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What is the function of a viral peplomer? | The coronavirus peplomer protein S is responsible for attachment and fusion during viral entry as well as for the induction of cell to cell fusion.
Since tissue affinities are a function of the viral peplomer-mediated attachment of virus to cells and are often directly related to pathogenicity, | Viral proteins of two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which have
different tissue trophism and serology, were separated on the basis of their
isoelectric points (pI). The viruses have four structural proteins; the protein
of greatest serological importance is found at the peplomer tip. The viral
struc... |
Have toll-like receptor 2 activators been found in food? | Yes, toll-like receptor 2 activators (TLR2) have been found in food. | BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a widely expressed pattern
recognition receptor critical for innate immunity. TLR2 is also a key regulator
of mucosal immunity implicated in the development of allergic disease. TLR2
activators are found in many common foods, but the role of TLR2 in oral
tolerance and alle... |
Describe the Open Targets platform | The Open Targets platform is a data integration and visualization platform that provides evidence about the association of known and potential drug targets with diseases. The platform is designed to support identification and prioritization of biological targets for follow-up. Each drug target is linked to a disease us... | BACKGROUND: We present the Europe PMC literature component of Open Targets - a
target validation platform that integrates various evidence to aid drug target
identification and validation. The component identifies target-disease
associations in documents and ranks the documents based on their confidence from
the Eu... |
Does radiotherapy for Hodgkin disease increases risk for lung cancer? | Yes, radiotherapy for Hodgkin disease is associated with increased risk for lung cancer. | The risk of second cancers (SCs) was assessed in 744 patients with Hodgkin's
disease (HD) admitted to The Netherlands Cancer Institute from 1966 to 1983.
Sixty-nine SCs were observed one month or more after start of first treatment.
These included 14 cases of lung cancer, nine cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
(NHL),... |
Does radiotherapy for prostate cancer increase bladder cancer risk? | Yes, radiotherapy for prostate cancer is associated with increased bladder cancer risk. | PURPOSE: Pre-prostate specific antigen era series demonstrated an increased risk
of bladder cancer and rectal cancer in men who received radiotherapy for
prostate cancer. We estimated the risk of secondary bladder cancer and rectal
cancer after prostate radiotherapy using a contemporary population based cohort.
MATE... |
What is ESN364? | systemic administration of an NK3R antagonist (ESN364) prolongs the LH interpulse interval in ovarectomized ewes and significantly lowers plasma LH and FSH concentrations in castrated nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis). Moreover, daily oral dosing of ESN364 throughout the menstrual cycle in M fascicularis lowered ... | Women's health disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are
currently treated by GnRH modulators that effectively suppress the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) is an
alternative target with an important role in the modulation of this axis. In
this report, we demonstr... |
Do genes with monoallelic expression contribute proportionally to genetic diversity in humans? | No, genes with monoallelic expression contribute disproportionately to genetic diversity in humans. | An unexpectedly large number of human autosomal genes are subject to monoallelic
expression (MAE). Our analysis of 4,227 such genes uncovers surprisingly high
genetic variation across human populations. This increased diversity is unlikely
to reflect relaxed purifying selection. Remarkably, MAE genes exhibit an
ele... |
Has MLE4901 been tested in phase III clinical trials? | No, MLE4901 has been tested in phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | BACKGROUND: Hot flushes affect 70% of menopausal women and often severely impact
physical, psychosocial, sexual, and overall wellbeing. Hormone replacement
therapy is effective but is not without risk. Neurokinin B signalling is
increased in menopausal women, and has been implicated as an important mediator
of hot ... |
Does ESN364 activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis? | No, the NK3R antagonist, ESN364, suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in healthy volunteers by selective modulation of gonadotropin secretion | CONTEXT: Women's health disorders are commonly treated by agents that suppress
the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. NK3 receptor antagonism modulates this
axis with distinct pharmacology compared to existing therapies.
OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and
pharmacodynamics on gon... |
Which type of variants can be called by the VarDict algorithm? | VarDict is a novel and versatile variant caller for both DNA- and RNA-sequencing data. It simultaneously calls SNV, MNV, InDels, complex and structural variants, expanding the detected genetic driver landscape of tumors. It performs local realignments on the fly for more accurate allele frequency estimation. | Accurate variant calling in next generation sequencing (NGS) is critical to
understand cancer genomes better. Here we present VarDict, a novel and versatile
variant caller for both DNA- and RNA-sequencing data. VarDict simultaneously
calls SNV, MNV, InDels, complex and structural variants, expanding the detected
ge... |
Has ORMD-0801 been tested in patients? | Yes, ORMD-0801 has been tested in patients. | The unpredictable behavior of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes often involves
frequent swings in blood glucose levels that impact maintece of a daily
routine. An intensified insulin regimen is often unsuccessful, while other
therapeutic options, such as amylin analog injections, use of continuous glucose
sensors, and i... |
Was vivotif licensed in Europe and the US at the same time? | No, vivotif was licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the US in 1989. | Cases of diarrhoeal disease number from 1.7 to 5 billion per year worldwide. One
of the main causes of diarrhoeal disease is typhoid fever, which is a
potentially life-threatening multi-systemic illness. According to the most
recent estimates, a total of 26.9 million typhoid fever episodes occurred in
2010. The geo... |
Are stem cell transplants used to treat acute kidney injury? | Yes, stem cell transplantation is becoming the treatment of choice for complicated acute kidney injury. | OBJECTIVE: This is a retrospective study for risk assessment of acute kidney
injury after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT)
based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria.
METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-nine consecutive patients who received allo HSCT
were studied retrospectiv... |
What is the interaction between WAPL and PDS5 proteins? | We propose that Wapl and Pds5 directly modulate conformational changes of cohesin to make it competent for dissociation from chromatin during prophase. | The cohesin complex establishes sister chromatid cohesion during S phase. In
metazoan cells, most if not all cohesin dissociates from chromatin during
mitotic prophase, leading to the formation of metaphase chromosomes with two
cytologically discernible chromatids. This process, known as sister chromatid
resolution... |
Is deletion at 6q24.2-26 associated with shorter survival for ovarian cancer patients? | No, the 6q24.2-26 deletion is an independent marker of favorable outcome in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) patients with potential clinical value as it can be analyzed by FISH on tumor sections and guide the selection of patients towards more conservative therapeutic strategies in order to reduce side-effe... | Author information:
(1)Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/
Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
(2)Structural Computational Biology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research
Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro 3 28029, Madrid, Spain.
(3)Cancer Epidemiology Cent... |
What is the function of a protein kinase? | Protein kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein, and can modulate its function. | Protein kinases are known primarily for their ability to phosphorylate protein
substrates, which constitutes an essential biological process. Recently,
compelling evidence has accumulated that the functions of many protein kinases
extend beyond phosphorylation and include an impressive spectrum of
non-catalytic rol... |
Which was the first cholera vaccine approved in the US? | Vaxchora is the first vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prophylaxis of cholera infection. | Vaxchora is the first vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration for
the prophylaxis of cholera infection. Cholera, a potentially life-threatening
bacterial infection that occurs in the intestines and causes severe diarrhea and
dehydration, has a low incidence in the U.S., but a high incidence in Africa,
... |
List 3 PD-L1 inhibitors on the market as of 2018. | Atezolizumab (Tecentriq), Avelumab (Bavencio), and Durvalumab (Imfinzi) are PD-L1 inhibitors | Author information:
(1)Département de biopathologie et département de recherche translationnelle et
d'innovations, centre Léon-Bérard UNICANCER, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon,
France; Inserm U1209/CNRS 5309, Grenoble-Alpes université, Institute for
Advanced Biosciences, 38700 La Tronche, France. Electronic address:
s... |
Are there negative enhancers? | Yes, negative enhancers are also called gene silencers. | We have previously identified a silencer (negative enhancer) in glutathione
transferase P (GST-P) gene which is strongly and specifically induced during
hepatocarcinogenesis of the rat. At least three trans-acting factors bind to
multiple cis-elements located in this silencer. One of these factors, SF-B
(Silencer F... |
What is the function of WAPL protein on cohesin? | Human Wapl is a cohesin-binding protein that promotes sister-chromatid resolution in mitotic prophase We show that the human ortholog of Wapl is a cohesin-binding protein that facilitates cohesin's timely release from chromosome arms during prophase. | BACKGROUND: The linkage between duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) is
established during S phase by the action of cohesin, a multisubunit complex
conserved from yeast to humans. Most cohesin dissociates from chromosome arms
when the cell enters mitotic prophase, leading to the formation of metaphase
chromos... |
What is romiplostim targeting? | Romiplostim (ROM) is a thrombopoietin (TPO)-receptor-agonist approved for treatment of adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). | |
Please list 3 drugs that have EGFR as their primary target. | There are a number of drugs that target EGFR. The best known targeted therapies include: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, zalutumumab and nimotuzumab), EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib and dacomitinib) | Lung cancer is the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths world-wide. Both, the
major forms of lung cancer, Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and Small cell
lung cancers (SCLC), have responded effectively to chemo-, radiation and
adjuvant-therapies. Tumor removal through surgery also appeared as a good
therapeuti... |
What is the role of STAG1/STAG2 proteins in differentiation? | STAG1/STAG2 proteins are tumour suppressor proteins that suppress cell proliferation and are essential for differentiation. | A mutant version of p53 (p53-121F), in which phenylalanine replaces the 121st
serine residue, can induce apoptosis more effectively than wild-type p53
(wt-p53). In view of this observation, we considered that one or more
apoptosis-related p53-target genes might be preferentially induced by p53-121F.
We carried out ... |
What can we measure with the TSA-Seq method? | Mapping 3D genome organization relative to nuclear compartments using TSA-Seq as a cytological ruler. TSA-Seq, a new mapping method capable of providing a "cytological ruler" for estimating mean chromosomal distances from nuclear speckles genome-wide and for predicting several Mbp chromosome trajectories between nuclea... | While nuclear compartmentalization is an essential feature of three-dimensional
genome organization, no genomic method exists for measuring chromosome distances
to defined nuclear structures. In this study, we describe TSA-Seq, a new mapping
method capable of providing a "cytological ruler" for estimating mean
chro... |
Which method is behind HipMCL? | HipMCL is a high-performance parallel implementation of the Markov clustering algorithm for large-scale networks. Despite its popularity, MCL's scalability to cluster large datasets still remains a bottleneck due to high running times and memory demands. | Biological networks capture structural or functional properties of relevant
entities such as molecules, proteins or genes. Characteristic examples are gene
expression networks or protein-protein interaction networks, which hold
information about functional affinities or structural similarities. Such
networks have b... |
What is the function of CR elements in B-cells? | After addition of culture supernatant from BCG-activated macrophages CR- B cells cooperate with both unprimed and primed T helper cells. | B cells that carry the complement receptor (CR+) were separated from B cells
that lack the complement receptor (CR-) by velocity sedimentation or by passage
through C-coated Sephadex columns. The kinetics of responses to bacterial
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both B cell subpopulations were determined in three
assay... |
What is drug target for olaparib? | Olaparib(Lynparza) is a PARP inhibitor, inhibiting poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), an enzyme involved in DNA repair. | The poor prognosis for patients with esophagogastric cancers (EGC) has resulted
in an increased focus on the use of targeted agents in this disease. Targets
include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF), Her2, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), MET, poly
(ADP-ribose) ... |
What virus is the Gardisil vaccine used for? | Gardisil is a quadrivalent HPV vaccine would have been useful in the prevention of infections with human papillomavirus. | |
Which cells mature in the human thymus? | Thymus progenitor cells mature in the human thymus through differentiation into cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. | The finding of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding capacity, supposed to be a marker
of immature lymphocytes, within the T-cell population of the human thymus (58%)
and tonsil (10%) prompted the comparison of maturation stages of PNA binding
(PNA+) and nonbinding (PNA-) T cells in both organs. The proliferative response... |
What are the eRNA-producing centers (EPCs)? | Active enhancers in mammals produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that are bidirectionally transcribed, unspliced, and unstable. Enhancer regions are also enriched with long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts, which are typically spliced and substantially more stable. DNase hypersensitive sites with evidence of bidirectional t... | Active enhancers in mammals produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that are
bidirectionally transcribed, unspliced, and unstable. Enhancer regions are also
enriched with long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts, which are typically
spliced and substantially more stable. In order to explore the relationship
between these two ... |
Describe Brain Radiation Information Data Exchange (BRIDE) approach | BRIDE (Brain Radiation Information Data Exchange) is a data integration platform that acts as a knowledge broker for LDIR researchers to facilitate molecular research on the systems biology of LDIR response in mammals. Its flexible design can capture a range of experimental information for genomics, epigenomics, transc... | Author information:
(1)Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology,
Aristotle University of Thessalonica, 54124, Thessalonica, Greece.
(2)Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research
Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
(3)Prese... |
When was vivotif first licenced in Europe? | The vaccine vivotif was first licensed in Europe in 1983. | Cases of diarrhoeal disease number from 1.7 to 5 billion per year worldwide. One
of the main causes of diarrhoeal disease is typhoid fever, which is a
potentially life-threatening multi-systemic illness. According to the most
recent estimates, a total of 26.9 million typhoid fever episodes occurred in
2010. The geo... |
What is herceptin? | Herceptin is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, that serves as an effective and approved oral therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. | BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Herceptin is a humanized monoclonal antibody for
treating the patients with metastatic breast cancers overexpressing human
epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2). Herceptin combined with doxorubicin
markedly increased the incidence of cardiac dysfunction in clinical trials. The
current stu... |
Has saracatinib been tested in clinical trials? | Yes, saracatinib has been tested in multiple clinical trials. | INTRODUCTION: Despite significant progress, a disease-modifying therapy for
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been developed. Recent findings implicate
soluble oligomeric amyloid beta as the most relevant protein conformation in AD
pathogenesis. We recently described a signaling cascade whereby oligomeric
amyloi... |
What animal is thought to be the host for the Coronavirus causing MERS? | The animal thought to be the host for the Coronavirus causing MERS is camels. | Since the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
in 2012, there have been a number of clusters of human-to-human transmission.
These cases of human-to-human transmission involve close contact and have
occurred primarily in healthcare settings, and they are suspected to result from
repe... |
Which molecules are inhibited by Gilteritinib? | Gilteritinib is a novel, dual FLT3/AXL inhibitor with promising early phase trial data for acute myeloid leukemia. | Advances in the understanding of the molecular basis for acute myeloid leukemia
(AML) have generated new potential targets for treatment. Fms-like tyrosine
kinase 3 (FLT3) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in AML and mutations
in this gene are associated with poor overall survival. AXL plays a role in the ... |
Is αCGRP a member of the CGRP family? | Yes, aCGRP, a 37-residue-long peptide hormone, is a novel amyloidogenic member of the CGRP family. | Author information:
(1)Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of
Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 157 01, Greece. Electronic address: etsiolaki@biol.uoa.gr.
(2)Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of
Sc... |
Which is the most common monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in Europeans? | Loss-of-function nuclear factor kB subunit 1 (NFKB1) variants are the most common monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiency in Europeans. | Author information:
(1)Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall
d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and
Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Catalonia,
Spain; Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Catalon... |
List 3 human diseases caused by viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. | Measles, mumps and encephalitis are diseases caused by viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. | Many of the common respiratory illnesses of infancy and childhood are caused by
viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family, in particular measles virus, respiratory
syncytial (RS) virus and parainfluenzavirus type 3 (PI3). Effective measles
vaccine was developed by classical methods, but these same methods have failed
t... |
Which disease is caused by de novo VPS4A mutations? | Mutations in the VPS4A gene, which encodes the alpha-subunit of the lysosomal sorting enzyme, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase 4, are the cause of multisystem disease type 4 or Ferroportin disease. | Author information:
(1)Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK.
(2)Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Rome 00161, Italy.
(3)Department of Haematol... |
What is the target of a drug pidilizumab? | Pidilizumab is a a humanised monoclonal antibody that targets programmed death-1 pathway. | Author information:
(1)Philippe Armand and Edie Weller, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; David E.
Avigan, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Yi-Bin Chen, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA; Arnon Nagler, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer;
Reuven Or, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem; Rinat Rotem-Yehu... |
List the proteins defining the triple negative breast cancer. | The so called "Triple Negative Breast Cancer" (TNBC) represents approximately 15-20% of breast cancers. This acronym simply means that the tumour does not express oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and does not exhibit amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene. | BACKGROUND: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are a diverse and
heterogeneous group of tumors that by definition lack estrogen and progesterone
receptors and amplification of the HER-2 gene. The majority of the tumors
classified as TNBCs are highly maligt, patients are usually young and only a
subgroup of pati... |
Han Wistar and Sprague Dawley are breeds of what laboratory animal? | Han-Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats | In the present study the pineal gland was examined in 2 outbred stocks and 6
inbred strains of rats some of which were pigmented to varying degrees, to see
whether inbreeding affects the variability and whether differences exist between
albino and pigmented rats. The animals were kept under 12 h light: 12 h darkness... |
Which is the role of the IFIT1 gene in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is caused by a protein called interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1). IFIT1 is the first gene described as a candidate gene for SLE, and may function activating Rho proteins through interaction with Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RHG). | OBJECTIVE: To identify disease-related genes and immune-regulatory pathways in
the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by using gene expression
profiling and protein-protein interaction analysis.
METHODS: Peripheral white blood cell gene expression profiles of 10 SLE patients
were determined by oligon... |
Has tocilizumab been assessed against Covid-19? | Preliminary clinical results have indicated that tocilizumab, can improve the outcomes of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 while maintaining a good safety profile. | |
Variants in which genes cause nonsyndromic retinal degeneration? | Variants in DYNC2H1, IFT81, USH2A and ABHD12 can cause nonsyndromic retinal degeneration. | OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic causes underlying autosomal recessive
retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) and to describe the associated phenotype.
DESIGN: Case series.
PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-seven unrelated families affected by arRP and
33 unrelated families affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) plus noncongen... |
Describe the mechanism of action of Omecamtiv Mecarbil. | Omecamtiv mecarbil is a novel, selective cardiac myosin activator that has been shown to improve cardiac function and to decrease ventricular volumes, heart rate, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure. | Decreased cardiac contractility is a central feature of systolic heart failure.
Existing drugs increase cardiac contractility indirectly through signaling
cascades but are limited by their mechanism-related adverse effects. To avoid
these limitations, we previously developed omecamtiv mecarbil, a small-molecule,
di... |
List the types of defensins expressed in humans. | Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that participate in the innate immunity of hosts. Humans constitutively and/or inducibly express α- and β-defensins, which are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities. | Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that participate in the innate immunity of
hosts. Humans constitutively and/or inducibly express α- and β-defensins, which
are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities. This review
describes the application of human defensins. We discuss the extant experimental
res... |
What do HA and NA stand for with respect to the flue virus, e.g. H1N1? | VaxArray assays for influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) have been developed to address this need. | The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) external glycoprotein antigens of
H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of epidemiologically important influenza A viruses
prevalent during recent decades were subjected to intensive antigenic analysis
by four different methods. Prior to serological analysis with polyclonal rabbit
ant... |
Is the TFR1 gene dispensable for erythropoiesis? | Yes. The TFR1 gene is a key part of the mechanism by which the body delivers iron to the red blood cells. It is not dispensable for erythropoiesis. | Soluble transferrin receptor-1 (sTfR1) concentrations are increased in the
plasma under two conditions that are associated with increased iron absorption,
i.e. iron deficiency and increased erythropoiesis. To determine the possible
role of sTfR1 as a signaling mechanism for iron absorption, a hydrodynamic gene
tran... |
Which are the predominant rotavirus genotypes around the world? | The predominant RV genotypes circulating all over the world are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[8], while G12[P6] and G12[P8] are emerging genotypes. | Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data
indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4],
G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent
Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100
countries w... |
Which TREX mRNA export complex subunits have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders? | Multiple TREX mRNA export complex subunits, e.g. THOC1, THOC2, THOC5, THOC6, THOC7, have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), neurodegeneration and cancer. | Author information:
(1)Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
(2)Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW,
Australia.
(3)School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales,
Randwick, NSW, Aust... |
What is the use of the Liverpool Elbow Score? | The Liverpool Elbow Score (LES) is a newly developed, validated elbow-specific score. It has been widely used to assess the outcomes of total elbow replacement in various conditions. | BACKGROUND: Chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis is a tendinosis with
angiofibrolastic degeneration of the wrist extensors' origin. Healing of this
lesion is reported with the use of autologous blood as well as with
platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
PURPOSE: A comparative study of these 2 treatments was conducted in an eff... |
Is Bcl-2-like protein 1 an pro apoptotic protein? | No,
it is an anti-apoptotic protein. | Mutations in the myocilin gene (MYOC) are causative for 10% of cases with
juvenile open-angle glaucoma and 3-4% of those with primary open-angle glaucoma.
Myocilin is a secreted protein with relatively ill-defined matricellular
properties. Despite its high expression in the eye, myocilin-deficient mice have
origina... |
Glucoraphanin from broccoli can help reduce obesity , yes or no? | Yes, there is evidence that glucoraphanin from broccoli can help reduce obesity. | Obesity is a low-grade sustained inflammatory state that causes oxidative stress
in different metabolic tissues, which leads to insulin resistance and
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Particularly, obesity-induced
metabolic endotoxemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin
resistance and i... |
What is the function of the zelda transcription factor in D. melanogaster? | The zinc-finger TF zelda (zld) is essential for the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand cis-regulatory modules to regulate chromatin accessibility. | In all animals, the initial events of embryogenesis are controlled by maternal
gene products that are deposited into the developing oocyte. At some point after
fertilization, control of embryogenesis is transferred to the zygotic genome in
a process called the maternal-to-zygotic transition. During this time, many
... |
What does tsDMARD stand for? | tsDMARDs are targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. | The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been transformed with the
introduction of biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARD) and
more recently, targeted synthetic DMARD (tsDMARD) therapies in the form of
janus-kinase inhibitors. Nevertheless, response to these agents varies such that
a trial an... |
Which conditions are manifested by TRIM8 mutations? | TRIM8 mutations are associated with epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay and intellectual disability. | Mutations in the TRIM8 gene have been described in patients with severe
developmental delay, intellectual disability and epilepsy. Only six patients
have been described to date. All the previous mutations were truncating variants
clustered in the C-terminus of the protein. A previous patient with
TRIM8-related epil... |
What is LY-CoV555? | LY-CoV555 is an anti-spike neutralizing antibody targeting the SARS-CoV-2 that has been tested for patients with Covid-19. | BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which is most frequently mild yet can be
severe and life-threatening. Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are
predicted to reduce viral load, ameliorate symptoms, and prevent
hospitalization.
ME... |
List blood marker for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. | Soluble interleukin-2 receptor-α, CXC chemokine ligand 13, soluble CD30, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 were individually positively associated, and B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family inversely associated, with all non-Hodgkin lymphoma and one or more subtypes.
GALECTIN-3 AS A PR... | The aim of the study - to evaluate the prognostic value of galectin-3 for
cumulative survival in patients with controlled non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eighty two
out subjects with full or partial remission of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were
enrolled in the study. Observation period was up to 12 months. Blood samples for
biomark... |
Are bacteria in the genus Clostridium facultative anaerobes? | Clostridia belong to those bacteria which are considered as obligate anaerobe, e.g. oxygen is harmful or lethal to these bacteria. | Clostridia belong to those bacteria which are considered as obligate anaerobe,
e.g. oxygen is harmful or lethal to these bacteria. Nevertheless, it is known
that they can survive limited exposure to air, and often eliminate oxygen or
reactive derivatives via NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. This system does
apparently ... |
Do nematodes contain architectural proteins like CTCF? | insulator protein CTCF has been secondarily lost in derived nematodes like C. elegans. The most highly enriched motif (LM1) corresponds to the X-box motif known from yeast and nematode. | Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) constitute the majority of sequences under
purifying selection in the human genome, yet their function remains largely
unknown. Experimental evidence suggests that many of these elements play
regulatory roles, but little is known about regulatory motifs contained within
them. Her... |
What is the primary indication of tocilizumab? | Tocilizumab is considered first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. | INTRODUCTION: Approximately 30% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
respond inadequately to conventional-synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs (csDMARDs). However, widespread use of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) and
targeted-synthetic (tsDMARDs) is limited by cost. We formulated updated
recommendation... |
Describe efforts on Sarcoma from the 100,000 Genomes Project | The largest whole genome sequencing (WGS) endeavour involving cancer and rare diseases was initiated in the UK in 2015 and ran for 5 years. Despite its rarity, sarcoma ranked third overall among the number of patients' samples sent for sequencing. A specialist sarcoma centre recruited close to 1000 patients to the proj... | The largest whole genome sequencing (WGS) endeavour involving cancer and rare
diseases was initiated in the UK in 2015 and ran for 5 years. Despite its
rarity, sarcoma ranked third overall among the number of patients' samples sent
for sequencing. Herein, we recount the lessons learned by a specialist sarcoma
centr... |
What is the goal of the RadRAT calculator? | Radiation risk assessment tool (RadRAT) can be used to estimate the lifetime risk of radiation-related cancer with uncertainty intervals following a user-specified exposure history. The calculator can be used to estimate lifetime cancer risk from both uniform and non-uniform doses that are acute or chronic. It is most ... | Risk projection methods allow for timely assessment of the potential magnitude
of radiation-related cancer risks following low-dose radiation exposures. The
estimation of such risks directly through observational studies would generally
require infeasibly large studies and long-term follow-up to achieve reasonable
... |
List the deadliest viruses in the world. | The filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are among the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans, with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks.
WHO ranks HIV as one of the deadliest diseases.
Influenza virus | The Ebola and Marburg viruses are some of the deadliest viruses in the world. In
this study a series of G-rich DNA sequences derived from these types of viruses
which possess the potential to form G-quadruplex structures are analyzed. A set
of DNA oligonucleotides derived from original viral isolates was used as a
... |
What monoclonal antibody drugs are used to treat late stage melanoma? | Nivolumab, ipilimumab, vemurafenib, and dabrafenib are used to treat late stage melanoma | PURPOSE: L612, a human IgM monoclonal antibody produced by an EBV-transformed
human B-cell line, binds to ganglioside GM3 and kills GM3-positive human
melanoma cells in the presence of complement. It has been shown to be effective
in some patients with late-stage melanoma. L612 consists of hexameric IgM (about
20%)... |
Which transcription factor controls Drosophila's Hes genes? | The Notch/Hes axis represses a cohort of transcription factor genes . In Drosophila, activation of the Notch receptor induces transcriptional repressors encoded by the hairy/Enhancer of split (HES) genes, which shut off achaete-scute transcription . The molecular details of how Hes and Hey proteins control transcriptio... | Hes2 encodes a mammalian basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor
homologous to the products of Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split. Here, we
isolated and characterized the mouse Hes2 gene. This gene consists of four
exons, and all the introns are located within the protein-coding region at
positions hom... |
Is tocilizumab a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor? | No, tocilizumab, is a non-TNFi DMARD. | INTRODUCTION: Approximately 30% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
respond inadequately to conventional-synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs (csDMARDs). However, widespread use of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) and
targeted-synthetic (tsDMARDs) is limited by cost. We formulated updated
recommendation... |
Describe manifestations of KIF1A-related disorders in children | KIF1A-related disorders (KRD) were first described in 2011 and the phenotypic spectrum has subsequently expanded to encompass a range of central and peripheral nervous system involvement. A study identified twelve individuals from 10 families. Eight different mutations were present, including four novel mutations. Two ... | |
Describe the mechanism of action of pitolisant. | Pitolisant is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the human histamine H3 receptor. It is used for treatment of narcolepsy. | OBJECTIVE: Narcolepsy is a rare disabling sleep disorder characterized by
excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone). Drugs
such as pitolisant, which block histamine H3 autoreceptors, constitute a newly
identified class of stimulants because they increase brain histamine and enhance
wak... |
What is endoplasmic reticulum stress? | Endoplasmic reticulum stress," an imbalance between protein folding load and capacity leading to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, has been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with the pathop... | |
What is an operon? | An operon is a group of genes linked together in a linear fashion and producing polycistronic mRNA. | The mechanisms of the responses of an enzyme to different hormones and
metabolites or several enzymes to a single hormone are surprisingly varied.
There is neither an operon for lipogenic enzymes nor a common step at which
hormones and metabolites coordinately regulate the expression of lipogenic
genes. In bacteria... |
Do circular exons increase gene expression? | circRNAs might adsorb specific miRNAs to regulate the expression of their target gene mRNAs. They can thus lead to both over- and under-expression of mRNAs. | An Anabaena group I intron was circularly permuted at loop 5, loop 6 and loop 8,
and tested for self-splicing activity. Precursor RNAs from these constructs
spliced efficiently and produced circular exons in vitro. Using group I
permuted-intron-exon sequences, circular forms of the HDV ribozyme, the RNA
component o... |
What does CMB305 contain? | CMB305 includes a boost from a NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine given along with a potent toll-like-4 receptor agonist, glycopyranosyl lipid A. | INTRODUCTION: Synovial Sarcoma (SS) and Myxoid Round Cell Liposarcoma (MRCL) are
devastating sarcoma subtypes with few treatment options and poor outcomes in the
advanced setting. However, both these diseases may be ideal for novel
immunotherapies targeting the cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1.
AREAS COVERED: In this... |
What kind of mutations cause GRK1 associated Oguchi disease? | Biallelic mutations in G-Protein coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) cause Hutchinson-Gilford disease as well as congenital stationary night blindness in around 90% of patients. | Author information:
(1)Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
(2)School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
(3)Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences,
Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Healt... |
Is MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic effective for non-small-cell lung cancer? | No. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (MAGE-A3-positive non-small-cell lung cancer; MAGRIT), adjuvant treatment with the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic did not increase disease-free survival compared with placebo in patients with MAGE-A3-positive surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer.... | BACKGROUND: Fewer than half of the patients with completely resected
non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are cured. Since the introduction of adjuvant
chemotherapy in 2004, no substantial progress has been made in adjuvant
treatment. We aimed to assess the efficacy of the MAGE-A3 cancer
immunotherapeutic in surgical... |
Does protein ALEX1 contain armadillo repeats? | Yes,
ALEX1 (Arm protein lost in epithelial cancers, on chromosome X), contains two armadillo repeats domains. | The aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is a key process in colorectal
tumorigenesis. Canonical Wnt signaling controls transcription of target genes
via beta-catenin and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family transcription
factor complex. Arm protein lost in epithelial cancers, on chromosome X 1
(ALEX1) is ... |
What disease is associated with Anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs)? | nticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are serological biomarkers associated with early, rapidly progressing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | OBJECTIVES: Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) have an
excellent diagnostic performance for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite
similarities between RA and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA),
the prevalence of ACPA in polyarticular JIA is low. We wanted to evaluate the
influence of ag... |
What is the function of emergency granulopoiesis? | ARIH2 encodes TRIAD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for termination of emergency granulopoiesis and leukemia suppressor function in AML . The Interferon Consensus Sequence Binding Protein (Icsbp/Irf8) Is Required for Termination of Emergency GranulopOiesis . Emergency granulopsis is the enhanced production of neutrop... | Infections and inflammation trigger neutrophilias that are supported by a
hematopoietic program of accelerated granulopoiesis known as emergency
granulopoiesis. The intrinsic factors that drive reactive neutrophilias and
emergency granulopoiesis have been inferred but not demonstrated. Here, we show
that alum canno... |
What was the predominant rotavirus genotype in the pre-vaccine era, in Australia? | G1P[8] was the dominant genotype in Australia in the prevaccine era (1995-2006). | BACKGROUND: Introduction of rotavirus vaccines into national immunization
programs (NIPs) could result in strain selection due to vaccine-induced
selective pressure. This study describes the distribution and diversity of
rotavirus genotypes before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction into the
Australian NIP. St... |
Missense mutations in which genes cause X-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy? | GRIA3 missense mutation is cause of an x-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Missense variants in the N-terminal domain of the A isoform of FHF2/FGF13 also cause an X-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. | PURPOSE: GRIA3, encoding subunit 3 of glutamate ionotropic AMPA receptor, is
associated with X-linked intellectual disability (ID), dysmorphic features, and
non-syndromic epilepsy. We aimed to characterize electro-clinical features of
patients with GRIA3 variants.
METHODS: We report a patient carrying a hemizygous m... |
Does radiotherapy for cervical cancer increases risk of colon cancer? | Yes, there is epidemiological evidence to suggest that radiotherapy for cervical cancer increases risk for colon cancer. | Incidence of second primary cancers was evaluated in 7,127 women with invasive
cancer of the cervix uteri, diagnosed between 1935 and 1978, and followed up to
38 years (average, 8.9 yr) in Connecticut. Among 5,997 women treated with
radiation, 449 developed second primary cancers compared with 313 expected
(relativ... |
List human antibody isotypes. | IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgD | Human immunoglobulin D (IgD) occurs most abundantly as a membrane-bound antibody
on the surface of mature B cells (mIgD). IgD possesses the longest hinge
sequence of all the human antibody isotypes, with 64 residues connecting the Fab
and Fc fragments. A novel rapid purification scheme of secreted IgD from the
seru... |
What is CRAO in the context of the eye? | central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmological emergency, the retinal analog of a stroke. | Central retinal-artery obstruction (CRAO) is a devastating complication after
retrobulbar anesthesia, a procedure which was previously recommended routinely
to immobilize the eye and reduce discomfort during laser surgery. Recent
developments in treatment technique, involving scatter laser applications given
over s... |
Is yeast fbp1 affected by glucose starvation stress? | The chromatin configuration is altered into an accessible state within 290 bp downstream from the initiation site of metabolic-stress-induced lncRNAs (mlonRNAs) in the promoter of the fission yeast fbp1 gene, whose transcription is massively induced upon glucose starvation . We investigated the mechanisms by which chro... | The specific induction of genes in response to distinct environmental stress is
vital for all eukaryotes. To study the mechanisms that result in selective gene
responses, we examined the role of the fission yeast Tup1 family repressors in
chromatin regulation. We found that chromatin structure around a cAMP-responsi... |
What does csDMARD stand for? | csDMARDS are conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. | OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intensive combinations of conventional synthetic
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDS) achieve similar clinical
benefits more cheaply than high-cost biologics such as tumor necrosis factor
inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whose
illness ha... |
What is caused by SCUBE2 loss-of-function? | Scube2 (-/-) caused defective endochondral bone formation and impaired Ihh-mediated chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation as well as osteoblast differentiation of -/- bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal-cell cultures. | Signal peptide-CUB-EGF domain-containing protein 2 (SCUBE2) belongs to a
secreted and membrane-tethered multidomain SCUBE protein family composed of
three members found in vertebrates and mammals. Recent reports suggested that
zebrafish scube2 could facilitate sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling for proper
development o... |
Is Semagacestat effective for Alzheimer's Disease? | No. In a placebo controlled clinical trial, semagacestat did not improve cognitive status, and patients receiving the higher dose had significant worsening of functional ability. The trial was terminated due to unexpected aggravation of cognitive deficits and side effects. | The recent failure of semagacestat in two large Phase III studies questions the
value of γ-secretase inhibitors in treating Alzheimer's disease. Understanding
the reasons of this setback may be important for the future research on
effective treatments for this devastating disease. Several second-generation active β-... |
List enzymes that removes histone modifications. | Histone deacetylases
Lysine Specific Demethylases | Lysine residues across the proteome are modified by posttranslational
modifications (PTMs) that significantly enhance the structural and functional
diversity of proteins. For lysine, the most abundant PTM is ɛ-N-acetyllysine
(Kac), which plays numerous roles in regulation of important cellular functions,
such as ge... |
Roughly how many base pairs are in the human mitochondrial genome or mtDNA? | The mitochondrial genome, mtDNA, is 16569 base pairs. | It is now clear that molecular defects in human mitochondrial DNA play a
significant role in human disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations range from single
base changes in the 16.5 kilobase-pair genome up to large deletions and
rearrangements. Independently of the actual cause of a given mutation, it is
possible to p... |
Do nematodes contain a CTCF gene? | Our findings show that CTCF and possibly chromatin insulation are present in basal nematodes. We suggest that the insulator protein CTCF has been secondarily lost in derived nematodes like C. elegans. | Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) constitute the majority of sequences under
purifying selection in the human genome, yet their function remains largely
unknown. Experimental evidence suggests that many of these elements play
regulatory roles, but little is known about regulatory motifs contained within
them. Her... |
Is tocilizumab a csDMARD? | No, tocilizumab is a biological DMARD (bDMARD). | |
What is caused by heterozygous lamin B1 and lamin B2 variants? | Heterozygous lamin B1 and lamin B2 variants cause primary microcephaly and define a novel laminopathy. | Lamin B1 plays an important role in the nuclear envelope stability, the
regulation of gene expression, and neural development. Duplication of LMNB1, or
missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression, are associated with
autosomal-domit leukodystrophy. On the basis of its role in neurogenesis, it
has been postulated... |
What is the risk for secondary cancer after proton beam therapy? | Proton beam therapy is associated with lower risk of secondary cancer when compared to other radiation therapy approaches. It allows excellent dose localization by administration of a high dose to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding normal tissues. Therefore it is more commonly used in children. | The risk of induction of a second primary cancer after a therapeutic irradiation
with conventional photon beams is well recognized and documented. However, in
general, it is totally overwhelmed by the benefit of the treatment. The same is
true to a large extent for the combinations of radiation and drug therapy. Aft... |
List the essential aminoacids. | Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Tryptophan
Cysteine
Methionine
Lysine
Phenylalanine | The effects on growth, body composition, and metabolism of a protein-restricted
diet supplemented with essential aminoacids, the calcium-ketoacids of valine,
leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, and the calcium-hydroxyacid of
methionine, were investigated in seven growth-retarded children with chronic
renal fail... |
What does Retapamulin treat? | Retapamulin is a small molecule covalently binding and inhibiting the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). | Retapamulin is a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative being developed as a
topical antibiotic for treating bacterial infections of the skin. It is potent
in vitro against susceptible and multidrug-resistant organisms commonly
associated with bacterial skin infections. We report detailed mode of action
studies dem... |
Which histone mark distinguishes active from inactive enhancers? | Histone H3K27ac separates active from poised enhancers and predicts developmental state . In contrast, elements of the second class 'poised enhancers' are linked to genes inactive in hESCs . They are involved in orchestrating early steps in embryogenesis, such as gastrulation, mesoderm formation and neurulation . | Developmental programs are controlled by transcription factors and chromatin
regulators, which maintain specific gene expression programs through epigenetic
modification of the genome. These regulatory events at enhancers contribute to
the specific gene expression programs that determine cell state and the
potentia... |
What does DMARD stand for? | DMARD stands for disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. | OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intensive combinations of conventional synthetic
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDS) achieve similar clinical
benefits more cheaply than high-cost biologics such as tumor necrosis factor
inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whose
illness ha... |
Can SMAD6 variants cause craniosynostosis? | Yes, SMAD6 variants can cause craniosynostosis. |
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