text
stringlengths 1
12.5k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|
VVM - vaccine l monitor. VVM is a label containing a heat sensitive material which is placed on a vaccine l to register cumulative heat exposure over time. The combined effect of temperature and time cause the inner square of VVM to darken gradually and irreversibly. Before opening the l , check the status of the VVM. Stage1:- inner square lighter than outer circle. If expiry date has not passed, use the vaccine. Stage2:- inner square is lighter than outer circle. If expiry had not passed , use the vaccine. Stage3:- The colour of inner square matches outer circle.Donot use the vaccine. Stage4:-the colour of inner square darker than outer circle. Donot use the vaccine. VVM donot directly measure vaccine potency but it gives information about main factor that affect potency.i.e. Heat exposure and period of time. {Reference: park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.110}
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
ANSWER: (A) ECFREF: Textbook of biochemistry by G. P. Talwar and L M. Srivastava page 276"La fixit de milieu interior", was coined by Claude Bernard and it means that in spite of ever changing external environment the internal environment remains same.In our body cells are bathed in the interstitial fluid which constitutes the internal milieu. Since interstitial fluid is part of ECF, best possible answer is ECF
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
ALA synthase catalyses the first and rate limiting step of heme synthesis PLP (Vitamin B6) is necessary for this reaction. That is why B6 deficiency can also lead to anemia
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The image shows Central necrosis & Peripheral Erythema "Necrolytic Erythema Migrans". It is the most common manifestation of Glucagonoma Glucagonoma / Hyperglycemic Cutaneous Syndrome. 4 D Syndrome Diabetes Mellitus - Dermatitis (M.C symptom) "Necrolytic Erythema Migrans" DVT Depression M.C site of tumor - Body & Tail of pancreas. Malignant Rx of choice: Distal Pancreatectomy.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
NK cell's cytotoxicity is not antibody dependent or MHC restricted :NK cellsNatural killer cells Reff: Anantharayan & Panikers textbook f microbiology 9th edition pg:137
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glutaminase o In many tissues like liver, kidney and brain, ammonia combines with glutamate to yield glutamine, by the action of glutamine synthase. The brain is a rich source of glutamine synthase and it predominantly detoxifies ammonia by this route.o Glutamine is a nontoxic major transport form of ammonia. The glutamine is transported by blood to liver where deamination (removal of amino group) of glutamine takes place. Glutaminase cleaves glutamine to yield glutamate and free ammonia (ammonium ion). The ammonia is converted by liver to urea.# Formation and secretion ammonia by renal tubular cells maintain acid base balance. Ammonia is formed from glutamine by glutaminase. Excretion of ammonia increases in metabolic acidosis and decreases in metabolic alkalosis.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Indications for using thalidomide: Erythema nodosum leprosum Multiple myeloma Actinic prurigo Aphthous stomatitis Behcet's disease Kaposi sarcoma Cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus Prurigo nodularis Uremic prurigo Ref: Burkha C., Morrell D., Goldsmith L. (2011). Chapter 65. Dermatological Pharmacology. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Perseveration of speech is suggestive of organic mental disorders. Few books are giving the answer as delusion which is completely wrong. Flight of ideas is seen in case of mania. Incoherence is formal thought disorder characteristic of Schizophrenia.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. (b) Histiocytes(Ref: Anderson 10th ed pg 583)Macrophages are tissue cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver during early developmentQCirculating cells of this lineage are known as monocytes. Tissue macrophages are called histiocytesActivated macrophages are called epithelioid cells
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Revised Jones criteria for acute rheumatic fever (2015) American Hea Association and World Health Federation For all populations with: - Initial episode of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor criteria - Recurrent episodes of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor / three minor criteria - Essential criteria: Previous evidence of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection Low - Risk Populations - Incidence <2/100,000 in school-going children; rheumatic hea disease prevalence <1/1000 Moderate & High-Risk Populations Incidence >2/100,000 in school-going children; rheumatic hea disease prevalence >1/1000 Major criteria - Carditis: Clinical or subclinical - Ahritis: Polyahritis only - Chorea - Erythema marginatum - Subcutaneous nodules Major criteria - Carditis: Clinical or subclinical - Ahritis: Polyahritis or monoahritis - Polyahralgia - Chorea - Erythema marginatum - Subcutaneous nodules Minor criteria - Polyahralgia - Fever (>38.5deg C) - ESR >=60 mm in the first hour; CRP >=3.0 mg/dL - Prolonged PR interval, after accounting for age variability (unless carditis is a major criterion) Minor criteria - Monoahralgia - Fever (>=38deg C) - ESR >=30 mm in the first hour; CRP >=3.0 mg/dL - Prolonged PR interval, after accounting for age variability (unless carditis is a major criterion)
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
B i.e. Atrial natriuretic factor
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The C-reactive protein (CRP) values are usually elevated within 12-24 hours (reaches its peak) after the onset of symptoms. It returns to normal within 7-8 days after adequate treatment staed, So it is best to monitor the antibiotic response. ESR returns to normal approximately 3 weeks after treatment is begun Both reactants (CRP+ESR) offer more information if simultaneously elevated. WBC count rises and the haemoglobin concentration may be diminished. In extremely young and old age , these tests are less reliable and may show values within the range of normal.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Urine has about 25% more water than an equal volume of blood, so its concentration of alcohol would be about 25% higher than in blood collected at the same time. In order to compare the blood and urine, a ratio of 1:1.33 is used when urine and blood are in equilibrium. Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Narayan Reddy, 27th edition, Page 506.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Acral lentignous melanoma has the worst prognosis
Satellite deposits are foci of tumor adajent but separate from the primary melanoma also k/a in-transit metastasis. In the original staging system, satellite deposits or lesions were classified as stage II ds.
Conventional staging of melanoma
Stage I → Primary tumor
Stage II → Presence of satellites or regional lymph nodes
Stage III → Spread beyond regional lymph nodes
But according to latest AJCC classification (2002) presence of satellite lesions is classified as stage III.
More facts about melanoma
Most of the melanomas develop in benign nevus.
ABCD of melanoma - Lesions that are suspicions of melanoma can be identified by their clinical characteristic often referred to as ABCD.
ABCD of melanoma
Asymmetry : asymmetric shape or contour
Borders : irregular or illdefinied borders
Colour : colour variegation
Diameter : larger than 6 mm (some books say 5mm)
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The commercially available powder of Thiopentone is stable at room temperature indefinitely. At room temperature (22degC) reconstituted solutions of thiopental remain stable and sterile for at least 6 days. Thiopentone can be reconstituted with Normal saline Glucose Water Cannot be reconstituted with Ringer Lactate.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Krabbe's disease Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis, is an autosomal-recessive sphingolipidosis caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase (GALC).GALC degrades galactosylceramide, a major component of myelin, and other terminal beta-galactose-containing sphingolipids, including psychosine (galactosylsphingosine).Beta-galactosidase is a lysosomal enzyme responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of gangliosides. The deficiency of this enzyme can lead to 1 of the following conditions: GM1 gangliosidosis, Morquio syndrome B, and galactosialidosis.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Passavant ridge Near the superior margin of pharynx, a few fibres of superior constrictor blend with a band of muscle fibres belonging to the palatopharyngeus muscle. These fused fibres form a band or ring around the posterior wall and sidewalls of the nasopharyngeal isthumus. When the soft palate is elevated this muscle band appears as a ridge is known as passavant's ridge.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. C: IHD with ventricular fibrillation Aoic stenosis can be a serious and potentially life threatening condition. Some of the possible complications include: Pulmonary oedema Cardiomegaly Congestive hea failure Hea arrhythmia. Some arrhythmias in the ventricles may be associated with cardiac death, such as 'ventricular fibrillation' .
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Anti RO and anti-la antibodies are specific for Sjögren’s syndrome.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
C5 REF: Robbin's 8th ed p. 59Terminal pathway which is common to all the activation pathways stas with C5 and hence it is the central component of the complement system
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ames Test was developed by Bruce Ames. It measures the potential of chemical compounds to promote mutation in specialized bacterial strain. It is the most common test to determine potential of a carcinogen. It determines ability of chemical compounds to induce mutation in bacterium salmonella typhimurium. Normally salmonella typhimurium cannot grow in medium lacking histidine. Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th Edition, Pages 307-8 ; Lehringer Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition Page 967
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Hyperkalemia Repeat from May 2009
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Complete moles have a normal karyotype of 46XX in 90% of the cases, usually resulting from an empty ovum feilized by a single sperm with subsequent reduplication of its haploid set of chromosomes. In approximately 5%, the complete mole has a 46XY karyotype, which occurs when two sperms (one carrying an X chromosome and the other carrying a Y chromosome) feilize an empty ovum. The Karyotype of a incomplete or paial mole is 69 XYY or 69 XXY. Ref: Gynecological Cancer Management: Identification, Diagnosis and Treatment edited by Daniel Clarke-Pearson, John Soper, 2011, Chapter 14 ; Text Book of Obstetrics by D.C.Dutta, 6th edition, Page 194, Page 200.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Banked blood has a pH of 6.8 and is acidotic. After massive transfusion citrate in the stored blood is conveed into bicarbonate resulting in metabolic alkalosis. Ref: Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects By Christopher D. Hillye, Page 291 ; Yao and Ausio's Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriented Patient Management By Fun-Sun F. Yao, 6th Edition, Page 1148
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Deveopmental dysplasia of hip o Used in CDH -# Bachelor's or frog leg / lorenz cast# Von-Rosen's splint# Pavlic HarnessTreatment Plan for DDHo Treatment plan is according to the age:-1) 1-6 months of age:- Pavilk harness and/or Von-rosen splint are used to maintain the reduction. If dislocation persists, closed reduction or traction followed by casting is done.2) 6-18 months of age:- Closed reduction or traction followed by casting. If closed reduction fails, open reduction followed by casting is recommended.3) 18 months - 3years:- Open reduction with femoral shortening (if femoral site is involved) or salter asteotomy (if acetabulum is involved).4) 3 - 8years:- Open reduction with femoral shortening with or without acetabular reconstructive osteotomy.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ref: KDT, 6th ed. pg. 511Anti-arrhythmic drugsClassActionsDrugsI- (Na+)(Na+ channel blockers) Ia: Na++K+ channel blocking propertyQuinidine, Procainamide, DisopyramideIb: Na+&K+ channel opening propertyTocainide, Lidocaine, Phenytoin, MexiletineIc: no effect on K+ channelFlecainide, Encainide, PropafenoneII-(b)Antiadrenergic agents (b blockers)Propranolol, Esmolol, (Sotalol is Class III mainly)III- (K)Agents widening AP (Prolong repolarization and ERP)Ibutilide, Sotalol, Bretylium, Amiodarone, Dronadarone, DofetilideIV- (Ca+)Calcium channel blockersVerapamil, DiltiazemVDrugs with other mechanism of actionsMagnesium (DOC in torsades de pointes) Atropine: DOC for Bradycardia a and AV Block DigoxinAdenosine: DOC for PSVTNote: Class IA agents also have Class III property; propranolol has Class I action as well; sotalol and bretylium have both class II and class III actions.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Phenylketonuria Microcephaly o Microcephaly is defined as a head circumference that measures more than three standard detion below the mean for age. Causes of microcephaly Primary (genetic) Secondry (Nongenetic) o Familial (autosomal recessive) o Radiation o Autosomal dominant o Alcohol o Down syndrome o Phenytoin o Edward syndrome o Infection ---> Rubella, CMV, Toxoplasma
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Tissue plasminogen activators are used in acute MI (not the inhibitors) Thrombolytic agents like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase and reteplase are used to lyse the thrombus. Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin are staed to prevent the re-infarction. Thrombolytics reduces moality in the treatment of MI if the patient arrives within 12 hours
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 50 mlVolume of blood in mature placenta500 ml Volume of blood in intervillous space 150 ml Blood flow in intervillous space500 - 600 ml/ minPressure in intervillous spaceDuring uterine contractionDuring uterine relaxation 30-50mmHg10-15mmHgPressure in the supplying uterine aery70-80 mmHgPressure in the draining uterine aery8 mmHg
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Small blood vessels supplying walls of large blood vessels o Vasa vasorum : - A small network of blood vessels that supply large vessels, i.e. the vessels of the vessels. These are found in large arteries and veins, e.g. aorta and its branches. These vessels supply blood and nutrition for tunica adventitia and outer part of tunica media of large vessels o Vasa nervorum : - Small arteries that provide blood supply to peripheral nerves. These arteries supply blood to interior parts of nerve and their coverings, o Nervi vasorum (nervi vascularis) : - The nerves innervating the arteries and veins, o Nervi nervorum : - The nerves which supply nerve sheath, i.e. intrinsic innervation of nerve sheath.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The presence of surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveolar lining layer and therefore the inward pull of the alveolar wall This in turn means that the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium around the capillaries is less negative when surfactant is present. As a result, this helps to prevent transudation of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitium or into the alveolar spaces. The other choices are incorrect: Surfactant decreases the surface tension of the alveolar lining liquid it is secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells it is a phospholipid, and it decreases the work required to expand the lung.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Hemodynamic instability is the most pressing indication for operative treatment in a patient with splenic injury. In all other situations listed a trial of nonoperative management may be continued.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Transport of long-chain fatty acid to mitochondria' inner layer
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
(Sensory conduction) (24-Apley's 8th)Sensory nerve conduction - If a sensory nerve is stimulated distally, the sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) can be recorded at a proximal site, here again, by measuring the distance between stimulating and recording electrodes and the time lapse between stimulus and response, the sensory nerve conduction velocity can be calculated.Motor nerve conduction Electrical stimulation of a motor nerve normally produces contraction of the muscles supplied by that nerve.The time interval between stimulation of the nerve and the appearance of the motor action potention (MAP) is the latency (Normal values are about 50-60 m/s)Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) - This test is useful in monitoring the integrity of the spinal cord during operative correction of severe spinal deformities and other potentially dangerous procedures
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
<p> Catch up. Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:148-149. <\p>
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
"The basic pathology in lichen planus is the damage to the basal cell layer of epidermis leading to hydropic degeneration of basal cells".
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
low potency antipsychotics like thioridazine and chlorpromazine are associated with lot of systemic side effects as mentioned in the below table. They have side effects like hypotension, sedation, giddiness, dryness of mouth and cardiac side effects. High potency has lot of neurological side effects. Ref.Kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 972
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
All other options are suggestive of septate uterus.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans: B (Done in healthy human volunteers) Ref: Goodman and Gilman's "Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics" 12th edExplanation:Phase II trial is done on Patients (Phase I done on healthy human volunteers)It is done for assessing the safety and efficacyIf Phase I trial indicates any serious adverse effects. Phase II cannot be donePositive evidence and absence of serious adverse effects from Phase I are prerequisite for proceeding with Phase II trial. (See the following table and figure)
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
This is case of cheese reaction due to MAO inhibitors (Tranclypromine) Monoamine oxidase inhibitor- These agents block the breakdown of tyramine in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the brain resulting in elevated blood pressure, occipital headache, and other serious symptoms following ingestion of tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheese and red wine)
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine. It has a plethora of actions in the gastrointestinal system, but the most impoant appears to be the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, the contraction of the gallbladder (the action for which it was named), and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, which allows both bile and pancreatic juice to flow into the intestinal lumen. Secretin is secreted by S cells that are located deep in the glands of the mucosa of the upper poion of the small intestine. The structure of secretin is different from that of CCK and gastrin, but very similar to that of glucagon, GLI, VIP, and GIP. Only one form of secretin has been isolated, and the fragments of the molecule that have been tested to date are inactive. Its half-life is about 5 minutes, but little is known about its metabolism.VIP contains 28 amino acid residues. It is found in nerves in the gastrointestinal tract and thus is not itself a hormone, despite its similarities to secretin.VIP is also found in blood, in which it has a half-life of about 2 minutes. In the intestine, it markedly stimulates intestinal secretion of electrolytes and hence of water. Its other actions include relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle, including sphincters; dilation of peripheral blood vessels; and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. It is also found in the brain and many autonomic nerves where it often occurs in the same neurons as acetylcholine. It potentiates the action of acetylcholine in salivary glands.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:446,447
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Determining the type of precocious pubey Your child&;s doctor will also need to find out which type of precocious pubey your child has. To do so, he or she will perform a test called a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. In this test, the doctor will take a blood sample, and then give your child a shot containing the GnRH hormone. More blood samples are then taken over a ceain period of time to check how hormones in your child&;s body react. In children with central precocious pubey, the GnRH hormone will cause other hormone levels to rise. In children with peripheral precocious pubey, other hormone levels stay the same. Additional testing for central precocious pubey Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A brain MRI is usually done for children who have central precocious pubey to see if any brain abnormalities are causing the early sta of pubey. Thyroid testing. The doctor may also test your child&;s thyroid if he or she shows any signs of slow thyroid function (hypothyroidism), such as fatigue, sluggishness, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, a drop in school performance or pale, dry skin. Additional testing for peripheral precocious pubey Other tests also are necessary for children with peripheral precocious pubey to find the cause of their condition. For example, the doctor may run additional blood tests to check other hormone levels or, in girls, he or she may do an ultrasound to check for an ovarian cyst or tumor. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The latest update in treatment of postpaum hemorrhage (PPH) as per WHO 2017 Global recommedations is the early use of intravenous tranexamic acid (a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation) is recommended in all cases of PPH. PPH is leading cause of maternal morbidity worldwide and in India. WHO 2012 recommendations included a conditional recommendation to use TXA for treatment of PPH when uterotonics fail to control the bleeding or the bleeding is thought to be due to trauma. In 2017, WHO updated its 2012 PPH treatment recommendations to include use of TXA for treatment of PPH. WHO 2017 Global recommendation, latest addition to the treatment of PPH: Early use of intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) within 3 hours of bih for women with clinically diagnosed postpaum (PPH) TXA should be used in all cases of PPH, regardless of the cause TXA should be administered at a fixed dose of 1g in 10 ml (100 mg/ml) IV at 1 ml per minute (i.e., administered over 10 minutes), with a second dose of 1 g IV bleeding continues after 30 minutes. TXA should be adminstered an IV route only for treatment of PPH. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of Postpaum haemorrhage (2012) Oxytocin (10 IU, IV/IM) is the recommended uterotonic drug for the prevention of PPH. Intravenous oxytocin alone is the recommended uterotonic drug for the treatment of PPH. If oxytoxin is unavailable, other injectables uterotonics (ergometrine/methylerogometrine or the fixed drug combination of oxytocin and ergometrine) or oral misoprostol (600 microgm) is recommended. Late cord clamping (performed after 1 to 3 minutes after bih) is recommended for all bihs Controlled cord traction is the recommended method for removal of the placenta in caesarean section Ref: World Health Organisation
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
HIATUS HERNIA is the most common type of a diaphragmatic hernia classified into type 1 -commonest, small, reducible and is the cephalad displacement of the gastro oesophagal junction into the mediastinum. type 2 -superior migration of fundus of the stomach alongside the GE junction type 3 -combination of both sliding hernia is most commonly associated with GORD. A rolling hernia (para-oesophageal )common in elderly.The usual clinical features include postprandial bloating, dysphagia and early satiety.This can lead to complications such as gangrene of stomach, perforations, volvulus ischaemic longitudinal gastric ulcer. treatment is always surgical. *excision of the sac and repair of the defect.mesh reinforcement to close the hiatus may be required.approaches can be abdominal, thoracic or laparoscopic. Ref: SRB&;s manual of surgery,5th ed, pg no 796
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Scrupulous hygiene accompanied by biannual professional monitoring is mandatory to ensure continued abutment health.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Injury to the ulnar nerve results in impaired adduction and abduction of the fingers. The nerve is commonly injured in elbow dislocations and fractures. The fibers arise from the eighth cervical and the first thoracic segments. The ulnar is a mixed nerve with sensory supply to the medial hand.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Hexose monophosphate shunt is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses as well as ribose-5-phosphate the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 130
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a disorder characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). This condition gets its name from the muscles that are affected most often: those of the face (facio-), around the shoulder blades (scapulo-), and in the upper arms (humeral).no cardiac involvement is seen Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2378
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
In social phobia, among the antidepressants, SSRIs are currently drugs of choice, with paroxetine being the most widely used drug. Other SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and seraline are also equally effective. Fluoxetine has the advantage of a longer half-life. Other antidepressants such as imipramine (TCA) and phenelzine (MAOI), are also helpful in treating the panic attacks associated with phobias, thereby decreasing the distress. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 95
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Nasopharyngeal cancer can cause conductive deafness (eustachian tube blockage,) ipsilateral temporoparietal neuralgia (involvement of CN V) and palatal paralysis (CN X) collectively called Trotters triad.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
SLD and ADHD are well known to impair scholastic performance. Anxiety can lead to significant attention and concentration deficits and this can impair performance. Pica can indirectly be associated with the same as children with pica can have malnutrition, anemia and language problems. But among the given options pica is the best bet.Ref: The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry By Robe E. Hales, 2008, Page 871
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. c (Achalasia cardia). (Ref. Bailey & Love, Surgery, 25th/pg. 1036)ACHALASIA CARDIA# Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophageal smooth muscle in which the LES does not relax normally with swallowing, and the esophageal body undergoes nonperistaltic contractions. It is due to loss of the ganglion cells in the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus,# C/f: Dysphagia appears early, occurs with both liquids and solids, and is worsened by emotional stress and hurried eating.# Two types:- Primary: is idiopathic- Secondary: Chagas' disease; Trypanosoma cruzi, Gastric carcinoma that infiltrates the esophagus (pseudoachalasia), Lymphoma, Certain viral infections, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and certain neurodegenerative disorders.# Ba swallow (initial test of choice):- Megaesophagus/sigmoid esophagus.- "Bird beak" deformity on barium swallow study is characteristic.- Absence of primary peristalsis below level of cricopharyngeus.- Hurst phenomenon (temporary transit through cardia when hydrostatic pressure of Ba column is above toxic LES pressure).# CCK which normally causes fall in sphincter pressure,paradoxically causes contraction of LES (CCK test) (Cholecys- tokinin) .# MANOMETRY is best investigation for diagnosis.0# Vigorous achalasia is numerous tertiary contractions in non-dilated distal esophagus of early achalasia.# Rx: Treatment is by either endoscopic dilatation or surgical myotomy (Heller's myotomy). Pneumatic dilatation with a 30-mm balloon, the incidence of perforation should be less than 0.5%. The risk of perforation increases with bigger balloons, and they should be used cautiously for progressive dilatation over a period of weeks. Forceful dilatation is curative in 75-85% of cases. The results are best in patients aged more than 45 years. Myotomy is successful in more than 90% of cases and may be used after failed dilatation. Botulinum toxin by endoscopic injection into the LOS may be tried.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans: b) Diabetic nephropathyDiabetic nephropathy refers to conglomerate of lesions that occur concurrently in the diabetic kidney.Most common glomerular syndrome include:1) Non nephrotic proteinuria2) Nephrotic syndrome3) Chronic renal failureArteriolar lesion is hyalinizing arteriosclerosis; increased chance of pyelonephritis and papillary necrosis.Earliest change in DM is the thickening of the glomerular basement membraneMost common pattern of involvement is Diffuse glomerulosclerosisInfective Endocarditis:Glomerulonephritis is an immunological phenomena in IEImmunological phenomena in IE = ROGRRoth's spotsOsiers nodesGlomerulonephritisRheumatoid factorAlport syndrome:Characterised by hereditary nephritis progressing to chronic renal failure, sensory neural hearing loss and eye disorders including lens dislocation, posterior cataract and corneal dystrophy.Alport syndrome mutation is COL4A5 of GBMThin Basement membrane disease - COL4A3, COL4A4 of GBM (BM thickening 150 -250nm)Nail patella syndrome: (LMX1B mutation)Characterized by hypoplastic or aplastic patellae, dislocated radial head and progressive nephropathy.Renal manifestations in nail patella syndrome include proteinuria (sometimes NS), hematuria, and hypertension.Urine concentrating ability may be impaired.Other collagen mutations and diseases associated:COL1A1 : Osteogenesis imperfectaCOL2A1 : Achondrogenesis!!, hypochondrogenesis, Stickler syndromeCOL9A2 : Multiple epiphyseal dysplasiaCOL10A1 : Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
ANSWER: (B) Used in treatment of gynecomastiaREF: Harrison's 18th ed chapter 346, KDT 3d1 edition page 276Estrogen receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of gynecomastia not estrogenAdverse effects of Estrogen:Suppression of libido and gynecomastiaFusion of epiphysesEndometrial carcinomaIncreased incidence of breast cancerIncreased incidence of cholestasis and gall stonesIncreased chances of thromboembolism
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Post tibial aery Posterior tibial aery terminates behind the medial malleolus by dividing into medial and lateral plantar aeries.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Anion gap is mainly caused by plasma albumin.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
As a single study unit, double blind RCT is the best: "The efficacy of new interventions are most readily accepted if the results are from randomized controled trial" Peer Review & Biomedical publication However, overall meta-analysis is a better study since it combines the data from multiple RCT and also from other types of study. "Randomized controlled trials (RCT) provide the stongest, most relevant evidence to inform practice. Some evidence hierarchies place systematic review and meta-analysis above RCTs since these often combine data from multiple RCTs, and possibly from other study type as well" - Epidemiology at a glance Ref: Park 24th edition
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., X-ray abdomen
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Emergency intubation may be done in burns patient. But succinylcholine is contraindicated in burns, as is can cause hyperkalemia.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is "d' ie Acute Pancreatitis The signs and symptoms exhibited by the pt. correlate with that of acute pancreatitis, most characterstic of which is ---> Radiation of pain to back and pay in previous night (ie. h/o alcohol) Other imp. diagnostic clue (not given in question) is --> Relief from pain on sitting in upright posture.* Some imp. points about Acute Pancreatitis Etiology Gall stones (50 - 70% ie MC cause)* Alcohol (25%) Grey Turner sign or Cullens sign* : Bleeding into the fascial planes in acute pancreatitis can cause bluish discolouration of ? Umbilicus" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026">flanks* in Grey Turner sign* umblicus* in Cullens sign* Plain abdominal x-ray findings - include a - sentinel loop * - a colon cut off sign* - a renal 'halo' sign*
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
A i.e. Increased capacitance Velocity of conduction in a nerve is increased by myelination, increase in diameter and capacitance and decrease in resistanceQ.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Severe crush injury results in rhabdomyolysis(breakdown of muscle tissue -myoglobin is released into blood, damaging the kidneys. ) Other causes of rhabdomyolysis Muscle ischemia Immobilisation Prolonged seizure activity Excessive exercise ,heat stroke or malignant hypehermia,myopathies,infections Metabolic disorders (severe hypothyroidism, hypophosphatemia) Ref:HARRISON 20 th edition pg no. 2103
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 36,37 The complex process of leukocytes across the blood vessel includes rolling adhesion and migration. Phagocytosis occurs outside the vessel wall, at the site of cell injury
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Normal blood loss during menstruation is 30-40ml Ref: Internet sources
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Infiltrating ductal carcinoma * Carcinoma of the male breast accounts for less than 0.5% of all cases of breast cancer. * The known predisposing causes include gynecomastia and excess endogenous or exogenous estrogen. * It tends to present as a lump and is most commonly an infiltrating ductal carcinoma. * It usually presents as a unilateral lump in the breast and is frequently not diagnosed promptly. FEMALE BREAST CARCINOMA AND RELATED ONE LINERS = Most common histological subtype- IDC, NOS Most common molecular subtype- Luminal A The histological subtype with the best prognosis- Tubular > Mucinous The molecular subtype with the best prognosis- Luminal A Most common genetic mutation- p53 Most common familial genetic mutation- BRCA1 Highest susceptibility is seen with which mutation BRCA1 Association of male breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and gastric cancer- BRCA2 Association of ovarian cancer (serous)- BRCA1> BRCA2 The most common molecular group associated with BRCA1- Basal The most common molecular group associated with BRCA2- Luminal B Most important prognostic marker- Lymph node status Most important prognostic marker for metastatic cancer- ER/PR status Anti PD1 and PDL1 antibodies are under investigation for use as immune therapy in triple negative breast cancers
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is a i.e. Watery discharge PN Fallopian Tube Carcinoma accounts for 0.3% of all cancers of female genital tract. *Most common site is the ampulla of the tube Most common type is adenocarcinoma. The fallopian tube is frequently involved in secondary to carcinoma of ovary, endometrium, gastrointestinal tract, breast and peritoneum. Women with mutation in BRCA I and BRCA II have higher risk of developing fallopian tube carcinoma (therefore, a prophylactic surgery in these women should include a complete removal of both tubes along with the ovaries). Most common symptom is Vaginal discharge Went watery vaginal discharge called as Hvdrop, Later due to ulceration - watery discharge becomes blood stained and may take the form of perimenopausal/ postmenopausal bleeding. Always remember : In perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with unusual, unexplained or persistent vaginal discharge, even in absence of bleeding, the clinician should always keep the possibility of occult tubal cancer in mind. Triad of : - Vaginal discharge 1 - Pelvic pain } is seen in 15% of patients - Pelvic mass 1 On examination : pelvic mass may be felt. Spread : Since the fallopian tube is richly supplied by lymphatics, spread to the pelvic and para - aoic nodes occurs early.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Carbon monoxide
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., PCT
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Sudden decompression of the diver after excess exposure to high pressure: Decompression sickness (synonyms: Bends, Compressed Air Sickness, Caisson Disease, Diver’s Paralysis, Dysbarism):
Nitrogen bubbles can develop in the body fluids and can cause minor or serious damage in almost any area of the body (because nitrogen is not metabolized by the body).
Gas bubbles blocking many blood vessels in different tissues cause the symptoms of decompression sickness.
Most common symptoms (85-90%): Pain in the joints and muscles of the legs and arms. The joint pain accounts for the term "bends".
Nervous system symptoms (5-10%): Dizziness, paralysis or collapse and unconsciousness.
The chokes (2%): Massive numbers of microbubbles plugging the capillaries of the lungs leading to shortness of breath, often followed by severe pulmonary edema and, occasionally death.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Estrogen o The most important stimulus for erythropoietin secretion is hypoxia. Other stimulus that can increase its secretion are cobalt salts, androgens, alkalosis due to high altitude, and catecholamines via b-adrenergic mechanism.o Pregnancy (due to placental lactogen), testosterone and prolactin increase the activity of erythropoietin. Estrogen inhibits utilization of erythropoietin by marrow cells and also impairs its production. Progesterone increase the effect of erythropoietin by enhancing the effect of placental lactogen and by antagonizing the effect of estrogen.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
• DFSP is a low-grade sarcoma because it may recur locally but rarely metastasizes.
• Monomorphous, mononuclear, spindle cell lesion involving both dermis and subcutis.
• MC site: Trunk (50%) >Extremities (30%) >Head and neck (20%)
Pathology
• Large lesions often are associated with satellite nodules; Positive for CD34
• Have unpredictable radial extensions of tumor permeating through the subcutaneous tissue large distances from the primary nodule.
• More than 75% of DFSP have a ring chromosome, composed of translocated portions of chromosomes 17 and 22
Clinical Features
• Typically presents in early or mid-adult life, beginning as a nodular cutaneous mass.
• Pattern of growth: Slow and persistent
• Lesion enlarges over many years, it becomes protuberant
Treatment
• Aggressive resection with special attention to radial margins (local recurrence rate <5%)
• Up to 50% recur after simple excision.
• Imatinib: First line of treatment for advanced disease.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Wein modification of working length determination by radiograph:
1. Reduce length by 1 mm if NO root + bone resorption
2. Reduce length by 1.5 mm if bone resorption
3. Reduce length by 2 mm if both root and bone resorption
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Most common sinus effected in children-ethmoid most common sinus effected in adult-Maxillary Ref.Dhingra 6/e,p 193
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Answer- A. 3p deletionClear cell- cell origin (proximal tubule)- 3p deletions (3p-), VHL gene mutations, 5q gains
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Low prevalence Repeat form Nov 08 "In a population with a low prevalence of a paicular disease, it is likely that most of the positive results in a screening program for that disease would be falsely positive."- Epidemiology, biostatistics, and preventive medicine By James F. Jekel, David L. Katz, Joann G. Elmore 2/e p120 "In a high-prevalence population, the absolute number of false-positives is small in comparison with the absolute numbers of true positives. In a low-prevalence population, the absolute number of false-positives is large in comparison with the absolute number of true positives." -The basic science of oncology By Ian Tannock 4/e p486, 487 The no. of false positive varies inversely with the prevalence of disease in population. This means that when the same test is applied to two populations with differing prevalence; false positive cases would be more in the population with low prevalence and false positive cases would be low in the population with high prevalence. Also Note: Sensitivity and specificity are characteristic of a paicular test and do not depend on the prevalence of disease in the population being tested. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value depend on characteristics of both the test (sensitivity and specificity) and the population being tested (prevalence of disease). The positive predictive value is directly propoional to the prevalence. The negative predictive value is inversely propoional to prevalence. As the prevalence of disease declines, the positive predictive value of the test declines and the negative predictive value increases.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The deficiency of C1 inhibitor is associated with hereditary angioneurotic edema. It is a condition characterised by episodic angioedema of the subcutaneous tissues or of the mucosa of the respiratory or alimentary tracts. Fatal if larynx or trachea affected. Attack is precipitated by local exhaustion of the reduced amount of the C1 inhibitor present ,leading to the autocatalytic activation of C1 and unrestrained breakdown of C4 and C2. Reference : Anathanarayan & paniker's 9th edition, pg no: 126 <\p>
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Lignocaine or prilocaine cannot anaesthetize intact skin.The eutectic mixture is the combination of equal propoions of lignocaine and prilocaine at 25deg C.This mixture has a lower melting point than any of the two ingredients. It helps to make the preparation oily that can be applied on the intact skin.The eutectic mixture can be used to anaesthetize intact skin.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epidemic conjunctivitis
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pleomorphic
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Free iron is highly toxic and it is therefore impoant that storage iron be sequestered. This is achieved by binding of iron in the storage pool to either ferritin or hemosiderin.Ferritin is ubiquitous protein iron complex that is found at highest level in liver,spleen ,bonemarrow and skeletal muscles. In the liver ferritin is stored within the parenchymal cells and in other tissues such as spleen and the bonemarrow it ix found mainly in the macrophages. Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition -9;volume 1.page no . 420
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Dentigerous (follicular) cysts are epithelial-lined, developmental, odontogenic cysts. Fifteen to eighteen percent of jaws cysts are dentigerous, surround the crowns, and attach at the cementoenamel junction of unerupted teeth. The lower third molars and the upper canines are the most commonly involved teeth. The cyst develops subsequent to an accumulation of fluid between the remnants of the enamel organ and the contiguous tooth crown. Ref: Smith R.A. (2012). Chapter 25. Jaw Cysts. In A.K. Lalwani (Ed), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, 3e.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
No change in Cardiac output occurs during sleep.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
(Efavirenz) (1172- CMDT- 08) (300 - 301- Dutta 6th)EFAVIRENZ - Advantage - once daily in single doseSide effects - Neurologic, lack of concentration, delusion and mania* Efavirenz should be avoided in women who wish to concieve or already pregnant due to teratogenicity* Vertical transmission to the neonates is about 14-25%** and majority (40- 80%) occurs during the labours* The median time from infection to AIDS is about 10 years* Triple chemotherapy is preferred as a first line defence and to be started any time between 14 and 34 weeks and then continued throughout pregnancy, labour and postpartum period* Minor risk associated with breast feeding* **Barrier methods of contraceptions (Condome or female condome) is effective in preventing transmission of the virus* Most Ascian countries the infection rate is less than 0.5%
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
characteristic intestinal pathogen in AIDS is cryptosporidium REF:ANANTHANARAYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.576
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ref Walter and Israel 7/e p150 Chediak Higashi syndrome is an autosomal ressive Condition in which polymorphs exhibit defective random movements , defective chemotaxis and impairee degranulation on phagocytosis paicles
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1.5-2.5 kg
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. C: Pars Interaicularis Normally the inferior aiculating fact of each lumbar veebral body lies posterior to the superior aiculating facet of the body below it. If the bony connection between the inferior and superior aiculating facets (pars interaicularis) is defective, the weight of the body may cause the upper veebra, including all of the veebral bodies above it, to slip forward for varying amounts on the body below (spondylolisthesis) The defect in the pars interaicularis is called spondylolysis Spondylolysis is not present at bih but increases in frequency with increasing age. When symptomatic, pain is the most frequent symptom of either spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis There are several different etiologies for spondylolisthesis: Spondylolytic spondylolisthesis is the most common type and results from bilateral defects in the pars interaicularis. Degenerative spondylolisthesis -Most frequent at the L4-L5 level It is not the result of a pars defect but a complex interaction between the disk, facets joints and the ligamentous structures Dysplastic spondylolisthesis-Results from congenital abnormalities of the body and/or facets in the lumbar region such that the alignment of the facets allows spondylolisthesis to occur. The pars may or may not be intact Traumatic spondylolisthesis-Trauma can lead to an acute fracture through a normal pars interaicularis. Conventional radiography in the anteroposterior, lateral and both oblique projections is usually adequate to demonstrate both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis appears as a break in the "neck" of the Scottie Dog on the oblique view
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, characterized by the defective haemoglobins.
It is caused by a point mutation at the sixth position of the beta globin chain leading to substitution of valine
residue for a glutamic acid residue. In homozygous state -100 % chains defective i.e., no HbA In heterozygous
state -40 % chains defective i.e., HbA present HbA = α2β2 Hb A2 = α2δ2 HbF = α2γ2 • Most important factor
which affects degree of sickling is amount of Hb S and its interaction with other Hb chains Factors favouring polymerization ■ Hypoxia -↑2,3 BPG → ↑ polymerization
■ Acidosis - ↑ acidosis → ↑ polymerization ■ Hb concentration -1 Hb concentration →↑ polymerization ■ Combination with other hemoglobins - already discussed
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
D i.e. Airway maintenance Management of Polytrauma Patients / Life threatening conditions* The assessment of severely injured patient consists of four overlapping phases:1) Rapid primary evaluation2) Restoration of vital functions3) Detailed secondary evaluation and4) Definitive care* The ABC,s of trauma care identifies & treat life threatening conditions - and can be rememebered as Airway maintenanceQ, with cervical spine control. The cervical spine should be carefully protected at all time and not be hyperextended, hyper flexed or rotated to obtain a patent airway. A chin lift or jaw thurst maneuver should be used to establish an air way.BreathingQ with special emphasis on tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorx, flail chest with pulmonarycontusion & massive hemothorax.CirculationQDisability (neurological status) by Glasgow coma scaleExposure and environmental control (undress the patient but prevent hypothermia)= Fracture splintageQ . Recognition & splintage of major fracture, adequate immobilization of cervical spineQ, and proper handling of injured patient are essential to prevent fuher damage to theneurovsculr elements. As a general rule following measures should be taken:- The joints above & below the fracture should be immobilized. Splints can be improvised with pillows, blanket or clothing.- Immobilization does not need to be absolutely rigid.- Over bleeding should be temponaded with dressing & firm pressure- Tourniquet should be avoided, unless it is obvious that the patient's life is in danger.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Pneumatic bones are those bones which contain an air filled cavity within them.
In humans, they are seen in relation to the the nasal cavity – they enclose the paranasal sinuses.
Pneumatic bones are – maxilla, frontal bone, sphenoid and ethmoid.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Answer- B. < 34AgeHemoglobin (gm/dl)MCHC (%)Children 6 moths - 6 Years1134Children 6 Years - 14 Years1234Adult male 1334Adult female34 Pregnant woman1134
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Behavioral therapy is learning given by BF Skinner , according to him all behaviors are learned phenomenon and thus can be unlearned Positive reinforcement a type of reinforcement when a behavior is rewarded there is more chance that the behavior is repeated Negative reinforcement is that when a behavior is done and an aversive response is removed, the behavior is repeated. When I go and meet my girlfriend, she checks my messages and picks up fight (aversive response) suddenly I delete all messages one day and that day there was no fight (no aversive response) then that behavior is repeated (delete all messages before meeting my girlfriend) Extinction is the type of reinforcement where a behavior is done and a rewarding response is removed the chance is that behavior will not be repeated A child likes to play with children( reward) but when the child fights with other children( undesirable behavior) the child will be removed from playing( removing a reward) , then the child stops fighting with other children( reduction of undesirable behaviour) Ref. kaplon and sadock synopsis, 11 th edition, pg no. 845
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Massive proteinuria Nephrotic syndrome o Nephrotic syndrome is a group of disease having different pathogenesis and characterized by ? Proteinuria (> 3.5 gm/day) 3. Edema 5. Lipiduria ---> Lipid casts Hypoalbuminemia 4. Hyperlipidemia 6. Hypercoagulability
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
<p>RUBELLA VACCINE:- RA 27/3 vaccine Live attenuated Induces higher antibody titres and produces and Immune response more closely paralleling natural infection than the other vaccines. Administration-0.5 ml subcutaneously. Seroconversion occurs in more than 95% vaccines. Age group- 1-14 yrs. Infants under 1 yr should not be vaccinated due to possible interference from persisting rubella antibody. Contraindications-immunocompromised patients, leukemia, pregnancy. The recipient of immunisation should be adviced not to become pregnant in next 3 months. {Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.151}</p>
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
*State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense*Socialized Medicine: Provision of medical service and professional education by the state, but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by the government.*Social Medicine: study of social, economical, environmental, cultural, psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL pathology HARSHMOHAN 6TH EDITION PG NO 211 ABL & C MYC is activated by translocation (table 8.4)<\p>
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
The rolling leukocytes are able to sense changes in the endothelium that initiate the next step in the reaction of leukocytes, which is firm adhesion to endothelial sur- faces. This adhesion is mediated by integrins expressed on leukocyte cell surfaces interacting with their ligands on endothelial cells (Fig. 2-5 and Table 2-2). Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric glycoproteins that mediate the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium and of various cells to the extracellular matrix. They are normally expressed on leukocyte plasma membranes in a low- affinity form and do not adhere to their specific ligands until the leukocytes are activated by chemokines. Integrins and Integrin Ligands ICAM-1 (immunoglobulin family) CD11/CD18 integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1) Firm adhesion, arrest, transmigration VCAM-1 (immunoglobulin family) VLA-4 integrin Adhesion Ref Robbins 9/e p35_36
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Desmopressin Drugs which can be given by intranasal route are :- Desmopressin Liposomes Butorphanol Zanamivir Calcitonin
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibited
Fluroacetate
Aconitase
Arsenite
Alpha Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Malonate
Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase is a competitive inhibitor of malonate.
|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.