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VVM - vaccine l monitor. VVM is a label containing a heat sensitive material which is placed on a vaccine l to register cumulative heat exposure over time. The combined effect of temperature and time cause the inner square of VVM to darken gradually and irreversibly. Before opening the l , check the status of the VVM. ...
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ANSWER: (A) ECFREF: Textbook of biochemistry by G. P. Talwar and L M. Srivastava page 276"La fixit de milieu interior", was coined by Claude Bernard and it means that in spite of ever changing external environment the internal environment remains same.In our body cells are bathed in the interstitial fluid which constit...
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ALA synthase catalyses the first and rate limiting step of heme synthesis PLP (Vitamin B6) is necessary for this reaction. That is why B6 deficiency can also lead to anemia
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The image shows Central necrosis & Peripheral Erythema "Necrolytic Erythema Migrans". It is the most common manifestation of Glucagonoma Glucagonoma / Hyperglycemic Cutaneous Syndrome. 4 D Syndrome Diabetes Mellitus - Dermatitis (M.C symptom) "Necrolytic Erythema Migrans" DVT Depression M.C site of tumor - Body & Tail ...
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NK cell's cytotoxicity is not antibody dependent or MHC restricted :NK cellsNatural killer cells Reff: Anantharayan & Panikers textbook f microbiology 9th edition pg:137
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glutaminase o In many tissues like liver, kidney and brain, ammonia combines with glutamate to yield glutamine, by the action of glutamine synthase. The brain is a rich source of glutamine synthase and it predominantly detoxifies ammonia by this route.o Glutamine is a nontoxic major transport form of ...
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Indications for using thalidomide: Erythema nodosum leprosum Multiple myeloma Actinic prurigo Aphthous stomatitis Behcet's disease Kaposi sarcoma Cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus Prurigo nodularis Uremic prurigo Ref: Burkha C., Morrell D., Goldsmith L. (2011). Chapter 65. Dermatological Pharmacology. In ...
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Perseveration of speech is suggestive of organic mental disorders. Few books are giving the answer as delusion which is completely wrong. Flight of ideas is seen in case of mania. Incoherence is formal thought disorder characteristic of Schizophrenia.
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Ans. (b) Histiocytes(Ref: Anderson 10th ed pg 583)Macrophages are tissue cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver during early developmentQCirculating cells of this lineage are known as monocytes. Tissue macrophages are called histiocy...
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Revised Jones criteria for acute rheumatic fever (2015) American Hea Association and World Health Federation For all populations with: - Initial episode of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor criteria - Recurrent episodes of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor / three minor cri...
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B i.e. Atrial natriuretic factor
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The C-reactive protein (CRP) values are usually elevated within 12-24 hours (reaches its peak) after the onset of symptoms. It returns to normal within 7-8 days after adequate treatment staed, So it is best to monitor the antibiotic response. ESR returns to normal approximately 3 weeks after treatment is begun Both rea...
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Urine has about 25% more water than an equal volume of blood, so its concentration of alcohol would be about 25% higher than in blood collected at the same time. In order to compare the blood and urine, a ratio of 1:1.33 is used when urine and blood are in equilibrium. Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxic...
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Acral lentignous melanoma has the worst prognosis Satellite deposits are foci of tumor adajent but separate from the primary melanoma also k/a in-transit metastasis. In the original staging system, satellite deposits or lesions were classified as stage II ds. Conventional staging of melanoma Stage I → Primary tumor St...
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The commercially available powder of Thiopentone is stable at room temperature indefinitely. At room temperature (22degC) reconstituted solutions of thiopental remain stable and sterile for at least 6 days. Thiopentone can be reconstituted with Normal saline Glucose Water Cannot be reconstituted with Ringer Lactate.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Krabbe's disease Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis, is an autosomal-recessive sphingolipidosis caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase (GALC).GALC degrades galactosylceramide, a major componen...
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Passavant ridge Near the superior margin of pharynx, a few fibres of superior constrictor blend with a band of muscle fibres belonging to the palatopharyngeus muscle. These fused fibres form a band or ring around the posterior wall and sidewalls of the nasopharyngeal isthumus. When the soft palate is elevated this musc...
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Ans. C: IHD with ventricular fibrillation Aoic stenosis can be a serious and potentially life threatening condition. Some of the possible complications include: Pulmonary oedema Cardiomegaly Congestive hea failure Hea arrhythmia. Some arrhythmias in the ventricles may be associated with cardiac death, such as 'ventricu...
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Anti RO and anti-la antibodies are specific for Sjögren’s syndrome.
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C5 REF: Robbin's 8th ed p. 59Terminal pathway which is common to all the activation pathways stas with C5 and hence it is the central component of the complement system
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Ames Test was developed by Bruce Ames. It measures the potential of chemical compounds to promote mutation in specialized bacterial strain. It is the most common test to determine potential of a carcinogen. It determines ability of chemical compounds to induce mutation in bacterium salmonella typhimurium. Normally salm...
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Hyperkalemia Repeat from May 2009
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Complete moles have a normal karyotype of 46XX in 90% of the cases, usually resulting from an empty ovum feilized by a single sperm with subsequent reduplication of its haploid set of chromosomes. In approximately 5%, the complete mole has a 46XY karyotype, which occurs when two sperms (one carrying an X chromosome and...
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Banked blood has a pH of 6.8 and is acidotic. After massive transfusion citrate in the stored blood is conveed into bicarbonate resulting in metabolic alkalosis. Ref: Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects By Christopher D. Hillye, Page 291 ; Yao and Ausio's Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriente...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Deveopmental dysplasia of hip o Used in CDH -# Bachelor's or frog leg / lorenz cast# Von-Rosen's splint# Pavlic HarnessTreatment Plan for DDHo Treatment plan is according to the age:-1) 1-6 months of age:- Pavilk harness and/or Von-rosen splint are used to maintain the reduction. If dislocation persis...
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Ref: KDT, 6th ed. pg. 511Anti-arrhythmic drugsClassActionsDrugsI- (Na+)(Na+ channel blockers) Ia: Na++K+ channel blocking propertyQuinidine, Procainamide, DisopyramideIb: Na+&K+ channel opening propertyTocainide, Lidocaine, Phenytoin, MexiletineIc: no effect on K+ channelFlecainide, Encainide, PropafenoneII-(b)Antiadre...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Phenylketonuria Microcephaly o Microcephaly is defined as a head circumference that measures more than three standard detion below the mean for age. Causes of microcephaly Primary (genetic) Secondry (Nongenetic) o Familial (autosomal recessive) o Radiation o Autosomal dominant o Alcohol o Down syndrom...
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Tissue plasminogen activators are used in acute MI (not the inhibitors) Thrombolytic agents like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase and reteplase are used to lyse the thrombus. Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin are staed to prevent the re-infarction. Thrombolytics reduces moality in the treatment of MI if the patient ar...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 50 mlVolume of blood in mature placenta500 ml Volume of blood in intervillous space 150 ml Blood flow in intervillous space500 - 600 ml/ minPressure in intervillous spaceDuring uterine contractionDuring uterine relaxation 30-50mmHg10-15mmHgPressure in the supplying uterine aery70-80 mmHgPressure in th...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Small blood vessels supplying walls of large blood vessels o Vasa vasorum : - A small network of blood vessels that supply large vessels, i.e. the vessels of the vessels. These are found in large arteries and veins, e.g. aorta and its branches. These vessels supply blood and nutrition for tunica adven...
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The presence of surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveolar lining layer and therefore the inward pull of the alveolar wall This in turn means that the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium around the capillaries is less negative when surfactant is present. As a result, this helps to prevent transudation ...
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Hemodynamic instability is the most pressing indication for operative treatment in a patient with splenic injury. In all other situations listed a trial of nonoperative management may be continued.
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Transport of long-chain fatty acid to mitochondria' inner layer
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(Sensory conduction) (24-Apley's 8th)Sensory nerve conduction - If a sensory nerve is stimulated distally, the sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) can be recorded at a proximal site, here again, by measuring the distance between stimulating and recording electrodes and the time lapse between stimulus and response, th...
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<p> Catch up. Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:148-149. <\p>
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"The basic pathology in lichen planus is the damage to the basal cell layer of epidermis leading to hydropic degeneration of basal cells".
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low potency antipsychotics like thioridazine and chlorpromazine are associated with lot of systemic side effects as mentioned in the below table. They have side effects like hypotension, sedation, giddiness, dryness of mouth and cardiac side effects. High potency has lot of neurological side effects. Ref.Kaplon and sad...
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All other options are suggestive of septate uterus.
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Ans: B (Done in healthy human volunteers) Ref: Goodman and Gilman's "Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics" 12th edExplanation:Phase II trial is done on Patients (Phase I done on healthy human volunteers)It is done for assessing the safety and efficacyIf Phase I trial indicates any serious adverse effects. Phase II can...
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This is case of cheese reaction due to MAO inhibitors (Tranclypromine) Monoamine oxidase inhibitor- These agents block the breakdown of tyramine in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the brain resulting in elevated blood pressure, occipital headache, and other serious symptoms following ingestion of tyramine-rich...
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine. It has a plethora of actions in the gastrointestinal system, but the most impoant appears to be the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, the contraction of the gallbladder (the action for which it was named), and relaxation of...
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Determining the type of precocious pubey Your child&;s doctor will also need to find out which type of precocious pubey your child has. To do so, he or she will perform a test called a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. In this test, the doctor will take a blood sample, and then give your child a s...
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The latest update in treatment of postpaum hemorrhage (PPH) as per WHO 2017 Global recommedations is the early use of intravenous tranexamic acid (a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation) is recommended in all cases of PPH. PPH is leading cause of maternal morbidity worldwide and in India. WHO 2012 recommenda...
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HIATUS HERNIA is the most common type of a diaphragmatic hernia classified into type 1 -commonest, small, reducible and is the cephalad displacement of the gastro oesophagal junction into the mediastinum. type 2 -superior migration of fundus of the stomach alongside the GE junction type 3 -combination of both sliding h...
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Scrupulous hygiene accompanied by biannual professional monitoring is mandatory to ensure continued abutment health.
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Injury to the ulnar nerve results in impaired adduction and abduction of the fingers. The nerve is commonly injured in elbow dislocations and fractures. The fibers arise from the eighth cervical and the first thoracic segments. The ulnar is a mixed nerve with sensory supply to the medial hand.
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Hexose monophosphate shunt is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses as well as ribose-5-phosphate the last one a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is...
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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a disorder characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). This condition gets its name from the muscles that are affected most often: those of the face (facio-), around the shoulder blades (scapulo-), and in the upper arms (humeral).no cardiac involvement is seen Ref H...
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In social phobia, among the antidepressants, SSRIs are currently drugs of choice, with paroxetine being the most widely used drug. Other SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and seraline are also equally effective. Fluoxetine has the advantage of a longer half-life. Other antidepressants such as imipramine (TCA) and phenelzine (M...
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Nasopharyngeal cancer can cause conductive deafness (eustachian tube blockage,) ipsilateral temporoparietal neuralgia (involvement of CN V) and palatal paralysis (CN X) collectively called Trotters triad.
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SLD and ADHD are well known to impair scholastic performance. Anxiety can lead to significant attention and concentration deficits and this can impair performance. Pica can indirectly be associated with the same as children with pica can have malnutrition, anemia and language problems. But among the given options pica ...
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Ans. c (Achalasia cardia). (Ref. Bailey & Love, Surgery, 25th/pg. 1036)ACHALASIA CARDIA# Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophageal smooth muscle in which the LES does not relax normally with swallowing, and the esophageal body undergoes nonperistaltic contractions. It is due to loss of the ganglion cells in the m...
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Ans: b) Diabetic nephropathyDiabetic nephropathy refers to conglomerate of lesions that occur concurrently in the diabetic kidney.Most common glomerular syndrome include:1) Non nephrotic proteinuria2) Nephrotic syndrome3) Chronic renal failureArteriolar lesion is hyalinizing arteriosclerosis; increased chance of pyelon...
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ANSWER: (B) Used in treatment of gynecomastiaREF: Harrison's 18th ed chapter 346, KDT 3d1 edition page 276Estrogen receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of gynecomastia not estrogenAdverse effects of Estrogen:Suppression of libido and gynecomastiaFusion of epiphysesEndometrial carcinomaIncreased incidence of b...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Post tibial aery Posterior tibial aery terminates behind the medial malleolus by dividing into medial and lateral plantar aeries.
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Anion gap is mainly caused by plasma albumin.
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As a single study unit, double blind RCT is the best: "The efficacy of new interventions are most readily accepted if the results are from randomized controled trial" Peer Review & Biomedical publication However, overall meta-analysis is a better study since it combines the data from multiple RCT and also from other ty...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., X-ray abdomen
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Emergency intubation may be done in burns patient. But succinylcholine is contraindicated in burns, as is can cause hyperkalemia.
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Ans. is "d' ie Acute Pancreatitis The signs and symptoms exhibited by the pt. correlate with that of acute pancreatitis, most characterstic of which is ---> Radiation of pain to back and pay in previous night (ie. h/o alcohol) Other imp. diagnostic clue (not given in question) is --> Relief from pain on sitting in upri...
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A i.e. Increased capacitance Velocity of conduction in a nerve is increased by myelination, increase in diameter and capacitance and decrease in resistanceQ.
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Severe crush injury results in rhabdomyolysis(breakdown of muscle tissue -myoglobin is released into blood, damaging the kidneys. ) Other causes of rhabdomyolysis Muscle ischemia Immobilisation Prolonged seizure activity Excessive exercise ,heat stroke or malignant hypehermia,myopathies,infections Metabolic disorders (...
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Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 36,37 The complex process of leukocytes across the blood vessel includes rolling adhesion and migration. Phagocytosis occurs outside the vessel wall, at the site of cell injury
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Normal blood loss during menstruation is 30-40ml Ref: Internet sources
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Infiltrating ductal carcinoma * Carcinoma of the male breast accounts for less than 0.5% of all cases of breast cancer. * The known predisposing causes include gynecomastia and excess endogenous or exogenous estrogen. * It tends to present as a lump and is most commonly an infiltrating ductal carcinom...
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Ans. is a i.e. Watery discharge PN Fallopian Tube Carcinoma accounts for 0.3% of all cancers of female genital tract. *Most common site is the ampulla of the tube Most common type is adenocarcinoma. The fallopian tube is frequently involved in secondary to carcinoma of ovary, endometrium, gastrointestinal tract, breast...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Carbon monoxide
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., PCT
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Sudden decompression of the diver after excess exposure to high pressure: Decompression sickness (synonyms: Bends, Compressed Air Sickness, Caisson Disease, Diver’s Paralysis, Dysbarism): Nitrogen bubbles can develop in the body fluids and can cause minor or serious damage in almost any area of the body (because nitro...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Estrogen o The most important stimulus for erythropoietin secretion is hypoxia. Other stimulus that can increase its secretion are cobalt salts, androgens, alkalosis due to high altitude, and catecholamines via b-adrenergic mechanism.o Pregnancy (due to placental lactogen), testosterone and prolactin ...
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• DFSP is a low-grade sarcoma because it may recur locally but rarely metastasizes. • Monomorphous, mononuclear, spindle cell lesion involving both dermis and subcutis. • MC site: Trunk (50%) >Extremities (30%) >Head and neck (20%) Pathology • Large lesions often are associated with satellite nodules; Positive for CD34...
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Wein modification of working length determination by radiograph:  1. Reduce length by 1 mm if NO root + bone resorption  2. Reduce length by 1.5 mm if bone resorption  3. Reduce length by 2 mm if both root and bone resorption
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Most common sinus effected in children-ethmoid most common sinus effected in adult-Maxillary Ref.Dhingra 6/e,p 193
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Answer- A. 3p deletionClear cell- cell origin (proximal tubule)- 3p deletions (3p-), VHL gene mutations, 5q gains
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Low prevalence Repeat form Nov 08 "In a population with a low prevalence of a paicular disease, it is likely that most of the positive results in a screening program for that disease would be falsely positive."- Epidemiology, biostatistics, and preventive medicine By James F. Jekel, David L. Katz, Joann G. Elmore 2/e p...
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The deficiency of C1 inhibitor is associated with hereditary angioneurotic edema. It is a condition characterised by episodic angioedema of the subcutaneous tissues or of the mucosa of the respiratory or alimentary tracts. Fatal if larynx or trachea affected. Attack is precipitated by local exhaustion of the reduced am...
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Lignocaine or prilocaine cannot anaesthetize intact skin.The eutectic mixture is the combination of equal propoions of lignocaine and prilocaine at 25deg C.This mixture has a lower melting point than any of the two ingredients. It helps to make the preparation oily that can be applied on the intact skin.The eutectic mi...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epidemic conjunctivitis
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pleomorphic
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Free iron is highly toxic and it is therefore impoant that storage iron be sequestered. This is achieved by binding of iron in the storage pool to either ferritin or hemosiderin.Ferritin is ubiquitous protein iron complex that is found at highest level in liver,spleen ,bonemarrow and skeletal muscles. In the liver ferr...
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Dentigerous (follicular) cysts are epithelial-lined, developmental, odontogenic cysts. Fifteen to eighteen percent of jaws cysts are dentigerous, surround the crowns, and attach at the cementoenamel junction of unerupted teeth. The lower third molars and the upper canines are the most commonly involved teeth. The cyst ...
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No change in Cardiac output occurs during sleep.
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(Efavirenz) (1172- CMDT- 08) (300 - 301- Dutta 6th)EFAVIRENZ - Advantage - once daily in single doseSide effects - Neurologic, lack of concentration, delusion and mania* Efavirenz should be avoided in women who wish to concieve or already pregnant due to teratogenicity* Vertical transmission to the neonates is about 14...
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characteristic intestinal pathogen in AIDS is cryptosporidium REF:ANANTHANARAYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.576
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Ref Walter and Israel 7/e p150 Chediak Higashi syndrome is an autosomal ressive Condition in which polymorphs exhibit defective random movements , defective chemotaxis and impairee degranulation on phagocytosis paicles
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1.5-2.5 kg
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Ans. C: Pars Interaicularis Normally the inferior aiculating fact of each lumbar veebral body lies posterior to the superior aiculating facet of the body below it. If the bony connection between the inferior and superior aiculating facets (pars interaicularis) is defective, the weight of the body may cause the upper ve...
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Sickle cell disease is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, characterized by the defective haemoglobins. It is caused by a point mutation at the sixth position of the beta globin chain leading to substitution of valine residue for a glutamic acid residue. In homozygous state -100 % chains defective i.e., no HbA In heterozyg...
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D i.e. Airway maintenance Management of Polytrauma Patients / Life threatening conditions* The assessment of severely injured patient consists of four overlapping phases:1) Rapid primary evaluation2) Restoration of vital functions3) Detailed secondary evaluation and4) Definitive care* The ABC,s of trauma care identifie...
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Pneumatic bones are those bones which contain an air filled cavity within them.  In humans, they are seen in relation to the the nasal cavity – they enclose the paranasal sinuses.  Pneumatic bones are – maxilla, frontal bone, sphenoid and ethmoid.
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Answer- B. < 34AgeHemoglobin (gm/dl)MCHC (%)Children 6 moths - 6 Years1134Children 6 Years - 14 Years1234Adult male 1334Adult female34 Pregnant woman1134
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Behavioral therapy is learning given by BF Skinner , according to him all behaviors are learned phenomenon and thus can be unlearned Positive reinforcement a type of reinforcement when a behavior is rewarded there is more chance that the behavior is repeated Negative reinforcement is that when a behavior is done and an...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Massive proteinuria Nephrotic syndrome o Nephrotic syndrome is a group of disease having different pathogenesis and characterized by ? Proteinuria (> 3.5 gm/day) 3. Edema 5. Lipiduria ---> Lipid casts Hypoalbuminemia 4. Hyperlipidemia 6. Hypercoagulability
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<p>RUBELLA VACCINE:- RA 27/3 vaccine Live attenuated Induces higher antibody titres and produces and Immune response more closely paralleling natural infection than the other vaccines. Administration-0.5 ml subcutaneously. Seroconversion occurs in more than 95% vaccines. Age group- 1-14 yrs. Infants under 1 yr should n...
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*State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense*Socialized Medicine: Provision of medical service and professional education by the state, but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by the government.*Social Medicine: study of social, economica...
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TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL pathology HARSHMOHAN 6TH EDITION PG NO 211 ABL & C MYC is activated by translocation (table 8.4)<\p>
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The rolling leukocytes are able to sense changes in the endothelium that initiate the next step in the reaction of leukocytes, which is firm adhesion to endothelial sur- faces. This adhesion is mediated by integrins expressed on leukocyte cell surfaces interacting with their ligands on endothelial cells (Fig. 2-5 and T...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Desmopressin Drugs which can be given by intranasal route are :- Desmopressin Liposomes Butorphanol Zanamivir Calcitonin
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Inhibitors Enzyme Inhibited Fluroacetate Aconitase Arsenite Alpha Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Malonate Succinate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase is a competitive inhibitor of malonate.
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