question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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What is targeted by Pexidartinib? | Pexidartinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor against CSF1R. | Background Pexidartinib, a novel, orally administered small-molecule tyrosine
kinase inhibitor, has strong selectivity against colony-stimulating factor 1
receptor. This phase I, nonrandomized, open-label multiple-dose study evaluated
pexidartinib safety and efficacy in Asian patients with symptomatic, advanced
sol... |
What is the microgenderome? | The sexually dimorphic microbiome has been termed the 'microgenderome'. | The 'microgenderome' provides a paradigm shift that highlights the role of sex
differences in the host-microbiota interaction relevant for autoimmune and
neuro-immune conditions. Analysis of cross-sectional self-report and faecal
microbial data from 274 patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue
Syndro... |
What causes yellowing of the skin and eyes, also known as jaundice, in patients with liver failure? | Jaundice refers to yellow coloration of the skin and the sclera (white of the eyes) of newborn babies that result from the accumulation of bilirubin in the skin and mucous membranes. | Although liver test abnormalities are frequently identified in patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the causes, evaluation, and outcome
of jaundice in these patients have not been systematically evaluated. From
August 1, 1990 through September 1, 1994, all human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)-infe... |
Is Tcf3 associated with the Wnt pathway? | Tcf3 is a component of the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways. | Menin is a tumor suppressor protein mutated in patients with multiple endocrine
neoplasia type 1. We show that menin is essential for canonical Wnt/beta-catenin
signaling in cultured rodent islet tumor cells. In these cells, overexpression
of menin significantly enhances TCF gene assay reporter activity in response ... |
Have the rotavirus vaccines changed the predominant rotavirus genotypes? | The increased diversity and differences in genotype dominance observed in states using RotaTeq (G12P[8]), and in states and territories using Rotarix (equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4]), suggest that these vaccines exert different immunological pressures that influence the diversity of rotavirus strains. | BACKGROUND: Introduction of rotavirus vaccines into national immunization
programs (NIPs) could result in strain selection due to vaccine-induced
selective pressure. This study describes the distribution and diversity of
rotavirus genotypes before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction into the
Australian NIP. St... |
Which syndrome is caused by dysfunction of the ciliary ARMC9/TOGARAM1 protein? | Dysfunction of the ciliary ARMC9/TOGARAM1 protein module causes Joubert syndrome. | Intellectual disability (ID) refers to deficits in mental abilities, social
behavior, and motor skills to perform activities of daily living as compared to
peers. Numerous genetic and environmental factors may be responsible for ID. We
report on elucidation of molecular basis for syndromic ID associated with
ptosis... |
Does head ct increase brain tumor risk? | Yes, there appears to be a small but higher than expected lifetime risk of secondary brain tumors in persons who underwent CT scans during childhood. | OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate the risks of radiation exposure from a single
head CT scan to children of different ages.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a multistate time-dependent Markov model
to simulate the course of children exposed to a head CT. The relevant literature
was reviewed for probabilities, whi... |
Which main viral protein is targeted by the drug remdesivir? | Viral Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease. | Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) cause severe disease in humans, but no approved
therapeutics are available. The CoV nsp14 exoribonuclease (ExoN) has complicated
development of antiviral nucleosides due to its proofreading activity. We
recently reported that the nucleoside analogue GS-5734 (remdesivir) potently
inhibi... |
What can be isolated from Pleurotus mutilus? | Pleuromutilins are antibiotics, isolated from the fungus, Pleurotus mutilus, that selectively inhibit bacterial translation and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic diterpenoid pleuromutilins. | Pleuromutilins are antibiotics that selectively inhibit bacterial translation
and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic
diterpenoid pleuromutilin, which received its name from the
pleuromutilin-producing fungus Pleurotus mutilus Tiamulin and valnemulin are two
established derivatives in... |
Which type of pluripotency is Otx2 associated with? | transcription factor Otx2 acts as a negative switch in the regulation of transition from naive to primed pluripotency. Otx2 and Oct4 drive early activation during embryonic stem cell transition from naive pluripotency. | Sall1 is a multi-zinc finger transcription factor that regulates kidney
organogenesis. It is considered to be a transcriptional repressor,
preferentially localized on heterochromatin. Mutations or deletions of the human
SALL1 gene are associated with the Townes-Brocks syndrome. Despite its high
expression, no funct... |
Can AGY be used as antidiuretic replacement therapy? | No, AGY is an oral egg yolk anti-gliadin antibody used to neutralize gluten. It is used in patients with celiac disease. | |
What is caused by de novo sox6 variants? | SOX6 belongs to a family of 20 SRY-related HMG-box-containing (SOX) genes that encode transcription factors controlling cell fate and differentiation in many developmental and adult processes. De novo variants of the SOX6 gene have been identified in a large family with a complex phenotype variably associating attentio... | Author information:
(1)Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
(2)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of
Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
(3)Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,... |
Can secondary glioblastoma be caused by brain irradiation? | Yes, brain irradiation can cause secondary glioblastoma. | A cerebellar glioblastoma was discovered in a 28 year old woman, 5 years after a
focal 50 grays brain irradiation for meningioma of the clivus. This case
fulfilled the accepted criteria for radiation-induced neoplasms of the central
nervous system, namely a second histologically-proven tumor different from the
firs... |
Is aggrephagy a variant of autophagy? | Yes,
the selective branch of autophagy that deals with identification, capture and degradation of protein aggregates is called aggrephagy. | Many neurodegenerative disorders feature the presence of misfolded
polypeptide-containing intracellular inclusion bodies biochemically and
morphologically analogous to cellular aggresomes. However, it is largely unknown
how misfolded polypeptides form aggresomes and are eventually cleared by the
aggresome-macroauto... |
List the blood group antigens, associated with blood type | ABO antigens are highly abundant in many human cell types, including platelets, vascular endotheliums, and red blood cells. | Using monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) against blood group determits and related
carbohydrate sequences, it is now possible to clarify their carcinoma-associated
modulation at a molecular level. In the present study a panel of MoABs against
different type 1 chain derived blood group antigens, comprising A, B, H type 1,... |
How many DNaseI hypersensitive sites (DHS) mark the murine beta globin locus region? | The expression of genes both from the endogenous locus and from transgenes is strongly influenced by a linked 15-kilobase region of clustered DNaseI hypersensitive sites (HSs) known as the locus control region (LCR) Targeted deletion of 5'HS1 and 5’HS4 of the beta-globin locus Control region reveals additive activity o... | In addition to local sequence elements the regulation of the high-level,
development- and tissue-specific expression of the human beta globin gene
cluster appears to require distant regulatory sequences which have been termed
locus control region. In the chromatin of erythroid cells the locus control
region is char... |
What is the outcome of COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab? | Preliminary clinical results have indicated that tocilizumab can improve the outcomes of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 while maintaining a good safety profile. | |
Which loss-of-function ABCC8 mutation is associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)? | A de novo novel heterozygous predicted deleterious missense variant c.G2873A (p.R958H) in ABCC8 in a child with idiopathic PAH. | Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.B.,
K.J.S., R.S.K.), Columbia University, New York, NY.
(2)Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons (L.M., N.Z.,
U.K., E.B.R., W.K.C.), Columbia University, New York, NY.
(3)Department of Systems Biology (N.... |
Which disease is rated using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale? | The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin clinical tremor rating scale is used for essential tremor. | We sought to determine whether mirtazapine is safe and well-tolerated as a
treatment for essential tremor (ET). We studied mirtazapine in a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of 17 ET patients. Patients
were started with 15 mg per day of either mirtazapine or placebo for 1 week and
the do... |
List the core SNARE complex proteins. | VAMP2
Syntaxin
SNAP25 | SNAP-25 is a protein involved in regulated membrane fusion and part of the SNARE
complex. It exists as two splicing variants, SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b, which differ
in 9 out of 206 amino acids. SNAP-25 together with Syntaxin 1 and VAMP-2 forms
the ternary SNARE complex essential for mediating activity-dependent release... |
What is septicemia? | Septicemia occurs when a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs or skin, enters the bloodstream. | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rapid identification of microbes in the bloodstream is
crucial in managing septicemia because of its high disease severity, and direct
identification from positive blood culture bottles through matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can
sh... |
Which is the master oncogenic transcription factor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia? | The oncogenic transcription factor TAL1/SCL induces an aberrant transcriptional program in T-cell Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) cells. | The Tal1 oncogene is a class II basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription
factor, overexpressed in as much as 60% of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
cases. Like other class II bHLH proteins, Tal1 can heterodimerize with the class
I bHLH proteins, such as E47, and bind to a DNA recognition sequence termed E
bo... |
List as many European influenza vaccines as possible. | Three split-virion vaccines (Vaxigrip, Begrivac, and Influsplit/Fluarix) and three subunit vaccines containing only viral surface glycoproteins (Influvac, Agrippal, and Fluvirin). | Three split-virion vaccines (Vaxigrip, Begrivac, and Influsplit/Fluarix) and
three subunit vaccines containing only viral surface glycoproteins (Influvac,
Agrippal, and Fluvirin) available for the 1994-95 season were analysed by
biological, molecular, and biochemical methods. Although all vaccines are
required by h... |
What is canSAR? | canSAR (http://cansar.icr.ac.uk) is a public integrative cancer-focused knowledgebase for the support of cancer translational research and drug discovery. Through the integration of biological, pharmacological, chemical, structural biology and protein network data, it provides a single information portal to answer comp... | canSAR (http://cansar.icr.ac.uk) is a public integrative cancer-focused
knowledgebase for the support of cancer translational research and drug
discovery. Through the integration of biological, pharmacological, chemical,
structural biology and protein network data, it provides a single information
portal to answer ... |
What is the mechanism of action of magrolimab? | Magrolimab is an anti-CD47 antibody with promising results for myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. | In recent years, immunotherapies have been clinically investigated in AML and
other myeloid maligcies. While most of these are focused on stimulating the
adaptive immune system (including T cell checkpoint inhibitors), several key
approaches targeting the innate immune system have been identified. Macrophages
are a... |
List types of mutations. | point mutations
deletions
insertions
inversions
translocations | With the advancement and improvement of new sequencing technology,
next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been applied increasingly in cancer
genomics research fields. More recently, NGS has been adopted in clinical
oncology to advance personalized treatment of cancer. NGS is utilized to novel
diagnostic and rare can... |
HER-2 belongs to what family of proteins? | Her-2 belongs to the family of the human epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). | The family of protein kinases includes many oncogenes and growth factor
receptors, many of which have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of
cancer. Protein tyrosine kinases such as HER-2/c-erbB-2 and the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) have been linked specifically to breast cancer, and
perturb... |
What is the chemical structure of Etanercept (ETN)? | Etanercept (ETN) is a soluble fusion protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) extracellular domain, linked to an Fc part of IgG1. It possesses three N- and 13 O-glycosylation sites, which form a complex with the plasma membrane protein Enbrel. Etanercept has been tested for treatment of solid cancers, inclu... | There is accumulating evidence that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plays a major
role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent biotechnological
advances have allowed for the development of agents that directly target TNF, a
pro-inflammatory cytokine. In the last 2 years, the US FDA and the EU's
Commis... |
What does bDMARD stand for? | bDMARDs are biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation due
to unknown causes. Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
(csDMARDs), biological DMARDs (bDMARDs), and tofacitinib, a targeted sDMARD, can
be used to treat RA. In clinical trials, molecular-targeted therapies showed... |
Is there any role of genotoxic pks + E. coli in cancer? | Yes. Genotoxic pks and E. Coli are known to cause mutations in the DNA of cells, which can lead to cancer. | |
Should tirilazad be used for treatment of ischemic stroke? | No. Tirilazad should not be used for treatment of stroke because it does not improve disease outcomes, but may increase death and disability. | BACKGROUND: Tirilazad is a non-glucocorticoid, 21-aminosteriod that inhibits
lipid peroxidation. It had neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic
stroke and reduced angiographic vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid
hemorrhage (SAH). Five randomized clinical trials of tirilazad were conducted in
patients... |
List the major families of Histones. | Five histone families (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). | The rich diversity within each of the five histone families (H1, H2A, H2B, H3,
and H4) can hardly be reconciled with the notion of homogenizing evolution. The
prevalence of birth-and-death long-term evolution over concerted evolution has
already been demonstrated in the linker histone H1 family as well as for the
H... |
Is the Paramyxovirus geneome segmented, negative-sense RNA? | The paramyxovirus family has a genome consisting of a SINGLE STRAND of negative sense RNA | The paramyxovirus genome, a nonsegmented, negative-polarity, single-stranded RNA
of approximately 15 kb, contains six transcription units flanked at the 3' and
5' ends by a short (approximately 50- to 60-nucleotide) extracistronic sequence,
dubbed the positive and negative leader regions. These leader template regio... |
Approximately how many genes are contained in the X chromosome's non-pseudoautosomal region (non-PAR)? | The total number of genes contained in the X chromosome's non- pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is 783. | There is a striking and unexplained male predomice across many cancer types.
A subset of X-chromosome genes can escape X-inactivation, which would protect
females from complete functional loss by a single mutation. To identify putative
'escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor' (EXITS) genes, we examined somatic ... |
Does the use of bDMARDs during pregnancy impact neonatal development? | Exposure to bDMARDs during pregnancy does not seem to interfere with post-natal development up to infancy. | |
Do exon 38 or 39 KMT2D missense variants cause Kabuki syndrome type 1 (KS1)? | No. The KMT2D missense variants do not cause KS1, they cause a different type of malformations disorder distinct from Kabuki syndrome. | |
The NoSAS Score can be used for screening of which disorders? | The NoSAS score can be used for screening of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Sleep-Disordered Breathing and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. | BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing requires overnight
recordings, such as polygraphy or polysomnography. Considering the cost and low
availability of these procedures, preselection of patients at high risk is
recommended. We aimed to develop a screening tool allowing identification of
individuals a... |
What is the chromosomal abnormality associated with Klinefelter Syndrome | About 1 in 650 boys are born with an extra X chromosome (47,XXY or Klinefelter syndrome). 47,XXY | A case of Klinefelter's syndrome with the development of a mediastinal
teratocarcinoma is reported suggesting that the association of a
gonadotropin-secreting tumor with the XXY chromosomal abnormality may be more
than coincidental. Whereas this child appeared to survive the effects of the
teratocarcinoma, he succu... |
What distinguishes RIDLs from other transpozable elements? | Here, we link these two concepts by proposing that exonic TEs act as RNA domains that are essential for lncRNA function. We term such elements Repeat Insertion Domains of LncRNAs (RIDLs). | Our genome contains tens of thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of
which are likely to have genetic regulatory functions. It has been proposed that
lncRNA are organized into combinations of discrete functional domains, but the
nature of these and their identification remain elusive. One class of sequenc... |
What indication has FTY720 been approved for by the FDA? | FTY720 has been pproved (September 2010) by the U.S. FDA as a new treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). | |
Is fingolimod a drug or a pro-drug? | FTY720 is a prodrug. | FTY720 is a prodrug for FTY-phosphate, an agonist at four of the five known
receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We show that administration of
either FTY720 or FTY-P to SJL mice with established relapsing-remitting
experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) results in a rapid and sustained
improvement in t... |
Which conditions is caused by mutations in HFE? | Mutations in the HFE gene, encoding the syntaxin binding protein HFE1, are the cause of hereditary hemochromatosis. | Recent studies have shown that hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is likely to be
caused by homozygosity for a Cys282Tyr mutation in the HFE gene located 4.5 Mb
telomeric to HLA-A. Population studies of this polymorphism are facilitated by
the fact that the Cys282Tyr mutation creates a Rsal restriction site. We have
s... |
What is the reason for the abundance of operons in the genome of C. elegans? | Our data shows that transcription proceeds in some ways as if operons were composed of multiple adjacent single genes. Recent hypothesis proposes that operons provide an evolutionary advantage via the conservation of machinery during recovery from growth arrested states. | A new measure for assessing codon bias of one group of genes with respect to a
second group of genes is introduced. In this formulation, codon bias
correlations for Escherichia coli genes are evaluated for level of expression,
for contrasts along genes, for genes in different 200 kb (or longer) contigs
around the g... |
Which chromosome contains the TLR7 locus in the human genome? | The TLR7 locus acts in vivo as a tumor suppressor gene and is located on chromosome X (X chromosome). | Antibodies against nuclear self-antigens are characteristic of systemic
autoimmunity, although mechanisms promoting their generation and selection are
unclear. Here, we report that B cells containing the Y-linked autoimmune
accelerator (Yaa) locus are intrinsically biased toward nucleolar antigens
because of increa... |
What is marked by DNaseI hypersensitive sites? | Hypersensitive sites are chromosomal regions up to 2kb distant to known genomic regulatory regions and 5 kb from known regulatory regions. | We have detected a DNAseI hypersensitive site in the ribosomal DNA spacer of
Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis. The site is present in blood and embryonic
nuclei of each species. In interspecies hybrids, however, the site is absent in
unexpressed borealis rDNA, but is present normally in expressed laevis rDNA.
Hy... |
Do polycomb group proteins (PcG) mediate the formation of chromatin loops? | Yes. The polycomb group proteins (PcG) mediate the formation of chromatin loops by facilitating co-localization of heterochromatin loops. | CTCF is a zinc finger DNA-binding protein that regulates the epigenetic states
of numerous target genes. Using allelic regulation of mouse insulin-like growth
factor II (Igf2) as a model, we demonstrate that CTCF binds to the unmethylated
maternal allele of the imprinting control region (ICR) in the Igf2/H19
imprin... |
Which type of analysis does DeSeq2 perform? | DeSeq2 is a software for differential gene expression analysis of RNA sequencing data. | In comparative high-throughput sequencing assays, a fundamental task is the
analysis of count data, such as read counts per gene in RNA-seq, for evidence of
systematic changes across experimental conditions. Small replicate numbers,
discreteness, large dynamic range and the presence of outliers require a
suitable s... |
What is the function of a protein degron? | Protein degrons are part of the DNA damage response triggered by dysfunctional transcription factors. Proteins that are destined for proteasome-mediated degradation are usually tagged with a chain of ubiquitin linked via lysine residues that targets them to the proteolytic machinery. Disruption of one degron by a RNA-... | Protein degradation is employed in both regulation and quality control.
Regulated degradation of specific proteins is often mediated by discrete regions
of primary sequence known as degrons, whereas protein quality control involves
recognition of structural features common to damaged or misfolded proteins,
rather t... |
Which computational methods are used for the definition of synteny? | The computational methods which are used for the definition of synteny are:1) multisyn, 2) poff, 3) orthocluster, 4) phyldiag, 5) synblast, 6) cinteny, 7) domain team, 8)mcscanx and 9) run Orthoclusterdb and 10) view synteny. | BACKGROUND: Identifying syntenic regions, i.e., blocks of genes or other markers
with evolutionary conserved order, and quantifying evolutionary relatedness
between genomes in terms of chromosomal rearrangements is one of the central
goals in comparative genomics. However, the analysis of synteny and the
resulting ... |
Can ATAC-Seq be employed in single-cell mode? | Single-cell ATAC-seq detects open chromatin in individual cells. | Cell-to-cell variation is a universal feature of life that affects a wide range
of biological phenomena, from developmental plasticity to tumour heterogeneity.
Although recent advances have improved our ability to document cellular
phenotypic variation, the fundamental mechanisms that generate variability from
iden... |
How can B-cells transdifferentiate into macrophages? | Inflammatory macrophages can transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts during renal fibrosis . Vascular endothelial growth factor modified macrophage transdifferentiates into endothelial-like cells and decrease foam cell formation . Human cancer cells can be induced by C/EBPα to transdifferentiated into seemingly normal c... | Starting with multipotent progenitors, hematopoietic lineages are specified by
lineage-restricted transcription factors. The transcription factors that
determine the decision between lymphoid and myeloid cell fates, and the
underlying mechanisms, remain largely unknown. Here, we report that enforced
expression of C... |
What is the function of the chromHMM software? | ChromHMM learns chromatin-state signatures using a multivariate hidden Markov model (HMM) that explicitly models the combinatorial presence or absence of each mark . It uses these signatures to generate a genome-wide annotation for each cell type by calculating the most probable state for each genomic segment . Chromat... | BACKGROUND: Epigenetic modifications are essential for controlling gene
expression. Recent studies have shown that not only single epigenetic
modifications but also combinations of multiple epigenetic modifications play
vital roles in gene regulation. A striking example is the long hypomethylated
regions enriched w... |
What is FeatureCounts used for? | featureCounts is a general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. It is a read summarization program suitable for counting reads generated from either RNA or genomic DNA sequencing experiments. | RNA-Seq technology has been gradually becoming a routine approach for
characterizing the properties of transcriptome in terms of organisms, cell types
and conditions and consequently a big burden has been put on the facet of data
analysis, which calls for an easy-to-learn workflow to cope with the increased
demands... |
Which is the main difference in the roles of Otx2 and Nanog during development? | Antagonism between the transcription factors NANOG and OTX2 specifies rostral or caudal cell fate during neural patterning transition . The transcription factor Otx2 acts as a negative switch in the regulation of transition from naive to primed pluripotency in mouse pluripotent stem cells . OTX2-mediated Nanog regulati... | Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the inner cell mass (ICM)-derived epiblast
exhibit naive pluripotency. ESC-derived epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) and the
postimplantation epiblast exhibit primed pluripotency. Although core
pluripotency factors are well-characterized, additional regulators, including
Otx2, recen... |
Are super enhancers structurally insulated in chromatin loops? | Although there is evidence that chromatin neighbourhoods, formed by the zinc-finger protein CTCF, can sequester enhancers and their target genes, there is limited in vivo evidence for CTCF demarcating super-enhancers and preventing cross talk between distinct regulatory elements. CTCF sites are porous borders, allowing... | Precise spatiotemporal gene regulation is paramount for the establishment and
maintece of cell-specific programmes. Although there is evidence that
chromatin neighbourhoods, formed by the zinc-finger protein CTCF, can sequester
enhancers and their target genes, there is limited in vivo evidence for CTCF
demarcating... |
Does IL18 signaling have a role in thymus? | Yes. IL18 signaling promotes homing of mature Tregs into the thymus. | Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent suppressor cells, essential for the
maintece of immune homeostasis. Most Tregs develop in the thymus and are then
released into the immune periphery. However, some Tregs populate the thymus and
constitute a major subset of yet poorly understood cells. Here we describe a
... |
Does an antiphlogistic promotes inflammation? | Antiinflammatory agents: new series of N-substituted amino acids with complex pyrimidine structures endowed with antiphlogistic activity. | The binding of sodium salicylate, sodium mefenamate, ortophen and piroxicam to
membranes of erythrocyte ghosts and the effects of the drugs on the membrane
microviscosity in carragee-induced inflammation were studied by the
fluorescent probe method. It was shown that under inflammation the membrane
microviscosity d... |
Which interleukin receptors are targeted with rilonacept? | Rilonacept inhibits interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β. It has a role for treatment of pericarditis. | The intracellular sensing protein termed NLRP3 (for NACHT, LRR, and PYD
domains-containing protein 3) forms a macromolecular structure called the NLRP3
inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major role in inflammation,
particularly in the production of IL (interleukin)-1β. IL-1β is the most studied
of the IL-... |
Which deep learning framework has been developed for cancer molecular subtype classification? | Molecular subtyping of cancer is a critical step towards more individualized therapy and provides important biological insights into cancer heterogeneity. Although gene expression signature-based classification has been widely demonstrated to be an effective approach in the last decade, the widespread implementation ha... | |
What class of drugs have been given a black box warning for suicide? | In 2004, the European and American authorities released a black-box warning on antidepressants indicating an association with an increased risk of suicidality (suicidal ideation and behavior) in young people | OBJECTIVE: In 2002, 264 children and adolescents ages 5-14 died by suicide in
the United States, the fifth leading cause of death. Of these suicides, 260 were
in the 10-14 year age group, making suicide the third largest cause of death
behind accidents and maligcy. Although 60% of suicides in the general
population... |
What nerve is affected in Carpel Tunnel syndrome? | Carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition in which median nerve compression results in paresthesias and pain in the wrist and hand. | Sensory conduction of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel for eight
consecutive 1 cm segments of the nerve was evaluated in 217 hands of 153 of our
patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Impairment was found to be highly focal
and often confined to a single 1 cm segment of the nerve. The section of the
nerve at or... |
What drug, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist? | Anakinra is an oral interleukin-1 receptor antagonist that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. | Anakinra, a recombit human interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, is the
first biological agent approved to block the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1 in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In a double-blind, randomised trial in 472
patients with active, severe or very severe rheumatoid arthritis, recipients of
... |
Herpes viruses have what type of genome? | The Herpesviridae are a family of viruses which have a large genome of linear, double-stranded DNA (> 120 kb) | Vectors derived from herpes simplex virus provide a means of gene delivery to
postmitotic neurons. The virus is readily taken up at nerve terminals, passes by
rapid retrograde and anterograde transport within neurons, and is selectively
transferred across synapses, thus allowing it entry from the periphery into the ... |
Is liraglutide effective for weight reduction? | Yes, liraglutide is effective and approved for weight reduction. | AIMS: Effects of the long acting GLP-1 analogue--liraglutide in subjects with
type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: 144 type 2 diabetic subjects on metformin treatment (1000 mg BID) were
randomised to 5 weeks of treatment (double-blind) with metformin plus
liraglutide, liraglutide or metformin, or metformin plus glimepiride (op... |
Is lorcaserin associated with increased cancer risk? | The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported an increased risk of cancer with lorcaserin in the follow-up of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial. However, subsequent meta-analysis did not confirm the increased risk of cancer with lorcaserin but suggests a trend in this direction, with a greater incidence of some subtypes ... | |
Is Eflornithine and Sulindac are effective for prevention of progression in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis? | No. In a clinical trial, the incidence of progression in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis was not significantly lower with the combination of eflornithine and sulindac than with either drug alone. | BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of combination therapy with eflornithine and
sulindac, as compared with either drug alone, in delaying disease progression in
patients with familial adenomatous polyposis are unknown.
METHODS: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination of eflornithine
and sulindac, as... |
Which cancer can be treated with Darolutamide? | Darolutamide is used for treatment of nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. | Darolutamide (ODM-201) is a novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with a
chemical structure distinctly different from currently approved AR antagonists
that targets both wild-type and mutated ligand binding domain variants to
inhibit AR nuclear translocation. Here, we evaluate the activity of darolutamide
in enza... |
Which cancers can be treated with Selpercatinib? | Selpercatinib was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer and RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer. | INTRODUCTION: Novel rearranged in transfection (RET)-specific tyrosine kinase
inhibitors (TKIs) such as selpercatinib (LOXO-292) have shown unprecedented
efficacy in tumors positive for RET fusions or mutations, notably RET
fusion-positive NSCLC and RET-mutated medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). However,
the mechanism... |
What is the target of Volanesorsen? | Volanesorsen is a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide inhibiting apoC-III (apolipoprotein C-III) transcription/translation that has been recently approved in Europe for Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS) treatment. | OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of volanesorsen (ISIS 304801), a
second-generation 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense inhibitor of
apolipoprotein (apo)C-III, on triglyceride (TG) levels and insulin resistance in
patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-con... |
Roflumilast Cream is effective for which disease? | Roflumilast Cream has been shown to be effective for psoriasis. | BACKGROUND: Oral phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitors have shown efficacy in
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriasis.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness, local safety and tolerability, and
systemic pharmacokinetics of two topical PDE4 inhibitors, roflumilast and
TAK-084, in plaque psoriasis.
METHODS:... |
Describe the mechanism of action of Givosiran. | Givosiran is an aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1)-directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) covalently linked to a ligand to enable specific delivery of the siRNA to hepatocytes. This results in downregulation of ALAS1 mRNA and prevents accumulation of neurotoxic δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen levels that are ... | BACKGROUND: Induction of delta aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 ( ALAS1) gene
expression and accumulation of neurotoxic intermediates result in neurovisceral
attacks and disease manifestations in patients with acute intermittent
porphyria, a rare inherited disease of heme biosynthesis. Givosiran is an
investigational... |
Is Olaparib effective for prostate cancer? | Yes, olaparib was shown to be effective for treatment of prostate cancer. Olaparib led to stable disease or tumor regressions of prostate cancer patients. | The evolving field of personalised medicine is playing an increasingly important
role in cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. Its importance
in clinical management is demonstrated by the recent introduction into routine
clinical practice of various individualised, molecularly targeted therapies ... |
What is Corkscrew Esophagus? | Corkscrew esophagus is a classic finding of diffuse esophageal spasm in barium studies reflecting abnormal contractions, leading to compartmentalization and curling of the esophagus, ultimately giving an appearance similar to a corkscrew or rosary beads. | "Corkscrew oesophagus" is characterised on the basis of two case reports and
attention is drawn to thoracic pain of oesophageal origin. Corkscrew oesophagus
is a radiological diagnosis and is characterised by twisted segments in the
distal third of the oesophagus. The condition can sometimes be demonstrated
endosco... |
List 3 conventional synthetic DMARDs. | Three conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs include methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, and sulfasalazine. | In light of the recent emergence of new therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis,
such as kinase inhibitors and biosimilars, a new nomenclature for
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), which are currently often
classified as synthetic (or chemical) DMARDs (sDMARDS) and biological DMARDs
(bDMARDs), may be ne... |
Is isradipine effective for Parkinson's disease? | No. Long-term treatment with immediate-release isradipine did not slow the clinical progression of early-stage Parkinson's disease. | |
Is MK-1602 a CGRP antagonist? | Yes, MK-1602 is a CGRP antagonist. | AIM: The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of
ubrogepant (MK-1602), a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
(CGRP-RA), for the acute treatment of migraine.
METHODS: This double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomized 834 participants
to treat one migraine attack with ub... |
Which company developed eptinezumab? | Eptinezumab was developed by Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals. | Eptinezumab-jjmr (referred to as eptinezumab hereafter; Vyepti™) is a humanised
monoclonal antibody that binds to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and
blocks its binding to the receptor. CGRP is believed to play a major role in the
pathophysiology of migraine. Eptinezumab, delivered by intravenous (IV)
admini... |
What are the features of the AESOP syndrome? | Adenopathy and Extensive Skin Patch Overlying a Plasmacytoma is defined as the AESOP Syndrome. | In our manuscript we describe the cutaneous manifestations of a rare condition
termed Adenopathy and Extensive Skin Patch Overlying Plasmacytoma (AESOP)
syndrome. We emphasize the importance of clinically following and subsequently
removing the osteolytic tumor to make the diagnosis. POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomeg... |
Which drugs are included in the VIFUP regimen for breast cancer? | ViFuP includes vinorelbine, cisplatin and continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil. | OBJECTIVE: We undertook a prospective phase II study to assess the feasibility
and activity of a new induction chemotherapy regimen followed by
hyperfractionated irradiation in locally advanced squamous cell head and neck
cancer.
METHODS: 25 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated
with 4 cy... |
Which drugs are included in the EE-4A regimen for Wilm's tumor? | EE-4A regimen includes dactinomycin and vincristine. | |
Does inactivation of CYLD help in colorectal cancer? | Νο. Inactivation of CYLD in intestinal epithelial cells exacerbates colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. | PURPOSE: CYLD is a tumor suppressor that has been linked to the development of
various human maligcies, including colon cancer. The tumor-suppressing
function of CYLD is associated with its deubiquitinating activity, which maps to
the carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. In the present study we evaluated
the ro... |
Which network analysis method can you use for prioritization of metabolic disease genes? | metPropagate is a network-guided propagation of metabolomic information for prioritization of metabolic disease genes. metPropagate was able to prioritize at least one causative gene in the top 20th percentile of candidate genes for 92% of patients with known IEMs. | Many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are amenable to treatment, therefore
early diagnosis is imperative. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) variant
prioritization coupled with phenotype-guided clinical and bioinformatics
expertise is typically used to identify disease-causing variants; however, it
can be challenging t... |
Which drugs are included in the IROX regimen for colorectal cancer? | IROX regimen for colorectal cancer includes irinotecan and oxaliplatin. | BACKGROUND: Fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin and irinotecan combinations improve
time to tumor progression (TTP), objective response and overall survival (OS) in
patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). Here we identify and describe
patients treated on Intergroup study N9741 who initially had inoperable MC... |
What are the targets of pemigatinib? | Pemigatinib is a small molecule inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1, FGFR2 and FGFR3, received accelerated approval for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma and a FGFR2 fusion or other rearrangement, as detected by a US FDA... | BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 gene alterations are
involved in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Pemigatinib is a selective,
potent, oral inhibitor of FGFR1, 2, and 3. This study evaluated the safety and
antitumour activity of pemigatinib in patients with previously treated, locally
a... |
Is there high nucleotide diversity in the Drosophila suzukii species? | Native to Asia, the soft-skinned fruit pest Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded the United States and Europe. The eastern United States represents the most recent expansion of their range, and presents an opportunity to test alternative models of colonization history. There are high levels of nucleotide diversity i... | |
Which tools have been developed for identifying and visualising ncRNA promoters? | Epd, ncpro-ml and ucsc genome browser are tools that have been developed for identifying and visualising ncRNA promoters. | |
What is the mode of administration of AZD8601? | AZD8601 is administered intradermally. | Author information:
(1)Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development,
Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca,
Gothenburg, Sweden.
(2)Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden.
(3)Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, ... |
What is SAR425899? | SAR425899 ia a dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucagon receptor agonist. | AIM: To evaluate the change in insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and glucose
absorption after 28 days of treatment with high and low doses of SAR425899, a
novel dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucagon receptor agonist, versus
placebo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six overweight to obese subjects with type... |
Which class of disorders are caused by AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects? | Mutations in the AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit cause a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder. | |
Is Hunter's disease is associated with the X Chromosome? | Yes, Hunter's disease is associated with the X Chromosome. | We report the occurrence of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) in a
karyotypically normal girl who was one of identical twins. Molecular studies
showed nonrandom X-inactivation in both her fibroblasts and lymphocytes, while
her normal twin showed equal usage of both X chromosomes. In view of previous
re... |
Where are integrins localized in a cell? | Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins that are broadly distributed in living organisms. | The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a cell
surface receptor for thyroid hormone analogues. The receptor is largely
expressed and activated in tumor cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells.
The principal ligand for this receptor is l-thyroxine (T4), usually regarded
only as a proh... |
What is a bacteriocin? | Bacteriocins, the ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides of bacteria, represent an untapped source of promising antibiotic alternatives.
One such strategy involves using narrow-spectrum protein antibiotics (so-called bacteriocins), which diverse bacteria use to compete against closely related species. | Bacteriocins, the ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides of bacteria,
represent an untapped source of promising antibiotic alternatives. However,
bacteriocins display diverse mechanisms of action, a narrow spectrum of
activity, and inherent challenges in natural product isolation making in vitro
verification o... |
What protein complex is altered in "Coffin-Siris syndrome"? | he genes causative of CSS mainly encode the SWI/SNF complex, which contributes to chromatin remodeling and regulates the access of transcriptional factors to specific gene sites. | Author information:
(1)West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Laboratory Medicine Building,
Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Electronic
address: gabriella.gazdagh@ggc.scot.nhs.uk.
(2)Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel
Allerton Hospital, Leed... |
What is Aortitis? | Aortitis is the inflammation of the aorta due to various causes, such as the manifestation of an underlying infectious or noninfectious disease process. | Aortitis is defined as an inflammatory process that involves one or more layers
of the aortic wall (internal elastic lamina, tunica media, and adventitia) and
can be caused by multiple mechanisms. Clinical features are usually nonspecific
and a high index of suspicion is required for making the diagnosis. Although
... |
Please list the syndromes that are part of Castleman's disease AKA TAFRO | The syndromes that are part of Castleman's disease AKA TAFRO are:1) organomegaly, 2) anasarca, 3) myelofibrosis, 4) thrombocytopenia and 5) reticulin fibrosis. | Recently, a unique clinicopathologic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease
(MCD) has been identified in Japan. This disease is characterized by a
constellation of symptoms, as listed in the title, and multiple lymphadenopathy
of mild degree with a pathologic diagnosis of atypical CD, often posing
diagnostic a... |
What is known about the protein Curli? | A major component of bacterial biofilms is curli amyloid fibrils secreted by the curli biogenesis system.
Curli is a bacterial α-synuclein (αSyn) which is deposited first in the enteric nervous system and amyloid deposits are propagated in a prion like manner to the central nervous system.
curli are cell surface amyloi... | A major component of bacterial biofilms is curli amyloid fibrils secreted by the
curli biogenesis system. Understanding the curli biogenesis mechanism is
critical for developing therapeutic agents for biofilm-related infections. Here
we report a systematic study of the curli biogenesis system, highlighted by
struct... |
List the core lung matrisome proteins. | LGALS7,
ASPN,
HSP90AA1,
HSP90AB1,
COL1A1,
SCGB1A1,
TAGLN,
PSEN2,
TSPAN1,
CTSB,
AGR2,
CSPG2,
SERPINB3,
fibronectin,
emilin-1,
versican,
decorin | |
Can Freund's complete adjuvant induce arthritis? | Yes, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA; 1 mg/0.1 ml paraffin oil), injected subcutaneously on days 0, 30 and 40 | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and accelerated autoimmune illness with
proliferative and damaging synovitis, resulting in joint death and cartilage and
bone erosion. This study focused on the potential therapeutic effect of wogonin
on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced RA in rats and the underlying
me... |
Can saponins be used as adjuvant? | Yes,
saponin is an ideal adjuvant candidate. | The purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponin (AJSAF) is an ideal
adjuvant candidate that improves antigen-specific both cellular and humoral
immune responses and elicits mixed Th1/Th2 responses, but its mechanisms remain
unclear. The key features of action of AJSAF were investigated in mice immunized ... |
Is erabutoxin b usually found in plants? | Erabutoxin b is a short-chain neurotoxic peptide purified from the venom of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata. | The three-dimensional structure of erabutoxin b, a neurotoxin in the venom of
the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata, has been determined from a 2.75 A
resolution electron density map. Erabutoxin b is one of a family of snake venom
neurotoxins, all low-molecular-weight proteins, which block neuromuscular
transmission... |
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