question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Are synonymous sites in primates and rodents functionally constrained? | No. Synonymous sites in primates exhibited evidence for higher selective constraint that those in rodents. In primates up to 24% of synonymous sites could be under purifying selection, while in rodents synonymous sites evolved neutrally. | It has been claimed that synonymous sites in mammals are under selective
constraint. Furthermore, in many studies the selective constraint at such sites
in primates was claimed to be more stringent than that in rodents. Given the
larger effective population sizes in rodents than in primates, the theoretical
expecta... |
Which animal bite can cause Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection? | Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection is typically associated with dog bites, especially in asplenic or immunocompromised patients, and typically manifest as sepsis and/or bacteremia. | CDC group DF-2 is the vernacular name given to a slow-growing gram-negative
bacterium that causes septicemia and meningitis in humans. Infections frequently
(one-third of cases) occur following dog bites or close contact with dogs or
occasionally with cats. Splenectomy and alcoholism appear to be strong
predisposin... |
What is the function of lysozyme? | Lysozymes are an ancient group of antimicrobial enzymes of the innate immune system. Lysozyme activity is a marker of Paneth cell function. | The ICChI is a 35-kDa, glycosylated protein isolated from the latex of the weed
Ipomoea carnea. It displays chitinase and lysozyme activity, which could be
important for the defense against pathogenic fungi, insects and bacteria. The
ICChI enzyme was crystallized, and a diffraction data set was collected from a
sin... |
Explain amniotic band syndrome. | Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is a rare congenital disease with variable manifestations ranging from simple constriction rings at the extremities to major defects such as exencephaly. | The amniotic band syndrome (ABS) refers to the infrequent occurrence of
congenital deformities presumably due to fetal entanglement in strands of
ruptured amniotic sac. The most commonly associated anomalies include
amputations, constriction bands, syndactyly, craniofacial defects, club feet,
and cleft lip. We pres... |
Which are the main advantages of kallisto against similar methodologies? | Kallisto is a pseudo-alignment algorithm, which is a way of quantifying RNA-sequencing. It's used in RNA-seq because it's much faster and more efficient than other methodologies. | Author information:
(1)Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley,
California, USA.
(2)Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley,
California, USA.
(3)Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Icel... |
What methodology does the HercepTest use? | The HercepTest is immunohistochemistry based. | BACKGROUND: HER2 status is a predictive biomarker of response to trastuzumab in
advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. However,
there is relatively little known about the role of HER2 in resected gastric or
GEJ adenocarcinoma in the Western population.
METHODS: Retrospective, observation... |
Which R/Bioconductor package has been developed for gene expression signature searching? | SignatureSearch is an R/Bioconductor package that integrates a suite of existing and novel algorithms into an analysis environment for gene expression signature (ESE) searching combined with functional enrichment analysis (FEA) and visualization methods to facilitate the interpretation of the search results. | signatureSearch is an R/Bioconductor package that integrates a suite of existing
and novel algorithms into an analysis environment for gene expression signature
(GES) searching combined with functional enrichment analysis (FEA) and
visualization methods to facilitate the interpretation of the search results. In
a t... |
Which molecule is targeted by Upadacitinib? | Upadacitinib is a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor developed for treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. | AIMS: Upadacitinib (ABT-494) is a selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor being
developed for treatment of auto-immune inflammatory disorders. This work
evaluated effects of high-fat meal, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inhibition, CYP
induction, and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B inhibition on
upadacitinib ... |
What is known about natriuretic peptide receptor A? | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its natriuretic peptide receptors A (NPR-A) and C (NPR-C) are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological process of blood pressure.
The natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA), also known as NPR1 or guanylyl cyclase A, binds ANP and BNP to initiate transmembran... | BACKGROUND: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its natriuretic peptide
receptors A (NPR-A) and C (NPR-C) are involved in the regulation of
physiological and pathophysiological process of blood pressure. The present
study aimed to determine the role of NPR-C in the development of salt-sensitive
hypertension.
METHO... |
What is the mode of action of dexamethasone? | Glucocorticoids like Dexamethasone have a number of modes of action. While these drugs are used to reduce inflammation, Dexamethasone can also induce apoptosis thru initiation of autophagy, activate glucocorticoid receptors in the treatment of uveitic edema, alter gene expression in allergic asthma prevent tachycardia... | Reducing reperfusion injury is effective in reducing flap loss after prolonged
ischemia. Anti-inflammatory therapy reduces reperfusion injury in canine cardiac
muscle and ex vivo rat cremaster muscle; however, to date, there are no studies
involving the use of anti-inflammatory agents in ischemic skin flaps. This st... |
What is the phenomenon described as "complex coacervation"? | Here, we demonstrate that charge-mediated phase separation, or complex coacervation, of RNAs with cationic peptides can generate simple model liquid organelles capable of reversibly compartmentalizing biomolecules. Impact of macromolecular crowding on RNA/spermine complex coacervation and oligonucleotide compartmentali... | Coacervation was defined as the phenomenon in which a colloidal dispersion
separated into colloid-rich (the coacervate), and colloid-poor phases, both with
the same solvent. Complex coacervation covered the situation in which a mixture
of two polymeric polyions with opposite charge separated into liquid dilute and
... |
Which proteins does RG-7992 target? | BFKB8488A is a bispecific antibody against FGFR1 and KLB. | |
Is there a role for TFII-I in megakaryopoiesis? | Yes. TFII-I acts as a repressor of β-globin gene transcription and is implicated in the differentiation of erythrocytes into megakaryopoiesis. Mutations in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length isoform of TF II-I and lead to the production of a shortened isoform, TFII, in erythroid cells. TF2-I has a ... | TFII-I is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that positively or
negatively regulates gene expression. TFII-I has been implicated in neuronal and
immunologic diseases as well as in thymic epithelial cancer. Williams-Beuren
Syndrome (WBS) is caused by a large hemizygous deletion on chromosome 7q11.23
which... |
Which drugs are included in the VAC regiment for Ewing's sarcoma? | VAC regiment for Ewing's sarcoma includes vincristine, actinomycin, cyclophosphamide. | Vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) were administered to 14
patients with Ewing's sarcoma. The primary tumors were treated with radiation
therapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Nine patients had no visible metastases at
diagnosis: two died following the development of pulmonary metastases and the
r... |
Is YKL-40 used as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease? | Yes,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) YKL-40 levels were reported to be a promising candidate biomarker of glial inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). | INTRODUCTION: Synaptic damage, axonal neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation
are common features in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD),
and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
METHODS: Unicentric cohort of 353 participants included healthy control (HC)
subjects, AD continuum stages, genetic AD an... |
On what chromosome is the gene for "SILVER" coat color found for the domestic cat? | Linkage mapping defined a genomic region for SILVER as a 3.3-Mb region, (95.87-99.21 Mb) on chromosome D2 in the domestic cat. | |
Which lncRNAs are induced by heatshock? | Malat1, papas, long noncoding rnas, circrna, neat1, and mirna are induced by heat shock. | Following the initial discovery of the heat shock RNA omega (hsrω) gene of
Drosophila melanogaster to be non-coding (nc) and also inducible by cell stress,
other stress-inducible long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been described in
diverse organisms. In view of the rapid sequence divergence of lncRNAs, present
know... |
What is the prevalence of poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 among Southern Asians compared to East Asians? | Southeast Asians exhibit a higher prevalence of CYP2C19-poor metabolisers compared with Caucasians and East Asians. | |
Which R/Bioconductor package has been developed for network-based differential expression analysis? | INDEED is an R/Bioconductor package for network based differential expression analysis. INDEED allows users to construct a sparse network based on partial correlation, and to identify biomolecules that have significant changes both at individual expression and pairwise interaction levels. | |
Can propofol cause green urine? | Yes, propofol can cause green discoloration of urine. It is a rare and benign condition, which occurs when clearance of propofol exceeds the hepatic and extrahepatic elimination. | BACKGROUND: The intragastric balloon is filled with saline and methylene blue
dye, to detect balloon deflation early and prevent bowel obstruction, by
monitoring the patient's urine for changes in color.
METHODS: An intragastric balloon filled with 590 ml of saline plus 10 ml of
methylene blue was endoscopically pla... |
Are Gram positive bacteria able to release extracellular vesicles? | Yes, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria release a variety of membrane vesicles through different formation routes. | Filifactor alocis, a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rod, is an emerging
periodontal pathogen that is frequently isolated from patients with
periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and apical periodontitis. Recent studies have
shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from gram-negative periodontal
pathogens, so-called ou... |
Describe a cytokine release syndrome. | The major factor responsible for acute respiratory distress syndrome is the so-called "cytokine storm," which is an aberrant response from the host immune system that induces an exaggerated release of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. | Cytokine-release syndrome is a symptom complex associated with the use of many
monoclonal antibodies. Commonly referred to as an infusion reaction, it results
from the release of cytokines from cells targeted by the antibody as well as
immune effector cells recruited to the area. When cytokines are released into
th... |
Which genes are the main markers of primitive Endoderm (prEN) formation? | The genes involved in primitive endoderm (prEN) formation are fgf4, lrp2, gata4, pdgfra, p dgfrα, gATA6, nanog, pDgfralpha, egam1 and dab2. | The amount of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit G alpha i2 decreases after
the induction of F9 teratocarcinoma cells to become primitive endoderm in the
presence of retinoic acid (RA). The reduction of the G alpha i2 protein in F9
cells by antisense RNA expression was associated with (i) loss of
receptor-mediate... |
What are the EMA and FDA recommendations regarding pharmacogenetic testing for abacavir? | Abacavir HSRs are highly associated with the major histocompatibility complex class I. Large studies established the effectiveness of prospective HLA-B*57:01 screening to prevent HSRs to abacavir. Accordingly to these results the abacavir label has been modified: the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the FDA recommen... | Many pharmacogenomic biomarkers (PGBM) were identified and translated into
clinical practice, affecting the usage of drugs via label updates. In this
context, abacavir is one of the most brilliant examples of pharmacogenetic
studies translated into clinical practice. Pharmacogenetic studies have revealed
that abaca... |
Describe PWMScan | PWMScan is used to scan a position weight matrix (PWM) against a genome or, in general, a large set of DNA sequences. The PWM is the most commonly used mathematical model to describe the DNA binding specificity of a transcription factor (TF). | SUMMARY: Transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to specific
short DNA sequences of 5-20 bp to regulate the rate of transcription of genetic
information from DNA to messenger RNA. We present PWMScan, a fast web-based tool
to scan server-resident genomes for matches to a user-supplied PWM or
transc... |
Is vocimagene amiretrorepvec effective for glioblastoma? | No. Treatment with vocimagene amiretrorepvec did not improve survival of glioblastoma patients. | PURPOSE: High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are central nervous system tumors with poor
prognoses and limited treatment options. Vocimagene amiretrorepvec (Toca 511) is
a retroviral replicating vector encoding cytosine deaminase, which converts
extended release 5-fluorocytosine (Toca FC) into the anticancer agent,
5-fluorou... |
List the major royal jelly proteins in Apis mellifera. | The genome of the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) harbors nine transcribed major royal jelly protein genes (mrjp1-9) which originate from a single-copy precursor via gene duplication. | The honey from chestnut, acacia, sunflower, eucalyptus and orange was analysed
for its proteome content, in order to see if any plant proteins present would
allow the proteo-typing of these different varieties. Since the total protein
content turned out to be minute, 200g of each honey type were diluted to 1L and
t... |
What is BEL(Biological Expression Language) used for? | Biological Expression Language (BEL) is a novel method for the statistical extraction of causal relation relationships from large biomedical literature datasets. | Towards the development of a systems biology-based risk assessment approach for
environmental toxicants, including tobacco products in a systems toxicology
setting such as the "21st Century Toxicology", we are building a series of
computable biological network models specific to non-diseased pulmonary and
cardiovas... |
Which database contains gene expression data for yeast? | We developed the ExpressDB database for yeast RNA expression data and loaded it with approximately 17.5 million pieces of data reported by 11 studies with three different kinds of high-throughput RNA assays. | We report steps toward the systematic management, standardization, and analysis
of functional genomics data. We developed the ExpressDB database for yeast RNA
expression data and loaded it with approximately 17.5 million pieces of data
reported by 11 studies with three different kinds of high-throughput RNA assays. ... |
Which CYP gene polymorphism is a well-known predictor of efavirenz disposition? | Cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP2B6 G516T (rs3745274) is a well-known predictor of efavirenz disposition. | Background and Objectives: Severe, recalcitrant cases of pediatric psoriasis or
atopic dermatitis may necessitate treatment with biological agents; however,
this may be difficult due to lack of treatment options and standardized
treatment guidelines. This review evaluates the biological treatment options
available,... |
What is the role of the IRE1a-XBP1 pathway? | The IRE1a-XBP1 pathway is a conserved adaptive mediator of the unfolded protein response, playing an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation. | BACKGROUND: The IRE1a-XBP1 pathway is a conserved adaptive mediator of the
unfolded protein response. The pathway is indispensable for the development of
secretory cells by facilitating protein folding and enhancing secretory
capacity. In the immune system, it is known to function in dendritic cells,
plasma cells, ... |
Can Panitumumab cause trichomegaly? | Yes. Panitumumab is EGFR inhibitor that is associated with eyelash trichomegaly. | Eyelash trichomegaly is an uncommon drug-associated sequelae experienced during
treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Elongation of
the eyelashes induced by these agents has predomitly been observed in
oncology patients with either colorectal or lung cancer. It is most frequently
associ... |
List proteins that are contained in atherosclerotic plaques? | extracellular matrix proteins
biglycan
Lumican
Apolipoprotein A-I | Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with complex pathobiology and
one of the most common causes of cardiovascular events. The process is
characterized by complex vascular remodeling processes that require the actions
of numerous proteins. The composition of atherosclerotic plaque is increasingly
recog... |
List characteristics of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs). | yes, developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (dees) are a group of severe, early onset epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures, developmental delay or regression associated with ongoing epileptic activity, and generally poor prognosis. | Author information:
(1)Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC
H3T1C5, Canada.
(2)Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
(3)Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Ca... |
Which methods exist for efficient calculation of Elementary flux modes (EFMs) in genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs)? | EFM-Ta is a novel algorithm that uses a linear programming-based tree search and efficiently enumerates a subset of EFMs in genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs). The stand-alone software TreeEFM is implemented in C++ and interacts with the open-source linear solver COIN-OR Linear program Solver (CLP). | MOTIVATION: Elementary flux modes (EFMs) analysis constitutes a fundamental tool
in systems biology. However, the efficient calculation of EFMs in genome-scale
metabolic networks (GSMNs) is still a challenge. We present a novel algorithm
that uses a linear programming-based tree search and efficiently enumerates a
... |
What is the mechanism of action of vosoritide? | Vosoritide is a biologic analogue of C-type natriuretic peptide, a potent stimulator of endochondral ossification. | TransCon CNP is a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP-38) conjugated via a cleavable
linker to a polyethylene glycol carrier molecule, designed to provide sustained
systemic CNP levels upon weekly subcutaneous administration. TransCon CNP is in
clinical development for the treatment of comorbidities associated with
ach... |
What is the "flight-or-fight response"? | This is also known as " flight-or- fight response" and is defined as an individual's response to a stimulus such as stress, that includes loss of sleep, anxiety, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain. | The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what
is threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the
physiological and behavioral responses which can be either adaptive or damaging.
Stress involves two-way communication between the brain and the cardiovascular,
immune... |
How is Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia scale used? | Burck-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia scale (BBS) is a simple, reliable, and valid measure of disease severity in patients with dystonia. | Object. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a
promising new procedure for the treatment of dystonia. The authors present their
technical approach for placement of electrodes into the GPi in awake patients
with dystonia, including the methodology used for electrophysiological mapping... |
Is methotrexate used for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? | Yes, methotrexate is effective for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. MTX can be administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents or as mono-therapy. Response rate to MTX is more than 90%. MTX therapy is associated with improved survival of RA patients. | Methotrexate (MTX) is currently under study for use in juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. One complication of MTX is hepatotoxicity. Although liver function
tests may be abnormal with its use, in this setting they do not correlate well
with the development of hepatic fibrosis. Periodic liver biopsy is required to
monit... |
What methodology does the FoundationOne CDx test use? | FoundationOne CDx is a next generation sequencing (NGS) based test. | BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy has demonstrated encouraging clinical benefits in
patients with advanced breast carcinomas and Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)
expression has been proposed as an immunotherapy biomarker. Challenges with
current PD-L1 testing exist and tumor mutation burden (TMB) is emerging as a
biomarke... |
Which R/bioconductor package exists for discovery of intergenic transcripts? | To increase the power of transcript discovery from large collection of RNA-seq data sets, a novel '1-Step' approach named pooling RNA-Seq and Assembling Models (PRAM) has been developed that build transcript models from pooled RNA- sequencing data sets. PRAM is implemented as an R/Bioconductor package. | Publicly available RNA-seq data is routinely used for retrospective analysis to
elucidate new biology. Novel transcript discovery enabled by joint analysis of
large collections of RNA-seq data sets has emerged as one such analysis. Current
methods for transcript discovery rely on a '2-Step' approach where the first ... |
What is the mechanism of action of idasanutlin? | Idasanutlin is a small-molecule inhibitor of MDM2, a negative regulator of tumor suppressor p53. | BACKGROUND: Venetoclax, a small molecule BH3 mimetic which inhibits the
anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and idasanutlin, a selective MDM2 antagonist, have
both shown activity as single-agent treatments in pre-clinical and clinical
studies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we deliver the rationale
and mo... |
Where is corticosterone synthesized? | Following a stressful event, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis mediates the release of the stress hormone cortisol (corticosterone in rodents; CORT). | Arecoline has biomedical importance, but it has untoward side effects on
endocrine functions. The aim is to investigate its role on adrenal activity
under thermal stress by ultrastructural and hormonal parameters in mice. Cold
(4 °C) or heat (37 °C) stress, or arecoline (10 mg/kg body wt), each for 7 days
in cold o... |
Where is the klotho protein primarily expressed in the body | The klotho protein is primarily expressed in the lungs, kidney, lens, cerebellum, trpc6, renal cells and the brain. | The Klotho mouse is a recently developed model that exhibits phenotypes
resembling human aging. We used this model to investigate sensorineural hearing
loss from the point of view that it may be considered an issue of aging. Using
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and
immunohistochem... |
Which particular intersex phenotype is related to steroid reductase? | Steroid reductase mutations are associated with both sex-determining and non-syndromic hypospadias | In the 20 yr since it was established that impairment of dihydrotestosterone
formation is the cause of a rare form of human intersex, a wealth of information
has accumulated about the genetics, endocrinology, and variable phenotypic
manifestations, culminating in the cloning of cDNAs encoding two 5
alpha-reductase ... |
Is atenolol metabolized by CYP2D6? | No, atenolol is metabolized in a CYP2D6-independent manner. | AIMS: The study aimed to investigate the clinical adherence to drug label
recommendations on important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Dispensing data on
drug combinations involving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
antidepressants could help to identify areas for intensified medical education.
METHODS: T... |
Describe DeepTRIAGE | DeepTRIAGE (Deep learning for the TRactable Individualised Analysis of Gene Expression) is a novel deep learning architecture which uses an attention mechanism to obtain personalised biomarker scores that describe how important each gene is in predicting the cancer sub-type for each sample. DeepTRIAge simultaneously re... | |
What is Pseudomelanosis duodeni? | Pseudomelanosis duodeni is a rare incidental finding seen on endoscopy and has the characteristic appearance of flat, black-speckled pigmented mucosa that can be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure and consumption of different drugs. | Despite the common practice of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the unique
phenomenon of punctate black pigmentation of the duodenal mucosa, now known as
pseudomelanosis duodeni, still remains a rare entity. Four patients with normal
renal function at presentation were found to have this pigment on endoscopy. One
... |
Is the glucocorticoid receptor a transcription factor? | Yes,
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus upon hormone stimulation and distributes between the nucleoplasm and membraneless compartments named nuclear foci. | An important site for bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) latency is sensory neurons
within trigeminal ganglia (TG). The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone
consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency. Expression of four
Krüppel-like transcription factors (KLF), i.e., KLF4, KLF6, PLZF (promyelocytic
leukemia... |
What are the five traits associated with metabolic syndrome? | Metabolic syndrome is the concurrent presentation of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension. | BACKGROUND: The close association of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease (CVD) suggests that they share a common physiologic
antecedent, postulated to be tissue resistance to insulin. Insulin resistance is
associated with a cluster of risk factors recognized as the metabolic syndrome.
OBJECTIV... |
Which gene is responsible for the Liebenberg syndrome? | Liebenberg syndrome is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene. Patients present with prominent neurological, medical, and behavioral symptoms. | The study of homeotic-transformation mutants in model organisms such as
Drosophila revolutionized the field of developmental biology, but how these
mutants relate to human developmental defects remains to be elucidated. Here, we
show that Liebenberg syndrome, an autosomal-domit upper-limb malformation,
shows featur... |
Which pharmacogenetic test is recommended prior to administering carbamazepine and why? | HLA-B∗15:02 is known as a biomarker for carbamazepine (CBZ) induced Steven-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in some Asian populations. Hence United States Federal Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends HLA-B∗15:02 screening for Asian and other populations with a high prevalence of HLA-B∗15:02, ... | HLA-B∗15:02 is known as a biomarker for carbamazepine (CBZ) induced
Steven-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in some Asian
populations. Hence United States Federal Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends
HLA-B∗15:02 screening for Asian and other populations with a high prevalence of
HLA-B∗15:... |
Are there sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes? | Yes. Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. There are sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. | |
Which drugs are included in the MAID chemotherapy regimen for sarcoma? | MAID chemotherapy regimen for sarcomas include mesna, adriamycin, ifosfamide and dacarbazine. | Although carcinosarcoma occurs in various locations throughout the body, it
rarely originates in the ovary. Chemotherapy has been minimally beneficial. This
case describes a patient with carcinosarcoma of the ovary who responded
minimally to chemotherapy used for epithelial carcinomas but had a complete
response af... |
Which is the main ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor? | Glucocorticoids (GC) such as cortisol regulate multiple physiological functions, notably those involved in development, metabolism, inflammatory processes and stress, and exert their effects upon binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, encoded by NR3C1 gene in humans). | Glucocorticoids (GC) such as cortisol regulate multiple physiological functions,
notably those involved in development, metabolism, inflammatory processes and
stress, and exert their effects upon binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR,
encoded by NR3C1 gene in humans). GC signaling follows several consecutive st... |
Who received the Nobel prize for development of CRISPR? | The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to CRISPR-Cas pioneers Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. Charpentier and Doudna pioneered the site-specific CRISPR gene-editing technology that has revolutionized cancer research and treatment. | Emmanuelle Charpentier, PhD, and Jennifer Doudna, PhD, who pioneered the
site-specific CRISPR gene-editing technology that has revolutionized cancer
research and treatment, were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Many
CRISPR-based therapies are already in human testing, with gene-edited T cells
for blood ca... |
How are super enhancers defined? | Super-enhancers are defined as genomic regions spanned by highly conserved non-coding elements (HCNEs), most of which serve as regulatory inputs of one target gene in the region. | Super-enhancers are large clusters of transcriptional enhancers that drive
expression of genes that define cell identity. Improved understanding of the
roles that super-enhancers play in biology would be afforded by knowing the
constellation of factors that constitute these domains and by identifying
super-enhancer... |
Is metoprolol metabolized by CYP2D6? | Yes, metoprolol is metabolized by CYP2D6. | Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often treated by concurrent multiple
drug therapy. It is therefore plausible that with an increasing number of drugs
the risk of drug interactions increases. Such interactions can be either
pharmacodynamic (and are due to the mechanism of the administered drugs) or they
can... |
List versions of ExpansionHunter | ExpansionHunter and ExpansionHunter Denovo | SUMMARY: We describe a novel computational method for genotyping repeats using
sequence graphs. This method addresses the long-standing need to accurately
genotype medically important loci containing repeats adjacent to other variants
or imperfect DNA repeats such as polyalanine repeats. Here we introduce a new
ver... |
What are the uses of Nirsevimab? | A single injection of nirsevimab resulted in fewer medically attended RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations than placebo throughout the RSV season in healthy preterm infants. | BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower
respiratory tract infection in infants, and a need exists for prevention of RSV
in healthy infants. Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody with an extended
half-life that is being developed to protect infants for an entire RSV season
with ... |
What is the proteoglycan Tsukushi? | Tsukushi (TSK), a member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) family, plays multifunctional roles by interacting with signaling molecules during development.
In lung cancer cells, TSK is expressed more highly than the other SLRPs family members, and regulates the EMT and proliferation. Thus, TSK may be ... | Vitamin K2 is a critical nutrient required for blood coagulation. It also plays
a key role in bone homeostasis and is a clinically effective therapeutic agent
for osteoporosis. We previously demonstrated that vitamin K2 is a
transcriptional regulator of bone marker genes in osteoblastic cells and that it
may potent... |
Does Curare function by stimulating the acetylcholine receptor? | No. Curare function does not stimulate the acetylcholine receptor. | We have studied the effects of curare on responses resulting from iontophoretic
application of several putative neurotransmitters onto Aplysia neurons. These
neurons have specific receptors for acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, octopamine,
phenylethanolamine, histamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartic acid,
a... |
Are somatic mutations positioned towards the nuclear periphery? | lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core. Smoking and UV-related signatures, as well as substitutions at certain motifs, were more enriched in the nuclear periphery. | The nuclear matrix (NM) is the structural framework of the nucleus that consists
of the peripheral lamins and pore complexes, an internal ribonucleic protein
network, and residual nucleoli. Differences between the nuclear matrix protein
(NMP) composition of transformed cells and their normal homologues were detected... |
Which biological drugs are EMA approved for pediatric psoriasis? | Currently there are three European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved biological treatment options for pediatric psoriasis: etanercept, ustekinumab, and adalimumab. | Background and Objectives: Severe, recalcitrant cases of pediatric psoriasis or
atopic dermatitis may necessitate treatment with biological agents; however,
this may be difficult due to lack of treatment options and standardized
treatment guidelines. This review evaluates the biological treatment options
available,... |
What is the role of Adamts18 in hormone receptor signaling? | Adamts18 links luminal hormone receptor signaling to basement membrane remodeling and stem cell activation. | |
Is belimumab effective for the lupus nephritis? | Yes, belimumab appears to effective for the lupus nephritis. | We report the case of a 19-year-old woman with progressive proliferative lupus
nephritis (LN) class III after induction and maintece therapy with
mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Despite a satisfying clinical improvement
proteinuria progressed under this medication. We treated the patient with
additional belimumab afte... |
Which are the lactate isomers? | Lactate contains a chiral carbon and thus has two optical isomers-d-lactate and l-lactate. | Lactate contains a chiral carbon and thus has two optical isomers-d-lactate and
l-lactate. l-Lactate is the predomit form that is produced by the body and
can be delivered to the organs. On the other hand, gut microbiota produce both
isomers, which can then flow into the body. Although both d-lactate and
l-lactate ... |
What is the function of the Eyeless associated gene in Drosophila? | Eyeless (ey) also known as Pax6, is one of the most critical transcription factors for initiating the entire eye development in Drosophila. | The Drosophila gene eyeless (ey) encodes a transcription factor with both a
paired domain and a homeodomain. It is homologous to the mouse Small eye (Pax-6)
gene and to the Aniridia gene in humans. These genes share extensive sequence
identity, the position of three intron splice sites is conserved, and these
genes... |
Are enhancers directional in their targeting of gene promoters? | Promoters initiate transcription in opposite directions and are separated only by a short enhancer region, which is likely to regulate both promoters simultaneously. Most enhancers are able to regulate promoters on either side. | In cell lines established from Marek's disease tumors, several viral transcripts
are expressed and among them the products of pp38/pp24 mRNA and 1.8 kb-mRNA have
been suggested to be involved in viral oncogenicity. The long inverted repeats
of Marek's Disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1) genome contain closely located
t... |
Has dupilumab been FDA approved for atopic dermatitis? | Yes, dupilumab has been approved by FDA for atopic dermatitis. | Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by
pruritus, inflammatory erythematous skin lesions, and skin-barrier defect.
Current mainstay treatments of emollients, steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and
immunosuppressants have limited efficacy and potentially serious side effects.
R... |
Describe ReactomeGSA | ReactiveomeGSA is a novel resource for comparative pathway analyses of multi-omics datasets. Data from different species is automatically mapped to a common pathway space. Public data from ExpressionAt Atlas and Single Cell ExpressionAtlas can be directly integrated in the analysis. reactomegSA greatly reduces the tech... | Pathway analyses are key methods to analyze 'omics experiments. Nevertheless,
integrating data from different 'omics technologies and different species still
requires considerable bioinformatics knowledge.Here we present the novel
ReactomeGSA resource for comparative pathway analyses of multi-omics datasets.
Reacto... |
What is the role of phenylbutyrate–taurursodiol for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with phenylbutyrate–taurursodiol was associated with both functional and survival benefits. | Conflict of interest statement: S. Paganoni reports grants from Amylyx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The ALS Association, and ALS Finding A Cure during the
conduct of the study, and grants from Revalesio, Ra Pharma, Biohaven, Clene
Nanomedicine, and Prilenia, outside the submitted work. S. Hendrix reports other
personal fe... |
What is known about growth arrest-specific 6 protein? | Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein secreted by immune cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and adipocytes. Recent studies indicate that Gas6 and receptors of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer) family may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, systemic inflammation, and i... | BACKGROUND: Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein
secreted by immune cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and
adipocytes. Recent studies indicate that Gas6 and receptors of the TAM (Tyro3,
Axl, and Mer) family may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, systemic
inf... |
What is Leptomeningeal disease? | Neoplastic leptomeningeal disease (LMD) represents infiltration of the leptomeninges by tumor cells. | |
What percent of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients are not responding to anti-TNF therapy? | These therapies are, however, expensive and 30% of patients fail to respond. | BACKGROUND: Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) therapies represent an
important advancement in therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there
remains a proportion of patients who do not improve despite therapy. These drugs
are expensive and have the potential of serious toxicity. Therefore, it woul... |
Which recombinant antibody therapeutics were granted marketing approval in 2014? | Six recombinant antibody therapeutics (vedolizumab, siltuximab, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, blinatumomab) were granted their first marketing approvals in 2014. | The commercial pipeline of recombit antibody therapeutics is robust and
dynamic. As of early December 2014, a total of 6 such products (vedolizumab,
siltuximab, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, blinatumomab) were granted
first marketing approvals in 2014. As discussed in this perspective on
antibodies in late... |
What is caused by BACH2-related immunodeficiency? | Affected subjects of a syndrome of BACH2-related immunodeficiency and autoimmunity (BRIDA) had lymphocyte-maturation defects that caused immunoglobulin deficiency and intestinal inflammation. The mutations disrupted protein stability by interfering with homodimerization or by causing aggregation. | Author information:
(1)Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation
Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory,
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
(2)MRC Centre f... |
Should cerebrolysin be used for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? | No. Randomized clinical trial did not find any superior effects of cerebrolysin for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. | INTRODUCTION: Cerebrolysin is a neuroprotective drug used in the treatment of
acute ischemic stroke. To our knowledge, this drug has never been evaluated in
patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study
was to evaluate the effect of Cerebrolysin in patients with aneurysmal SAH.
METHOD... |
Do bacteria release extracellular vesicles? | Yes, Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayered lipid membrane structures, bearing integral proteins and able to carry diverse cargo outside the cell to distant sites. | Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayered lipid membrane structures,
bearing integral proteins and able to carry diverse cargo outside the cell to
distant sites. In microorganisms, EVs carry several types of molecules:
proteins, glycoproteins, mRNAs and small RNA species, as mammalian EVs do, but
also ca... |
What is the effect of the venom of the cone snail, Conus tulipa? | Thus, C. tulipa venom comprised both paralytic (putative ion channel modulating α-, ω-, μ-, δ-) and non-paralytic (conantokins, con-ikot-ikots, conopressins) conotoxins. | Cotokin-T, a 21-amino acid peptide which induces sleep-like symptoms in young
mice was purified from the venom of the fish-hunting cone snail, Conus tulipa.
The amino acid sequence of the peptide was determined and verified by chemical
synthesis. The peptide has 4 residues of the modified amino acid,
gamma-carboxyg... |
Which component of the Influenza A Virus affects mRNA transcription termination? | Defective Pol II termination occurs independently of the ability of the viral NS1 protein to interfere with host mRNA processing. Instead, this termination defect is a common effect of diverse cellular stresses and underlies the production of previously reported downstream-of-gene transcripts (DoGs). | Carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (carbovir, NSC 614846) is an
anti-retroviral agent that may be useful in the treatment of AIDS. We have
examined the ability of (-)-etiomeric carbovir triphosphate to inhibit human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (EC 2.7.7.49). A
compari... |
Which two genes are predominantly considered by warfarin initial dosing algorithms? | Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 are taken into consideration by warfarin initial dosing algorithms. | Author information:
(1)Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
(2)Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine,
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
(3)Division of Clinical Research Planning, Department of Development Strategy,
Center for... |
Describe MSstatsTMT | MSstatsTMT is a general statistical approach for relative protein quantification in MS- based experiments with TMT labeling. | Tandem mass tag (TMT) is a multiplexing technology widely-used in proteomic
research. It enables relative quantification of proteins from multiple
biological samples in a single MS run with high efficiency and high throughput.
However, experiments often require more biological replicates or conditions than
can be a... |
Is Tranexamic acid effective for intracerebral haemorrhage? | No. According to clinical trial data tranexamic acid does not improve outcomes of patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. | Author information:
(1)Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of
Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK; Stroke, Nottingham University
Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK. Electronic address:
nikola.sprigg@nottingham.ac.uk.
(2)Stroke Trials Unit, Division of... |
Are interferons defensive proteins? | Yes,
The innate immune system, in particular the type I interferon (IFN) response, is a powerful defence against virus infections. | The interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx is responsible for a specific
antiviral state against a broad spectrum of viral infections that are induced by
type-I interferons (IFN α/β) in different vertebrates. In this study, the Mx
gene was isolated from the constructed mullet cDNA database. Structural features
o... |
What effect does Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) have on inflammation? | Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-based nutritional supplement that is purported to have pain and inflammation-reducing effects. | Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a popular dietary supplement used in a variety of
conditions including pain, inflammation, allergies, arthritis, parasitic
infections and the maintece of normal keratin levels in hair, skin and nails.
Despite its popularity, there is little published toxicology data on MSM. The
object... |
What is particular about the 3D structure of the inactive X chromosome? | The mammalian inactive X chromosome (Xi) condenses into a bipartite structure with two superdomains of frequent long-range contacts, separated by a hinge region. This specific bipartite organization of the inactive X chromosome that probably plays an important role in maintenance of gene silencing. | The 3D folding structure formed by different genomic regions of a chromosome is
still poorly understood. So far, only relatively simple geometric features, like
distances and angles between different genomic regions, have been evaluated.
This work is concerned with more complex geometric properties, i.e., the
compl... |
Why mothers with a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype may expose their infants to risk of adverse events when taking codeine while breastfeeding? | Mothers with a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype may expose their infants to risk of adverse events when taking codeine while breastfeeding, by producing more of the active metabolite, morphine. | |
Which R package can infer protein-protein interactions via thermal proximity coaggregation (TPCA)? | Rtpca is an R package implemented methods for inferring protein-protein interactions (PPIs) based on thermal proteome profiling experiments of a single condition or in a differential setting via an approach called thermal proximity coaggregation. It offers user-friendly tools to explore datasets for their PPI predictiv... | SUMMARY: Rtpca is an R package implementing methods for inferring
protein-protein interactions (PPIs) based on thermal proteome profiling
experiments of a single condition or in a differential setting via an approach
called thermal proximity coaggregation. It offers user-friendly tools to explore
datasets for their... |
What is the mechanisms of action of Evinacumab? | Evinacumab is angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) monoclonal antibody that was shown to substantially reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. | Angiopoietin-like 3 protein (ANGPTL3) is an inhibitor of both lipoprotein lipase
and endothelial lipase in humans. Population studies indicate a relationship
between loss of function mutations in ANGPTL3 and favorable reductions in
triglycerides and non- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, loss
of fu... |
Do honey contain diastases/amylases? | Yes
honey contain the protein amylase. | Previous experiments to separate the amylase and "invertase" of honey by
chromatography on sephadex-gels were unsuccesful. It was shown that
honey-amylase, -like amylases form other sources -- has hydrophobic properties.
Therefore it was possible to separate amylase-activity from other activities by
means of hydrop... |
What year was the first successful human heart transplant performed? | The first human heart transplant in 1967 was performed using a deceased donor heart, | The world's first human-to-human heart transplant was performed at Groote Schuur
Hospital on the 2nd December 1967. Between 1967 and 1973, 10 patients underwent
orthotopic heart transplantation. Four lived for more than 1 year. The longest
survivor died after 12 1/2 years, and one patient remains alive and fully
em... |
Which disease is monitored in the BIOCURA cohort? | Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is one of the diseases that is monitored in the BIOCURA cohort. There are other diseases that are monitored as well, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer. | BACKGROUND: In rheumatoid arthritis, prediction of response to TNF-alpha
inhibitor (TNFi) treatment would be of clinical value. This study aims to
discover miRNAs that predict response and aims to replicate results of two
previous studies addressing this topic.
METHODS: From the observational BiOCURA cohort, 40 adal... |
Which gene is associated with response to abacavir? | Large studies established the effectiveness of prospective HLA-B*57:01 screening to prevent HSRs to abacavir. | Many pharmacogenomic biomarkers (PGBM) were identified and translated into
clinical practice, affecting the usage of drugs via label updates. In this
context, abacavir is one of the most brilliant examples of pharmacogenetic
studies translated into clinical practice. Pharmacogenetic studies have revealed
that abaca... |
Is adenosine signaling prognostic for cancer outcome? | Yes, adenosine signaling has been shown to be prognostic for cancer outcome. | |
Which drugs are included in the CNIC polypill? | CNIC polypill includes atorvastatin 40mg, ramipril 10mg and aspirin 100mg. | Aim: To determine the effectiveness of Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
Cardiovasculares (CNIC)-polypill (acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, ramipril 5/10 mg,
simvastatin 40 mg) in achieving blood pressure (BP) goals. Patients & methods: A
multicenter, observational, one cohort, prospective study. BP targets were
analy... |
Which human tissue synthesize CRP? | CRP is predominantly produced in the liver in a native pentameric form (nCRP). | In conditions of acute and chronic inflammation hepatic detoxification capacity
is severely impaired due to coordinated downregulation of drug metabolizing
enzymes and transporters. Using global transcriptome analysis of liver tissue
from donors with pathologically elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), we observed
com... |
What is the relationship between the X chromosome and a neutrophil drumstick? | In particular, up to 17% of neutrophil nuclei of healthy women exhibit a drumstick-shaped appendage that contains the inactive X chromosome. | The sex chromosomal constitution has been determined in various types of human
leukocytes at interphase by use of fluorescence in situ hybridization with X-
and/or Y-specific DNA probes. It is found that during aging and differentiation
of myelocytes into polymorphs there is no significant change in the relative
fr... |
The formation of which inflammatory molecule is regulated by MAP3K8 (TPL2)? | MAP3K8 (Tpl2) regulates the formation of inflammatory molecule IL-1β | OBJECTIVE: Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-(ERK)-1/2 by
cytokines in adipocytes is involved in the alterations of adipose tissue
functions participating in insulin resistance. This study aims at identifying
proteins regulating ERK1/2 activity, specifically in response to inflammatory
cytokines, ... |
Which company produces the Oncomine Dx target test? | The Oncomine Dx Target Test Panel is produced by Thermo Fisher Scientific. | Author information:
(1)HM Sanchinarro University Hospital-CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
(2)HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
(3)La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
(4)Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS and CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
(5)Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain.
... |
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