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Failure to gain 5 gm/Kg/day for 3 consecutive days during rehabilitation is secondary failure of malnutrition treatment. Inpatient cases: Primary failure Secondary failure Failure to regain appetite by day 4 Failure to sta losing edema by day 4 Presence of edema on day 10 Failure to gain atleast 5g/Kg/day by day 10 Fai...
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Ans. b. Topical retinoic acid + Oral doxycycline (Ref. Fitzpatrick. 6/e p672-686; Rooks 8/e p42.17-42.70; Roxburgh 18/e p159-172; Harrison 19/e p351-352, 18/e p403-409)A 19-year-old male presents with several comedones, papules, and pustules on face and trunk. This is a case of inflammatory acne with comedones and appr...
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The ventromedial pa of the somites is called the sclerotome. The cells of the sclerotome migrate medially. They surround the neural tube and give rise to the veebral column and ribs. The veebral body may ossify from two primary centers which soon fuse. One of these pas may fail to develop, resulting in only half of the...
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(c) Myringotomy(Ref. Scott Brown, 8th ed., Vol 2; 143)Ciprofloxacin is given in pseudomonal and other Gram-negative infections.Cortical mastoidectomy is done in acute mastoiditisIn ASOM steroids are not usedThe slight bulge of TM may regress with antibiotics alone. Myringotomy being an invasive procedure is done only w...
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The nurse must monitor for adequate urinary output, changes in mental status, and vital sign stability because these factors are directly influenced by fluid replacement therapy. Option A: Urinary output should be monitored because an effective fluid replacement therapy is manifested by adequate urine output. Option B...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Non-responding muscles Death denotes death of human being (46 IPC). It is defined as cessation of life or cesation to exist. Death is of two types (1) somatic death (systemic death or clinical death) and (2) molecular death (cellular death). Somatic death (systemic death or clinical death) It is the c...
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SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) SYNDROME MC cause is lung cancer (Small cell and squamous cell carcinoma) along with lymphoma and metastatic tumors responsible for more than 90% of all SVC syndrome. In young adults, malignant lymphoma is the leading cause of SVC syndrome. Characteristic physical findings are dilated neck vein...
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1 lies Anterior to the spinal cord
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Marginal seal over the pulp-capping procedure is of prime importance since it prevents ingress of bacteria and reinfection. Healing and the formation of secondary dentin are inherent properties of the pulp.  Factors promoting healing are conditions of the pulp at the time of amputation, removal of irritants, and proper...
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The epidemics wave declines with a up-built of herd immunity after natural infection and if high level immunity maintained with immunization disease eliminated, e.g. Polio, Diphtheria. It is neither possible nor necessary to achieve 100% herd immunity. In a population to halt an epidemic or to control disease. E.g. sma...
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Ans. (d) Hep ERef: Harrison 19th ed. /152e-2t, 0215* Most common cause of fulminant hepatitis in pregnancy is HEV* Most common cause of viral hepatitis in India overall = Hepatitis A* Most common cause of blood transfusion associated hepatitis =HCV* Most common viral hepatitis in India in children= HAV* Most common vir...
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(Rheumatoid) (55-A)Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNSA) this concept of seronegative spondarthropathies was developed because of a common co-existence of both sacroilitis and ankylosing spondylitis, distinct pattern of peripheral arthritis, and their association with mucosal ulcers, inflammatory ocular disease, ab...
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-triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of severity of their injuries and the likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention. - classification is based on internationally accepted four colour code system. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition,...
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HEPATITIS-E: Calcivirus HEV in pregnancy: fulminant form of hepatitis E infection is seen during pregnancy with high case fatality rate HEV is essentially a waterborne disease; Feco-oral route of transmission Incubation period: 21-45 days Also Remember, Hepatitis type Type Incubation period Route of transmission A Ente...
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(Refer: Parson's, 21st edition, pg no: 154,155)
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Green birefringence of stained amyloid when viewed by polarizing microscope
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KD Tripathi essentials of medical pharmacology; edition-7;pg no-462 The SSRis are choice drugs for OCD, panic disorder, social pho bia, eating disorders, premenstrual dys:* disorder and post traumatic stress disorder.-:-.* are also being increasingly used for 1:* * * anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorders * compu...
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B i.e. C7The most prominent spinous processQ that can be felt in neck is that of seventh cervical veebrae. The C-7 is named veebra prominens because it has the longest spinous processQ, and the process is not bifid.
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• If facial nerve inflammation extends proximal to geniculate ganglion, the clinical features are: Loss of lacrimation (later may present with crocodile syndrome); hyperacusis (loss of stapedial reflex); decreased salivation and loss of taste sensation on anterior 2/3rd tongue; paralysis of muscles of facial expression...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Index case o Primary case --> First case of communicable disease introduced into the population. o Index case --> First case to come to attention of the investigator.
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Ans. D. AnaerobesOf the organisms listed, only anaerobic infection is likely to cause a necrotizing process Type III pneumococci have been reported to cause cavitary disease, but this is unusual. The location of the infiltrate suggests aspiration, also making anaerobic infection most likely. The superior segment of the...
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B i.e. Pilocarpine
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Bacterial endophthalmitis is most dreaded complication over all. Pain, diminition of vision after improvement s/o endopthalmitis.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Maxilla Pharyngeal ArchMuscular ContributionSkeletal ContributionsNerveArteryCorresponding Pouch Structures1st (mandibular arch)Muscles of mastication. Anterior belly of the digastric, Mylohyoid, Tensor tympani. Tensor veli palatiniMaxilla, mandible (only as a model for mandible not actual formation o...
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Cephalosporins-III generation
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A glenohumeral ligament connects the glenoid cavity to the humerus. Coracohumeral connects the coracoid process to the neck of the humerus. A transverse humeral ligament connects the upper pa of the bicipital groove of the humerus. BD Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 146,147
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* Oral anticoagulant is warfarin. It is used only in vivo (body), not in vitro (lab).* Warfarin is not used to store blood.* It acts by inhibiting Vitamin K. Due to overdose, hematuria is the first manifestation noted.* Dose monitoring is done by INR.* Antidote of warfarin overdose: Vitamin KPT (Prothrombin Time)aPTT (...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 15 cm * Oesophagus shows four contrictions -i) At the beginning at C6 vertebra, the first constriction of the cricopharyngeal sphinctor- 15 cm (6 inches) from incisorii) At the level of T4 vertebra where it is crossed by the aortic arch :-22.5 cm (9inches) from the incisor.iii) At the level of T6 vert...
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Tumour Lysis Syndrome More common with NHL, Myeloma and acute leukaemia management Rapid tumour cell death releases intracellular contents resulting in hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperuricaemia and renal failure. Prevention is with adequate hydration and Allopurinol 300-600 mg QID PO Sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq/L...
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*After cataract is treated by Nd-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. *YAG laser is used to create holes e.g. posterior capsulotomy,irototomy. Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.212
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Ans. is c i.e. Kaagener syndrome Primary Cilliary Dyskinesia (PCD), also known as immotile ciliary syndrome or Kaagener syndrome (KS), is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which there is a congenital absence of dynein arms (a protein structure associated with motility) in all body cilia. It can lead to mal...
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The lateral view shows that the anterior clear space behind the sternum is occupied above a poion of the lower one-third of the cardiac shadow. The truncus of the right pulmonary aery seen in front of the trachea is very large and the left main pulmonary aery coursing over the left upper lobe bronchus is greater than 1...
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EBV causes nadopharyngeal carcinoma,oral hairy luekoplakia&infectious mononucleosis REF:MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.475
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Facility Based Newborn Care (FBNC) Newborn Care Facility MCH Level Health Facility Newborn Care Corner (NBCC) I SC, PHC Newborn Stabilization Unit (NBSU) II CHC, FRU Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) III District Hospital
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Ans. A i.e. Severe depressionDepressionMC psychiatric disorder in India: DepressionNeurotransmitter involved in depression:- Serotonin,- NorepinephrineMC cause of suicide: DepressionMC type of post puerperal psychosis: DepressionNihilistic ideas are seen in: DepressionRisk factors for suicide in depression:- Endogenous...
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Omphalocele: Also called as Exomphalos It is physiological herniation of bowel loops and failure of gut to return to body cavity. Occurs due to incomplete closure of abdominal musculature. Abdominal viscera herniate into ventral membranous sac. May be associated with cardiac / congenital anomalies.
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Ans- D. Sle is associated with autoimmune destruction of platelets whereas cancer chemotherapy causes aplastic anaemia not platelet destruction
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Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7,9,16; CMV; Echovirus; enteroviruses; HSV-1,2; Poliovirus: parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus and VZV. Cultivation of viruses ‘As viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they cannot be grown on any inanimate culture medium.' Three method...
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DOC for generalized tonic clonic seizure (Grand mal), absence seizure (Petit mal), Atonic seizure, myoclonic epilepsy → valproate. DOC for partial seizure → carbamazepine / oxcarbazepine DOC for status epilepticus → IV lorazepam DOC for febrile seizures → Rectal Diazepam DOC for seizure of eclampsia → Magnesium sulfate...
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Veins
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Ans. is a i.e. HPV 16 It is now established that HPV plays a major role in cervical carcinogenesis. Among the various genotypes (more than 100) the Genotype of HPV which is : Most commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma cervix HPV 16 Most common genotype associated with adenocarcinoma of cervix HPV 18 Overall ...
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Vanilloid receptors are VR 1 and VRL 1 for painful temperature.
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. p53
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Most common site of lymphoma in the gastrointestinal system is Stomach. GI LYMPHOMA MC site for lymphoma in the GIT: Stomach >IleumQ MC site of gastric lymphoma: AntrumQ MC type of gastric lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphomaQ (55%) > MALTomaQ (40%) DLBLQ is MC type of NHL, extranodal lymphoma and GI lymphoma.
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Plasma calcium exist as - 50 % - Biologically active ionized form 45% - Bound to plasma proteins (mainly albumin) 5% - Complexed to phosphate & citrate
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Ans. d (Secondary active transport). (Ref. Guyton, Physiology, 10th ed., 773)# In GI membrane and in renal tubules, glucose is transported by the mechanism of active sodium-glucose co-transport while at all other tissue cells glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion.# Glucose as such cannot diffuse through the p...
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Hepatomegaly is an essential feature of von Gierke's disease (all glycogen storage diseases except type 2, 5, 7), Hurler (Scheic) syndrome (& all mucopolysaccharidosis) and Nieman-Pick disease. But the hepatic involvement of hepatic porphyria is variable. Patients with chronic hepatic porphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda...
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Ans. (a) Associated thrombocytopenia with prolonged bleedingRef: Harrison 19th ed. / 96e-8* Vitamin-K is a fat soluble compound. It promotes blood clotting by increasing hepatic biosynthesis of prothrombin and other coagulation factors.* The best sources are green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter and egg yolk. D...
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Ans. A. Chorion frondosum and decidua basalis1. The human placenta is of chorioallantoic type, consisting of 2 components:a. The chorion, or outer layers of the chorionic cavity, including:i. The syncytiotrophoblastii. The cytotrophoblastiii. The extraembryonic mesodermb. The allantois, containing the umbilical vessels...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Grandiosity Option 'a' is confusing one. Yes, elevated mood is one of the most classical symptom of mania. But it is not pathognomonic. Pathognomonic means a symptom which can be used for diagnosis. Elevated mood is not a symptom of diagnostic criteria of mania. Diagnostic criteria for mania Three or ...
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Paucibacillary cases should also recieve combined therapy in the view of primary dapsone resistance .The recommended standard adult regimen includes rifampicin and dapsone Reference; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 341
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Answer is A (Observation) Prophylactic cholecystectomy is not warranted in an asymptomatic patient.
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An accredited social health activist (ASHA) is a community health worker instituted by the government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) as a pa of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).. The mission began in 2005; full implementation was targeted for 2012. Once fully implemented, there is to b...
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Foy percent of retinoblastomas are heritable; the child inherits one mutant allele through the germline and a somatic mutation in the other allele occurs, resulting in the loss of function of that gene. This leads to tumor development, often with multiple tumors in both eyes. Penetrance, however, is not complete, since...
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Only weak D2 blocking action, produces few /no extrapyramidal symptoms; tardive dyskinesia is rare and prolactin level does not rise. Ref KD Tripati 8th ed.
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A - alfa fibers are myelinated and have large diameter They have high conduction velocity -120m/second Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 73
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Primary small bowel lymphoma is more common in the settings of celiac disease, regional enteritis, congenital immune disorders, prior organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders, and AIDS.
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Ans. A i.e. Antimalarial
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ear drum Blast or shock wave When an explosion occurs, the explosive material produces a large volume of gas and releases a large amount of energy. It produces a 'shock wave' which spread concentrically from the site of explosion. The injuries depend on the environment in which blast occurs :- Air bla...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Multipie Myeloma Pain film on chest x-ray in multiple mvelomaDiffused unexplained osteoporosis, especially in spineo Diffuse loss of densityo Thinning of corticeso Lower thoracic and lumbar regions most commonly involvedo Pathological vertebral collapse inevitable single or multiple# Vertebral plana# ...
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B. i.e. Scabies
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Ans. D. TrifluoperazineLithium, Valproate and Carbamazepine are used in prophylaxis of Bipolar disorder.It requires frequent blood level monitoring owing to its narrow therapeutic index because lithium is the drug of choice.Sodium valproate cannot be utilized owing to possible teratogenicity to the foetus in women of c...
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C i.e. Gel filtration Chromatography
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Ans. is `a' i.e., Gardenella vaginalis Resident commonsal in Vagina are lactobacillus, streptococcus, prevotella, coagulase negative staphylococci, Gardenella vaginalis and actinomyces.
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Ans. D: Schizophrenia Ku Schneider (1959) described symptoms which, though not specific of schizophrenia, were of great help in making a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia These are popularly known as Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia (FRS/ SFRS)
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Intubation decreases the dead space, as nasal space is bypassed and the lumen of endotracheal tube is less than that of natural airway. Endotracheal intubation increases the airway resistance. Bronchial intubation is the most common perioperative complication and sore throat is the most common post operative complicati...
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(B) Carcinoid syndrome # Carcinoid syndrome-Clinical findings include:> Flushing of the skin> Diarrhea and abdominal cramps> Right sided heart disease> Bronchoconstriction> Abdominal pain due to desmoplastic reaction of the mesentery in most patients, increased urinary excretion of 5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid),...
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Asteroid hyalosis is usually unilateral.
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D i.e. None
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lengthening of individual villi o Within a few hours after bowel resection, the remnant small intestine displays evilence of epithelial cellular hyperplasia. With aditional time, villi lengthen, intestinal absoiption surface area increases and digestive and absorption functions improve.
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Answer is A (Direct Coomb's Positive)Coomb's Negative Haemolytic Anaemia.Coomb's test is impoant to distinguish Hereditary Spherocytosis from Autoimmune haemolysis which is another common cause of Spherocytosis. Hereditary Spherocytosis is a coomb's negative haemolytic anemia (non-immune mediated) characterized clinica...
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Leprosy is not a vesiculo-bullous (blistering) disorder.
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Roof plate & its pial covering give rise to the choroid plexus. Alar plate gives rise to sensory neurons Basal plate gives rise to motor neurons Floor plate contains decussating fibers Rhombic lips give rise to the cerebellum.
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Fat is hyperechoic (white) on Ultrasound. Fat is hyperintense(white) on both T1 & T2 W MRI in modern MRI sequences. Fat is hypodense (black) on CT with Hu of around -100 HU. On CT, lipomas are well-demarcated homogeneous masses of hypodensity (-90 to -150 HU). USG of lipoma of thigh CT axial view showing lipoma in righ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Mulluscum contagiosum Among the given options, smallpox (variola) virus and molluscum contagiosum affect human as their primary host. Small pox has been eradicated. Molluscum contagiosum is a common skin infection.
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Gamma Knife radiosurgery allows for the destruction of a brain lesions without cutting the skin. By focusing many small beams of of radiation on abnormal brain tissue the abnormality can be destroyed while preserving the normal surrounding structures. The Gamma Knife uses 201 narrow beam Cobalt 60 sources all aimed at ...
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Ans. is 'None'
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D . i.e. Loosening of association is logically connected loss of goal directedness
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Ref: Miller text book of Anaesthesia. 6th editionExplanation:Mendelson"s sy ndrome is chemical pneumonitis caused by aspiration during anaesthesia, especially during pregnancy.Pneumonia develops rapidly, and within hours the patient may become tachypnoeic, hypoxic and febrile. There is minimal sputum.Patients are at hi...
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The DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains or strands that spirally twisted around each other and coiled around a common axis to form a right-handed double-helix. The two strands are antiparallel i.e. they ran in opposite directions so that the 3' end of one chain facing the 5' end of the other. The sugar-p...
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Ans-D
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* Clinical features of congenital CMV infection is similar to those of Erythroblastosis fetalis Symptoms are: - * IUGR * Hepatosplenomegaly * Jaundice * Thrombocytopenia * Microcephaly Ref:- Greenwood medical microbiology 18th ed; pg num:- 439
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Answer is B (Increased urinary copper excretion): Wilson's Disease is charachterized by increased urinary copper excretion. Increased urinary copper excretion over 24 hours is an extremely useful test (+++) for diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Wilson's disease is associated with low levels of serum ceruloplasmin and high...
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Maxillary aery: Ligation of this aery is done in uncontrollable posterior epistaxis. Approach is Caldwell-Luc operation through pterygopalatine fossa Posterior wall of maxillary sinus is removed and the maxillary aery or its branches are blocked by applying clips. The procedure is now superceded by transnasal endoscopi...
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SIADH is due to excessive secretion of anti-diuretic hormone. It is diametrically opposite disease to diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin, Thiazide and chloropropamide are used for the treatment of diabetes insipidus whereas demeclocycline is used for SIADH management.Now-a-days,vasopressin receptor antagonists like tolvap...
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Multiple skip lesions with areas of intervening normal mucosa, along with history of abdominal distension, fever, bilious vomiting & blood in stools, suggest a diagnosis of Crohn ds. Ulcerative colitis : Continuous ; no normal intervening mucosa ; lead/pipe stem appearance
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Ans. Superficial corneal opacities
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Injury to medial epicondyle damages ulnar nerve - Paralysis of flexor carpi ulnaris (loss of ulnar detion) Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus (loss of DIP flexion) Hypothenar muscle paralysis (and atrophy) and Sensory loss on the hypothenar eminence. Flexor digitorum superficialis (supplied by median nerve for f...
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Chest signs of consolidation in pneumonia include increased vocal fremitus,dull note on percussion,and as conduction of sound is enhanced,auscultation reveals increased breath sounds,bronchial breathing,aegophony & whispering pectoriloquy;crackels are heard through out. Reference:Davidson's medicine-22nd edition,page n...
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Most common complication of Caldwell-Luc operation is injury to infraorbital nerve which occurs is 21% cases. Ref.Scott Brown 7/e,Vol 2,p1494.
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ATP-binding cassette protein member 3 (ABCA3) is the most frequently mutated gene in sufactant dysfunction disorders. It is an autosomal recessive disorder and usually presents in the first few months of life with rapidly progressive respiratory failure followed by death.
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ref : bailey and love 27th ed
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Ans. A. Aortic regurgitationThe diagram shows bisferiens pulse with two peaks in systole.It is seen in case of* AS/AR* Severe AR* HOCM* PDA* Fever* Exercise
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Ans. None of the option
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Derealization: Sensation of changed reality or that one's surroundings have altered. Usually seen in schizophrenia, panic attacks, and dissociative disorders Depersonalization: Sensation of unreality concerning oneself, pas of oneself, or one's environment that occurs under extreme stress or fatigue. Seen in schizophre...
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Sore throat(tonsilitis) is the most common manifestation of streptococcal infection and affects 5-15 years age group.
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Fibronectin is involved in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation. it plays crucial role in wound healing.
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Accidental injury to major vessels in thigh or groin REF: Bailey & Love's Sho practice of surgery 18th edition Page 147, 69 (in older editions) Butcher's thigh is penetrating wound of femoral triangle due to knife slipping while boning meat. Penetrating wound involving main veins in the thigh or groin are potentially f...
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The patient is "blowing off CO2 " to reduce acid. The equation described in answer C is the conversion of carbon dioxide into a soluble form, then into bicarbonate. During an acidosis, the high levels of protons push the reaction described in answer C to the left, to the formation of water and carbon dioxide. As the ca...
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Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A virus, a large subgroup of the enteroviruses. Herpangina or vesicular pharyngitis is a common clinical manifestation of coxsackie A infection in children, but it can also be caused by Coxsackievirus B virus, echoviruses or enterovirus 71. The lesions are small vesicles on the fauces ...
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