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Following are indications of thoracotomy in blunt chest trauma: Initial drainage of blood > 1000 ml, especially if fresh. Continued brisk bleeding > (100 ml/15 minutes) from the intercostal drain Continued bleeding of > 200 ml/hr for > 3 hrs Rupture of bronchus, aoa, esophagus or diaphragm Cardiac tamponade (if needle ...
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Ans. (c) Infection seen when vaginal pH is < 4.5Ref Shaws 15th ed, pg: 308-310* After reading this question, usually we get this tendency to mark option D, which says bacterial vaginosis is NOT a STD, but this statement is true.* Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginal infection casued by Gardenella vaginalis.* Bacterial vagi...
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There is increased sweating.
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Pleomorphic adenomas, or benign mixed tumors, are the most common neoplasms of the salivary glands. They represent approximately 60-70% of all parotid tumors and 90% of submandibular benign tumors. The mixture of epithelial, myoepithelial, and stromal elements is represented by the name, benign mixed tumor. Any of thes...
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ICD CHAPTERS ICD is a text book for classification of psychiatric disorders. The below table comprises chapter numbers dealing with various psychiatric disorders. Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition
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“The first urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of about 150 ml, and a marked seme of fullness at about 400 ml”. - Ganong
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INDEX OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT NEED (IOTN): The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) was described in 1989 by R H. Brook and W.C. Shaw to assess orthodontic treatment need from an anatomical and aesthetic perspective. Essentials of preventive and community dentistry  Soben Peter  5th edition
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lead * More idustrial workers are exposed to lead than any other toxic metal.
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* The degree of displacement, in Garden's classification, is judged from change in the direction of medial trabecular stream of the neck, in relation to the bony trabeculae in the weight bearing pa of the head and in the corresponding pa of the acetabulum. 1) stage 1:There is an obtuse angle laterally at the trabecular...
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Glycine
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Ans. C. Glutamate dehydrogenase(Ref: HARRISON 19/E PG-1997, 18/E, P2530)Glutamate dehydrogenase is not elevated in obstructive jaundice.Liver diseases in which necrosis of hepatocytes is the predominant event, such as toxic liver damage or hypoxic liver disease, are characterized by high serum GLDH levels. GLDH is impo...
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Ans: d (Optically inactive) Ref: Vasudevan, 4th, ed, p. 5th ed, p. 173Glycine is the simplest amino acid.Optically inactive.It forms every third amino acid in collagen (and most abundant amino acid in collagen).Glycine is a glucogenic amino acid formed from serine.Guanido group is present in arginine.ESSENTIAL AMINO AC...
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Conditions listed in the AIDS surveillance case definition. Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs Candidiasis, esophageal Cervical cancer, invasivea Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration) Cytomegalovirus disease (...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Amitryptiline Prophylaxis of migraineAatrhypertensivesAntidepressantsAnticonvulsantsBeta blockersCalciumACETricyclycicSerotonin/horepinephrineValproateTopiramateGabapentino Metoprolol channel inhibitorsantidepressantsreuptake inhibitor o Propranolol bolckers ARB's|| o Timololo Verapamil o Amitryptilin...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fibroadenoma o Calcifications are common in fibroadenoma of breast, especially in postmenopausal women,o Most of the calcification are coarse and the so called popcorn calcifications are pathognomonic for fibroadenoma.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Granulosa cell tumor Histologic Hallmarks of Ovarian TumorsOvarian TumorHistologic CharactersticSerious Epithelial tumorsPsammoma bodiesClear cell tumorsHobnail cellsBrenner tumorsWalthard cell restsDysgerminomaLarge polygonal cells, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrous septaTeratomasSkin, teeth, bon...
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Divergence and convergence are two evolutionary processes by which organisms become adapted to their environments. Convergence has been defined as the acquisition of morphologically similar traits between distinctly unrelated organisms. Convergence occurs at every level of biological organization. Functional Convergen...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Penicillin Drug induce SLEAppearance of SLE like symptoms in association with intake of certain drugs.Common symptoms are fever, malaise, arthritis or intense arthralgias/ myalgias, serositis and or rash.Some special points to note are -It is predominant in CaucasiansQIt has less female predilection t...
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Culture media for Neisseria gonorrhea - 1. Chocolate agar and Mueller-Hinton agar 2. Thayer: Main media 3. Modified New York city medium 4. Main: Lewis Media Bile Esculin (agar) hydrolysis test - Positive = Blackening of the medium Enterococcus Group D Streptococci Mannitol salt agar - Selective media for S. aureus Yel...
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ABPA is characterized by central bronchiectasis.
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D. i.e. All
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Corpulence index
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Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is a lipid storage disorder that results from the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, acid sphingomyelinase. The enzymatic defect results in pathologic accumulation of sphingomyelin (which is a ceramide phospholipid) and other lipids in the monocyte-macrophage system. Systemic involvement inclu...
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Preservation of semen :- The most common cryoprotectant used for semen is glycerol (10% in culture medium). Cryoprotectant media may be supplemented with either egg yolk or soy lecithin Liquid Nitrogen is the medium in which these 'Cassettes' containing' sperms and cryoprotectants' are stored in. Cryopreservation of sp...
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Answer: b) InfliximabTREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASEAminosalicylates* 5-aminosalicylic acid (formulations known as mesalamine): acts topically in the colon.* Sulfasalazine (5-ASA + sulphapyridine), olsalazine (5-ASA+5-ASA) and balsalazide (5-ASA+ amino benzoyl Alanine) are effective for the treatment of ulcerat...
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Rectosigmoid endometriosis: - The endometrial deposit on rectum causes proliferation of muscularis propria and the surrounding tissues which is seen as "mushroom cap sign" in T2 weighted MRI.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., I.V. Mannitol Treatment of angle closure glaucoma Definitive treatment (treatment of choice) is surgery. However, intially drugs are used to decrease KW during an acute attack. Approach of treatment is as follows:- Sta i.v. mannitol or i.v. acetazolamide When IOT stas falling, sta topical pilocarpine ...
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The 585-nm pulsed dye laser is an effective treatment for: Molluscum contagiosum. Keloidal scars. Vascular lesions Treatment of Icthyosis: Topical emmolients Systemic steroids
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Polymorphonuclear leucocytosis in C.S.F. suggests meningeal involvement Spread of infection and immune response in lyme disease Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted to humans the bite of ixodes tick vector. Borrelia burgdorferi is inoculated in the skin, where local replic...
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(D) Neurocysticercosis > Neurocysticercosis is a predominant manifestation of T. solium Infection
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Clinical features Occurs in young adults of age 25 years or less. Most frequently involved area is anterior surface of tibia. In jaws, occurs in mandible, in molar and bicuspid region. Radiographic picture—Classical onion skin appearance due to cortical layer duplication.
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Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency is associated with panacinar emphysema Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing ...
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Ans. a (Thalidomide). (Ref. Harrison, Internal Medicine, 15th ed., 1038)Treatment of Type I Lepra reactionTreatment of Type II Lepra reaction# Best with corticosteroids.# Thalidomide ineffective in Typel reaction and clofazimine questionable.# In mild reaction give antipyretics# Then glucocorticoids# Thalidomide causes...
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Precocious pubey:The term is reserved for girls who exhibit any secondary sexual charecters before the age of 8 or menstruate before the age of 10 Causes GnRH Dependent: 80% Constitutional : Activation of HPO axis Juvenile Primary Hypothyroidism Intracranial Lesions GnRH Independent Ovary Adrenal Liver Iatrogenic Granu...
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THREE COMMON TOPICAL MEDICATIONS USED Silver sulfadiazine Mafenide acetate 0.5% Silver nitrate Painless on application Fair to poor eschar penetration No metabolic side effects Broad antibacterial spectrum Painful on application Excellent eschar penetration Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Broad-spectrum antibacterial Pain...
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Ans. 2 DD
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Ans. is d, i.e. NOVO-TRef. Fernando Arias 4/e, p 393For fluid resuscitation after PPH following are used:Colloids and crystalloidsBloodFresh frozen plasma-to correct clotting factor deficiency given, if 4U of blood has been given or, if PT>1.5CryoprecipitatePlatelets (if platelet count < 50,000 or, if 4 units of blood ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 2 years o The Vi polysacchiride vaccine is licensed for individuals aged 2 years because it does not elicit immune response in children less than 2 years.
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Ans. A. PseudoseizuresIn conversion disorder Pseudoseizure can occur.The most frequent conversion disorder symptoms are-* Blindness* Mutism* Paralysis.The most widespread sensory symptoms particularly of the -extremities are-* Anaesthesia* ParesthesiaOther sensory symptoms consist of-* Deafness* Tunnel vision and blind...
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(b) Bulb of the internal jugular vein(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 1983)The floor of middle ear cavity is a thin plate of bone separating the middle ear from jugular bulb below.Internal carotid artery is in relation to the anterior wall of middle ear.Sigmoid sinus is not related directly with middle ear cavity. It lies post...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Uterine infection {Ref: Dutta's Obs 7th/e p. 432]Puerperal sepsiso An infection of genital tract as a complication of delivery is termed puerperal sepsis.o Puerperal sepsis is commonly due toI. EndometritisII EndomyometritisIII. Endopvometritiso Combination of all these is called pelvic cellulitis
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Management of Pyonephrosis Immediate institution of antibiotics therapy and drainage of the infected collecting system. Antibiotics should be staed before manipulation of the urinary tract. In the ill patient, drainage of the collecting system with a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. Nephrectomy in destroyed or non-functi...
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Use of phenytoin in pregnancy can result in fetal hydantoin syndrome. It is charecterized by the presence of hypoplastic phalanges, cleft lip, cleft palate and microcephaly. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology By KD Tripathi, 5th Edition, Page 372, 374, 672; Management of Genetic Syndromes By Suzanne B. Cassidy, Ju...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., HCV
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Ans. is d i.e. 120 hours The standard recommendation is to sta emergency contraceptive not later than 72 hours. The greatest protection is offered if it is taken within 12 hours, as postponing the dose by 12 hours raises the chances of pregnancy by almost 50% For this reason, the treatment should be initiated as soon a...
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Ans: C (Guilt) Ref: Synopsis of psychiatry-, Kaplan & Sadock, 10th editionExplanationDepressionIt is a common psychiatric syndrome characterized by persistent & pervasive sad mood,Because of such sad mood, the person might feel guilty, which in turn gives rise to thoughts like worthlessness, hopelessness & helplessness...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Co-Polymer of glycolide and lectide
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Superficial branch of ulnar nerve supplies the palmaris brevis muscle and divides into 2 digital branches for the medial 1 1/2 digits . Adductor pollicis, opponens digiti minimi and abductor digiti minimi is supplied by the deep branch of ulnar nerve. Ref - BD Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 124
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LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) LDL transpos cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues. The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo B100 . Most of the LDL paicles are derived from VLDL, but a small pa is directly released from liver. The half-life of LDL in blood is about 2 days. Metabolism of LDL and LDL Receptors LDL...
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Coccidiodes immitis-pulmonary system severely affected Fatal if untreated It is dimorphic fungus present in yeast and in mycelial form Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 555
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Lithium
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Decreased size of paracoical areas of lymph nodes is expected as this child has DiGeorge Syndrome. DiGeorge Syndrome: Deficient CMI is seen due to aplasia of thymus and hence deficiency of T cells. This leads to paracoical areas of lymph nodes and periaeriolar sheaths of the spleen being reduced in size. B cells are us...
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Ref Robbins 9/e p261 Spleen. Amyloidosis of the spleen often causes moderate or even marked enlargement (200 to 800 gm). For obscure reasons, either of two patterns may develop. The deposits may be viually limited to the splenic follicles, producing tapioca-like granules on gross examination ("sago spleen"), or the amy...
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Ans. (b) LeadRef Parikh 6/e, p 9.22
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Ans: b (Ventricular fold) Ref: Dhingra, 3rd ed, p. 379 & 4th ed, p. 289In dysphonia plica ventricularis (ventricular dysphonia) voice is produced by ventricular fold which take over the function of true vocal cords. Voice is rough, low pitched and unpleasant.Aetiology:1. Functional2. Secondary to impaired function of v...
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A i.e. IV diazepam Status epilepticus is said to occur when seizures lasts beyond 30 minutes or seizures are repetitive, prolonged & the patient remains unconscious in between the seizures. The drug of choice is /V Lorazepam (Benzodiazipine)Q 0.1 mg/kg at rate of 2 mg/min. Pharmacologic treatment of generalized tonic-c...
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Pudendal nerve, its course through the lesser sciatic foramen, and branches, including inferior anal at bottom right. The superficial branches of the internal pudendal aery. The perineal nerve is a nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum. Ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg363
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This woman has onychomycosis, which often affects the toenails in an asymmetric pattern. Onychomycosis does not usually resolve spontaneously and is more difficult to eradicate than is tinea pedis (athlete's foot). The etiologic agents include several species of yeast, mold, and dermatophytes, therefore, direct microsc...
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Causes of Erythema nodosum Idiopathic Bacterial: - Streptococci, TB, Leprosy (ENL), LGV, yersinia, mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Cat scratch disease. Fungal: - Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Trichophyton. Viral : - HBV, HIV Drugs : - Sulfonamides, iodides, oral contraceptives. Systemic diseases : - IBD (Ulcerative colit...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Adrenal medulla * Pheochromacytomas arise in adrenal medulla (not in adrenal cortex) and at extra-adrenal sites along sympathetic chain.* Most pheochromocytomas arise in adrenal medulla* Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine secreting tumors arising from chromaffin cells.* About 10% of these tumors aris...
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Ans. D. Maxillary process & Lateral Nasal ProcessOblique facial clefts are produced by failure of the maxillary prominence to merge with its corresponding lateral nasal prominence. When this occurs, the nasolacrimal duct is usually exposed to the surface
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Balanced occlusion cannot be attained on mean value articulator. It requires an adjustable articulator to establish proper balanced contacts.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Herpes virus o Human B-cell lymphotropic virus is HHV type 6-o RK virus is Human herpes virus-7Classification of Human Herpes VirusesSpeciesSubfamilyCytopathologyState of latent infectionOfficial NameCommon NameHuman herpesvirus type 1Human herpesvirus type 2Human herpesvirus type 3Herpes simplex viru...
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Esophagitis is the most common complication
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In psychoanalysis (classical psychoanalysis) the therapist remains passive, whereas in psychoanalytic psychotherapy therapist talks quite a lot.
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Treatment of chalazion Treatment of chalazion includes :- Conservative :- For small, soft and recent chalazion hot fomentation, topical antibiotics eye drops and oral antiinflammatory drugs can be tried. Intralesional injection of steroid. Drainage by transconjunctival incision and curettage. Diathermy for marginal...
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Simple / typical Febrile seizures Single episode of generalised seizures It lasts < 15 min Seizure within 24 hours of fever onset No recurrence within 24 hours period.
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Ans-B
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Owing to the outpouring of fluid, there is remarkable concentration of blood. Thus, there is an immediate apparent increase in the number of red cells and the hemoglobin level (Hb level may rise to 150% in severe burns).
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Ans. D: All of the above About 65% of the filtered electrolytes are absorbed in PCT actively Thin ascending loop of Henle: Passive diffusion of sodium Thick ascending loop of Henle: Active transpoation of sodium Early distal tubule: Similar propeies as that of thick ascending loop of Henle
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Amongst given options, fluid-fluid levels are seen in GCT and ABC. Lesion in question is metaphyseal:-               ABC →  Metaphyseal              GCT →  Epiphyseal Age of the patient is early adolescent:-              ABC →  Before the age of 20 years             GCT →  20 - 40 years So, the answer to the questi...
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If a stone is detected, the T tube should be left in place for 6 weeks to allow the tract to mature. At this time, the T tube can be removed, and the stone can be extracted by using a Dormia basket under fluoroscopy. This approach is indicated only when a T-tube larger than 16 has been inserted. If this approach is not...
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Howarth's retractor:  Howarth's elevator can be used for retracting the lingual flap because of close proximity of the lingual nerve in relation to the impacted third molar.
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IgA antibody is involved in local immunity at the level of the mucous membrane. It also arises early in disease, is short lived, and will disappear similarly as IgM.
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IgG anti HBC is the only serological marker detectable during window period.
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(B) Microglia # Microglia are tissue macrophages that populate the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) very early in embryonic development. By adulthood, microglia are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord and comprise 10-15% of the total cells in the CNS.
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At rest,At least 50% of the circulating blood volume is in the systemic veins, 12% is in the hea cavities, and18% is in the low-pressure pulmonary circulation.Only 2% is in the aoa, 8% in the aeries,1% in the aerioles, and5% in the capillariesRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:543
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Xenon Advantages of Xenon Anesthesia 1. Ine (probably nontoxic to liver and kidney with no metabolism) 2. Minimal effect on CVS function 3. Lowest blood solubility (Lowest blood gas paition coefficient) therefore rapid induction and recovery. 4. Does not trigger malignant hypehermia 5. Environmental friendly 6. Non-exp...
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b-Estradiol; 17b-estradiol; the most potent naturally occurring estrogen in mammals, formed by the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal coex; therapeutic indications for estradiol are those typical of an estrogen. a-Estradiol (17a-estradiol), exhibits considerably less biologic activity.Ref: Ganong&;s revi...
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Ans. D: Both subcutaneous and intramuscular route A depot injection is an injection, usually subcutaneous or intramuscular, of a pharmacological agent which releases its active compound in a consistent way over a long period of time. Depot injections are usually either solid or oil-based. Depot injections may be availa...
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(A) Competes with estrogen receptor in breast # Tamoxifen is a hormone treatment developed over twenty years ago. It lowers the risk of breast cancer coming back (recurring) or developing in the other breast.> Tamoxifen prevents oestrogen from going into breast cancer cells> Oestrogen can stimulate breast cancer cells ...
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Answer is D (Hemodialysis) Hemodialysis has no role in treatment of digoxin overdose. Management of digitalis overdose includes: Withdrawl of drug e Potassiume: administer cautiously and by oral route whenever possible if hypokalemia is present. Potassium must not be employed in the presence of A-V block or hyperkalemi...
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Metabolites of progesterone may be classified into 3 groups based on degree of reduction. Pregnanediones: the C4-5 double bond is reduced producing 2 pregnanediones and allopregnanediones Pregnanolones: the keto group at C3 is reduced producing a hydroxyl groups in alpha and beta orientation. Urinary pregnanolones exit...
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Oliguria <400ml/day Anuria <100 ml/ day
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Patients suffering from shock, sepsis, massive burns, severe trauma, or head injury develop acute erosive gastric mucosal changes or frank ulceration with bleeding. It is classified as stress-induced gastritis or ulcers. fThe injury is most commonly observed in the acid-producing (fundus and body) poions of the stomach...
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Ans. is d, i.e. Visual symptomsRemember: For clomiphene* M/C side effect of clomiphene- Menopausal symptom-hot flashes- Ovarian cyst formation* Side effect for which its use should be immediately stopped -- visual symptoms* Most dreaded side effect- OHSS* Chances of OHSS =<1%* Chances of multiple pregnancy -* <10%(5-8%...
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The epiblast is capable of forming all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) during gastrulation week 3 of development .
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Acceleromyography (AMG) and kinemyography (KMG) provide increasingly objective measures of neuromuscular function. Kinemyography employs a piezoelectric transducer and consists of a moulded plastic device which mirrors the contour of the outstretched thumb and index finger. Acceleromyography measures acceleration of a ...
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Ref: Parks 23rd edition pg 850 The standard detion of means is a measure of sampling error It is given by the formula SD/ROOT OF RANDOM SAMPLE.
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The side effect postural hypotension AkA ''First Dose Hypotension" is observed with drug ending with zosin Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin (d) Acarbose - Inhibition of intestinal absorption of carbohydrate. S/E - flatulence, abdominal discomfo, loose stool. These drugs cause blocking of a1receptors, leading tovasodilati...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., alpha-thalassemia o Out of the given 4 types of hemolytic anemias only alpha thalassemia is able to give rise to such severe presentation at bih. In all other conditions the newborn is either normal or has mild jaundice.
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(Ref: KDT 6/e p604) Patients of chronic atrial fibrillation are at high risk of developing thromboembolism. Oral anticoagulants are most frequently advised drugs in these patients to decrease the risk of this adverse effect.
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Ans. B RicketsClassical WideningQ FrayingQ and CuppingQ of metaphysis with widened epiphyseal plate of cartilage - suggests Rickets. Appearance of band of metaphyseal calcificationQ - is earliest radiological sign of healing rickets.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Grey hepatization
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For AF, digoxin can be used- it decreases ventricular rate in AF Verapamil decreases conduction velocity and increases the refractory period of the AV node and so used in PSVT. REF.Essentials of Pharmacology KD Tripathi 8th ed.
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Acinetobacter Boumani The acromym HACEK refers to a group of fastidious slow growing bacteria normally resident in the mouth which can sometimes cause severe infections paicularly endocarditis. The group inludes:- H aemophilus species (parainfluenzal, aprophilus, paraphrophilus) A ctinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans C ...
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Ans is 'a' i.e. Inhibiting IL-1 "In monocytes, IL-4 inhibits IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6." - Principles of Cancer Biotherapy p. 173
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Immersion Syndrome (Hydrocution): Death in immersion syndrome is due to cardiac arrest as a result of vagal inhibition. It is produced by (i) Cold water stimulatung the nerve endings of the surface of the body (!!) Cold water striking the epigastrium and (!!!) Cold water entering the ear drums, mucosa of pharynx or Lar...
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Pyuria is the presence of more than 5 WBCs / high power field, both for boys and girls.            —CPDT Pyuria suggests infection, but infection can, occur in the absence of pyuria.                               —Nelson Pyuria can present without UTI.                                                                    ...
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