question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Which are the musculoskeletal manifestations of Marfan syndrome? | Musculoskeletal manifestations of Marfan syndrome include scoliosis, dural ectasia, pectus excavatum and carinatum, arachnodactyly, otto pelvis (protrusio acetabuli), dolichostenomelia and ligamentous laxity. | Marfan's syndrome is a hereditary disorder of connective tissue, involving the
ophthalmic, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Two cases are described
in which protrusio acetabuli was a major problem. Otto pelvis should be
considered as one of the musculoskeletal manifestations of Marfan's syndrome. Marfan s... |
What is the "Proteomic ruler"? | The MS signal of histones can be used as a "proteomic ruler" because it is proportional to the amount of DNA in the sample, which in turn depends on the number of cells. As a result, our proteomic ruler approach adds an absolute scale to the MS readout and allows estimation of the copy numbers of individual proteins pe... | Absolute protein quantification using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics
delivers protein concentrations or copy numbers per cell. Existing methodologies
typically require a combination of isotope-labeled spike-in references, cell
counting, and protein concentration measurements. Here we present a novel method ... |
What is the mechanism by which HIV-1-encoded Vif protein allows virus replication? | The HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts the antiviral activity of the APOBEC3 family by targeting the proteins for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. More specifically, Vif, serving as a substrate receptor, facilitates ubiquitination of APOBEC3 proteins by forming a Cullin5-based E3 ubiquitin ligase comple... | The viral infectivity factor (Vif) is essential for the productive infection and
dissemination of HIV-1 in non-permissive cells that involve most natural HIV-1
target cells. Vif counteracts the packaging of two cellular cytidine deaminases
named APOBEC3G (A3G) and A3F by diverse mechanisms including the recruitment ... |
Which proteins are the different isoforms of the p38 MAP kinase? | The p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase, a serine/threonine kinase, is one of the best characterized kinases in the inflammatory process. There are four isoforms of the enzyme (p38alpha, p38beta, p38gamma and p38delta), which differ in tissue distribution, regulation of kinase activation and subsequent phosphory... | The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 is a Ser/Thr kinase, originally
isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. There are four isoforms
of the enzyme (p38alpha, p38beta, p38gamma and p38delta), which differ in tissue
distribution, regulation of kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation ... |
Are pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families? | Yes, housekeeping families tend to be enriched with a large number of pseudogenes. | Pseudofam (http://pseudofam.pseudogene.org) is a database of pseudogene families
based on the protein families from the Pfam database. It provides resources for
analyzing the family structure of pseudogenes including query tools, statistical
summaries and sequence alignments. The current version of Pseudofam contain... |
What is the mechanism of cementogenesis in pulp regeneration? | The dental follicle (DF) consists of progenitor cells that give rise to the cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Dental follicle cells attach to Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS), and pulp cells in the cementum promoting cementogenesis. The temporospatial regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling play... | Stem cell-mediated root regeneration offers opportunities to regenerate a
bio-root and its associated periodontal tissues to restore tooth loss.
Periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum complex and dentin pulp complex have
been tissue engineered using human dental pulp stem cells and PDL stem cells,
respectively. Th... |
What are the reported adverse effects of gabapentin used in children? | Limited literature data, suggest that gabapentin may cause rash that is severe enough to necessitate discontinuation in a small percentage of children.
In a large survey of all age groups: The commonest adverse effects seen were somnolence, fainting, ataxia, nystagmus, tremor and headache, fatigue. However, their incid... | Pediatric experience with gabapentin (GBP), a new antiepileptic drug (AED), is
limited. We described 3 learning disabled children, 1 aged 7 and 2 aged 10
years, with intractable partial seizures who developed severe behavioral
problems while receiving modest doses of GBP. The children became hyperactive
and had exp... |
What is the effect of ranolazine in diastolic heart failure? | Data from in vitro and animal studies indicate that ranolazine improves diastolic function by inhibiting the late sodium current. Ranolazine is an innovative anti-ischemic and antianginal agent that reduces the Na-dependent Ca-overload, which improves diastolic tone and oxygen handling during myocardial ischemia. Furth... | To assess the effects of ranolazine, a new antiischemic drug, on regional
myocardium of the left ventricle, left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic and
angiographic data were obtained in 15 patients with previous transmural
myocardial infarction before and after intravenous infusion of ranolazine (200
or 500 micrograms/k... |
Elaborate on the potential efficacy of gemcitabine for the treatment of recurrent, platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. | Gemcitabine is a novel agent that has shown consistent activity as a single agent in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and a favorable toxicity profile. Because of its clinical and preclinical synergism with platinum analogs, gemcitabine has been combined with carboplatin as a convincing approach in th... | The ovarian cancer presentations at the 2000 ASCO meeting did not yield any
major paradigm shifts in the treatment of women with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Emphasis at this year's meeting focused on the potential incorporation of drugs
such as topotecan, oxaliplatin, doxil, and gemcitabine into the initial
treatmen... |
How does Foxa transcription factor exhibits its pioneering function? | The conceptional framework of the mechanism of action of the FoxA proteins is that these 'pioneer factors' that can engage chromatin before other transcription factors. The Fox DNA-binding domain structurally resembles linker histone and binds nucleosomes stably. FoxA induces local DNA demethylation, nucleosome destabi... | The Foxa subfamily of winged helix/forkhead box (Fox) transcription factors has
been the subject of genetic and biochemical study for over 15 years. During this
time its three members, Foxa1, Foxa2 and Foxa3, have been found to play
important roles in multiple stages of mammalian life, beginning with early
developm... |
Which are the 3 basic transcription factors that have been used for the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes or cardiomyocyte like-cells? | Direct reprogramming of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) into cardiomyocytes may hold great potential for this purpose. We found that functional cardiomyocytes can be directly induced from fibroblasts by a combination of three cardiac transcription factors, Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5, in vitro and in vivo. | Recent advances in stem cell biology have established the feasibility of
reprogramming human and murine fibroblast cells into induced pluripotent stem
cells. Three master regulators have been demonstrated to be sufficient in the
management of cell status of 'pluripotent' versus 'differentiated'. The same
strategy h... |
What is the name of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can be used for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? | Ibrutinib is the covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase that can be used for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ibrutinib has shown highly encouraging results in phase I/II trials in patients with treatment-naive, relapsed and refractory CLL even in the presence of high risk disease or poor progno... | INTRODUCTION: There has been a significant paradigm shift in the manner in which
lymphoid maligcies are treated and managed. Treatment has been moving away
from conventional chemotherapy and towards targeted therapy. The success of new
classes of agents such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors and
immun... |
Is physical performance influenced by thyroid hormone metabolism? | Yes. | A 40-year-old woman was admitted for investigation of weakness and angina
pectoris. She had generalised weakness of muscles, cold intolerance and a
reduced physical performance. A previous neurological examination had already
revealed a carpal-tunnel syndrome of the right hand. This syndrome, combined
with a rough,... |
Do plant genomes contain CpG islands? | In plant genomes, there exist discrete regions rich in CpG dinucleotides, namely CpG clusters. In rice, most of these CpG clusters are associated with genes. Rice genes are grouped into one of the five classes according to the position of an associated CpG cluster. Among them, class 1 genes, which harbor a CpG cluster ... | We screened plant genome sequences, primarily from rice and Arabidopsis
thaliana, for CpG islands, and identified DNA segments rich in CpG dinucleotides
within these sequences. These CpG-rich clusters appeared in the analysed
sequences as discrete peaks and occurred at the frequencies of one per 4.7 kb in
rice and ... |
Describe the isolation of transcription factor complexes by in vivo biotinylation tagging and direct binding to streptavidin beads, as applied for the case of the essential hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1. | Owing to the very high affinity of biotin for avidin and streptavidin, biotinylation tagging offers an attractive approach for the efficient purification of protein complexes. The very high affinity of the biotin/(strept)avidin system also offers the potential for the single-step capture of lower abundance protein comp... | GATA-1 is essential for the generation of the erythroid, megakaryocytic,
eosinophilic and mast cell lineages. It acts as an activator and repressor of
different target genes, for example, in erythroid cells it represses cell
proliferation and early hematopoietic genes while activating erythroid genes,
yet it is not... |
Are high-flow nasal cannulae effective for treatment of preterm infants? | Yes. The use of high-flow nasal cannulae is an increasingly popular alternative to nasal continuous positive airway pressure for noninvasive respiratory support of preterm infants after extubation. However, the use of high-flow nasal cannulae in preterm infants was shown to be associated with a higher rate of reintubat... | Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is frequently managed with nasal continuous positive
airway pressure (NCPAP). Nasal cannula (NC) are used at low flows (<0.5 L/min)
to deliver supplemental oxygen to neonates. A number of centers use high-flow
nasal cannula (HFNC) in the management of AOP without measuring the positive
di... |
What are the molecular characteristics of the FAA (FANCA) cDNA? | The 5.5-kb cDNA of the FAA (FANCA) gene has an open reading frame of 4,368 nucleotides, whereas the FAA protein is predicted to have a molecular weight of approximately 163 kDa. | |
What are the skeletal muscle satellite cells? | Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are Pax7(+) myogenic stem cells that reside between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the myofiber. In mature muscles, SCs are typically quiescent, but can be activated in response to muscle injury. Depending on the magnitude of tissue trauma, SCs may divide minimally to repa... | Skeletal muscle satellite cells are quiescent mononucleated myogenic cells,
located between the sarcolemma and basement membrane of
terminally-differentiated muscle fibres. These are normally quiescent in adult
muscle, but act as a reserve population of cells, able to proliferate in
response to injury and give rise... |
What is the role of neurogranin in Alzheimer's disease patients? | Dendritic protein neurogranin is markedly increased in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurogranin might reflect the neurodegenerative processes within the brain, indicating a role for neurogranin as a potential novel clinical biomarker for synaptic degeneration in AD.
Neurogranin is important for... | Synaptic pathology occurs early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development, and
cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for synaptic damage may be altered early in the
disease process. In the present study we examined cerebrospinal fluid levels of
the postsynaptic protein neurogranin in patients with mild cognitive impairment
... |
Does triiodothyronine play a regulatory role in insulin secretion from pancreas? | YES | Using medium with a low ionic strength, a low concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and
devoid of K+, we have measured Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the homogenates of rat
islets preincubated for 3 min with several hormones in the presence of 3.3 mmol
glucose/l. Insulin secretion was also measured in islets incubated for 5 min... |
How many disulfide bridges has the protein hepcidin got? | Hepcidin contains eight cysteine residues that form four disulfide bridges. | We report the isolation of a novel antimicrobial peptide, bass hepcidin, from
the gill of hybrid striped bass, white bass (Morone chrysops) x striped bass (M.
saxatilis). After the intraperitoneal injection of Micrococcus luteus and
Escherichia coli, the peptide was purified from HPLC fractions with
antimicrobial a... |
What is the association between GERD and gluten ? | GERD symptoms are common in classically symptomatic untreated CD patients. The GFD is associated with a rapid and persistent improvement in reflux symptoms that resembles the healthy population.
Food intolerance is a common complaint amongst patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGIDs), including th... | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Celiac disease (CD) patients often complain of symptoms
consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We aimed to assess the
prevalence of GERD symptoms at diagnosis and to determine the impact of the
gluten-free diet (GFD).
METHODS: We evaluated 133 adult CD patients at diagnosis and 70... |
Which are the major intramolecular phosphorylation sites of human Chk2 involved in cell cycle control? | The major phosphorylation sites of human Chk2 involved in cell cycle control are T68, S19, and S33/35. | A comparative biochemical analysis was performed using recombit human protein
kinase Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) expressed in bacteria and insect cells.
Dephosphorylated, inactive, recombit human Chk2 could be reactivated in a
concentration-dependent manner. Despite distinct time-dependent
autophosphorylation kineti... |
Is the Histidine-Rich Calcium Binding protein (HRC) related to arrhythmias and cardiac disease? | Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) is a high capacity, low affinity Ca(2+) binding protein with a potential role in heart failure and arrhythmogenesis due to its activity as regulator of SR Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release.In addition, HRC null mice displayed a significantly exaggerated response to the induct... | AIMS: To investigate whether genetic variants of the histidine-rich calcium
(HRC)-binding protein are associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
(DCM) and its progression.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We screened 123 idiopathic DCM patients and 96 healthy
individuals by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysi... |
Which are the methods for in silico prediction of the origin of replication (ori) among bacteria? | Several in silico methods have been applied for prediction of the origin of replication (ori). DNA base composition asymmetry, such as GC skew, is the basis of numerous in silico methods used to detect the ori in prokaryotes. The Z curve analysis is also used for ori identification. Comparative genomics, by BLAST analy... | Mycoplasma pulmonis is a natural rodent pathogen, considered a privileged model
for studying respiratory mycoplasmosis. The complete genome of this bacterium,
which belongs to the class Mollicutes, has recently been sequenced, but studying
the role of specific genes requires improved genetic tools. In silico
compar... |
What is the use of emulsion PCR in Next Generation Sequencing? | Prior to Next Generation Sequencing reactions, DNA libraries are constructed, amplified with emulsion PCR, and enriched with the use of enrichment beads. The library samples are then loaded to a sequencing chip and analyzed on an NGS platform. | The motivation of this research is to establish a system of target genomic DNA
capture and enrichment, which could be used in deep sequencing of target regions
with next-generation sequencing. To design the 120 bp capture probes (baits) and
prepare the SureSelect reagents, 2,414,977 bp human genomic sequence of 11,8... |
Can adult humans be induced to produce fetal hemoglobin? | Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affi... | Patients who achieved bone marrow engraftment of cord blood-derived progenitor
cells provided an opportunity to examine the expression of fetal Hb by neonatal
hematopoietic progenitors in a postneonatal host. Cord blood cells from
histocompatible siblings were successfully transplanted in two children with the
Fanc... |
What is the role of thyroid hormone in Stem cell differentiation? | Thyroid hormone treatment of Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes attenuates the fetal gene expression and induces differentiation. Liganded T3 receptor (TR) regulates cell autonomous formation of adult intestinal progenitor cells and that T3 action in the connective tissue is important for the es... | We have previously reported that E pluripoietins are produced in mice after a
single 20-mg injection of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and that they are able to
initiate the determination of hemopoietic pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) toward
the erythrocytic lineage. However, the mechanism of E pluripoietin release is ... |
Which receptors can be evaluated with the [18F]altanserin? | 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine type 2a) receptor can be evaluated with the [18F]altanserin. | Changes in serotonin-2 receptors have been demonstrated in brain autopsy
material from patients with various neurodegenerative and affective disorders.
It would be desirable to locate a ligand for the study of these receptors in
vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). Altanserin is a
4-benzoylpiperidine deriv... |
Which diseases have been associated with the PTPN22 620W allele? | The functional polymorphism 620W in the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 gene has been shown to confer susceptibility to the development of type 1 diabetes, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis). | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), like other autoimmune diseases, has a complex genetic
basis. Rapid technical advances in high-throughput genotyping and analysis have
now reached a point where genes of low-to-moderate risk can be identified using
a variety of study designs, including whole genome association studies. The ... |
Which extra thyroid tissues have thyrotropin (TSH) receptors? | TSH receptors are expressed also in extrathyroid tissues. TSH receptors seem to be functional. Extrathyroid tissues include fibrobasts of the orbit and adipose tissue
The principal tissues with TSH receptors are:
adippose tissue
orbital fibrotic tissue | CONTEXT: Graves' disease (GD) is a systemic autoimmune syndrome comprising
manifestations in thyroid and orbital connective tissue. The link between these
two tissues in GD eludes our understanding. Patients with GD have increased
frequency of circulating monocyte lineage cells known as fibrocytes. These
fibrocytes... |
Which histone modifications distinguish between promoters and enhancers? | H3K27ac is a marker of active enhancers. An enhancer chromatin state signature associated with active developmental enhancers may be defined by high levels of H3K27ac marking, nucleosome displacement, hypersensitivity to sonication, and strong depletion of H3K27me3. | The regulation of gene expression during thymocyte development provides an ideal
experimental system to study lineage-commitment processes. In particular,
expression of the CD4, CD8A and CD8B genes seems to correlate well with the
cell-fate decisions that are taken by thymocytes, and elucidating the molecular
mecha... |
Where is the metaxin complex localized? | The metaxin complex is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane. | Metaxin, a novel gene located between the glucocerebrosidase and thrombospondin
3 genes in the mouse, is essential for survival of the postimplantation mouse
embryo. In this study, the subcellular location, domain structure, and
biochemical function of metaxin were investigated. Anti-recombit metaxin
antibodies rec... |
What are the major classes of retrotransposons active in the human genome? | LINE-1 (L1), Alu, SVA | L1 (LINE-1), a long interspersed repetitive DNA family of mammalian genomes, is
thought to be a sequence family derived from a retrotransposon-like element(s),
but its actively transposable unit(s) has not been identified yet. We developed
a novel method for selective isolation of the human L1 sequences which
trans... |
Which are the clinical characteristics of Diamond-Blackfan anemia? | Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital erythroid hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy and is characterized by red cell aplasia, congenital anomalies, and a predisposition to cancer. | Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital erythroid hypoplastic anemia
that usually presents early in infancy and is inherited in up to 45% of cases.
It is characterized by red cell aplasia, congenital anomalies, and a
predisposition to cancer. Corticosteroids and red blood cell transfusions are
the mainst... |
How can the expression of SerH3 immobilization antigen be regulated? | The expression of Tetrahymena surface proteins serotype H3 (SerH3) is under temperature regulation. SerH3 is expressed when cells are incubated between the temperatures of 20 and 35 degrees C. | In ciliates, only one of the alternative forms of the immunodomit membrane
glycoprotein usually coats the external surface of the cell. Such mutual
exclusion is regulated at the pretranslational level by mechanisms that result
in the expression of a single protein gene. In the holotrich Tetrahymena
thermophila five... |
Which factors play a role in promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II? | NELF (negative elongator factor) and DSIF (DRB Sensitivity Inducing Factor) | NELF and DSIF collaborate to inhibit elongation by RNA polymerase IIa in
extracts from human cells. A multifaceted approach was taken to investigate the
potential role of these factors in promoter proximal pausing on the hsp70 gene
in Drosophila. Immunodepletion of DSIF from a Drosophila nuclear extract reduced
the... |
Which are the main clinical features of Fanconi anemia? | Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterised by congenital abnormalities, defective haemopoiesis, and increased risk of malignancies. | Features of chromosomal aberrations, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking
agents, and predisposition to maligcy have suggested a fundamental anomaly of
DNA repair in Fanconi anemia. The function of the recently isolated FACC
(Fanconi anemia group C complementing) gene for a subset of this disorder is not
yet known.... |
Which is the receptor for the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA)? | Cyclophilin is the intracellular receptor protein for cyclosporin A (CsA). | Cyclosporine mediates its immunosuppressive effect by preventing the synthesis
of lymphokine mRNA during the process of T lymphocyte activation. Although the
detailed molecular mechanism by which CsA achieves this effect is unknown, two
proteins have been identified as putative intracellular CsA-receptor proteins.
... |
Which drugs may interfere thyroxine absorption? | bile acid sequestrants, ferrous sulphate, sucralfate, calcium carbonate, aluminium-containing antacids, phosphate binders, raloxifene and proton-pump inhibitors, have also been shown to interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine
sevelamer hydrochloride or chromium picolinate should be advised to separate the time o... | A patient with hypothyroidism who was euthyroid on a fixed-dosage, long-term
maintece regimen of levothyroxine sodium developed persistently elevated
serum thyrotropin levels while receiving an aluminum hydroxide-containing
antacid. The thyrotropin levels returned to normal shortly after cessation of
the antacid th... |
Is Turcot syndrome associated with glioblastoma? | Yes, Turcot syndrome is associated with glioblastoma. Turcot syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder clinically characterized by the occurrence of primary glial tumors of the central nervous system, including glioblastoma, and adenomatous colonic polyps during the first or second decades of life, with a spectrum of... | The authors describe two patients with the association of polyposis-coli and
central nervous system tumor (Turcot's syndrome). Clinical, genetic and
therapeutic aspects are discussed. We report a case of Turcot's syndrome in a 20-year old man with multiple
adenomatous polyps of the colon and glioblastoma multiforme.... |
Which is the gene most commonly mutated in Tay-Sachs disease? | HEXA gene, encoding the alpha-subunit of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A | Tay-Sachs disease displays a variety of forms on the clinical and biochemical
level. On the molecular level it has been shown, that poly (A)+ RNA preparations
from fibroblasts of patients with classical Tay-Sachs disease lack detectable
alpha-chain message when analyzed by Northern blotting with complementary DNA
e... |
In which types of DNA repair is the UvrAB complex involved? | UvrB and the lesion-recognition factor UvrA form the UvrAB complex, which plays a key role in bacterial nucleotide excision repair (NER). In transcription-coupled repair (TCR), the transcription repair coupling factor Mfd recruits uvrA, and the assembled UvrAB complex initiates repair. UvrAB complex also suppresses ill... | Ultraviolet light induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA are recognized and repaired
by a number of unique cellular surveillance systems. At the highest level of
complexity Escherichia coli (E. coli) has a uvr DNA repair system comprising the
UvrA, UvrB and UvrC proteins responsible for incision. There are several
preinc... |
What is the localization of the protein encoded by the gene DNAJC11? | mitochondrial inner membrane | A monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been produced which reacts with human mitofilin,
a mitochondrial inner membrane protein. This mAb immunocaptures its target
protein in association with six other proteins, metaxins 1 and 2, SAM50, CHCHD3,
CHCHD6 and DnaJC11, respectively. The first three are outer membrane proteins,
... |
Is Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) involved in cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure? | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase expressed abundantly in the heart. CaMKII targets numerous proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. | In heart failure (HF), Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) expression is
increased. Altered Na(+) channel gating is linked to and may promote ventricular
tachyarrhythmias (VTs) in HF. Calmodulin regulates Na(+) channel gating, in part
perhaps via CaMKII. We investigated effects of adenovirus-mediated (acute) and
T... |
What is the lay name of the treatment for CCSVI (chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency) in multiple sclerosis. | The so-called "LIberation therapy" is in fact Endovascular Treatment and consists of PTA (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty), which is dilatation of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins by a catheter venography. Stent placement is optional but has been strongly advised against as being dangerous. | OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized
by combined stenoses of the principal pathways of extracranial venous drainage,
including the internal jugular veins (IJVs) and the azygous (AZY) vein, with
development of collateral circles and insufficient drainage shown by increased
m... |
Which hormone abnormalities are characteristic to Pendred syndrome? | Thyroid hormone abnormalities are characteristic to Pendred syndrome. Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid hormone abnormality in Pendred syndrome. Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness, goiter and a partial defect in iodide organification. | Four families, 29 members, with Pendred's syndrome were studied to clarify
hearing loss and hormonal status. The ages ranged from 3 to 50 years. Complete
Pendred's syndrome was found in 9 patients. They had bilateral profound hearing
loss with residual hearing at low frequencies. Goiter was diagnosed at the age
of ... |
What is the mode of inheritance of long QT Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome? | Jervell and Lange-Nielsen long QT syndrome (JLNS) is characterized by autosomal recessive mode of inheritance | Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is an autosomal recessive hereditary
condition that presents with cardiac abnormalities characterized by a prolonged
Q-T electrocardiographic pattern and congenital severe-to-profound auditory
deficits. This paper describes the auditory history of twin boys born out of
consanguini... |
List programs suitable for protein docking | Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules. Protein–protein complexes are the most commonly attempted targets of such modelling, followed by protein–nucleic acid complexes.
The ultimate goal of docking is the... | Predicting protein-protein and protein-ligand docking remains one of the
challenging topics of structural biology. The main problems are (i) to reliably
estimate the binding free energies of docked states, (ii) to enumerate possible
docking orientations at a high resolution, and (iii) to consider mobility of the
do... |
Which genes have been found mutated in Gray platelet syndrome patients? | The genetic defects responsible for gray platelet syndrome are mutations in the genes NBEAL2, GATA1 and GFI1B. | We identified a family with gray platelet syndrome (GPS) segregating as a
sex-linked trait. Affected males had a mild bleeding disorder, thrombocytopenia,
and large agranular platelets characteristic of GPS, while obligate carrier
females were asymptomatic but had dimorphic platelets on peripheral smear.
Associated... |
Does dasatinib promote or inhibit T-cell proliferation? | Dasatinib inhibits T-cell proliferation | Dasatinib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of Abl and Src family tyrosine
kinases (SFK), including p56(Lck) (Lck). Given the central importance of Lck in
transmitting signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex and the
potent ability of dasatinib to inhibit Lck activity, we hypothesized this agent
c... |
Does SCRIB deregulation promote cancer? | Yes, deregulation of scribble promotes cancer. | Drosophila Discs large (Dlg), Scribble (Scrib) and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) act
in concert as regulators of epithelial polarity, and human homologs of
Drosophila dlg, scrib, and lgl are cancer-associated genes. LLGL1, LLGL2, and
LLGL3/STXBP5 genes, encoding LGL1, LGL2, and LGL3/Tomosyn, respectively, are
human hom... |
Is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging indicated in the pre-participation screening of athletes? | Currently cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is not indicated in the pre-participation screening of athletes. However the potential of this imaging technique to provide new information on cardiac function morphology and myocardial composition, in particular with regard to myocardial fibrosis, gets it potentially suitab... | To evaluate left ventricular myocardial mass and function as well as ostial
coronary artery cross-sectional area in endurance athletes, an athlete group of
12 highly trained rowers and a control group of 12 sedentary healthy subjects
underwent MR examination. An ECG-gated breath-hold cine gradient-echo sequence
was... |
Is imatinib an antidepressant drug? | No. Imatinib is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple cancers, most notably Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). | Imatinib mesylate (STI571), a specific Bcr-Abl inhibitor, has shown a potent
antileukemic activity in clinical studies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
patients. Early prediction of response to imatinib cannot be anticipated. We
used a standardized quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(QRT-... |
What is the function of the MTH1 enzyme in cancer cells? | The MTH1 protein catalyzes hydrolysis of oxidatively damaged purine nucleotides including 8-hydroxy-dGTP to the monophosphates. The MTH1 protein seems to act as an important defense system against mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cell death induced by oxidized purine nucleotides. | 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) is generated in nucleic acids as well as in
their precursors due to the actions of oxygen radicals produced through a normal
cellular metabolism. Since oxidized guanine can pair with both cytosine and
adenine, it causes alterations in the phenotypic expression when it is present
... |
Are ultraconserved elements depleted among copy number variants (CNVs)? | Yes. Interestingly, human ultraconserved elements (UCEs) have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs). These elements may be interpreted as hallmarks for dose-sensitive genes, particularly for those genes whose gain or loss may be directly implied in neu... | An earlier search in the human, mouse and rat genomes for sequences that are
100% conserved in orthologous segments and > or = 200 bp in length identified
481 distinct sequences. These human-mouse-rat sequences, which represent
ultraconserved elements (UCEs), are believed to be important for functions
involving DNA... |
Is the microRNA 132 (miR-132) involved in brain pathologies? | Yes. MicroRNA 132 (miR-132), is involved in brain pathologies. | Micro-RNAs constitute a family of small noncoding ribonucleic acids that are
posttranscriptional regulators of messenger RNA activity. Although micro-RNAs
are known to be dynamically regulated during neural development, the role of
micro-RNAs in brain aging and neurodegeneration is not known. This study
examined mi... |
What is an approximate number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome? | The number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome lies between 31,000 and 50,000. | The molecular basis for commitment of progenitors to the eosinophil lineage and
mechanisms by which eosinophil-specific genes are expressed and regulated during
differentiation is unknown. Expression of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is
restricted to the eosinophil lineage. To understand the mechanisms involved in
tra... |
Does cucumber lower blood sugar in diabetics? | Yes. Based on several scientific reports, ethanolic extract of cucumber and some other Cucurbitaceae plants are associated with a significant reduction of elevated blood glucose level, suggesting that cucumber could have antidiabetic activity. | In the first part of this study, the effect of four isocaloric mixed breakfast
meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult
diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals
consisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose,
... |
Which mutations in the cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been found to be related to CPVT? | Recently, a novel CPVT RyR2 mutation, G230C, was found to increase the cytosolic, but not the luminal, Ca2+ sensitivity of single RyR2 channels in lipid bilayers. The novel RYR2-S4153R mutation has been implicated as a cause of CPVT and atrial fibrillation. A novel RyR2-V2475F mutation is associated with CPVT in humans... | Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum mediated by the cardiac ryanodine
receptor (RyR2) is a fundamental event in cardiac muscle contraction. RyR2
mutations suggested to cause defective Ca2+ channel function have recently been
identified in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and
arr... |
Which population has a high frequency of the HLA-B*1502 allele? | HLA-B*1502 has a high frequency in Han Chinese and other Asian populations, except Japanese. (There is a strong association between human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)). | Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare but
severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, which can be caused by a certain number
of specific drugs among which is carbamazepine, an antiepileptic agent. A very
strong association of carbamazepine-induced SJS with HLA-B*1502 has recently... |
What are the observations regarding telomere integrity and function in Fanconi anemia? | In Fanconi anemia patients, a higher rate of breakage at TTAGGG sequences in vivo is causing telomere erosion in differentiated cells. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that αIISp is important for telomere maintenance after DNA damage due to interstrand cross-links (ICL), localizing to telomeres in S phase after ICL d... | Fanconi anemia (FA) is a fatal inherited disease displaying chromosomal
instability, disturbances in oxygen metabolism and a high burden of
intracellular radical oxygen species. Oxygen radicals can damage DNA including
telomeric regions. Insufficient repair results in single strand breaks that can
induce accelerate... |
Are Notch mutations related to T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL)? | Notch1 is a transmembrane receptor that is frequently mutated in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Activating mutations in NOTCH1, an essential regulator of T cell development, are frequently found in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). | PURPOSE: NOTCH signaling pathway is essential in T-cell development and NOTCH1
mutations are frequently present in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
To gain insight into its clinical significance, NOTCH1 mutation was investigated
in 77 patients with T-ALL.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Detection of NOTCH1 mutation... |
What is the role of the Tsix gene during X chromosome inactivation? | One of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells is subject to inactivation (XCI) initiated by the Xist gene. Xist works as a functional RNA molecule that recruits repressive chromatin factors towards one of the female Xs for inactivation. The Tsix gene, antisense of Xist, through transcription negatively regulat... | A counting process senses the X chromosome/autosome ratio and ensures that X
chromosome inactivation (XCI) initiates in the early female (XX) embryo and in
differentiating female ES cells but not in their male (XY) counterparts.
Counting depends on the X inactivation center (Xic), which contains the Xist
gene encod... |
Is the protein FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) phosphorylated? | yes, the protein FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) is phosphorylated. | OBJECTIVES: PTPN13 is a new candidate tumor-suppressing gene. To investigate the
PTPN13 expression and its potential function in the invasion and metastasis of
lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), we performed this study in 91 primary LSCC
tissues and the adjacent non-cancerous tissues.
METHODS: The mRNA expression ... |
Which is the substrate of the haspin kinase during mitosis? | Haspin phosphorylates histone H3 at Thr3 (H3T3ph) during mitosis | Post-translational modifications of conserved N-terminal tail residues in
histones regulate many aspects of chromosome activity. Thr 3 of histone H3 is
highly conserved, but the significance of its phosphorylation is unclear, and
the identity of the corresponding kinase unknown. Immunostaining with
phospho-specific... |
Which are the most widely reported side-effects in the treatment of Crohn's disease? | Leukopenia, paresthesia, psoriasis, alopecia and hemolysis are the most commonly reported side effects depending on the treatment. Severe adverse effects include myelosuppression, liver toxicity and hyperplasia, pancreatitis and pericarditis. The most severe but rare side-effects reported are progressive multifocal leu... | Hemolytic anemia is a well-recognized complication of sulfasalazine treatment.
17 of 40 (43%) patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving sulfasalazine
had evidence of hemolysis as detected by starch gel electrophoresis. Only 47%
(8) of patients with hemolysis had Heinz body formation. The hemoglobin was
sig... |
Are most driver gene mutations synonymous or non-synonymous? | A common goal of tumor sequencing projects is finding genes whose mutations are selected for during tumor development. This is accomplished by choosing genes that have more non-synonymous mutations than expected from an estimated background mutation frequency. | This is the first report of an insect esterase efficiently expressed in the
methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (so far insect esterases have been produced
only in the baculovirus system). Having isolated a Tribolium castaneum
carboxylesterase cDNA (TCE), we were initially unable to express it in
Escherichia coli ... |
What is the advantage of neutral loss detection in phosphoproteomics? | The localization of phosphorylation sites in peptide sequences is a challenging problem in large-scale phosphoproteomics analysis. The intense neutral loss peaks and the coexistence of multiple serine/threonine and/or tyrosine residues are limiting factors for objectively scoring site patterns across thousands of pepti... | Cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and adaptation to
environmental changes are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Development of
sensitive and comprehensive analytical methods for determination of protein
phosphorylation is therefore a necessity in the pursuit of a detailed molecular
view... |
Does ghrelin play a role in ischemic stroke? | Yes. It has been shown that serum ghrelin levels are reduced after ischemic stroke and ghrelin is associated with stroke type. Ghrelin can be a useful marker for the prediction of stoke after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ghrelin may be neuroprotective after injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia by inhibiting apoptoti... | This study was performed to evaluate whether cytokines, adhesion molecules,
ghrelin and S-100B are useful markers in predicting the cerebral infarction
after cardiac surgery with cardioplumomary bypass (CPB). The patients (n=20)
were classified into two groups; group A (n=4) showed postoperative organized
cerebral ... |
What is the mechanism of drug-induced gingival overgrowth? | Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) is a frequent and adverse side-effect associated principally with the administration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) and also certain anti-epileptic and anti-hypertensive drugs. It is characterized by a marked increase in the thickness of the epithelial layer and ... | BACKGROUND: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) is a frequent and adverse
side-effect associated principally with the administration of the
immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) and also certain anti-epileptic and
anti-hypertensive drugs. It is characterized by a marked increase in the
thickness of the epith... |
Is LPS a microbial product? | Yes, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the bacterial cell wall. | In this review, we summarize our investigations concerning the differential
importance of CD14 and LBP in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid
differentiation protein-2 (MD-2)-mediated signaling by smooth and rough-form
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemotypes and include the results obtained in studies
with murine and h... |
Which cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor is regulated by Bmi-1? | p16INK4 (also known as CDKN2A) | Genes of the polycomb group function by silencing homeotic selector genes that
regulate embryogenesis. In mice, downregulation of one of the polycomb genes,
bmi-1, leads to neurological alterations and severe proliferative defects in
lymphoid cells, whilst bmi-1 overexpression, together with upregulation of
myc-1, ... |
Which microRNAs are involved in exercise adaptation? | miR-1, miR-133, miR-208a, miR-206, miR-494, miR-146a, miR-222, miR-21, miR-221, miR-20a, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-23, miR-107 and miR-181 are involved in exercise adaptation | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNA species
involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. In vitro studies have
identified a small number of skeletal muscle-specific miRNAs which play a
crucial role in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In skeletal muscle,
an acute bout... |
Has field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology been used to solve sequence alignment problems? | Yes. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are reconfigurable computing platforms that have found several applications in diverse domains, including digital signal processing, medical imaging and bioinformatics. Specific applications of FPGAs for biological sequence alignment have been reported for dynamic programmin... | Aligning hundreds of sequences using progressive alignment tools such as
ClustalW requires several hours on state-of-the-art workstations. We present a
new approach to compute multiple sequence alignments in far shorter time using
reconfigurable hardware. This results in an implementation of ClustalW with
significa... |
List inhibtors targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. | Cyclosporine A
Atractyloside
N-metyl-4-isoleucine-cyclosporine
Sanglifehrin A
TRO-19622 | The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is an inducer of cell death.
During the reperfusion phase after cerebral ischemia, calcium accumulates in
mitochondria, and a burst of free radical formation occurs, conditions that
favor the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Here the
author... |
What is ceritinib? | Ceritinib is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, that serves as an effective and approved oral therapy for patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. | BACKGROUND: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring the anaplastic lymphoma
kinase gene (ALK) rearrangement is sensitive to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib,
but resistance invariably develops. Ceritinib (LDK378) is a new ALK inhibitor
that has shown greater antitumor potency than crizotinib in preclinical studies.... |
Which protein is found to be mutated in Friedreich's ataxia? | It is generally accepted that Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by a deficiency in frataxin expression, a mitochondrial protein involved in iron homeostasis, which mainly affects the brain, dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, heart and in certain cases the pancreas | Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein deficient in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and
which is associated with abnormal intramitochondrial iron handling. We
identified the mitochondrial processing peptidase beta (MPPbeta) as a frataxin
protein partner using the yeast two-hybrid assay. In in vitro assays, MPPbeta
binds frat... |
Which is the process that Conserved noncoding elements mostly regulate? | Conserved noncoding elements play a fundamental role in regulating animal development | Fish-mammal genomic comparisons have proved powerful in identifying conserved
noncoding elements likely to be cis-regulatory in nature, and the majority of
those tested in vivo have been shown to act as tissue-specific enhancers
associated with genes involved in transcriptional regulation of development.
Although m... |
What is the main mechanism by which human papillomavirus proteins E6 and E7 contribute to cell transformation? | Although they may have other targets, human papillomavirus proteins E6 and E7 interact with and block the function of p53 and pRb, respectively, therefore deregulating cell cycle and leading to cellular transformation. | Studies of adenovirus E1A oncoprotein mutants suggest that the association of
E1A with the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is necessary for E1A-mediated
transformation. Mutational analysis of E1A indicates that two regions of pRB are
required for E1A to form stable complexes with the retinoblastoma protein. In
additio... |
List bacterial species identified in the iceman tissues. | Spirochete Treponema denticola
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium ghonii
Clostridium sordellii
Eubacterium tenue
Bacteroides sp
Vibrio
Sphingomonas
Afipia
Curtobacterium
Microbacterium
Agromyces | About 80 sequences (16s ribosomal RNA gene) of bacterial DNA in samples of skin
and muscle taken directly from the Tyrolean iceman (3350-3100 years B.C.) or
recovered during the 1992 archaeological expedition at the Alpine site were
analyzed to obtain clues to the natural mummification process that allowed the
corp... |
Which properties of the mRNA does N6-methyladenosine (m6A) affect? | N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modified base in eukaryotic mRNA and has been linked to diverse effects on mRNA fate. m6A predominantly and directly reduces mRNA stability. | We previously have mapped N6-methyladenosine (m6A) sites within the genomic RNA
of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The results of that study and of experiments using
inhibitors of methylation suggest that m6A might be involved in mRNA processing
events. We describe an approach for directly analyzing the function of m6A in... |
What is the implication of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma? | Aberrant patterns of H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 histone lysine methylation were shown to result in histone code alterations, which induce changes in gene expression, and affect the proliferation rate of cells in medulloblastoma. | We used high-resolution SNP genotyping to identify regions of genomic gain and
loss in the genomes of 212 medulloblastomas, maligt pediatric brain tumors.
We found focal amplifications of 15 known oncogenes and focal deletions of 20
known tumor suppressor genes (TSG), most not previously implicated in
medulloblasto... |
What is the Orco protein in mosquitos? | Odorant co-receptor. | In insects, odor cues are discriminated through a divergent family of odorant
receptors (ORs). A functional OR complex consists of both a conventional
odorant-binding OR and a nonconventional coreceptor (Orco) that is highly
conserved across insect taxa. Recent reports have characterized insect ORs as
ion channels,... |
List some ways to reverse Tau hyperphosphorylation in Tauopathies? | Different ways have been used to try to reverse Tau hyperphosphorylation through administration of inhibitors such as: 7-nitroindazole, memantine, glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors.
Other approaches are transplantation of Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and administration of M1 muscarini... | The M1 muscarinic agonists AF102B (Cevimeline, EVOXACTM: prescribed in USA and
Japan for Sjogren's Syndrome), AF150(S) and AF267B--1) are neurotrophic and
synergistic with neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor and epidermal growth
factor; 2) elevate the non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (alpha-APPs)
i... |
What is the role of 5hmC (5 hydroxy-methyl-Cytocine) in differentiation? | The balance between 5hmC and 5mC in the genome is linked with cell-differentiation processes such as pluripotency and lineage commitment. Tet1-mediated antagonism of CpG methylation imparts differential maintenance of DNA methylation status at Tet1 targets, ultimately contributing to mESC differentiation and the onset ... | DNA methylation at the 5 position of cytosine (5mC) in the mammalian genome is a
key epigenetic event critical for various cellular processes. The ten-eleven
translocation (Tet) family of 5mC-hydroxylases, which convert 5mC to
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), offers a way for dynamic regulation of DNA
methylation. H... |
Which is the histone residue methylated by MLL1? | Histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) | The mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL1/ALL-1/HRX) histone methyltransferase is
involved in the epigenetic maintece of transcriptional memory and the
pathogenesis of human leukemias. To understand its role in cell type
specification, we determined the human genomic binding sites of MLL1. We found
that MLL1 functions as a ... |
What is CRISPRi? | Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi). This discovery tool is is used for genetic screening based on loss-of-function phenotypes. | Sequence-specific control of gene expression on a genome-wide scale is an
important approach for understanding gene functions and for engineering genetic
regulatory systems. We have recently described an RNA-based method, CRISPR
interference (CRISPRi), for targeted silencing of transcription in bacteria and
human c... |
Which type of cells is affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which motor neurons are affected. | Stem cell research raises hopes for incurable neurodegenerative diseases. In
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affecting the motoneurones of the central
nervous system (CNS), stem cell-based therapy aims to replace dying host
motoneurones by transplantation of cells in disease-affected regions. Moreover,
transpl... |
Is Achondroplasia associated with hearing loss? | Yes, there is hearing deficit in achondroplasia | Increased intracranial pressure and ventricular and subarachnoidal dilatation
are common manifestations in achondroplasia. They rarely lead to major
neurologic and/or psychomotor deficits and neurosurgical intervention is seldom
needed. The present study was undertaken to detect signs of minor cerebral
dysfunction ... |
Is the JNK pathway activated during liver regeneration? | Yes, the Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is strongly activated after partial hepatectomy. | Many growth factors and cytokines are involved in liver regeneration. Of them,
only hepatopoietin (HPO)/ALR (augmenter of liver regeneration) is a specifically
hepatotrophic factor originally identified from the cytosol of regenerating or
hyperplastic hepatic cells. Previous reports indicate that extracellular HPO
... |
Is STAT3 transcription factor regulated by mTORC1? | mTORC1 was found to regulate STAT3 activity in, at least, three ways: 1) after induction by IL6, 2) by direct phosphorylation during hypoxia, to promote HIF-1α mRNA transcription, and 3) after activation by excess amino acids, which then positively regulate Notch1 expression through STAT3 activation. | Aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), caused
by loss or inactivation of TSC1/TSC2 protein complex, leads to negative feedback
inhibition of Akt. The exact mechanisms of this process are still not fully
understood. Here we present evidence for the involvement of STAT3, a known
mTOR... |
How is mTORC1 involved in the regulation of heat stress? | mTORC1 attenuates stress response by inhibiting cap-independent Hsp70 translation. | Protein synthesis is a key regulated cellular process that links nutrient
availability and organismal growth. It has long been known that some cellular
proteins continue to be synthesized under conditions where global translation is
severely compromised. One prominent example is the selective translation of heat
sh... |
List components of the CRSP/Med complex. | Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 17
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 24
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription su... | Activation of gene transcription in metazoans is a multistep process that is
triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These
factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA
polymerase II apparatus. One class of co-activator, the TAF(II) subunits of
tr... |
Patients of which disease could be treated by utilizing knowledge obtained from experiments suppressing TDP-43 toxicity in yeast? | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease
primarily affecting motor neurons. Mutations in the gene encoding TDP-43 cause
some forms of the disease, and cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates accumulate in
degenerating neurons of most individuals with ALS. Thus, strategies aimed at
target... |
Is calcium overload involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy? | Yes. | The use of insulin by diabetics has largely removed the threat of death from
ketotic coma but cardiovascular dysfunction remains a major cause of death in
patients with diabetes. Recent research has indicated a generalized membrane
defect, which may cause abnormalities of calcium metabolism in nerves, cardiac
and s... |
What is the mechanism of viroid replication? | The replication of many viral and subviral pathogens as well as the amplification of certain cellular genes proceeds via a rolling circle mechanism. Viroid replication occurs via a rolling circle mechanism using either a symmetric or asymmetric pathway in three steps, RNA transcription, processing and ligation. Replica... | Contrary to earlier beliefs, viruses are not the smallest causative agents of
infectious diseases. Single-stranded RNAs as small as 246 nucleotides exist in
certain higher plants and cause more than a dozen crop diseases. These RNAs have
been termed viroids. Despite their extremely limited information content,
viro... |
Which mitochondrial genes are regulated by thyroid hormone? | subunit 6 of ATP synthase, ATPase-6, mitochondrial II and III subunits of cytochrome-c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 | Biogenesis of mitochondria involves the expression of genes located on nuclear
chromosomes as well as on mitochondrial DNA. We studied the coordination of the
two genomes by measuring transcript levels for nuclear (IV, Va, and VIc) and
mitochondrial (II and III) subunits of cytochrome-c oxidase after altering the
m... |
Mutation of which gene is associated with McLeod syndrome? | Mutation of XK gene is associated with McLeod syndrome. The XK gene is an X-chromosomal gene. The McLeod phenotype is derived from various forms of XK gene defects that result in the absence of XK protein, and is defined hematologically by the absence of Kx antigen, weakening of Kell system antigens, and red cell acan... | McLeod syndrome, characterized by acanthocytosis and the absence of a
red-blood-cell Kell antigen (Kx), is a multisystem disorder involving a
late-onset myopathy, splenomegaly, and neurological defects. The locus for this
syndrome has been mapped, by deletion analysis, to a region between the loci for
Duchenne musc... |
Is RIP1 (RIP-1) part of the necrosome? | Yes, RIP1 is part of the necrosome. | Necrosis, a form of death characterized by rupture of the cell membrane, is
closely interlinked with inflammation. Cellular components released during
necrotic death can trigger inflammation. Conversely, inflammation often yields
tissue damage and, as a consequence, cell death. Which occurs first--necrosis or
infla... |
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