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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ara-c o Cytosine Arabinoside Ara 'c' is administered at doses of 100mg/m2 per day qd x 7 by continuous infusion. o Cytosine Arabinoside is not effective orally because it is metabolised in the intestine by deaminase.
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Motor testing in the unconscious client can be done only by testing response to painful stimuli. Nail bed pressure tests a basic peripheral response. Options A, C, and D: Cerebral responses to pain are tested using the sternal rub, placing upward pressure on the orbital rim, or squeezing the clavicle or sternocleidomas...
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Ans. A. Apical defecta. Sacrospinous ligament fixation: - The main indication for sacrospinous ligament fixation is to correct total procidentia or post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse with an associated weak cardinal uterosacral ligament complex and to correct post hysterectomy enterocele. The contraindication for...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Compulsive hair pulling o As there is no organic or behavioral disorders, this girl is suffering with impulse control disorder of compulsive hair pulling, known as Trichotillomania.Impulse control disordero These disorders are characterized by failure to resist an impulsive behavior that may be harmfu...
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Answer is A (D-xylose test): D-xylose is a carbohydrate that is absorbed almost exclusively in the proximal small bowel without the help of pancreatic enzymes. A positive D-xylose test indicates malabsorption due to intestinal mucosal disease and thus be used as a test for assessment of mucosa! function. D- Xylose Test...
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Ans. Atropine reverses muscle weakness
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- The apparent volume of Distribution (Vd) = Dose administered by IV route/Plasma concentration. - Consider the body as a single compartment in which the drug gets homogenously distributed. So it can be defined as, “The volume that would accommodate all the drug in the body if the concentration throughout was the same ...
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Ans. is d i.e. Complex hyperplasia with atypia Friends, let's first try to figure out this question on the basis of our basic knowledge of neoplasia. We all have read time and again that in 'Neoplasia' atypical cells are present, therefore obviously out of the given options, either option "b"or -d"is correct and since ...
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Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, remogliflozin are sglt 2 inhibitors approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes Ref Harrison 20th edi page no 2866, table 397-5
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Amongst the given options only a is applicable i.e. induction by thiopental and maintenance by halothane and N2O. About option 'd' In this option, upto induction is correct. However maintenance cannot be done only by oxygen. About option b & c Succinylcholine is contraindicated in muscular dystrophy.
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Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) are complex carbohydrates containing amino sugars and uronic acidsHeparin -Sulfated glucosamine +L iduronic acidKeratan sulfate - galactose + N-acetylglucosamineChondroitin sulfate - glucuronic acid + N-acetylglucosamineDermatan sulfate - L iduronic acid + N-acetylglucosamineRef...
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atropine,pacing,isoproterenol can be used to increase hea rate in bradycardia diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker used to reduce hea rate Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1456
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The suboccipital triangle lies in the neck at the base of the skull. The suboccipital triangle is bounded by the inferior oblique, rectus major, and superior oblique muscles. The veebral aery can be found within the suboccipital triangle, lying on the posterior arch of the atlas, lateral to the midline, typically at ab...
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Ans. B. Restrictive. (Ref. Robbins Basic Pathology 8th/ Table 11-5).Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in a stiff, noncompliant myocardium and can be due to depositions (e.g., amyloidosis and hemochromatosis), increased interstitial fibrosis (e.g., caused by irradiation), or to endomyocardial scarring. Myocarditis resu...
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C-peptide is a peptide that is made when proinsulin is split into insulin and C-peptide.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Organs removed one by one Methods of removal of organs Virchow's technique - organs are removed one by one. Cranial cavity is exposed first, followed by thoracic, cervical & abdominal organs. Rokitansky's technique - It involves in situ dissection in pa, combined with en block removal. Lettulle's tech...
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Heridetary hemochromatosis The disease is caused by increased absorption of dietary iron and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Approximately 90% of patients are homozygous for a single point mutation resulting in a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at position 282 (C282Y) in the HFE protein, which has struc...
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At least 1mm dentin should be present circumferentially around post.
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Transpo of iron for erythropoesis is done by transferin and not by Lactoferin. Lactoferrin is closely related in structure to plasma iron transpo protein transferrin, and binds to excess iron. It prevents the growth of bacterial and viral microorganism and tumors which require iron for its growth. Lactoferrin a bioacti...
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Dipicolinic acid, formed in the synthesis of diaminopimelate (DAP), is a prominent component of bacterial spores but is not found in vegetative cells or eukaryotic appendages or fimbrial structures. The calcium salt of dipicolinic acid apparently plays an important role in stabilizing spore proteins, but its mechanism ...
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*colloidal/ Mucinous carcinoma breast *The histopathology feature of cells in pools of mucin is suggestive of colloidal carcinoma ref : robbins 10th ed
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Ans. (a) Serotonin(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.592, 662)Bezold-Jarisch reflexIntracardiac injections of chemicals like serotonin, veratridine, capsaicin, phenylbiguanide activates this reflexAfferents for this reflex travel through unmyelinated vagal C fiber endingsThe reflex responses are:#Apnea followed by rapid breathing...
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Ans. (c) Reticulate bodies
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West Nile fever- Culex mosquito Brugian filariasis- Mansonian mosquito Babaesiosis- hard ticks Riftvalley fever- Aedes mosquito. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 832
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Oximes are contraindicated in carbamate poisoning because : They are ineffective. Pralidoxime also has weak antiChE activity.
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WHO classification and Progression to Carcinoma Percentage of cystic glandular hyperplasia turning to malignancy is 1%
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Final end stage of chronic uveitis Phthisis bulbi It is the final stage end result of any form of chronic uveitis. In this condition ciliary body is disorganised and so aqueous production is hampered. As a result of it the eye becomes soft, shrinks and eventually becomes a small atrophic globe (phthis...
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Sho stature may also be caused by mechanisms independent of specific defects in the growth hormone axis. It is characteristic of childhood hypothyroidism (cretinism) and occurs in patients with precocious pubey. It is also pa of the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis seen in patients who have an XO chromosomal pattern inst...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Incomplete fracture o A greenstick fracture is an incomplete transverse fracture pattern seen in children.Green stick fractureo A greenstick fracture is an incomplete transverse fracture pattern seen in children. Greenstick fractures occur when an injuring force applied to a bone exceeds the limits of...
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Normal pH range of semen is: 7.35-7.50Ref: Ganong Review to medical physiology edition. 23 pg No:405
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Answer is A (Classic PAN) : Amongst the options provided, mononeuritis multiplex is a feature of classical PAN and microscopic polyangitis. Presence of hypeension (infrequent in microscopic polyangitis) and normal renal function (infrequent in microscopic polyangitis) leads us to a diagnosis of classical polyaeritis no...
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< 3 mm depth
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<p> Earlier it was lung cancer. But now it is lip,oral cavity cancer. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:384.& Text book of community medicine by Sundar Lal,2nd ed, pg no:613. <\p>
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Monounsaturated (Monoethenoid) fatty acids: They contain one double bond. Their general formula is Cn H2n-1 COOH Example: Oleic acid C17H33 COOH is found in nearly all fats (formula 18: 1; 9)Ref: M.N. Chatterjee - Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 47
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Uncontrolled tipping: A single force is applied at the crown, whereby the tooth rotates around a point just apical to the CRes. The crown moves in the direction of the force and the apex of the root moves in the opposite direction. The CRes of the tooth also moves in the direction of the force. Controlled tipping: Exam...
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Pelvic veins are most commonly affected site in DVT.
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Answer- A. Sodium citrateSodium citrate (Shohl's solution) or NaHCO: tablets (650-mg tablets contain 7.8 mEq) are equally effective alkalinizing salts.Citrate enhances the absorption of aluminum from the gastrointestinal tract and should never be ginen together with aluminum containing antacids because of the risk of a...
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Woman with myocardial infarction are more likely to present with cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock whereas men are more likely to present with ventricular tachycardia. Ref: Harrison, Edition-18, Page-52
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bone conduction is better in sensorineural hearing lossRinne's Testo The Rinne test is a tuning fork test that compares hearing by air conduction and bone conduction. The Rinne test is based on the idea that hearing mechanism is normally more efficient by air conduction (A C) than it is by bone conduc...
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Ans. (c) 40 years(Ref Schwartz page 513/ 10th edition)* American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends screening from 40 years* Other many recommend - from 50 years. (But Sabiston 20th edition also recommends 40 years - so let us go with 40 years)
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5-FU inhibits the thymidylate synthase reaction, which produces dTMP from dUMP. It does not inhibit FH2 reductase, which would block the production of FH4 . Methotrexate inhibits FH2 reductase. UMP is made via the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which is not inhibited by 5-FU. Methyl cobalamin is produced from...
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Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) Opthalmoscopic features of NPDR include: Microaneurysm are seen in the macular area (the earliest detectable lesion) . These are formed due to focal dilation of capillary wall following loss of pericytes. These appaear as red dots and leak fluid, proteins.", lipids and also...
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Hematocolpos is defined as vagina filled with blood which is seen in imperforate hymen. Hematometra is defined as collection (or) retention of blood in the uterus. NOTE: hematocolpos may also be seen in other veical fusion defects causing obstruction to menstrual blood outflow like transverse vaginal septum but not in ...
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Uterus is Symmetrically enlarged in adenomyosis to not more than 14 weeks size. Adenomyosis Seen in multiparous women >40yrs Associated with Progressive Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Treatment Best Rx : Hysterectomy Menorrhagia: NSAIDS , Hormones Young women: Hormones, COCP for longer duration, IUCD with progesterone(mirena...
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Refer anesthetic equipments and procedures, Practical Approach /p 37,38. The color of a medical oxygen xylinder6 is a black body with a white shoulder
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AFP is a serum tumor marker for HCC; however, it is only increased in approximately one-half of patients. The lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3) assay is thought to be more specific. The other widely used assay is that for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), a protein induced by vitamin K abse...
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Ans: a (Inulin clearance)^/: Ganong, 22nd ed,p. 706GFR can be measured in intact experimental animals and humans by measuring the excretion and plasma level of a substance that is freely filtered through the glomeruli and neither secreted nor reabsorbed in the tubules.Inulin is a polymer of fructose with a molecular we...
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Ans) b (9 months) Ref Park 20th ed p 113Another simple question. Just go through the Indian national immunization schedule:a) For infants At birthBCG and OPV - 0 doseAt 6 weeksBCG (if not given at birth) DPT-1 and OPV-1At 10 weeksDPT-2 and OPV-2At 14 weeksDPT-3 and OPV-3At 9 monthsmeaslesb) At 16-24 months-DPT and OPVc...
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Ureaplasma urealyticum Reiter's syndrome is caused by a preceeding infection with chlamydia trachomatis. Other bacterias known to cause reactive ahritis are :? - Neisseria gonorrhoea - Ureaplasma urealyticurn - Salmonella - Shigella - Yersinia and - Campylobacter
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Ciprofloxacin (prototype): It is the most potent first generation FQ acti\*e against a broad range of bacteria, the most susceptible ones are the aerobic gram-negati\*e bacilli, especially the Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. The MIC of ciprofloxacin against these bacteria is usually < 0.microgram/ml, while grampositi...
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Ans. (a) Benign hypertensionRef: Robbins 8th edition, chapter 10* Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, the vascular lesion associated with hypertension, is both more prevalent and more severe in diabetics than in nondiabetics, but it is not specific for diabetes and may be seen in elderly nondiabetics without hypertension. It t...
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C i.e. More than 20 hyaline cartilagesRef: Gray's Anatomy, The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 41st edition, 2016, page 965 & 966 Version - 2TRACHEALength of trachea is 10-11 cm.Diameter: External transverse diameter is typically 2 cm in adult males and 1.5 cm in adult females.Mean transverse diameter is greater...
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Hepatitis viruses are taxonomy unrelated, except for type B which is a DNA virus all the others are RNA viruses. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-540
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• Keratoacanthoma is self healing nodular lesion with central ulceration • More common in men, usually found on the face of 50–70 years old. • Lesions can grow to 1–3 cm over 6 weeks and typically resolve spontaneously over the subsequent 6 months. Etiopathogenesis • Classically a cup-shaped growth that exhibits symmet...
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Buccal non-occlusion: Here the maxillary teeth palatal cusp of the occlusion are placed buccal to the buccal cusp of the mandibular posterior teeth. The condition is also known as scissors bite.
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H pylori is another important risk factor, since it causes gastritis that eventually leads to chronic atrophic gastritis, metaplasia, dysplasia, and then carcinoma. Low dietary vitamin C, and high salt and nitrate consumption predispose to gastric cancer, as does ingestion of smoked foods. Smoking is a risk factor, but...
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Ans. (a) MetronidasoleMust know points for tetanus (8th day illness presenting with lock jaw)* Penicillin G was considered the drug of choice, but some now consider metronidazole to be superior in this setting. Tetracycline is an alternative for patients who are allergic to penicillin or metronidazoleTetanus immunoglob...
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D i.e. Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma & T-cell lymphoma are not seen (least common) in orbit Q B cell lymphoma, Burkit lymphoma, Non Hodgkin's lymphomaQ, mantle cell lymphoma are common in orbit.
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Paget-Schroetter syndrome Also k/a Venous thoracic outlet syndrome or Effo thrombosis Associated with Axillary-subclan venous thrombosis (ASVT) C/F : H/O performing prolonged activities ,Repetitive motion activities, Results in damage to the subclan vein, where it passes between head of clavicle and first rib in associ...
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Phallic stage (3-5 years): The site of pleasure is the genital area. The male child develops what is known as oedipus complex- Sexual feeling towards his mother In females, the oedipus stage unfolds as electra complex -Sexual desire for the father. Failure to resolve the oedipus and electra complex can result in develo...
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Cryoprecipitate contains: Factor VIII Fibrinogen Von Willebrand factor. Factor XIII Fibronectin.
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Friedreich's ataxia (autosomal recessive) Ataxia, areflexia, extensor plantar responses, position sense deficits, cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, scoliosis, foot deformities; optic atrophy; late-onset form, as late as 50 years with preserved deep tendon reflexes, slower progression, reduced skeletal deformities, ass...
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Ans. Thanatophoric dwarfism
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Ans: a (Myxoma) Ref: Robbins, 7th ed, p. 613; Harrison, 16th ed, p. 144The most common primary tumours of the heart, in the descending order of frequency are myxomas, fibromas, lipomas, papillary fibroelastomas, rhabdomyomas, angiosarcomas and other sarcomas.Myxomas* MC primary tumour of the heart* MC site: Fossa ovali...
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A i.e. Fatty acid synthesis
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Lower segment fibroid
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Atrophic rhinitis Nasal myiasis (Maggots in nose) It results from the presence of ova of flies paicularly chrysomia species in the nose which produce ulceration and destruction of nasal structure. Mostly seen in atrophic rhinitis when the mucosa becomes insensitive to flies laying eggs inside. Clinica...
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In tuberculous meningitis, the greatest degree of meningeal involvement and collection of exudates is around the brainstem and at the base of the brain. This is impoant because it can lead either to involvement of the cranial nerves or to obstruction of the basal cisterns and hydrocephalus, both of which are seen commo...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., PTTK o Monitoring of unfractionated heparin --> aPTT o Monitoring of oral anticoagulants-* PT/INR o Monitoring of LMW heparins --> No monitoring required
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Proper lip support leads to normal lip appearance so Lack of proper lip support due to absence of anterior teeth or too far palatally placed anterior leads to appearance of vertical wrinkles on lip.
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Kussmaul's sign is absent in Cardiac tamponade.
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Condoms can be a highly effective method of contraception, if they are used correctly. Failure rates for the condom vary enormously. Survey has been repoed pregnancy rates bearing from 2 to 3 per 100 women years to more than 14 in typical users. Most failures are due to incorrect use Reference: Park&;s textbook of Prev...
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A i.e. Asphyxia
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Dead space - Some of the air a person breathes never reaches the gas exchange areas but simply fills respiratory passages where gas exchange does not occur, such as the nose, pharynx & trachea. - The air is called 'dead space air' because its not useful for gas exchange. - Normal tidal volume = 500 m - Normal dead spac...
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Methotrexate is a analogue of folic acid and it prevents the synthesis of DNA by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It has been extensively used in medical termination of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease and placenta accreta. It has been included in the "Category X" of the FDA...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. decreased nuchal fold thickness Nuchal fold thickness is increased in Down's syndrome (not decreased). Infact this feature is used in suspecting the diagnosis of Down's syndrome prenatally.Nuchal fold thickness is assessed prenatally by ultrasound.Other characteristic feature of Down's SyndromeIt is th...
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Ans: b (Condom) Ref: Shaw, 13th ed, p. 217Measurement of contraceptive efficacyPearl index: -Pregnancy rate per 100 women yearsPearl index =Total accidental pregnancy x 1200Total months of exposure to unintended pregnancyLife table techniquePregnancy rate is expressed as 100 women per year.Failure rates CondomNatural F...
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Since the child is having a very large retinoblastoma filling more than half the globe the treatment of choice is enucleation. Eyeball is enucleated along with maximum length of the optic nerve without perforating the eyeball. Enucleation is indicated in the treatment of retinoblastoma when the tumor involves more than...
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Gas under left hemidiaphragm is due to fundal gas, a normal finding. When gas is present under right hemidiaphragm also it's due to pneumoperitoneum. Causes of Pneumoperitoneum 1)   Perforation of GI tract - Peptic ulcer - Inflammation (diverticulitis, appendicitis, toxic megacolon, necrotizing enterocolitis) - Infarc...
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Ans. (b) Amoebic liver abscess.Diagnostic pointers for infection with Entamoeba histolytica* Bloody mucoid diarrhea in a patient from an endemic area or following a recent visit to such a country* Upper abdominal pain, fever, cough, malaise* In chronic cases, a mass in the right iliac fossa = ameboma* Sigmoidoscopy sho...
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Answer- D. 6560 mlThe amount of fluid required fot the above patient = 4ml x 80 x 41 = 13120 ml.Half of the calculated fluid is gtum in first 8 hrs and half in next 76 hrs.So the amount of fluid to be given in the first hrs = total fluid required/ 2 = 1312O/ 2 = 6560ml
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LEPTIN It is a 167 aa peptide secreted from adipocytes, blood leptin level reflects total body fat. Its primary action: To decrease food intake. It in CNS decreases NPY and alpha MSH. Leptin deficiency may lead to obesity. Ref: Sleisenger and Fordtran's, Edition-9, Page-8.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Androgen to estrogen o Aromatase conversts androgens into estrogen in peripheral tissues.
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POSTCOITAL INTERVAL (PCI) : It is the time lapsed since last act of sexual intercourse (time interval between the deposition and collection). PCI is determined from the persistence of the seminal materials--spermatozoa, P30, SAP, PGM and Pep A depending upon their deferential stability. Thus, a significant level of P30...
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Gonococcal Infections For gonococcal urethritis: DOC is ceftriaxone For non gonococcal urethritis: DOC is AZITHROMYCIN It is used in combination with ceftriaxone in both gonococcal & non gonococcal urethritis AZITHROMYCIN (Single dose is enough)
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Ans. D: Anencephaly Shoulder dystocia is a specific case of dystocia whereby after the delivery of the head, the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass below the pubic symphysis, or requires significant manipulation to pass below the pubic symphysis. It is diagnosed when the shoulders fail to deliver sholy after t...
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(C) (C3) (49-BDC-3 6th, 590 Snell 9th)Hyoid Bone - at rest, it lies at the level of the third cervical vertebra behind and the base of the mandible infront.* Is a single mobile bone found in the midline.* It does not articulate with any other bones* U shaped, develops from second and third branchial arches.* It is atta...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bicuspid aoic valve Although coarctation of Aoa may occur as a solitary defect it is accompanied by ? o Bicuspid aoic valve in 50% cases and may be associated with :? Congenital Aoic stenosis, ASD, VSD, mitral regurgitation and Berry aneurysm of the circle of willis.
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Injury to the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint ulnar collateral ligament is commonly referred to as gamekeeper thumb or skier's thumb, although the original "gamekeeper" description (Campbell, 1955) referred to an attritional ulnar collate-earl ligament injurySnow skiing accidents and falls on an outstretched hand with ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. Anthrax of the skin The lesion in the cutaneous anthrax is k/a malignant pustuleCutaneous anthrax follows the entry of the infection through the skinUsual sites are face, neck, hands, arms and backThe lesion starts as papule, then becomes vesicular. Finally a painless*, round black lesion with a rim of...
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The term `Anomeric' carbon is used for a carbon atom in carbohydrates (Amino acids do not have anomeric carbon atom). Formation of ring structure in carbohydrates (glucose and fructose) results in the creation of an additional asymmetric carbon, called anomeric carbon. This is responsible for a-and 13-anomerism. Howeve...
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Recurrent headache with fundoscopic finding of generalized arterial attenuation, multiple cotton wool spots and flame shaped hemorrhage suggest the diagnosis of hypertensive retinopathy. Cotton wool spots and flame shaped hemorrhage can also occur in diabetic retinopathy. But following features are not in favour of dia...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Filoviridae * Ebolavirus and Marburg virus belong to filoviridae.DNA virusesPoxviridaeVariola, vaccinia, cowpox, monkeypox, tanapox, molluscum contagiosumHerpesviridaeHSV-1, HSV-2, varicella-zoster, EBV, CMV, HTLV-1, RK-virusAdenovirideAdenovirusParvoviridaeParvovirus, Adenosatellovirus, DensovirusPap...
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Triglycerides are the main storage form of energy and fat.
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ACEI inhibitors are all prodrugs except captopril and ramipril. hydralazine is an aeriolar dilator enalapril is an ACEI inhibitor used in hypeensive emergencies. Ref: KDT 6/e pg 20.
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Ans. is 'a' Lisinopril Examples of prodrugProdrugActive form* Levodopa*-Dopamine* Enalapril*-Enalaprilat* Sulindac*-Sulfide metabolite* Becampicillin*-Ampicillin* Sulfasalazine*-5-Aminosalicylic acid* Prednisone*-Prednisolone* Zidovudine-Zidovudine triphosphate* Cyclophosphamide*-AldophosphamideProdrugs offer following...
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Ans. C: SpikeSpikes is the procedure for disclosing unorable information -- "breaking bad news" -- to cancer patients about their illness.The protocol (SPIKES) consists of six steps.The goal is to enable the clinician to fulfill the four most impoant objectives of the interview disclosing bad news: gathering informatio...
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All Answers Except for D are examples of atrophy. Atrophy of skeletal muscles can result from a loss of innervation due to the spinal cord or peripheral nerve trauma. Inactivity, as is often seen following the long-term immobilization of an extremity in a cast, has the same effect. Hypophysectomy is accompanied by atro...
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