question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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In which diseases have electronic patient diaries been applied ? | Parkinson's disease
COPD
Food hypersensitivity
Niacin induced flushing
Hemophilia
Heartburn
Headache | Attention needs to be given to how patients can capitalize on the benefits of
Personal Digital Assistant technology. The specific aims of this pilot study are
to compare the efficacy of diabetic patients documenting their health
maintece data (i.e. blood glucose levels, meal intake, and exercise) using an
electroni... |
Which type of myeloma is ixazomib being evaluated for? | The disease focus for the irreversible epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor ixazomib is multiple myeloma. | (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed
tomography (CT) are useful imaging modalities for evaluating tumor progression
and treatment responses in genetically engineered mouse models of solid human
cancers, but the potential of integrated FDG-PET/CT for assessing tumor
developmen... |
Which are the Atg8 homologs in human? | Autophagy (Autophagy-related protein 8 or Atg8p or APG8 or AUT7 or CVT5) is a yeast protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) vesicles and autophagosomes formation. In yeast it is represented by a single gene, the ATG8 family in humans contains 6 members (microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3A (... | In yeast, phosphatidylethanolamine is a target of the Atg8 modifier in
ubiquitylation-like reactions essential for autophagy. Three human Atg8 (hAtg8)
homologs, LC3, GABARAP, and GATE-16, have been characterized as modifiers in
reactions mediated by hAtg7 (an E1-like enzyme) and hAtg3 (an E2-like enzyme) as
in yeas... |
To which family does the Zika virus belong? | The Zika virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae. | BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is
maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes and
nonhuman primates in African and Asian forests. Spillover into humans has been
documented in both regions and the virus is currently responsible for a large
outbreak in F... |
Has the fungus Ashbya gossypii got many nuclei that share cytoplasm? | Yes, Ashbya gossypii has a budding yeast-like genome but grows exclusively as multinucleated hyphae. | We have followed the migration of GFP-labelled nuclei in multinucleate hyphae of
Ashbya gossypii. For the first time we could demonstrate that the mode of long
range nuclear migration consists of oscillatory movements of nuclei with, on
average, higher amplitudes in the direction of the growing tip. We could also
s... |
What is the functionality of the Triplex R/bioconductor package? | Triplex is an R/Bioconductor package for identification and visualization of potential intramolecular triplex patterns in DNA sequences. The package provides functions that can be used to search Bioconductor genomes and other DNA sequence data for occurrence of nucleotide patterns capable of forming intramolecular trip... | |
Which is the molecular mechanism underlying K-ras alterations in carcinomas? | Activating point mutations most frequently in codon 12 | Mutations in the K-ras oncogene and in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are
commonly identified in sporadic cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Although
these genes might serve as useful markers for early diagnosis of pancreatic
carcinoma in patients at risk for the development of this disease, familial
pancreatic car... |
Is microRNA(miRNA) 30 involved in post-ischemic cardiac remodeling? | Myocardial remodeling after an ischemic insult involves extracellular matrix proteins with increased fibrosis
Initial experimental data indicate that miRNA 30 decreases CTGF a key molecule in the process of fibrosis, by directly downregulating the production of CTGF | The myocardium of the failing heart undergoes a number of structural
alterations, most notably hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and an increase in
extracellular matrix proteins, often seen as primary fibrosis. Connective tissue
growth factor (CTGF) is a key molecule in the process of fibrosis and therefore
seems an ... |
List all clinical trials of the polypill. | 'Use of a Multidrug Pill In Reducing cardiovascular Events' (UMPIRE) trial, European Clinical Trials database, as EudraCT: 2009-016278-34 and the Clinical Trials Registry, India as CTRI/2010/091/000250.
'IMProving Adherence using Combination Therapy (IMPACT)', Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN126060... | A "polypill" for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has been
proposed. We estimated the projected benefit of a secondary prevention
"poly-portfolio" strategy, including pharmacologic and lifestyle approaches for
those with coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke. Based on recent clinical
trial results ... |
What is transvection? | An unusual feature of the Diptera is that homologous chromosomes are intimately synapsed in somatic cells. At a number of loci in Drosophila, this pairing can significantly influence gene expression. Such influences were first detected within the bithorax complex (BX-C) by E.B. Lewis, who coined the term transvection t... | Numerous genes contain regulatory elements located many tens of kilobases away
from the promoter they control. Specific mechanisms must be required to ensure
that such distant elements can find and interact with their proper targets but
not with extraneous genes. This review explores the connections between
transve... |
What is the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease? | Probiotics are live, microbial food supplements that benefit the host animal by improving intestinal microbial balance. Across all 11 probiotic species and eight different gastrointestinal diseases - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Helicobacter pylori infection (HPP), Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Pouchitis (Pouch... | Probiotics are live, microbial food supplements that benefit the host animal by
improving intestinal microbial balance. Their major role in preventing and
treating gastrointestinal disease appears to be from their effect on the immune
process, protection against abnormal invasive bacteria, and in the production of
... |
What is the main symptom of Marfan syndrome patients? | The diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with Marfan syndrome remain controversial. Pathohistological alterations of the aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome consisted in pronounced restructuring of the wall with deep irreversible alternative changes. The risk of aortic dissection, which is the most serious m... | For the first time Bernhard Marfan described the Marfan-Syndrome in 1896; it is
a meso- and ectodermed variety with the conducting symptom of "arachnodactyly".
Marfan-Syndrome is an autosomal domit hereditary disorder with high
penetrance and variable expressivity. In our opinion this case of a 41-year-old
patient ... |
What species is associated with Tetrodotoxin? | Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight (approximately 319 Da) neurotoxin found in a number of animal species, including pufferfish. TTX is originally produced by marine bacteria, and pufferfish are intoxicated through the food chain that starts with the bacteria. TTX is found in warm waters, especially of the Ind... | Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its deoxy analogs, 5-deoxyTTX, 11-deoxyTTX,
6,11-dideoxyTTX, and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, were quantified in the tissues of three
female and three male specimens of the marine puffer fish, Fugu niphobles, from
the southern coast of Korea, and in the whole body of the brackishwater puffer
fishes, T... |
How is myotonic dystrophy inherited? | Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a heterogeneous neuromuscular disease with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. | Dystrophic myotonia is a sufficiently rare disease inherited mainly by the
autosomal domit type. Clinical picture is characterized by the myotonic,
myopathic, and endocrine-autonomic syndrome. A clinical, genetic, and
electromyographic study was carried out to elucidate the problem of this
condition inheritance, it... |
How do HBS1L-MYB intergenic variants regulate fetal hemoglobin? | HBS1L-MYB intergenic variants modulate fetal hemoglobin via long-range MYB enhancers. Several HBS1L-MYB intergenic variants affect regulatory elements that are occupied by key erythroid transcription factors within this region. These elements interact with MYB, a critical regulator of erythroid development and HbF leve... | |
Which are the mammalian orthologs of Drosophila Yki? | There are two mammalian orthologs of Yki: YAP and TAZ | The mechanisms that regulate mammalian organ size are poorly understood. It is
unclear whether the pathways that control organ size also impinge on
stem/progenitor cells. A highly expressed gene in stem cells is YAP1, the
ortholog of Drosophila Yorkie, a downstream component of the Hippo pathway.
Mutations in compo... |
Is statin use associated with improved outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? | Statin use after subarachnoid hemorrhage has been shown be associated with improved outcomes by some prospective clinical trials. It has been reported that statin use after subarachnoid hemorrhage reduced rates of vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and mortality. However, other authors have failed to find beneficial... | OBJECTIVE: Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins),
which exhibit beneficial cerebrovascular effects by modulating inflammation and
nitric oxide production, have not been evaluated in acute aneurysmal
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. The effect of prior statin use on 14-day
functional... |
What is the typical outer diameter of microtubules (tubulin heterodimers)? | Microtubules are highly anisotropic structures built from tubulin heterodimers. They are hollow cylindrical shells with a ∼ 25 nm (24nm - 25nm) outer diameter. | Partial spinal cord ischaemia was induced in dogs, ranging from 1 to 3 years of
age, by ligature of the abdominal aorta just below the arteria coeliaca. The
changes of the lumbal sensitive ganglia neurons were studied. In addition to the
most often occurring changes, e.g., the vacuolization of the mitochondria, the ... |
Does molindone affect body weight? | Yes, molindone has a tendency to cause weight loss or limited weight gain. | The weight-reducing property of molindone, a recently introduced antipsychotic
drug, was tested in 9 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. There was an
average weight loss of 7.6 kg after 3 months on molindone; most of the loss
occurred during the first month. The mechanism producing this weight loss is
unce... |
What is the genetic basis of propionic acidemia? | Mutations in the PCCA or PCCB genes, encoding both subunits of propionyl-CoA carboxylase. | Propionic acidemia is an inherited disorder of organic acid metabolism that is
caused by deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC; EC 6.4.1.3). Affected
patients fall into two complementation groups, pccA and pccBC (subgroups B, C,
and BC), resulting from deficiency of the nonidentical alpha and beta subunits
o... |
Which protein phosphatase has been found to interact with the heat shock protein, HSP20? | Protein phosphatase-1 activity is regulated by two binding partners, inhibitor-1 and the small heat shock protein 20, Hsp20. Cell fractionation, coimmunoprecipitation, and coimmunolocalization studies, revealed an association between Hsp20 and PP1. Small heat shock protein 20 interacts with protein phosphatase-1 and en... | |
What is the risk in G-CSF treatment for severe congenital neutropenia? | Severe congenital neutropenia is a rare hematological condition causing severe chronic neutropenia. Treatment with the myeloid growth factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is usually effective, but the dose of G-CSF required to normalize blood neutrophils varies greatly. Ten to thirty percent of the pat... | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The two main complications of severe chronic
neutropenia are fatal sepsis and myelodysplasia/acute leukemia (MDS/AL).
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy has significantly reduced
the frequency and severity of infections, but its possible influence on the risk
of maligcy... |
Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia? | Neurostimulation of globus pallidus internus is effective for treatment of dystonia. Ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus has also been tested for neurostimulation in dystonia patients. | We report on the effects of bilateral neurostimulation of the ventral
intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) in a patient with medically intractable and
progressing inherited myoclonus dystonia syndrome (IMDS). Postoperatively, the
patient improved by approximately 80% on the modified version of a myoclonus
score with... |
Which myosin isozymes are located within the pericuticular necklace of the hair cell? | The hair cell is located in the inner ear, a tissue that is particularly reliant on actin-rich structures and unconventional myosin isozymes. Within the pericuticular necklace, a domain of the hair cell, certain unconventional myosin isozymes are located, namely myosins-Ibeta, myosin-VI, and myosin-VIIa. | To understand how cells differentially use the dozens of myosin isozymes present
in each genome, we examined the distribution of four unconventional myosin
isozymes in the inner ear, a tissue that is particularly reliant on actin-rich
structures and unconventional myosin isozymes. Of the four isozymes, each from a
... |
Which is the treatment strategy followed in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 for CAG removal? | The novel treatment strategy proposed for treatment of Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is the removal of the toxic polyglutamine repeat from the ataxin-3 protein through antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping while maintaining important wild type functions of the protein. | Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the
ataxin-3 protein, resulting in gain of toxic function of the mutant protein. The
expanded glutamine stretch in the protein is the result of a CAG triplet repeat
expansion in the penultimate exon of the ATXN3 gene. Several gene silencing
app... |
Where is the angiogenin binding element located? | Angiogenin binds to CT repeats that are abundant in the nontranscribed region of the ribosomal RNA gene. An angiogenin-binding DNA sequence (CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCCCTC) has been identified and designated angiogenin-binding element (ABE). | Specific binding of angiogenin (ANG) to calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells
was demonstrated. Cellular binding at 4 degrees C of 125I-labeled human
recombit ANG was time and concentration dependent, reversible, and saturable
in the presence of increasing amounts of the unlabeled molecules. The
interaction was s... |
Which proteins cause cytoplasmic sequestration of NF-kB? | In unstimulated cells, NF-kB transcription factors are retained in the cytoplasm with the inhibitory activity of I-kBs, Sef, NF-kB1 (p105) and NF-kB2 (p100). | The human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein transforms T cells through
induced expression of many cellular genes, including those encoding the
growth-related proteins interleukin 2 and the alpha chain of its receptor.
Induction of these genes is mediated, at least in part, through Tax-dependent
posttranslati... |
What is the mode of inheritance of Marchesani syndrome? | Marchesani syndrome is transmitted either by an autosomal dominant (mutations in FBN1) or an autosomal recessive (mutations in ADAMTS10) mode of inheritance | Weill-Marchesani syndrome is a rare, generalized disorder of connective tissue
manifested by short stature, brachymorphia, and spherophakia. Inheritance is
autosomal recessive. In the less than 50 reported cases, joint stiffness in the
hands and thenar atrophy have been noted in adults. A kindred is reported here
i... |
Tumor-treating fields are effective for treatment of which cancers? | Clinical trials have shown that Tumor-treating fields are effective for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and glioblastoma. Ongoing and future trials will evaluate TTFields in solid tumor brain metastases, and ovarian, pancreatic cancers and multidrug resistance cancer cells. | BACKGROUND: Exposure of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents may result in
reduced sensitivity to structurally unrelated agents, a phenomenon known as
multidrug resistance, MDR. The purpose of this study is to investigate cell
growth inhibition of wild type and the corresponding MDR cells by Tumor Treating
Field... |
Which event results in the acetylation of S6K1? | Using acetyl-specific K516 antibodies, we show that acetylation of endogenous S6K1 at this site is potently induced upon growth factor stimulation. We propose that K516 acetylation may serve to modulate important kinase-independent functions of S6K1 in response to growth factor signalling. Following mitogen stimulation... | The 70kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6K1 and S6K2) play important roles in
the regulation of protein synthesis, cell growth and survival. S6Ks are
activated in response to mitogen stimulation and nutrient sufficiency by the
phosphorylation of conserved serine and threonine residues. Here we show for the
first t... |
List angiocrine factors | Angiocrine factors are: Ccl4, neurotensin, vascular endothelial growth factor, metalloproteinases-1, thrombospondin 3, Slit2, hepatocyte growth factor, Wnt2. | The precise mechanisms whereby anti-angiogenesis therapy blocks tumour growth or
causes vascular toxicity are unknown. We propose that endothelial cells
establish a vascular niche that promotes tumour growth and tissue repair not
only by delivering nutrients and O2 but also through an 'angiocrine' mechanism
by prod... |
What is protein carbamylation? | Protein carbamylation is a post-translational modification that can occur in the presence of urea. In solution, urea is in equilibrium with ammonium cyanate, and carbamylation occurs when cyanate ions react with the amino groups of lysines, arginines, protein N-termini, as well as sulfhydryl groups of cysteines. Protei... | Post-translational modification and functional impairment of proteins through
carbamylation is thought to promote vascular dysfunction during end-stage renal
disease. Cyanate, a reactive species in equilibrium with urea, carbamylates
protein lysine residues to form epsilon-carbamyllysine (homocitrulline),
altering ... |
What is the cause of episodic ataxia type 6? | Episodic ataxia type 6, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding a glial glutamate transporter, the excitatory amino acid transporter-1. Reduced glutamate uptake by mutant excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAT1) has been thought to be the main pathophysiological process in episodic ataxia type 6. | Episodic ataxia is a human genetic disease characterized by paroxysmal
cerebellar incoordination. There are several genetically and clinically distinct
forms of this disease, and one of them, episodic ataxia type 6, is caused by
mutations in the gene encoding a glial glutamate transporter, the excitatory
amino acid... |
What is the main role of Ctf4 in dna replication? | coupling MCM2-7 to replicative polymerases is an important feature of the regulation of chromosome replication in eukaryotes, and highlight a key role for Ctf4 in this processAnd-1/Ctf4 is therefore a new replication initiation factor that brings together the MCM2-7 helicase and the DNA pol alpha-primase complex, analo... | Potential DNA replication accessory factors from the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae have previously been identified by their ability to bind to DNA
polymerase alpha protein affinity matrices (J. Miles and T. Formosa, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 89:1276-1280, 1992). We have now used genetic methods to
characterize th... |
Could Arimidex (anastrozole) cause hot flashes? | Yes. Hot flashes are one of the most common adverse effects of Arimidex. | With the development of highly effective, well-tolerated third-generation
aromatase inhibitors (AIs), these drugs will probably play an increasingly
important role in all phases of breast cancer treatment. As a result, the impact
of such hormonal agents on patients' quality of life bears rigorous
investigation. In ... |
What is the role of Inn1 in cytokinesis? | Inn1 associates with the contractile actomyosin ring at the end of mitosis and is needed for cytokinesis. Inn1 has a C2 domain at the amino terminus of the protein that is required for ingression of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis in budding yeast, whereas the remainder of the protein recruits Inn1 to the actomy... | Cytokinesis in yeast can be achieved by plasma membrane ingression, which is
dependent on actomyosin ring constriction. Inn1 presumably couples these
processes by interaction with both the plasma membrane and the temporary
actomyosin ring component Hof1. In addition, an actomyosin ring independent
cytokinesis pathw... |
Which hormone deficiency is implicated in the Costello syndrome ? | Growth hormone deficiency is implicated in Costello syndrome. Growth hormone therapy should be administered with caution due to possible severe side effects. Cortisol and sex hormone deficiencies were also implicated in Costello syndrome. | The Costello syndrome is characterized by dwarfism, unique cutaneous lesions,
distinct facial gestalt, and mental retardation. We present a Japanese patient
with the Costello syndrome. She showed high serum IgM level during the early
infantile period. Nissen's fundplication was carried out to treat severe
gastroeso... |
List the components of a Replisome Progression Complex (RPC). | RPC components include the essential initiation and elongation factor, Cdc45, the checkpoint mediator Mrc1, the Tof1-Csm3 complex that allows replication forks to pause at protein-DNA barriers, the histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) and Ctf4, which helps to establish sister chromatid cohesion.... | The components of the replisome that preserve genomic stability by controlling
the progression of eukaryotic DNA replication forks are poorly understood. Here,
we show that the GINS (go ichi ni san) complex allows the MCM (minichromosome
maintece) helicase to interact with key regulatory proteins in large
replisome... |
What is the definition of minimal absent words? | An absent word of a word y of length n is a word that does not occur in y. It is a minimal absent word if all its proper factors occur in y. Minimal absent words have been computed in genomes of organisms from all domains of life; their computation also provides a fast alternative for measuring approximation in sequenc... | BACKGROUND: The problem of finding the shortest absent words in DNA data has
been recently addressed, and algorithms for its solution have been described. It
has been noted that longer absent words might also be of interest, but the
existing algorithms only provide generic absent words by trivially extending the
sh... |
What is the common feature in congenital central hypoventilation and Mowat-Wilson syndromes? | About 30% of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) cases are syndromic. Hitherto, the disease causing gene has been identified for eight Mendelian syndromes with HSCR: congenital central hypoventilation (CCHS), Mowat-Wilson (MWS), Bardet-Biedl (BBS), Shah-Waardenburg (WS4), cartilage-hair-hypoplasia (CHH), Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO... | BACKGROUND: In Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), a hypomorphic allele of a major
gene, RET, accounts for most isolated (non-syndromic) cases, along with other
autosomal susceptibility loci under a multiplicative model. However, some
syndromic forms of HSCR are monogenic entities, for which the disease causing
gene is ... |
Which is the most common CFTR mutation in Caucasians? | The commonest CFTR mutation, deltaF508, is found in 74.1% of all CF chromosomes. In the Caucasian CF population, 57.5% are deltaF508 homozygotes but the UK ISC CF population with only 24.7%, has significantly fewer deltaF508 homozygotes patients (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.4). | To determine the nature and frequency of non-delta F508 cystic fibrosis (CF)
mutations among diverse populations, we have sequenced exons 9-12 and 19-23 of
the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene from 128 CF chromosomes
(39 U.S. Caucasian, 27 African-American, 42 Northern Irish, and 20 Israeli
chromo... |
Which CDK targets control cytokinesis? | Aip1, Ede1 and Inn1 are CDK targets whose dephosphorylation is required for cytokinesis. | The final event of the eukaryotic cell cycle is cytokinesis, when two new
daughter cells are born. How the timing and execution of cytokinesis is
controlled is poorly understood. Here, we show that downregulation of
cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity, together with upregulation of its
counteracting phosphatase ... |
Are Alu elements transcribed? | A significant percentage of the more than 1 million copies of Alu elements was shown to be transrcribed. Free Alu RNAs are known to be transcribed by Pol III from their own promoter. On the other hand, embedded Alu RNAs are transcribed by Pol II as part of protein- and non-protein-coding RNAs. Recent studies have demon... | Alu and 7SL RNA gene sequences were tested for the potential to regulate
mammalian cell growth by introducing these sequences into HeLa cells in a
coupled DEAE-dextran transfection/affinity cell sorting system. Both Alu and 7SL
RNA genes mediated inhibition of [3H]thymidine and [35S]methionine incorporation
in reci... |
In what type(s) of plant organelles we can detect prolamellar bodies? | Prolamellar body (PLB) is a highly organized lipid structure, which is the main site of accumulation of the ternary light-harvesting POR complex LHPP (light-harvesting NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase:protochlorophyllide). Prolamellar bodies have been discovered in etioplasts with the use of thin section electr... | We have identified a mutant of pea cultivar Alaska that has many of the
characteristics normally associated with light-grown seedlings even when grown
in complete darkness. We have designated this mutant lip1, for light independent
photomorphogenesis. Etiolated wild-type pea seedlings are white to slightly
yellow i... |
What do mepolizumab and reslizumab have in common? | Mepolizumab and reslizumab are monoclonal antibodies that target and neutralize interleukin 5. They have been shown to reduce eosinophil counts and they are used for the treatment of refractory asthma (associated with eosiniphilia) and other eosinophilic diseases. | Eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), including eosinophilic
esophagitis (EE) and eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG), are a spectrum of
increasingly recognized inflammatory diseases characterized by gastrointestinal
symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Significant... |
When are itaconic acid levels elevated? | Itaconic acid levels are elevetad in immune defence. | Immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1) is highly expressed in mammalian macrophages
during inflammation, but its biological function has not yet been elucidated.
Here, we identify Irg1 as the gene coding for an enzyme producing itaconic acid
(also known as methylenesuccinic acid) through the decarboxylation of
cis-aconitat... |
Are chromomethylases present in animal genomes? | No. Multiple lines of experimental evidence suggest that chromomethylases (CMTs) have been hitherto identified in plant genomes(Arabidopsis, maize, tomato). CMTs maintain CpNpG (N = A, T, C, or G) methylation and they are unique to the plant kingdom. The lack of CMT homologs in animal genomes could be explained based o... | Chromodomains are thought to mediate protein-protein interactions between
chromatin components. We have detected a chromodomain embedded within the
catalytic region of a predicted Arabidopsis DNA methyltransferase that is
diverged from other eukaryotic enzymes. The 791 residue "chromomethylase" (CMT1)
is encoded by... |
Which genes are associated with autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth? | The genes associated with the X-linked and the autosomal dominant forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are GJB1, MPZ, INF2, DNM2, YARS, GNB4, NEFL, MFN2, LRSAM1, GDAP1, PMP22, LITAF, and EGR2. Identification of these genes has not only been important for patients and families, but also provided new information about di... | Autosomal domit Charcot-Marie-Tooth type-1A neuropathy (CMT1A) is a
demyelinating peripheral nerve disorder that is commonly associated with a
submicroscopic tandem DNA duplication of a 1.5-Mb region of 17p11.2p12 that
contains the peripheral myelin gene PMP22. Clinical features of CMT1A include
progressive distal ... |
Which transcription factors (TFs) participate in the formation of the interferon-beta (IFN-b) enhanceosome? | Transcriptional activation of the IFN beta gene in response to virus infection requires the assembly of an enhanceosome, consisting of the transcriptional activators NF-kappa B, IRF1, ATF2/c-Jun, and the architectural protein HMG I(Y). Transcriptional activation of the human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene by virus in... | We present evidence that transcriptional activation of the human interferon-beta
(IFN beta) gene requires the assembly of a higher order transcription enhancer
complex (enhanceosome). This multicomponent complex includes at least three
distinct transcription factors and the high mobility group protein HMG I(Y).
Bot... |
Is low T3 syndrome related with high BNP in cardiac patients? | BNP and fT3 are independently associated in severely compromised HF patients.
NT-pro-BNP was significantly associated with low-T3 syndrome in cardiac patients.
Higher NT-pro BNP concentrations are related to lower total T3 concentrations in cardiac patients | This study was designed to examine the involvement of thyroid hormone in the
release of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) from the heart. We measured plasma
immunoreactive BNP (ir-BNP) concentrations in patients with untreated
hyperthyroidism. We also measured BNP values in experimental rats with
hyperthyroidism indu... |
List packages for transcription factor binding sites' (TFBS) analysis available in R/Bioconductor | Neighbourhood Consistent PC (NCPC) algorithms, MMDiff and cosmo. | Inferring the combinatorial regulatory code of transcription factors (TFs) from
genome-wide TF binding profiles is challenging. A major reason is that TF
binding profiles significantly overlap and are therefore highly correlated.
Clustered occurrence of multiple TFs at genomic sites may arise from chromatin
accessi... |
Simpson grading is used to describe resection of which brain tumor? | The Simpson grading system was used to assess the extent of surgical resection of meningioma. | PURPOSE: To compare tumor control rates after surgical resection or stereotactic
radiosurgery for patients with small- to medium-size intracranial meningiomas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1997, 198 adult meningioma patients
treated at our center underwent either surgical resection (n = 136) or
radiosurge... |
Where in the cell do we find the protein Cep135? | centrosome | Cep135 is a 135-kDa, coiled-coil centrosome protein important for microtubule
organization in mammalian cells [Ohta et al., 2002: J. Cell Biol. 156:87-99]. To
identify Cep135-interacting molecules, we screened yeast two-hybrid libraries.
One clone encoded dynamitin, a p50 dynactin subunit, which localized at the
ce... |
Is delayed enhancement documented in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy? | Delayed enhancement is documented in almost 30% of patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and its pattern is characterized by mid-wall, patchy or diffuse location. | BACKGROUND: The dilated phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a poor
prognosis. For correct recognition of such patients, we compared the findings in
cardiac delayed enhancement (DE)-magnetic resoce imaging (MRI) between HCM
and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-five patients... |
Which enzyme is inhibited by Varespladib? | Varespladib is a secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitor. It was tested in patients with acute coronary syndrome. | Varespladib methyl is an oral secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor that is being
developed by Anthera Pharmaceuticals Inc for the potential treatment of coronary
artery disease, acute coronary syndrome and inflammation. Varespladib methyl is
a prodrug that is rapidly metabolized to varespladib, and both compounds ar... |
Which protein does empagliflozin inhibit? | Empagliflozin (Jardiance) is a SGLT2 inhibitor. | This randomized, placebo-controlled within dose groups, double-blind, single
rising dose study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of 1 mg to 100 mg doses of empagliflozin in 48 healthy Japanese
male subjects. Empagliflozin was rapidly absorbed, reaching peak levels in 1.25
... |
What symptoms characterize the Muenke syndrome? | Muenke syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by coronal suture craniosynostosis, hearing loss, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene. Muenke syndrome is characterized by coronal craniosynostosis (bilateral more often than unilat... | BACKGROUND: Muenke syndrome is a genetically determined craniosynostosis that
involves one or both coronal sutures. In some patients it is associated with
skeletal abnormalities such as thimble-like middle phalanges, coned epiphysis,
and/or neurological impairment, namely sensorineural hearing loss or mental
retard... |
List all reported treatment options for anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. | The predominant approach is to use versions of cognitive behavioural therapies, such as:
Mindfulness Based Therapy (MBT)
Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skills Intervention (MASSI) program
modified version of the Coping Cat program, (cognitive-behavioral therapy; CBT)
Family cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to... | A family-based, cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety in 47 children with
comorbid anxiety disorders and High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFA)
was evaluated. Treatment involved 12 weekly group sessions and was compared with
a waiting list condition. Changes between pre- and post-treatment were examin... |
List adenosine A2A receptor antagonists that are used for Parkinson's disease treatment. | Istradefylline and preladenant are adenosine A2A receptor antagonists that are used for Parkinson's disease treatment. | Dopamine replacement therapy effectively treats the early motor symptoms of
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its association with the development of motor
complications limits its usefulness in late stages of the disease. Adenosine
A(2A) receptors are localised to the indirect striatal output function and
control... |
What is the clinical indication of cardiac T1 mapping magnetic resonance? | T1 mapping can quantitatively characterize myocardial tissue, in particular diffuse and interstitial fibrosis, edema in both overt and subclinical cardiophyopathies. However more research is required before a large-scale application for clinical decision-making can be recommended. | Pixel-by-pixel calculation of T1 values (T1 mapping) has been used in different
tissues to focus on T1 changes in a quantitative fashion. The aim of this study
was to establish T1 mapping of human myocardium on a 1.5 Tesla system and to
examine its diagnostic potential in patients with acute myocardial infarction
(... |
Which autophagy pathway is trigered by the KFERQ motif of cytosolic proteins? | Cytosolic proteins carrying the KFERQ motif (a specific lysosomal import consensus sequence) are directed to a selective form of lysosomal degradation, called chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), as chaperone protein Hsc73 and other chaperones are involved in this process. | Annexins are a family of proteins that bind phospholipids in a calcium-dependent
manner. Analysis of the sequences of the different members of the annexin family
revealed the presence of a pentapeptide biochemically related to KFERQ in some
annexins but not in others. Such sequences have been proposed to be a target... |
Which are the clinical characteristics of TSC? | Tuberous sclerosis or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multi-system genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. A combination of symptoms may include seizures, intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavior... | Three cases with unusual manifestations of phakomatosis are reported. The first
two had clinical symptoms of neurofibromatosis but CT disclosed nodular
subependymal calcifications as in tuberous sclerosis. The third one presented
with cerebral calcifications as found in both tuberous sclerosis and
Sturge-Weber synd... |
How does dabigatran therapy affect aPTT in patients with atrial fibrillation? | Dabigatran increases aPTT in patients with atrial fibrillation, although aPTT does not respond linearily to dabigatran therapy. | BACKGROUND: The distribution of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in
nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients under dabigatran therapy remains
to be clarified.
METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population was 196 NVAF patients who were treated
with dabigatran in 2011 (126 with 220 mg/day). The APTT va... |
List fish anti-freeze proteins. | AFP-I
AFP-II
AFP-III
Anti-freeze glycoprotein
Thermal hysteresis protein | Winter flounder contains two distinct anti-freeze protein isoforms, which are
the liver-type extracellular anti-freeze proteins and the skin-type
intracellular anti-freeze protein. The skin-type anti-freeze proteins exhibit
lower anti-freeze activities than the liver-type isoforms and this might be due
to their lac... |
Which is the phosphorylated residue in the promoter paused form of RNA polymerase II? | The promoter paused form of RNA polymerase II is phosphorylated on serine 5 residues of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest subunit. | The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II is
essential in vivo, and is found in either an unphosphorylated (IIa) or
hyperphosphorylated (IIo) form. The Drosophila uninduced hsp70 and hsp26 genes,
and the constitutively expressed beta-1 tubulin and Gapdh-2 genes, contain an
RNA poly... |
Has overexpression of sirtuins been reported to increase lifespan in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)? | Overexpression of sirtuins (NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases) has been reported to increase lifespan in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). | The yeast Sir2 protein mediates chromatin silencing through an intrinsic
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity. Sir2 is a conserved protein and was
recently shown to regulate lifespan extension both in budding yeast and worms.
Here, we show that SIRT1, the human Sir2 homolog, is recruited to the
promyelocytic ... |
Name the major classes of small non coding RNAs in mammalians? | microRNAs (miRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are the major classes of small non coding RNAs. Recently, thanks mostly to massively parallel sequencing technologies, other classes of small RNAs have been discovered, such as piRNAs and scaRNAs. | |
Describe a diet that reduces the chance of kidney stones. | People can help prevent kidney stones by making changes in fluid intake and, depending on the type of kidney stone, changes in consumption of sodium, animal protein, calcium, and oxalate.
Drinking enough fluids each day is the best way to help prevent most types of kidney stones. Health care providers recommend that a ... | Conventional medical thought several decades ago was to restrict the amount of
calcium intake in individuals with a history of calcium oxalate stones. In the
past decade, several studies have suggested that increasing the intake of
calcium may actually reduce the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation. The
largest... |
What pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions can be considered as prophylactic therapies in Cluster Headache patients? | Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, is considered the mainstay of prophylactic therapy of Cluster Headache patients. Lithium carbonate, topiramate, valproic acid, gabapentin, baclofen, methysergide, melatonin, ketoprofen and indomethacin can also be tried for prophylactic therapy of Cluster Headaches patients. Non-ph... | Headache is the most common complaint encountered in clinical practice.
Approximately 45 million people in the United States experience chronic
headaches. The management of migraine headache involves both pharmacologic and
nondrug therapy. Drug therapy for migraine involves the use of abortive and
prophylactic agen... |
How does phospholamban affect the biological activity of the calcium ATPase SERCA? | SR calcium uptake is mediated by a Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2), whose activity is reversibly regulated by phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN is an inhibitor of SERCA and phosphorylation of PLN relieves this inhibition. Phospholamban (PLN) is a small integral membrane protein, which binds and inhibits in a yet unknown... | We have used magnetic resoce to map the interaction surface of an integral
membrane protein for its regulatory target, an integral membrane enzyme.
Phospholamban (PLN) regulates cardiac contractility via its modulation of
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity. Impairment of this
regulatory pr... |
List the components of mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2). | Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is a kinase complex comprised of mTOR, Rictor, mSin1, mLST8/GβL and PRR5. | When rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) among other cytokines leaks into the subretinal space, induces resident
retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to migrate, which is the initial step of
proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). In the current study, we aim to
understand... |
What is known about the Digit Ratio (2D:4D) cancer? | Digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with gastric cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. 2D:4D was found to be higher in patients diagnosed with gastric cancer and prostate cancer patients relative to controls. Among prostate cancer patients, 2D:4D sho... | The androgen receptor gene (AR) contains a domain which includes a variable
number of CAG sequences and alleles with low numbers of CAG repeats show high
transactivation activity when complexed with testosterone. The ratio of 2nd and
4th digit length (2D:4D) is negatively correlated with phenotypic effects of
testo... |
Is TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease? | A rare variant of the TREM2 gene, which encodes the triggering receptor encoded in myeloid cells 2 (rs75932628-T) causing a R47H substitution has been associated with both early and late onset Alzheimer's disease in various populations. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TREM2 could suppress inflammatory response... | Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM)2 deficiency originates a
genetic syndrome characterized by bone cysts and presenile dementia, named
Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). Early onset dementia and marked involvement of
frontal regions are features characterizing both NHD and other kinds of
neurodegenerativ... |
Does the protein mTOR regulate autophagy? | mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major negative regulator of autophagy. | BACKGROUND: The mTOR gene regulates cell growth by controlling mRNA translation,
ribosome biogenesis, autophagy, and metabolism. Abnormally increased expression
of mTOR was associated with carcinogenesis, and its functional single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) may regulate the expression of mTOR and thus contribut... |
Which are the mains risk factors of metabolic syndrome? | Metabolic syndrome is a disorder of energy utilization and storage, diagnosed by a co-occurrence of three out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal (central) obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels. Metab... | Metabolic and non metabolic cardiovascular risk factors tend to cluster in the
same individual. The association of the cardiovascular risk factors is referred
as metabolic syndrome (MS). This syndrome is associated with an increased risk
of accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The cluster of
cardi... |
Which multiple kinase inhibitors are used in cancer therapy? | Multiple kinase inhibitors used in cancer therapy include ZD6474, SU11248, AEE 788, sorafenib, vatalanib, and AG-013736. | Growth factor signals are propagated from the cell surface to intracellular
processes that control critical functions such as growth, differentiation,
angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis via sequential kinase signaling. These
kinases are receptor kinases, which are transmembrane proteins such as epidermal
gro... |
Has proteomics been used in the study of Pick's disease? | Yes, proteomics has been used in the study of Pick's disease. | Histamine-N-methyltransferase (HMT) inactivates the neurotransmitter histamine.
Central histaminergic deficits may contribute to the cognitive impairment of
neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome
(DS). However, there is no evidence for histaminergic deficits in Pick's diseas... |
Are there any urine biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis? | Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder. Rarely the bladder is involved by non-epithelial cancers, such as lymphoma or sarcoma. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder.The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ t... | The natural history of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is characterized by a
high probability of recurrence and in the case of high-grade tumors, progression
to muscle invasive cancer. This mandates a follow-up strategy designed to
identify recurrences in the bladder early in their evolution in order to
facilita... |
List types of avoided words in bacterial genomes | Short palindromic sequences (4, 5 and 6 bp palindromes) are avoided at a statistically significant level in the genomes of several bacteria, including the completely sequenced Haemophilus influenzae and Synechocystis sp. genomes and in the complete genome of the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. Palindromes correspond... | Recognition sites for type II restriction and modification enzymes in genomes of
several bacteria are recognized as semi-palindromic motifs and are avoided at a
significant degree. The key idea of contrast word analysis with respect to RMS
recognition sites, is that under-represented words are likely to be selected ... |
Which gene(s) should be genotyped in order to prescribe the drug Cetuximab (anti-EGFR)? | KRAS mutation has been unambiguously identified as a marker of resistance to cetuximab-based treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients.
Other genes are such as EGFR, BRAF and T53 have also been suggested to be genotyped in order to evaluate the drug responsivness. | Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in Germany; there are
more than 70,000 new cases annually. It is most commonly a disease of the
elderly, and its relative and absolute frequency has risen during the last
decades. CRC remains a major clinical and health economy challenge. Progress has
been ma... |
Is signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) critical for tumor angiogenesis progression? | (STAT3) is a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, originally discovered as a transducer of signal from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation at position 705 leading to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and activation of gene transcription. Under norma... | Cytokine and growth factor receptor engagement leads to the rapid
phosphorylation and activation of latent, cytosolic signal transducers and
activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, which then translocate to the
nucleus where they regulate transcriptional events from specific promoter
sequences. STAT3 expressio... |
Which is the physiological target for LeuRS translational quality control? | QUALITY CONTROL | The fidelity of protein synthesis depends on the capacity of aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetases (AARSs) to couple only cognate amino acid-tRNA pairs. If amino acid
selectivity is compromised, fidelity can be ensured by an inherent AARS editing
activity that hydrolyses mischarged tRNAs. Here, we show that the editing
activi... |
Is sumoylation implicated in myogenesis? | Yes, sumoylation is implicated in myogenesis. | The transcriptional modulator SnoN controls a diverse set of biological
processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation. The mechanisms by
which SnoN regulates these processes remain incompletely understood. Recent
studies have shown that SnoN exerts positive or negative regulatory effects on
transcript... |
What do studies show about the effect of Induced hypothermia in premature babies? | Randomised studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hypothermia for the treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in reducing rate of death or neurodevelopmental disabilities in term or late preterm infants. It remains unclear to what degree preterm infants were included in these studies.
A prospe... | OBJECTIVE: To relate volumetric magnetic resoce imaging (MRI) findings to
hypothermia therapy and neurosensory impairments.
STUDY DESIGN: Newborns > or =36 weeks' gestation with hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development hypothermia randomized tri... |
Describe what is the advantage of using a stain free protein gel in a Western Blot experiment? | Stain-Free technology can be used as a normalization tool in Western blot analysis. | Western blots are used to specifically measure the relative quantities of
proteins of interest in complex biological samples. Quantitative measurements
can be subject to error due to process inconsistencies such as uneven protein
transfer to the membrane. These non-sample-related variations need to be
compensated f... |
Which is the target of the drug Denosumab? | Denosumab (Dmab) is a fully human monoclonal antibody against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). | Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor
activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug.
Its efficacy in reducing the risk of vertebral, hip and nonskeletal fracture has
been proven in a large prospective, randomized multicenter study of 7808
postme... |
Which enzyme is inhibited by a drug fostamatinib? | Fostamatinib (R788) acts by inhibiting spleen tyrosine kinase. Fostamatinib (R788) is a prodrug rapidly converted to its active metabolite on oral administration. This (known as R406) is a potent inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase that is required for the expression of a number of proinflammatory cytokines. Fostamatin... | Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc is developing fostamatinib, a prodrug of the spleen
tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor R-406, for the potential treatment of autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
(ITP) and B-cell lymphomas. Syk is a key mediator of Fc and B-cell receptor
s... |
Is the Miller-Fisher syndrome considered to be a variant of Guillain-Barré? | Miller Fisher syndrome is a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome characterized by the classic triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia | The syndrome of ataxia, areflexia and ophthalmoplegia, or Miller-Fisher
syndrome, has been considered to be a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome with
pathology restricted to the peripheral nervous system. A patient with
Miller-Fisher syndrome and bilateral demyelinating optic neuropathy suggesting
associated centra... |
Is Ctf4 involved in sister chromatid cohesion establishment? | Yes. Ctf4 is associated with the replisome and is required for proper establishment of cohesion by facilitating cohesin acetylation. | CTF4 and CTF18 are required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation. Both
exhibit genetic and physical ties to replication fork constituents. We find that
absence of either CTF4 or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and
leads to a preanaphase accumulation of cells that depends on the spindle
assembly c... |
What states the second parity rule (PR2)? | The second parity rule (PR2), also known as Chargaff' s second parity rule, is an intra-strand rule which states that, when there are no biases between the two complementary strands of DNA in mutation and selection rates (substitution rates), complementary nucleotides are expected to have almost equal frequencies withi... | The relative contribution of mutation and selection to the G+C content of DNA
was analyzed in bacterial species having widely different G+C contents. The
analysis used two methods that were developed previously. The first method was
to plot the average G+C content of a set of nucleotides against the G+C content
of ... |
Are retroviruses used for gene therapy? | Gene therapy is one of the most promising and active fields in therapeutic research. Gene therapy is a treatment option that introduces genetic material in vivo or ex vivo into the cells of an affected organism in order to: exchange a defective gene; manipulate a disease-related gene; or introduce an additional gene co... | The theoretical possibility of applying gene transfer methodologies to the human
germline is explored. Transgenic methods for genetically manipulating embryos
may in principle be applied to humans. In particular, microinjection of
retroviral vector appears to hold the greatest promise, with transgenic primates
alre... |
Do lincRNAs play a role in human cancer? | Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome and are emerging as new players in tumorigenesis due to their various functions in transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. The best-studied examples include HOTAIR, a negative prognostic factor that exhib... | Large intervening non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the
genome yet their potential involvement in human disease is not well understood.
Recent studies of dosage compensation, imprinting, and homeotic gene expression
suggest that individual lincRNAs can function as the interface between DNA an... |
Explain the concept proteostasis. | Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, refers to a proper balance between synthesis, maturation, and degradation of cellular proteins. Disruption of proteostasis is implicated in aging and the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases. | Protein homeostasis, proteostasis, is essential to understand cell function.
Protein degradation is a crucial component of the proteostatic mechanisms of the
cell. Experiments on protein degradation are nowadays present in many
investigations in the field of molecular and cell biology. In the present paper,
we focu... |
Which gene test can be used for the X-linked myotubular myopathy? | Genetic testing of the MTM1 gene can be used for the X-linked myotubular myopathy. | The research work presented at this the 2nd Workshop of the International
Consortium on X-linked Myotubular Myopathy has clearly shown the benefits to be
gained from a multinational research consortium with a common interest in
identifying and cloning the MTM1 gene. The clinicians have rapid access to
knowledge abo... |
Is there a phylogenetic analysis for HIV? | In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (e.g. species, populations), which are discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. The result of phylogenetic studies is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of taxonomic groups: their... | The South American human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic is
driven by several subtypes (B, C, and F1) and circulating and unique recombit
forms derived from those subtypes. Those variants are heterogeneously
distributed around the continent in a country-specific manner. Despite some
inconsistencies m... |
What is the association between adiponectin and migraine? | There is evidence to suggest that adiponectin plays a role in migraine. Increase in body fat elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk. In episodic migraine patients, adiponectin was associated with migraine severity and predictive ... | Migraine is a common disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of headache
and associated symptoms. The full pathophysiology of migraine is incompletely
delineated. Current theories suggest that it is a neurovascular disorder
involving cortical depression, neurogenic inflammation and vasodilation. Various
neuro... |
Which phenomenon is described as oncogene addiction? | Oncogene addiction describes the curious acquired dependence of tumor cells on an activated oncogene for their survival and/or proliferation, a phenomenon that has important implications for the success of targeted cancer therapies. However, the mechanisms explaining oncogene addiction remain elusive. We propose that... | "Oncogene addiction" describes the curious acquired dependence of tumor cells on
an activated oncogene for their survival and/or proliferation, a phenomenon that
has important implications for the success of targeted cancer therapies.
However, the mechanisms explaining oncogene addiction remain elusive. We propose
... |
Are there randomised controlled trials on sevoflurane? | Yes. There are < 10 studies reported, answering questions like : how to improve speed of recovery, relationship to dreaming and anesthetic experience, effect on cardiac troponin release, effect on myocardial injury, postoperative delirium, haemodynamics & emergence and recovery characteristics of total intravenous ana... | We studied 411 children aged 3-10 years who were referred for dental treatment.
They were randomly allocated to have inhalation conscious sedation with either
sevoflurane/nitrous oxide mixture or nitrous oxide alone. Dental treatment was
satisfactorily completed in 215/241 children who were given sevoflurane/nitrous... |
In which cells are gasdermins expressed? | Members of the novel gene family Gasdermin (Gsdm) are exclusively expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in the epithelium of skin and the gastrointestinal tract. | Defolliculated (Dfl) is a spontaneous mouse mutant with a hair-loss phenotype
that includes altered sebaceous gland differentiation, short hair shafts,
aberrant catagen stage of the hair cycle, and eventual loss of the hair
follicle. Recently a similar mutant, finnegan (Fgn), with an identical phenotype
was discove... |
Where in a protein can a signal sequence be found? | Proteins have signal sequences typically resent at the most N-terminal end. | The 605 amino acid E1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) is a
multifunctional nuclear protein required for viral DNA replication. A nuclear
localization signal (NLS) sequence was previously defined by point mutations in
three short adjacent clusters of basic amino acids located in the amino-terminal
re... |
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