define higher-order
... |
Willis-Ekbom disease is also known as? | Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is a common movement disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move because of uncomfortable, sometimes painful sensations in the legs with a diurnal variation and a release with movement. | Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a
sensory-motor neurological disorder with a circadian component. RLS is
characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the extremities, generally at night
or during sleep, which often leads to an uncontrollable urge to move them for
relief. Recentl... |
List two most common symptoms of Aagenaes syndrome. | Aagenaes syndrome, also called lymphoedema cholestasis syndrome 1, is characterized by neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, often lessening and becoming intermittent with age and severe chronic lymphoedema, mainly affecting the lower extremities. | Hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis with lymph oedema is now a well defined
autosomal recessive inherited syndrome. More than 75% of the known cases (about
40) are Norwegian, and most of these came from a few communities in the
south-western part of Norway. Cholestasis is present prior to or shortly after
birth. Wi... |
Which are the side effects during tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's Disease? | The side effects during tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's Disease are:
1) Hepatotoxicity
2) Gastrointestinal (diarrhea, anorexia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting)
3) Mitochondrial impairement | OBJECTIVE: To see whether combined treatment with oral tacrine
(tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin improves the symptoms of patients
with Alzheimer's disease.
DESIGN: Multicentre double blind, placebo controlled, random order crossover
trial with individual determination of maximum tolerated dosage and four ... |
Is synapsin a phosphoprotein? | Yes, synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein. | Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoprotein participates in
neuronal development, but their role in the synaptic plasticity of visual cortex
is unclear. In this study, the impact of monocular deprivation (MD) on dynamic
changes of isoform-specific protein expression and site 1 phosphorylation of
sy... |
Is Thalidomide currently a marketed drug? | Several mechanisms for the teratogenic action of thalidomide are currently under review, but this mode of action of the drug still remains unclear and we review evidence-based hypotheses for the teratogenicity of thalidomide. Thalidomide is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of ENL, but for other condition... | Thalidomide is now available as an investigational drug in the USA. A synthetic
derivative of glutamic acid, it was marketed in Europe in 1957 as a sedative but
withdrawn four years later after being associated with severe human
teratogenicity (PF D'Arcy and JP Griffin, Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev, 13:65,
1994).... |
Which enzymes synthesize catecholamines in adrenal glands? | The enzymes that synthesize catecholamines in adrenal glands are:
1) Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)
2) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD)
3) Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH)
4) Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) | Male Wistar specific-pathogen-free rats aged 2, 7, 17, 30, 60, 120, 200, 360 and
600 days, all killed in experiment on the same day, were examined. The body
weight significantly increased until the 200th day, the weight of adrenals until
the 120th day and the adrenal protein content until the 30th day of life. The
... |
How many cysteines have alpha-defensins? | Alpha defensins contain six cysteines, which form three well defined disulfide bridges under oxidizing conditions. | Defensins are small, multifunctional cationic peptides. They typically contain
six conserved cysteines whose three intramolecular disulfides stabilize a
largely β-sheet structure. This review of human α-defensins begins by describing
their evolution, including their likely relationship to the Big Defensins of
inver... |
Could BRCA gene test used for breast and ovarian cancer risk? | Yes, BRCA gene test could be used for breast and ovarian cancer risk, as female BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are significantly associated with risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. | Early-onset breast cancer characterize genetic predisposition to cancer in
women. BRCA-1 gene was identified as one of the predisposition genes of
breast/ovarian cancer. About 90% of the reported mutations in the hereditary
breast and ovarian cancer gene, BRCA-1, result in truncated proteins. The aim of
our study i... |
What is Desomorphine? | Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil | In order to summarize current knowledge about the drug "Krokodil" a systematic
review including a literature search of the databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus,
and Google was conducted in December 2011. According to information acquired,
"Krokodil" is a mixture of several substances and was first reported to have
been... |
Which two drugs are included in the Harvoni pill? | Harvoni contains 400 mg sofosbuvir and 90 mg ledipasvir. It used for treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. | Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (Harvoni) for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection;
dulaglutide (Trulicity) for glycemic control in type-2 diabetes;
netupitant/palonosetron (Akynzeo) for prevention of nausea and vomiting related
to chemotherapy; and naloxegol (Movantik) for opioid-induced constipation in
patients with chro... |
What is the result of Mff overexpression in mitochondria? | The Drp1 receptor Mff is a major regulator of mitochondrial fission, and its overexpression results in increased fission. | The cytoplasmic dynamin-related guanosine triphosphatase Drp1 is recruited to
mitochondria and mediates mitochondrial fission. Although the mitochondrial
outer membrane (MOM) protein Fis1 is thought to be a Drp1 receptor, this has not
been confirmed. To analyze the mechanism of Drp1 recruitment, we manipulated the
... |
Has Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency an X-linked inheritance? | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the commonest red cell enzymopathy in humans and has an X-linked inheritance. | Severe red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency has been
found in an 'aboriginal' Finnish family. 2 male and 9 female carriers of the
variant G-6-PD were studied. The genetic pattern is consistent with x-linked
recessive inheritance and the defect is associated with drug (primaquine)
induced h... |
What is FFI, fatal familial insomnia | Familial fatal insomnia (FFI) is a prion disease caused by a mutation (D178N-129M haplotype) in the Prion Protein gene (PRNP). FFI is manifested by sleep disturbances with insomnia, autonomic disorders and spontaneous and evoked myoclonus, among other symptoms. FFI is considered to be a rare disease. | Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), a condition characterized by inability to sleep,
dysautonomia, motor disturbances, and selective thalamic atrophy is a prion
disease linked to a GAC----AAC mutation at codon 178 of the prion gene. These
data were obtained from one kindred. We now report a second kindred affected by
FF... |
Which mutated genes are associated with the Tourette's syndrome? | A mutation in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene as well as mutations in the SLITRK1 (Slit and Trk-like 1) gene have been implicated as rare genetic causes of Tourette's syndrome. | Tourette syndrome is a neurologic disorder characterized by both motor and vocal
tics. Recently, two variants, including a single-base deletion resulting in a
truncated protein and a 3'-untranslated-region variant altering a binding site
for micro-RNA in the Slit and Trk-like 1 gene, were found to be a genetic cause... |
Which enzyme is inhibited by niraparib? | Niraparib is a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor. It is used for ovarian cancer treatment. | Small-molecule inhibitors of PARP are thought to mediate their antitumor effects
as catalytic inhibitors that block repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB).
However, the mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors with regard to their effects
in cancer cells is not fully understood. In this study, we show that PARP
inh... |
Which peak calling algorithm employs mixture model clustering under the hood? | JAMM (Joint Analysis of NGS replicates via Mixture Model clustering) is a peak finder that can integrate information from biological replicates, determine enrichment site widths accurately and resolve neighboring narrow peaks. JAMM is a universal peak finder that is applicable to different types of datasets. | MOTIVATION: Although peak finding in next-generation sequencing (NGS) datasets
has been addressed extensively, there is no consensus on how to analyze and
process biological replicates. Furthermore, most peak finders do not focus on
accurate determination of enrichment site widths and are not widely applicable
to d... |
Data from which major epigenome projects are contained in the DeepBlue epigenomic data server? | The DeepBlue Epigenomic Data Server contains data from four major epigenome projects, namely ENCODE, ROADMAP, BLUEPRINT and DEEP. | Large amounts of epigenomic data are generated under the umbrella of the
International Human Epigenome Consortium, which aims to establish 1000 reference
epigenomes within the next few years. These data have the potential to unravel
the complexity of epigenomic regulation. However, their effective use is
hindered b... |
Which diseases that can be treated using the focused ultrasound thalamotomy. | Focused ultrasound thalamotomy is used for treatment of Parkinson disease, essential tremor, obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic neuropathic pain. | OBJECT: Recent technological developments open the field of therapeutic
application of focused ultrasound to the brain through the intact cranium. The
goal of this study was to apply the new transcranial magnetic resoce
imaging-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) technology to perform noninvasive
central lateral t... |
Is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum always deadly? | There are numerous examples where children and animals survived infection with clostridium botulinum. | Botulism is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by toxins produced by
Clostridium botulinum. We report a case of botulism in a 38-year-old man after
eating canned "garlic in chilli-oil". The patient was treated with antiserum.
The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of botulinum B toxin by a bio-assay and
... |
Is ocrelizumab effective for treatment of multiple sclerosis? | Yes, ocrelizumab is effective for primary progressive form of multiple sclerosis. | Biogen Idec Inc, Genentech Inc, Roche Holding AG and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co
Ltd are developing ocrelizumab, a humanized mAb against CD20, for the potential
treatment of inflammatory disorders and B-cell maligcies. Ocrelizumab is
undergoing phase III clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and lupus
nephritis, an... |
Elaborate on the role of CARMEN in cardiac specification. | CARMEN, (CAR)diac (M)esoderm (E)nhancer-associated (N)oncoding RNA, is a human super enhancer-associated long noncoding RNA controlling cardiac specification, differentiation and homeostasis. CARMEN exhibits RNA-dependent enhancing activity and is upstream of the cardiac mesoderm-specifying gene regulatory network. CAR... | Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of
developmental pathways. However, their roles in human cardiac precursor cell
(CPC) remain unexplored. To characterize the long noncoding transcriptome during
human CPC cardiac differentiation, we profiled the lncRNA transcriptome in CPCs
isolated... |
Is there a role of regorafenib for sarcoma treatment? | Yes, there is evidence to suggest that regorafenib can be effective for sarcoma treatment. Clinical trials are under-way. | INTRODUCTION: Adult sarcomas are rare tumors characterized, in general, by their
poor prognosis and the paucity of effective treatments. However, the deeper
understanding of their underlying molecular pathology, signaling pathways and
key effectors has permitted the development of a number of drugs able to inhibit
... |
Which drug was tested in the TEMSO Trial for multiple sclerosis? | Teriflunomide was evaluated in the Teriflunomide Multiple Sclerosis Oral (TEMSO) trial. | Teriflunomide, being developed as a potential oral treatment for multiple
sclerosis (MS) by sanofi-aventis, is the active metabolite of the rheumatoid
arthritis drug leflunomide. Both teriflunomide and leflunomide are inhibitors of
the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which is critically
involved ... |
What is the mechanism of action of peginesatide? | Peginesatide (Omontys) is synthetic, PEGylated, peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that is designed to specifically stimulate the erythropoietin receptor. It was recalled because of serious side-effects including cases of death. | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) are effective drugs that correct anemia
in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recombit human erythropoietin
(EPO), the first ESA that became available more than 20 years ago, is similar to
the naturally occurring molecule. In subsequent years, pharmacological researc... |
Describe mechanism of action of Eteplirsen? | Eteplirsen (Exondys 51) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping. Eteplirsen is approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene amenable to exon 51 skipping. | We previously conducted a proof of principle; dose escalation study in Duchenne
muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients using the morpholino splice-switching
oligonucleotide AVI-4658 (eteplirsen) that induces skipping of dystrophin exon
51 in patients with relevant deletions, restores the open reading frame and
induces d... |
Which genes of the marmoset genome exhibit rapid sequence evolution? | Both protein-coding and microRNA genes related to reproduction exhibit evidence of rapid sequence evolution in the marmoset genome. | Collaborators: Worley KC, Warren WC, Rogers J, Locke D, Muzny DM, Mardis ER,
Weinstock GM, Tardif SD, Aagaard KM, Archidiacono N, Rayan NA, Batzer MA, Beal
K, Brejova B, Capozzi O, Capuano SB, Casola C, Chandrabose MM, Cree A, Dao MD,
de Jong PJ, Del Rosario RC, Delehaunty KD, Dinh HH, Eichler EE, Fitzgerald S,
Fli... |
What is the importance of Janus Kinases in dermatology? | Janus Kinase (JAK) is active in many skin diseases and recent evidence show that inhibitors of JAK kinase could be used to treat vitiligo, psoriasis, lupus, alopecia areata and other inflammatory skin diseases. | Many cytokines function through interaction with receptors of the cytokine
receptor superfamily. Although lacking catalytic domains, cytokine receptors
couple ligand binding to induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Recent
studies have shown that one or more of the Janus kinase family members (Jaks)
associa... |
What is the incidence of beta-thalassemia in Greek population? | The incidence of beta-thalassemia trait is 8% in Greek population. | A program for the detection of thalassemias and other hemoglobinopathies in
high-risk populations is described. This program, based on two screening tests,
was applied to the Hellenic Army recruits and was found to work well. Red cell
one-point osmotic fragility was used for the detection of thalassemic samples
and... |
Is exon skipping correlated with exon circularization? | Yes. Circularization of exons is widespread and correlates with exon skipping, a feature that adds considerably to the regulatory complexity of the human transcriptome. | Circular RNAs are found in a wide range of organisms and it has been proposed
that they perform disparate functions. However, how RNA circularization is
connected to alternative splicing remains largely unexplored. Here, we
stimulated primary human endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor α or tumor
growth fact... |
What is the target of daratumumab? | Daratumumab is a fully human anti-CD38 IgG1-κ monoclonal antibody. It is approved for treatment of multiple myeloma. | BACKGROUND: In our efforts to develop novel effective treatment regimens for
multiple myeloma we evaluated the potential benefits of combining the
immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide with daratumumab. Daratumumab is a novel
human CD38 monoclonal antibody which kills CD38+ multiple myeloma cells via
antibody-dependen... |
Which gene-defect causes the Vel-blood type? | A cohort of 70 Vel- individuals was found to be uniformly homozygous for a 17 nucleotide deletion in the coding sequence of SMIM | Here, we report the biochemical and genetic basis of the Vel blood group
antigen, which has been a vexing mystery for decades, especially as anti-Vel
regularly causes severe haemolytic transfusion reactions. The protein carrying
the Vel blood group antigen was biochemically purified from red blood cell
membranes. M... |
Is NADPH oxidase 5 expressed in rodents? | No, NADPH oxidase 5 is not expressed in rodents, because the gene is absent. | BACKGROUND: NADPH-oxidases (Nox) and the related Dual oxidases (Duox) play
varied biological and pathological roles via regulated generation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS). Members of the Nox/Duox family have been identified in a
wide variety of organisms, including mammals, nematodes, fruit fly, green
plants, fu... |
List selective estrogen receptor degraders. | Selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERD) are fulvestrant, RAD1901 and ARN-810. Fulvestrant is the only SERD approved for the treatment of breast cancer. | It has become apparent of late that even in tamoxifen and/or aromatase resistant
breast cancers, ERα remains a bona fide therapeutic target. Not surprisingly,
therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing Selective ER
Degraders (SERDs), compounds that target the receptor for degradation.
Currently, ... |
What is the role of ZNF335 in microcephaly? | Znf335 null mice are embryonically lethal, and conditional knockout leads to severely reduced cortical size. RNA-interference and postmortem human studies show that ZNF335 is essential for neural progenitor self-renewal, neurogenesis, and neuronal differentiation. | ZNF335 was first reported in 2012 as a causative gene for microcephaly. Because
only 1 consanguineous pedigree has ever been reported, the key clinical features
associated with ZNF335 mutations remain unknown. In this article, we describe
another family harboring ZNF335 mutations. The female proband was the first
c... |
What molecule is targeted by Avelumab? | Avelumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). | Several anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are currently providing
evidence of clinical benefit in subsets of cancer patients. The mode of action
of these mAbs is to inhibit PD-1 on immune cells interacting with PD-L1 on tumor
cells. These mAbs are either designed or engineered to eliminate
antibody-depend... |
What are the exonic splice enhancers? | In mammals there is a bias in amino acid usage near splice sites that is explained, in large part, by the high density of exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs) in these regions. Exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs) activate pre-mRNA splicing by promoting the use of the flanking splice sites. Some of these variants may have an e... | |
What are the birth defects associated with Zika-virus infection? | Although the full spectrum of adverse reproductive outcomes caused by Zika virus infection is not yet determined, a distinctive phenotype-the congenital Zika syndrome-has emerged. Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe birth defects. | Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in Africa in 1947. Most
persons with Zika virus infection are asymptomatic; symptoms when present are
generally mild and include fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and
conjunctivitis. Since early 2015, Zika virus has spread rapidly through the
Americas, with ... |
What is Neisseria adhesin A? | Neisseria adhesin A (NadA) is one of the antigens of Bexsero, the recently licensed multicomponent vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). NadA belongs to the class of oligomeric coiled-coil adhesins and is able to mediate adhesion and invasion of human epithelial cells. As a vaccine antigen, NadA ha... | Specific surface proteins of Neisseria meningitidis have been proposed to
stimulate leukocytes during tissue invasion and septic shock. In this study, we
demonstrate that the adhesin N. meningitidis Adhesin A (NadA) involved in the
colonization of the respiratory epithelium by hypervirulent N. meningitidis B
strain... |
Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data? | CAFE is an R package for the detection of gross chromosomal abnormalities from gene expression microarray data. | SUMMARY: The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from
DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been
developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that
analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions,
easing v... |
List all the available databases of super enhancers | dbSUPER and SEA are the available databases of super enhancers. | |
Which are the consequences of the hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimers' Disease? | The consequences of the hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimers' Disease is:
1) The formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)
2) Impaired glutamate metabolism
3) Decreased tau affinity for microtubules binding
4) Dendritic and axonal instability
5) Synaptic degeneration
6) Neuronal loss. | Microtubule-associated protein tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated and
aggregated in affected neurons of Alzheimer disease brain. This
hyperphosphorylated tau can be dephosphorylated at some of the abnormal
phosphorylated sites by purified protein phosphatase-1, 2A, and 2B in vitro. In
the present study, we have ... |
Which is the "bonding hormone"? | Oxytocin is known as the 'bonding hormone' due its role in promoting mother-child and pair bonding. | Humans excel in cooperative exchanges between unrelated individuals. Although
this trait is fundamental to the success of our species, its evolution and
mechanisms are poorly understood. Other social mammals also build long-term
cooperative relationships between non-kin, and recent evidence shows that
oxytocin, a h... |
What causes Scurvy? | Scurvy, or "Barlow's disease", is a widely described disease involving cutaneous and mucosal lesions resulting from vitamin C deficiency. | The human body is unable to synthesise Vitamin C and a diet deficient in Vitamin
C leads to scurvy. Scurvy may mimic other medical conditions, like bleeding
diasthesis or deep vein thrombosis, leading to delay in diagnosis and treatment,
thus prolonging sufferings of patients. Often, scurvy could have been diagnosed... |
Describe clinical presentation of Ambras syndrome. | Ambras syndrome is a distinct form of congenital hypertrichosis characterized by excessive hair growth over the body and face associated with facial and occasional dental anomalies. In patients with this syndrome, the whole body is covered with fine long hair, except for areas where normally no hair grows. There is acc... | Congenital hypertrichosis universalis is a rare autosomal domit disease. We
report the further development of a Greek girl, now aged 3 years, the first case
associated with a balanced structural chromosomal aberration. She was described
as a neonate by Sigalas et al. (1990). Her persistent generalized hypertrichosis... |
Which diseases are involved in the severe cutaneous reactions (SCAR) spectrum? | The diseases that are involved in the severe cutaneous reactions (SCAR) spectrum are:
1) Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
2) Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
3) Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). | A multicenter international case-control study has been designed to elucidate
the etiology of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
Although these diseases occur rarely, the morbidity is high and the mortality
for TEN is of the order of 30%. These serious dermatologic conditions have often
... |
Which tool employs self organizing maps for analyzing synonymous codon usage? | INteractive Codon usage Analysis (INCA) provides an array of features useful in analysis of synonymous codon usage in whole genomes. In addition to computing codon frequencies and several usage indices, such as 'codon bias', effective Nc and CAI, the primary strength of INCA has numerous options for the interactive gra... | |
What is MINDY-1? | MINDY-1 (motif interacting with Ub-containing novel DUB family) is a member of an evolutionarily conserved and structurally distinct new family of deubiquitinating enzymes. Found in all eukaryotes, MINDY-family DUBs are highly selective at cleaving K48-linked polyUb, a signal that targets proteins for degradation. MIND... | Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin (Ub) from Ub-conjugated
substrates to regulate the functional outcome of ubiquitylation. Here we report
the discovery of a new family of DUBs, which we have named MINDY (motif
interacting with Ub-containing novel DUB family). Found in all eukaryotes,
MINDY-family DUB... |
What is the benserazide's mechanism of function when co-administered with L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's Disease? | Benserazide is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Benserazide in combination with L-DOPA constitutes a slow-release formulation of L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), it reduces peaks and rapid fluctuations of L-DOPA plasma levels (possibly responsible for peak-dose dyskinesias and end-of-dose deterior... | An open cross-over study of 20 patients with Parkinson's disease performed with
two drugs containing L-dopa and a peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
inhibitor (benserazide, carbidopa) confirmed the conclusions reached in other
clinical trials that this combined treatment of Parkinson's disease is the most ... |
What is regioneR? | Statistically assessing the relation between a set of genomic regions and other genomic features is a common challenging task in genomic and epigenomic analyses. regioneR is an R package that implements a permutation test framework specifically designed to work with genomic regions. In addition to the predefined random... | MOTIVATION: Statistically assessing the relation between a set of genomic
regions and other genomic features is a common challenging task in genomic and
epigenomic analyses. Randomization based approaches implicitly take into account
the complexity of the genome without the need of assuming an underlying
statistica... |
For what indications is thalidomide currently marketed? | Drug repositioning, exemplified by sildenafil and thalidomide, is a promising way to explore alternative indications for existing drugs. THE USE OF A DRUG WITH A TEMPORARY MARKETING AUTHORISATION: Thalidomide is currently available in France for nominative or cohort use with a temporary marketing authorisation (TMA). C... | Based on present publications we review indications of the therapy of dermatoses
with thalidomide as well as possible mechanisms of action and side effects of
this drug. In reactional states of leprosy the use of thalidomide is
established. Further indications are chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus,
prurigo nodu... |
What are reactive metabolites? | Reactive metabolites are generated when a small molecule, commonly a drug or hydrocarbon, is broken down in the body. Reactive metabolites can cause cancer and other diseases as well as hepatoxicty. | Certain drugs are transformed into reactive metabolites by cytochrome P-450, a
hepatic microsomal enzyme. The reactive metabolites covalently bind to
hepatocyte macromolecules, thus determining liver lesions. Induction of
microsomial enzymes increases the formation of reactive metabolites and
exaggerates hepatotoxi... |
What is the "wearing-off" phenomenon in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's Disease? | Chronic administration of traditional levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations to Paskinson's Disease patients is associated with the development of complications, such as wearing-off phenomenon. Wearing-off phenomenon is characterized by the predictable emergence of motor symptoms (e.g. rigidity and freezing... | "Wearing-off" effect, the most common form of levodopa-induced fluctuations,
seems to be related to the short plasma half-life of the drug. More sustained
plasma levodopa levels may be achieved with a new controlled-release formulation
of carbidopa/levodopa, Sinemet CR4. We studied 20 patients, 12 men and 8 women,
... |
What are prions? | Prion diseases are protein conformation disorders and neither caused by viroid or virus but is a transmissible particle labeled a prion by Pruisner. Normal prion protein becomes infectious by a different folding, but the triggers are not known. | Prions are units of propagation of an altered state of a protein or proteins;
prions can propagate from organism to organism, through cooption of other
protein copies. Prions contain no necessary nucleic acids, and are important
both as both pathogenic agents, and as a potential force in epigenetic
phenomena. The o... |
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