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The anion exchange protein (band 3) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, with its carboxyl terminal end on the external surface of the membrane and its amino terminal end on the cytoplasmic surface. It is an example of a multipass membrane protein, extending across the bilayer approximately 14 times. It probably exists as ...
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Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe.Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells).Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale skin.There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowi...
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Ans. A. External obliqueThe inguinal canals are situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament. The canals transmit the ilioinguinal nerve and the spermatic cord (in men) or the round ligament (in women). The canals are approximately 3.75 to 4 cm long.Boundaries-a. Anterior wall:aponeurosis of external ob...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Mesonephric tuble
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C8 nerve root supplies -1. Wrist (and Finger) flexors and2. Small muscles of hand Note: Small muscles of hand are supplied by C8; T1, More precisely T1. Supinators - C6 Wrist (and Finger) extensors--C6(7) Wrist (and Finger) flexors--C7(8) Intrinsic muscles of hand--C8; T1
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C i.e. Subcapital
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C. i.e. Superego predominantly consciously offers approval & disapproval
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A i.e. Induction with intravenous thiopentone and N20; and halothane for maintenance In this boy with duchene muscular dystrophy, there is high risk of malignant hypehermia. The earliest signs of malignant hypehermia are masseter muscle rigidity (MMR), tachycardia, and hypercarbia due to increased CO2 production.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Mid thigh
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Iris cysts tend to regress after discontinuing echothiophate. Phenylephrine used in combination with echothiophate may prevent iris cysts.
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Ans: b (7th week) Ref: DC Dutta, Textbook of obstetrics 6th ed, p. 645Fetal structures identified by transabdominal USG and corresponding gestational age* Gestational sac-- 5th week* Fetal pole-- 6th week* Yolk sac-- 6th week* Cardiac pulsation-- 7lh week* Embryonic movements-- 8th weekTrans vaginal USG will detect the...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Breath holding spells
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Increased expression of adhesion molecules for leukocyte recruitment o Vascular endothelium in its normal, unactivated state does not bind circulating cells or impede their passage,o In acute inflammation, the endothelium is activated and can bind leukocytes as a prelude to their exit from the bloodve...
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As the suspected deceased convict doesn't have any family relatives, therefore, DNA Profile & HLA typing as a tool of identification is ruled out. As there is no biological sample blood grouping is not possible. Therefore victim's anthropometrical measurements like body weight, height, limb lengths, head circumference ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Crime by a person with mental disease Criminal responsibility of insane is judged by following rules : 1.Mc Naughten rule (legal test or right or wrong test) : It states that an accused person is not legally responsible, if it is clearly proved that at the time of commiting the crime, person was suffe...
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Ans. D: Tuberculosis The most common finding in tuberculous cystitis is reduced bladder capacity. Typically, tuberculous cystitis manifests as a shrunken bladder with wall thickening. Occasionally, filling defects due to multiple granulomas may also be seen. In advanced disease, the bladder may be diminutive and irregu...
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ref : david sutton 9th ed
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Ans. is a i.e. Condyloma Colposcopy is the primary technique for evaluation of an abnormal cervical cytology smear.. A colposcope is a binocular microscope producing magnification of 5 - 15 times. Colposcopy is done after application of 3 - 5% acetic acid, to the abnormal area. Aceto white epithelium plakia or hyperker...
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Wolman disease is caused by mutations in the lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) gene and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Wolman disease is the most severe expression of LAL deficiency; a milder form of LAL deficiency is known as cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD).
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Answer- A. CT Scan
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Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for both type 1 and type 2 reaction.
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In polycythemia vera RBC mass is high as a result of negative feedback erythropoeitin levels should be less.
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A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and provide a defence mechanism against invading viruses. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 579
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Ans. (a) Neuroblastoma(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1306)Types of rosettes are given below:Homer Wright rossete:Neuroblastoma, medulloblastomaPerivascular pseudorosette:EpendymomaFlexner wintersteiner rosette:RetinoblastomaTrue rosette: Ependymoma
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Diastolic mumrmur is present on auscultationMitral valve prolapse syndrome or myxomatous degeneration of mitral valve* In mitral valve prolapse one or both mitral leaflets are floppy and prolapse or balloon back into the left atria during systole with or without mitral regurgitation.* It is one of the...
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Plasmodium vivax induces morphologic alterations in infected host erythrocytes that are visible by light microscopy in Romanowsky-stained blood smears as multiple brick-red dots.  These morphologic changes, referred to as Schüffner's dots, are important in the identification of this species of malarial parasite and hav...
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Diabetic neuropathy usually presents as peripheral polyneuropathy, usually bilateral, including symptoms of numbness, paresthesia, severe hyperesthesia, and pain. Impairment of proprioceptive fibers can lead to gait abnormalities and Charcot's joints. Mononeuropathy is less common and is often spontaneously reversible....
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Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis that mostly involves the coronary vessels. It presents as an acute systemic disorder, usually affecting children under 5 years. It occurs mainly in Japan and other Asian countries, such as China and Korea, but other ethnic groups may also be affected. Presentation is with fever, general...
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a. Identify colors(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 65-77, Ghai 8/e p 52-53)DQ=Developmentalagex100/actualage.In the given question, a 6 year old child has a DQ of 50; so his developmental age is 3 years.So, he can do milestones corresponding to 3 years age only; At 3 years, a child can name 2 colors and at 5 years, 4 colors.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Aldolase B DiseaseDificient enzymesEssential fructosuriaFructokinaseHereditary fructose intoleranceAldolase-BGalactosemiaGalactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (most common), Galactokinase UDP-galactose-4-epimeraseLactose intoleranceLactase (b-galactosidase)Essential pentosuriaL-xylulose dehydrogena...
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The objective of National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 is to bring the total feility rate (TFR) to replacement level by 2010. All the other options are the goals to be achieved by NPP. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 19th edition, Page 391.
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Anemia with jaundice points to hemolytic anemia and presence of joint pain indicates sickling leading to vaso-occlusive crisis. This is likely a case of Sickle cell anemia. The major hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia is HbS and HbA will be undetectable. Proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR) is the most severe ocular ch...
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PRIMAQUINE - Kills Gametes of All 4 Species. So It is used for preventing the transmission of the malaria. Chloroquine and quinine can kill the gametes of mainly P vivax. Exo-erythrocytic stage: Radical cure of malaria PRIMAQUINE - given for 2 weeks TAFENOQUINE - Single Dose Erythrocytic stage:These drugs are used to t...
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A calcified pattern in hepatic metastasis is commonly due to mutinous adenocarcinoina of colon or ovary.
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Ans C Subacromial bursaRef: Kulkarni Clinical Anatomy, 2nd ed. pg. 48The subacromial bursa is the largest bursa of the body
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DNA polymerase III doesn't have repair activitly.  It can synthesize leading strand as well as Okazaki fragments. All three DNA polymerases have Proof reading ability.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Aedes
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Aspirin Antiplatelet therapy in the form of aspirin is administered in all patients with acute coronary syndrome. It brings down the moality rate at the same rate as thrombolytic therapy. Usually, aspirin is administered before the E.C.G but the presence of epigastric discomfo might have been responsible for delay in a...
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The factors which result in increased risk of venous thrombosis include advancing age and greater complexity of surgical treatment. Orthopedic operations on the lower limbs (hip and knee replacements) are especially likely to result in venous thrombosis." - Bailey & Love
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Ans. A. 2 weeksMajor depression is defined as depressed mood on a daily basis for a minimum duration of 2 weeks. An episode may be characterized by sadness, indifference, apathy, or irritability and is usually associated with: changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and weight; motor agitation or retardation; fatigue; imp...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increased glycolysisIncreased BMR is associated with hypermetabolic state which is characterized by :?A) Carbohydrate metablismi) | Glycolysisii) | Gluconeogenesisiii) | Glycogenesisiv) | GlycogenolysisB) Lipid metablismi) | Lipogenesisii) | Lipolysisiii) | Cholesterol Synthesisiv) | Triacylglycerol S...
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Calcitonin is primarily secreted by the parafollicular C cells of the Thyroid gland. It is a hormone secreted in response to elevated blood calcium. It stimulates calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion by the kidneys, thus reducing blood calcium. Ref: Essentials of Pharmacology By K D Tripathi, 5th, Edition, ...
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Ans. C: 1, 25 hydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol)Calcitriol (1, 25-DHCC) is the biologically active form of vitamin DCalcitriol/ 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/ 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3It is the hormonally active form of vitamin D with three hydroxyl groups (abbreted 1,25-(OH)2D3 or simply 1, 25 (OH)2D).It increases the lev...
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d. Incubation period is less than 2 weeks(Ref: Nelsons' 20/e p 1552-1553, Ghai 8/e p 217-218)Mumps virus is a single stranded RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Rubulavirus.
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The measurement of aerial pressure using a sphygmomanometer bag with a standard arm cuff is subject to inaccuracy leading to falsely high aerial pressure readings. Using sphygmomanometer blood flow is detected. The accuracy of blood pressure measurement is affected by the cuff size. Inadequate cuff size result in false...
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Epigenetic factors include: (1) All of the extrinsic, extra-organismal, macro-environmental factors impinging on vital structures (e.g. food, light and temperature), including mechanical loadings and electromagnetic fields. (2) All of the intrinsic, intra-organismal, biophysical, biomechanical, biochemical and bioelect...
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Occurrence of clinical and subclinical infection in a community is responsible for herd immunity. Herd immunity; * It is the level of resistance of a community or group of people to a paicular disease. * Herd immunity provides an immunological barrier to the spread of disease in the human herd. * The epidemic wave decl...
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75% of minor salivary gland tumors are malignant Most common malignant tumors of minor salivary glands Adenoid cystic Ca (most common) Mucoepidermoid Ca Low grade polymorphous adenocarcinoma
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Carina is located at the bifurcation of trachea at lower border of T4.carina is the lower margin of lowest cailaginous ring that is a keel-shaped process curving downwards and backwards between the bronchi.The mucous membrane lining the area is highly sensitive and is origin of the protective cough reflex. It is visibl...
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The three pituitary glycoprotein hormones, FSH, LH, and TSH, share a common a subunit that is the product of a single gene and has the same amino acid composition in each hormone, although their carbohydrate residues vary. Also, HCG is a glycoprotein that shares same a subunit. ACTH is a peptide Hormones ending with 'i...
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Ans. C. Delirium tremensThe most common cause of delirium in this case is delirium tremens. It is a medical emergency that results in mortality in about 20 percent of patients if left untreated. It occurs within 1 week after the person stops drinking. It usually develops on the third hospital day in a patient admitted ...
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In 80%of Rheumatoid ahritis have serum IgM autoantibodies that bind to fc poion of the IgG. These autoantibodies are called rheumatoid factor. Ahritis and metacarpophalangeal joints involvement is surely present in rheumatoid ahritis. But sacrolitis is not at all related to rheumatoid ahritis. It is a condition in whic...
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Endometrial cancer is mainly caused by excessive estrogen Metropathia hemorrhagica is the same as cystic glandular hyperplasia and is a causative factor for endometrial cancer. Ref Dutta Gynae 5th /ed p 184 Gynandroblastoma is a virilising tumor which secretes androgens (not estrogens) and so does not lead to endometr...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Common in smokers Bladder cancer is 2.5 times more common in men than women.
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Osteum is created at the level of middle turbinate.
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Gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine are the 3 agonists of the parietal cells.Gastrin and acetylcholine promote secretion by elevating cytosolic free calcium concentration.Histamine increases intracellular cAMP.Both this pathways together have more than additive effect on secretion rates Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medic...
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A i.e. Facial nerve
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Ans- A
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An inflammation of the blood vessels that causes changes in the blood vessel walls. Vasculitis can cause vessel walls to thicken and narrow, cutting off vital blood supply to tissues and organs. Refer Robbins page no 1278
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Doxacurium
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Interstitial lung disease
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The principal vector of dengue is the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which breeds in standing water; collections of water in containers, water based air coolers & tyre drumps are a god environment for the vector in large cities. Reference: Harrison20th edition pg 879
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Microscopic examination of a liver biopsy is the best method currently available for assessing the extent of liver disease in a patient with viral hepatitis. The major histologic features of acute viral hepatitis are liver cell injury and inflammation. Microscopic examination shows ballooning degeneration of liver cell...
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Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) -- associated with microphthalmia and varying degrees of incomplete development of forebrain, olfactory and ophthalmic structures. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is an impoant cause of congenital leukocoria, It typically occurs in a microphthalmic eye and is almost always unilatera...
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Long bones of legs get deformed when the child stas bearing weight. Therefore leg deformities are unusual before the age of 1 year. Ref: Ghai essential pediatrics; 6th edition; Page 128
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Ans. is 'c' i.e.. Starvation o Amongst the given options, DM and starvation are the causes of ketosisDiabetes Ketosis with hyperglycemia and glycosuriaProlonged starvation :- Ketosis with low or normal glucose and without glycosuria.o In diabetic Ketoacidosis:- (i) Positive Rothera's test (due to ketone bodies) (ii) Po...
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Ans. D AcetylcholineRef: Ganong's, 25th ed. pg. 259, 266* Acetylcholine is released at the nerve terminal of all preganglionic neuron, postganglionic parasympathetic ganglion and a few postganglionic sympathetic gangli- on(e.g.: Sweat gland and sympathetic vasodilator fibres).The remaining sympathetic postganglionic ne...
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DDT is a synthetic contact poison. It acts on the nervous system of insects. It does not cause immediate death, take several hours to kill. The residual action of DDT may last for 18 months depending on the treated surface. Has no repellent action. As residual spray, the dose is 100 -200 mg per sq.ft area. Park's Textb...
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Complete hanging: Body is fully suspended and no pa of the body touches the ground. Constricting force is the weight of the body. Purple-colored postmoem staining in the lower limbs and lower regions of upper limbs (hands/forearms)--glove and stocking PM staining Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxi...
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Asteroid bodies are seen in association with Sporotrichosis. Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii a thermally dimorphic fungus. In H&E stained tissue, the asteroid body consists of a central basophilic yeast cell surrounded by radiating extensions of eosinophilic material, which are depositions...
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In Tetralogy of Fallot, the affected child suddenly becomes increasingly cyanosed, often after feeding or a crying attack and may become apneic and unconscious. These attacks are called Tet spells. Some children characteristically obtain relief by squatting after exeion (this increases the after load to the left hea an...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Sumatriptan is used for chronic migraine Triptans Triptans are selective agonists at 5HT 1B/ID receptors a variety of triptans are now available for the management of acute migraine Triptans Fast acting Rizatriptan Eletriptan Sumatriptan Z olmitriptan Almotriptan (relatively slower) Slow acting/ Bette...
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This patient most likely has dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). Other, potentially more serious, diseases have been mostly excluded by the patient's extensive evaluation (more than many patients receive in this setting). Cervical dysplasia or carcinoma usually produce abnormal pap smears, and sometimes produce an ab...
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Ans. is b and d i.e. Required when baby is Rh +ve & Mother Rh-ve; and Can be given up to 1 month of age of baby Postpaum prophylaxis If baby is Rh positive and mother Rh negative, 300 pg of Anti D immunoglobulin (IgG) is given to the mother and not infant (provided maternal antibody screening is negative) therefore Opt...
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Pleural Effusion - Percussion findings Stony dullness with increased resistance and no shifting dullness below the level of fluid.Skodaic resonance (boxy note) just above the effusionObliteration of Traube&;s space in left side effusionGrocco&;s triangle: Triangular area of dullness against veebral column, at the base ...
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- Erythropoietic protoporphyria is due to deficiency of enzyme ferrochelataseQ.- All porphyrias are autosomal dominant (AD) except congenital erythropoietic porphyria (autosomal recessive, AR), ALA dehydratase (porphobilinogen) deficiency (AR) and X-linked protoporphyria (X-linked).
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Negative skewed ( left skewed ) : Mean less than median . Mode >median > mean Postitive skewed ( right skewed) : Mean more than median Mean > median > mode
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Bowditch's effect: - Bowditch was a German physiologist. He put foh the term Treppe, which mean staircase. If you increase the frequency of a stimulus to a muscle, each succeeding contraction would be stronger than a preceding one. This effect has been c/a The staircase effect or Bowditch's effect. Increase frequency o...
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Ans. B. Hallervorden Spatz diseaseHallervorden- Spatz Disease (are neurodegenerative disorder of basal ganglia)DefinitionHallervorden- Spatz disease (HSD) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive extrapyramidal dysfunction and dementia. It's an iron metabolic disorder.Genetics1. The disease can be familial or sp...
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McArdle&;s disease: type V glycogen storage disease.Due to deficiency of muscle phosphorylase. Incidence 1 out of 1million.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 144
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. S100
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 3-4 days Feilized ovum (zygote) reaches the uterus in morula stage, 4 days after feilization.Feilization and implantation Feilization refers to fusion of male and female gametes (i.e. spermatozoon and ovum). It takes place in the middle segment (ampulla) of fallopian tube. Before feilization, the ovum...
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Ans. Methadone
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 3 minutes * The half-life of intravenously infused oxytocin is approximately 3 minutes.
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Markers of melanoma are S-100, HMB-45, Vimentin.
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(Cell mediated): Ref: 196- CP, 160-AN 7thTypes of hypersensitivity reaction and their featuresType of reactionClinical syndromesType I (Anaphylactic IgE or region dependant)Antibodies (cytotropic IgE) dependent(I) Anaphylaxis(II) Atopy1. Theobald Smith phenomenon in animals (Guinea pigs) 2. Prausnitz - Kustner (PK) rea...
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The weakness in shoulder movement results from denervation of the teres minor and deltoid by the axillary nerve, which passes through the quadrangular space. Quadrangular space syndrome happens when there is hypertrophy of the muscles that border the quadrangular space or fibrosis of portions of the muscles that are in...
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GABA and glycine are the most common inhibitory transmitters in the CNS.
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• ‘Bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma causes the alveoli to be filled with an inflammatory exudate, thus causing consolidation (“solidification”) of the pulmonary tissue’…..Robbins definition of pneumonia
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Ichthyosis vulgaris is a type of ichthyosis, a group of related skin conditions that interfere with the skin's ability to shed dead skin cells, causing extremely dry, thick skin. Extremely dry, scaly skin is known as xerosis. Ichthyosis vulgaris (also known as "Autosomal dominant ichthyosis," and "Ichthyosis simplex") ...
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(c) Mitotic figures are high(Ref. Scott Brown, 8th ed., Vol 2; 1420)High mitotic figures are suggestive of a malignant condition. Malignant Otitis externa is not a malignancy but an infective and locally invasive condition.
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Patient with leakage of fluid and meconium stained liquor at 34 weeks of gestation is suffering from preterm premature rupture of membrane (PROM). Infections play a major role in the premature rupture of membrane. Most commonly found organisms were trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma, group B strep...
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Answer is B (Ventricular rate > 160/min) In both ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia the ventricular rate is greater than 100/min, therefore ventricular rate > 160/min cannot be used to differentiate between ventricular & supraventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia (Broad complex tachycardia) Ventric...
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The psychological autopsy is a procedure for investigating a person's death by reconstructing the psychological state of the person before his or her death. This reconstruction is based upon information gathered from personal documents, police repos, medical and coroner's records, and face-to-face interviews with famil...
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(B) (LOX - Inhibitor) (229 - KDT 7th) (942 - Goodman & Gillman 12th)ZILEUTON* Zileuton, an inhibitor of 5 - LOX - and selective cysLT- receptor antagonists (Zafirlukast, pranlukast and Montelukast)* Treatment of mild to moderate asthma.* Duration of action is short and it has hepatotoxic.* Leukotriene antagonists - Mon...
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Cicatricial trachoma linear scars may be seen in the sulcus subtarsalis, these are called Arlt'slines. Since its caused by Chlamydia trachomatis the antibiotic of choice is azithromycin. Ref: A.K KHURANA (2005), Chapter 4, "Disease of The Conjunctiva", In the book, "Opthalmology", 3rd Edition, Newdelhi, Page 90
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 24 hour urine output <400 ml Oliguria and Anuria* Oliguria refers to a 24-h urine output <400 mL, and* Anuria is the complete absence of urine formation (<100 mL in 24 hours).
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HPV6&11 causes condyloma accuminata or genital was REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.553
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