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Negative feedback is defined as a decrease in function in response to a stimulus. For example, the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone decreases as the amount of circulating estrogen increases.blood coagulation the sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of blood interact in the coagulation c...
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Hydrocyanic acid Cyanide occurs as solid, liquid or in gaseous state as: * Gas form -- Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) * Liquid form -- Hydrocyanic acid (Prussic acid) * Solid form -- occurs as salts such as potassium cyanide/ sodium cyanide. Mechanism of Action Cyanide reversibly inhibits ferric iron containing enzymes. Cyanid...
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Porphyrins are synthesized in - Liver, Bone marrow.
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This child with severe malnutrition without edema is suffering from Marasmus. Kwashiorkor- edema present Rickets- child has pot belly Progeria- genetic condition- causes child to age fast
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Ans. (a) Optical Coherene Tomograpghy Ref: Harrison 19th ed. / 270e-4 IOC- IVUS and Best Inv- OCT * Coronary lesions prone to rupture have different morphology compared with stable plaques, and can be evaluated by OCT to identify vulnerable plaques before they lead to clinical events. Large plaque volume, low CT attenu...
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Pseudomyxoma peritonei: It is caused due to the rupture of mucinous adenocarcinoma. The most common primary tumor is appendix > ovary. It is the presence of jelly-like substance collected in the cavity and they are usually attached with other abdominal structures. Patient usually presents with abdominal distention, sig...
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Sure signs of fracture :- 1 Abnormal mobility(best) 2 Failure to transmit movements proximally 3 Crepitus 4 Tenderness(Commonest sign)
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Ans. B: 6 months To accrue the maximum benefits, the breastfeeding must be exclusive (only breast milk, nothing other than breast milk except vitamin drops, if indicated), initiated within half an hour of bih, and continued through first 6 months after bih.
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In cervical lymph node enlargement, if no mucosal lesion is detected, an excision biopsy of the largest node should be performed. Ref: Harrison's Internal Medicine, 15th Edition, Page 362 and 18th Edition, Page 467.
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Ans. (c) Squamous cell carcinomaRef: Oxford textbook of oncology; vol. 1/1995/1046* Ackerman's Tumor - also known as Verrucous carcinoma.* A type of Squamous cell carcinoma - well differentiated and can occur in any part of respiratory or digestive tract.* For Verrucous Carcinoma - RT is not given, Only surgery must be...
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Absence of the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands would be due to defective development of the third pharyngeal pouch, their normal site of origin. The first pouch gives rise to the tympanic membrane and cavity. The second pouch gives rise to the palatine tonsils and tonsillar sinus. The fourth pharyngeal pouch giv...
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A i.e. Projection
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Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease manifest as Hydrosalpinx Chronic pyosalpinx Tubo ovarian abscess or cyst Tubercular tubovarian masses Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 340.
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Ans. D: Zenkers diveiculum Patients with Zenker diveiculum typically present with upper esophageal dysphagia, regurgitation of undigested food, aspiration, noisy deglutition, halitosis (foul smell from mouth), and/or complaints of changes in their voice. Mild-to-moderate weight loss is frequent. Aspiration and pneumoni...
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Uveitis is an inflammatory, putative Th1-mediated autoimmune disease that affects various pas of the eye and is a leading cause of visual loss. Currently available therapies are burdened with toxicities and/or lack definitive evidence of efficacy. Voclosporin, a rationally designed novel calcineurin inhibitor, exhibits...
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IgG4-related disease (Mikulicz disease ) often requires immediate, aggressive treatment with systemic corticosteroids to prevent significant organ damage and failure. Glucocorticoid-sparing agents, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate, also can be used. Most patients show a rapid response to im...
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Hormonal therapy in Carcinoma Breast Ovarian suppression or ablation Bilateral oophorectomy. Medically by LHRH agonist (Goserelin, leuprolide) SERM: Tamoxifen and Raloxifen Aromatase Inhibitors Non-steroidal : Letrozole & Anastrazole Steroidal : Exmestane Anti-Estrogens Fulvestrant Progestins Megesterol & Medroxyproges...
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Stage III of trachoma is cicatrising or scarring stage. So, Herbert pits (are healed scars of Herbert follicles), scar on tarsal conjunctiva & necrosis in scar are all the features of stage III. Where as herbert follicles (IIa), papillary hyperplasia (IIb), Pannus is found in stage II.
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Mycobacterium leprae is endemic to pas of Africa, Asia, and South America. Tuberculoid leprosy is an indolent disease, typically affecting cooler pas of the body, such as the nose and ears, producing dermal granulomas with very rare, acid-fast bacilli and damage to peripheral nerves. This is in marked contrast to lepro...
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Crossover occurs during the pachytene stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the mechanism used by the reproductive organs to generate gametes-cells with the haploid number of chromosomes. DNA synthesis occurs before meiotic prophase begins and is followed by a G2 phase. Cells then enter meiotic prophase I. During meiotic propha...
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Ans. A: Axillary node involvement The best indicators of likely prognosis in breast cancer remain tumour size and lymph node status; however, it is realized that some large size tumours will remain confined to the breast for decades whereas some very small tumours are inoperable at diagnosis. Hence, the prognosis of a ...
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Metabolism by acetylation: Two types of individuals are found, slow and fast acetylators. -Acetylation is done by N acetyl transferase enzyme. Drugs metabolised by acetylation *Sulfonamide* Hydralazine* Isoniazid* Procainamide These drugs can cause SLE.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Blunt trauma to eye
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Flexor pollicis longus is one of the deep group of flexor muscles. Its principle origin is from the radius. It is characteristically unipennate, which aids its identification during forearm surgery. The median nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of pronator teres. The ulnar nerve enters the forearm by passin...
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. Kell
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Hypercoaguble state in nephrotic syndrome is due to Urine loss of Anithrombin III Hyperfibrinogenemia Decrease in serum protiens c, s Increase in platelet aggregation. Venous complications can occur due to Hypercoaguble state in nephrotic syndrome ,so anticoagulants are given to all patients Ref Harrison 20th edition p...
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The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) envelops the cell and is a thin, pliable, elastic structure only 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick. It is composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids. The approximate composition is proteins, 55 percent; phospholipids, 25 percent; cholesterol, 13 percent; other lipids, 4...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pelvis Chondrosarcomao A chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells and it tends to maintain its cartilaginous character throughout its evolution.o Highest incidence is in the fourth and fifth decades, and men are affected more often than womeno Most commonly involved bones are p...
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The circle of Willis is composed of the following aeries: Anterior cerebral aery(left and right) Anterior communicating aery Internal carotid aery (left and right) Posterior cerebral aery(left and right) Posterior communicating aery (left and right) The middle cerebral aeries, supplying the brain, are not considered pa...
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Ectopic pregnancy
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Ans. B. Ultrasonographya. In cases of suspected lymphatic filariasis, examination of the scrotum or the female breast using high-frequency ultrasound in conjunction with doppler techniques may result in the identification of motile adult worms within dilated lymphatics.b. Worms may be visualized in the lymphatics of th...
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Teiary chorionic villi develop at day 17-21
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Prognostic factors are impoant in patient care for selecting management and predicting outcome for individual patients. Lymphocyte count <600/ul is a bad prognostic factor of hodgkins lymphoma. Bad prognostic factors in hodgkins disease are: Male Stage IV disease Serum albumin <4g/dl Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl Age >45 WBC ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Microscopic polyangitis
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Thick skin covers the palms and soles. The epidermis of the thick skin, which is 400 to 600 mm thick, is characterized by the presence of all five layers. Thin skin covers most of the remainder of the body. The epidermis of thin skin, which ranges from 75 to 150 mm in thickness, has a thin stratum corneum and lacks a d...
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Gastrin is produced by cells called G cells in the antral poion of the gastric mucosa. G cells are flask-shaped, with a broad base containing many gastrin granules and a narrow apex that reaches the mucosal surface. Microvilli project from the apical end into the lumen. Receptors mediating gastrin responses to changes ...
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Live attenuated vaccines are prepared from live organisms, which will cause adverse effects if administered to an immunocompromised individual. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 111
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Currently, IMRT is being used most extensively to treat cancers of the prostate, head & neck, and CNS. Note:- IMRT has also been used in lung cancers, but only in limited situations
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A common cause of lower GI bleeding that is recurrent and painless is angiodysplasia of the colon. In the absence of diverticula or hemorrhoids, the suspicion is even higher for these lesions. Peptic ulcer and Meckel's diverticulum can cause predominantly lower GI bleeding. However, the bleeding is usually in the form ...
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Till date only one disease has been eradicated - SMALLPOX. Diseases that are amenable to eradication are measles, diphtheria, polio and guniea worm. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition; Page 94
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REF : VISHRAM SINGH EMBRYOLOGY
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Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency is the commonest genetically determined enzyme deficiency in the world. G6PD catalyzes the first step of pentose phosphate pathway and is the enzyme controlling the flux through the pathway. It s activity is controlled by the availability of NADP+. In the red cell G6PD determines the re...
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A hallucination is a false perception that occurs in the waking state in the absence of a sensory stimulus. It is not merely a sensory distoion or misinterpretation, and it carries a subjective sense of conviction. A true hallucination appears to the subject to be substantial and to occur in external objective space. I...
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PGE2 is most potent inducer of aromatase activity in endometrial stromal cells.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Preductalcoarctation of aortaTurner's syndromeo Turner's syndrome is the most common sex chromosomal disorder in phenotypic females,o Turner's syndrome results from complete or partial loss of one X chromosome (45, X) and is characterised by hypogonadism in phenotypic femalesFeatures of Turner syndrom...
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Papillary carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent form of thyroid carcinoma diagnosed after radiation exposure, with a higher prevalence of the solid subtype in young children with a sho latency period and of the classical subtype in cases with a longer latency period after exposure. Molecular alterations, including intra...
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Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) This is the most common cause of elbow pain excluding traumatic conditions Usually occur in patients of 30-40 years, etiology is unknown in most cases Strenous or over activity may precede spymptoms Anterodistal lateral epicondyle tenderness Diagnosis Resisted wrist extension is a r...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Due to shock wave Types of blast injuries These are of following types :? Primary : It is due to shock wave which causes injury to hollow organs. e.g. ears, lungs, eyes, GIT etc. Secondary : These are due to flying debris (missiles). Classical Marshalls triad i.e. bruises, abrasions and puncture lacer...
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<p> caterogies of contact and post exposure prophylaxis in rabies:- Category 1: touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin. PEP- none. Category 2: nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratch/abrasions without bleeding. PEP- immediate vaccination and local treatment of wounds. Category 3: single/ multiple transderm...
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300
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The normal youthful vitreous gel is composed of a network of randomly-oriented collagenfibrils interspersed with numerous spheroidalmacromolecules of hyaluronic acid. Ref comprehensive ophthalamology AK Khurana 4th edition page no:243 .
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Infant moality rate Ref: Park 20/e p381 Monitoring and evaluation of ASHA's work Governmemt of India has set up following indicators for monitoring ASHA. 1. Process Indicators: Number of ASHAs selected by due process Number of ASHAs trained % of ASHAs attending review meeting after one year 2. Outcome Indicactors: % of...
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MR scans are obtained by placing the patient in a static magnetic field of 0.02 to 4 tesla (T) strength.
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Lisinopril - It is a lysine derivative of enalaprilat, doesn't require hydrolysis to become active ACE inhibitor. It's oral absorption is slow and incomplete, but unaffected by food.
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Ans. is c i.e. Karyotyping Well friends even if you do not know the answer, you can easily derive it, as the question specifically asks for an investigation before the next pregnancy. Out of the options provided only karyotyping is of value prior to next pregnancy, the remaining three being of significance during the a...
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MR-Angiography of the neck (carotid and veebral aeries):1,Brachiocephalic trunk (or innominate aery).2,Right subclan aery.3,Right veebral aery.4,Right common carotid aery.5,Right internal carotid aery.6,Left veebral aery.7,Left internal carotid aery.8,Left external carotid aery.9,Left common carotid aery.10,Left subcla...
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In a normal res ng condition, the blood leaving the lungs is 98% saturated with oxygen, and the blood returning to the lungs is 75% saturated with oxygen. With vigorous exercise, blood leaving the lungs is still 98% saturated, but blood returning is usually less than 75% saturated because more oxygen is unloaded from h...
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.
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Typical offending organisms that have been known to cause bronchiectasis include: Klebsiella species Staphylococcus aureus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma pneumonia Nontuberculous mycobacteria Measles virus Peussis Influenza virus Herpes simplex virus Ceain types of adenoviruses
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The x-ray reveals typical evidence of sacroiliitis, with widening of the joints, sclerosis, and evasions. Similar findings can be seen in psoriatic and enteropathic spondyloarthropathy.
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The cutaneous lesions of SLE consist of erythematous patches on the face that coalesce to form a roughly symmetrical pattern over the cheeks and across the bridge of the nose in form of 'Butterfly' distribution. When SLE involve the kidney, the glomerular capillaries shows fibrinoid thickening and produces characterist...
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(A) S2 level> Subarachnoid space surrounds the brain & spinal cord, and ends below at the lower border of the second sacral vertebra.
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Charcot's triad comprises of:         Pain abdomen Fever with Chills Presence of the triad indicates cholangitis Note: Reynolds's pentad → Charcot's triad + Septic Shock + Mental status changes
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Einthoven's Law states that if the electrical potentials of any two of the three bipolar limb electrocardiographic leads are known at any given instant, the third one can be determined mathematically by simply summing the first two (but note that the positive and negative signs of the different leads must be observed w...
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Use of oral contraceptives do not pose risk of malignant transformation of endometrial polyp.
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(D) 1% > Women 35 years of age or less who have a child with trisomy have a 1 % risk of having another child with down syndrome, which is significantly greater than the general population. The risk is little increased if the mother at risk is 35 years or older. For translocations inherited from the mother, the risk of ...
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Sulfonamides were the first antimicrobial agents (AMAs) effective against pyogenic bacterial infections. Sulfonamido-chrysoidine (Prontosil Red) was one of the dyes included by Domagk to treat experimental streptococcal infection in mice and found it to be highly effective. Sulfonarnides are rapidly and nearly complete...
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Thyrotoxic myopathy affects proximal limb muscles i.e. the front thigh muscles, arm muscles. Weakness is more when muscle contracts isometrically either while getting down steps or lifting a full bucket. Once hypehyroidism is controlled, recovery occurs. Reference : page 473 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition
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Ramelteon is a non-addictive drug.
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Oxidative capacity is high in type I fiber (slow-oxidative), moderate in type IIA (fast-oxidative-glycolytic), low in Type IIB fiber (fast-glycolytic).Reference: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology,25th ed, p 108
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Lac operon is regulatory method seen only in prokaryotes.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. Infected pigs manifestation o Infected pigs do not maniest any ove symptoms of illness but circulate the virus so that mosquito get infected and can transmit the virus to man. o All other options have been explained earlier.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Advanced Laboratory services
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Non ionic low osmolar contrast agents are preferred in patients with decreased renal function to prevent contrast nephropathy Ionic contrast media have a higher risk for contrast nephropathy, and hence should be avoided The amount of contrast media used should be limited The patient should be well hydrated before the p...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Fracture of hand Common fractures in children Forearm bones fractures Supracondylar fracture of the humerus Fracture of lateral condyle of humerus Epiphyseal injuries Spiral fracture of tibial shaft
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Indications of Amniocenetesis- Fetal genetic disorders Congenital infections Allo immunizations Fetal lung maturity Amnioinfusion is done for oligohydramnios. Amniocenetesis may be done for polyhydramnios as a therapeutic measure.
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Aristolochic acid causes Chinese herb nephropathy and Balkan nephropathy.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Barberio test Microchemical tests for seminal stain analysis:A) Barberio's test - Yellow coloured crystals of spermin picrate.B) Florence test - Brown crystals of choline periodide.
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Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th edition. *Most of cases of recurrent viral or aseptic meningitis including cases previously diagnosed as mollaret's meningitis are likely due to HSV-2.
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Codeine is less potent than morphine as an analgesic(60mg codeine=10 mg morphine). 100 mg pethidine= 10 mg morphine.Heroin is conveed to morphine in the body and has higher lipid solubility than morphine. Ref KD Tripathi 8th ed.
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Iodine monitoring Countries implementing control programmes require a network of laboratories for iodine monitoring and surveillance. These laboratories are essential for a) iodine excretion determination b) determination of iodine in water, soil and food as pa of epidemiological studies c) determination of iodine in s...
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C-reactive protein (CRP, so named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci) is an acute phase protein. It can stimulate the classic complement pathway. CRP is used as a marker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation, and there is considerable interest in its use as a predictor of ceain types of ...
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Actions of extraocular muscles : Muscle Primary Secondary Teiary action action action LR Abduction -- -- SR Elevation Intorsion Adduction IR Depression Extorsion Adduction SO Intorsion Depression Abduction IO Extorsion Elevation Abduction Ref;A.K.Khurana ; 6th edition; Page no:339
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D i.e. Medial rotation
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B. i.e. Retinal veins & CRAO
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9 months
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Ans. (b) ER - Cis - Trans - Cell membrane(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.44)Proteins are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum - enters Golgi through its cis end - processed inside golgi - packed in secretory vesicles - leaves out of golgi through its trans end - ultimately released out of the cell by fusion of vesicles w...
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Fracture of Proximal Humerus MC fracture in osteoporotic postmenopausal women Classification of fracture - Neer classification Complications - Axillary nerve injury, Shoulder stiffness & Malunion, AVN of the humeral head Treatment Undisplaced - Immobilization in sling (Cuff & Collar or Triangular sling) x 4 weeks Displ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., E. coli "Group B streptococcus followed by E.coli are the two most common causes of neonatal meningitis". Most common cause of neonatal meningitis --> Group B streptococcus (Str. agalactiae) Second most common cause of neonatal meningitis -- E.coli
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Answer- (D) BrucellaViral infectionsMumpsInfluenzaEpstein-Barr virusCoxsackievirus ACytomegalovirusHIV HCVSarcoidosisSjogren's syndromeMetabolic disordersDiabetes mellitusChronic pancreatitisHepatic cirrhosis
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Accidents and injuries in India (in order of decreasing numbers): Road traffic accidents Work related injuries Burns Violence, suicide Poisoning Drowning
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Ans. c (Measles is more infectious than mumps). (Ref: Park PSM 22nd/pg. 58, 96)SECONDARY ATTACK RATE# It is defined as "the number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of IP, following exposure to primary case"SAR =Number of exposed persons developing the disease within the range of IP------------...
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Linitis plastica Involvement of a broad region of the gastric wall or entire stomach by diffuse stomach cancer cause linitis plastica. It is also known as Brinton's disease. The appearance of stomach is like leather bottle. The other cause of linitis plastica are : Lye ingestion     Sarcoidosis              Metastatic...
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Sticky patches. The substitution of valine for glutamate at position 6 of the b chains of hemoglobin places a nonpolar residue on the outside of hemoglobin S, the version of hemoglobin responsible for sickle-cell anemia.The oxygen affinity and allosteric propeies of hemoglobin are viually unaffected by this change. How...
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Answer is A (Asthma) An obstructive pattern of PFTs with reduction in the ratio of FEV1; FVC along with demonstration of reversibility of airway obstruction (> 200 ml increase in baseline FEV1) after bronchodilator administration is typical of Asthma.
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(A) Deep sleep # A delta wave is a large, slow (2 Hz or less) brain wave recorded with an EEG and is usually associated with deep sleep.> Delta activity is characterized by frequencies under 3 Hz and is absent in awake healthy adults, but is physiological and normal in awake children under the age of 13 years.> Delta w...
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Iliotibial TractThe fascia lata is thickened laterally where it forms a 5 cm wide band called the iliotibial tract.Superiorly the tract splits into two laters.The superficial lamina is attached to tubercle of iliac crest, and deep lamina to the capsule of hip joint.Inferiorly, the tract is attached to a smooth area on ...
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Ans. a (Genital tubercle). (Ref. Williams Obstetrics 22nd /Chapter 2. Pg. 33)CLITORIS# Clitoris develops from genital tubercle.# It is an female erectile organ, homologus with penis and is located near the superior extremity of the vulva.# It is not traversed by urethra.# It projects downward between the branched extre...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Fludrocortisone Management of chronic orthostatic hypotensiono Correct precipitating factors (e.g,, hypovolemia) and withdraw offending drugs (diuretics, vasodilators, tranquilizers and sedatives)Physical measureso Raise the head of the bed by 10 to 20dego Arise slowly, in stages, from supine to seate...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., E.coli . E.coli causes 80-90% of acute uncomplicated bacterial lower tract infections (cystitis) in young women.
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