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Lewy bodies REF: Robbins 7th edition page 1351, 1391 "In Parkinson's disease, on microscopic examination, there is loss of pigmented catecholaminergic neurons in these regions associated with gliosis. Lewy bodies may be found in some of the remaining neurons. These are single or multiple, cytoplasmic, eosinophilic, rou... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
2000Hz / Carha's Notch: seen in otosclerosis (CHL)4000Hz Dip/boiler's notch :seen in noise induced hearing loss (SNHL)Both are seen in bone conduction. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
<p> Filariasis:- Causative agent- W.bancrofti, B.malayi and B.timori. Man is definitive host. Mosquito is the intermediate host. Infective stage- microfilaria. The maximum density of microfilaria in blood is repoed between 10 pm-2am. Treatment- DEC. Filarial control in community. {Reference: park&;s textbook of prevent... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Answer is 'a' i.e. Nitrates | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ref: Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, E-book, P 14* Capnophilic bacteria: Organisms which thrive on the high concentration of CO2 . They require 5-10% of CO2 . For example, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria.* Facultative anaerobe: These are capable of growing under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For example... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Cerebral metastases are by far the most common intracranial tumours and will affect approximately one in every four cancer sufferers. They tend to occur in the fifth to seventh decades. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Traditionally long acting insulins could not be mixed with sho acting insulins due to different pH. However insulin degludec preparation is now available as 70% insulin degludec and 30% insulin aspa and is injected once or twice per day. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. A Cochlear malformation is not a CI to its useRef. Current Otolaryngology 3rd/ed p 8S6; Dhingra 5th/ed p 739-740ExplanationAs discussed earlier Cochlear implants are useful in B/l severe to profound hearing loss and not in mild-moderate hearing loss :. Option C is incorrect (Dhingra Sth/ed p 139), 6th/ed p 125)Coc... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Belladonna poisoning:- Occurs due to drug overdose or consumption of seeds and berries of belladonna/datura plant. Children are highly susceptible. Manifestations:- are due to exaggerated pharmacological actions. Dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing and talking. Dry, flushed and hot skin (especially over face and neck),... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Replacement of glutamate by valine in b chain of HBA Sickle cell anemiao Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, i.e., the type of disease characterized by production of defective hemoglobin.o Sickle cell anemia results from mutation in b-globin gene.o It is caused by a point mutation at ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ivabradine: Bradycardiac drug. It selectively blocks If Na+ channels and reduce HR by inhibiting the hyperpolarization-activated Na+ channel in the SA node. It reduces angina attacks similar to CCBs and b blockers. Advantage of Ivabradine: Lack of effect on GI and bronchial smooth muscle. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus is said to be the link between external environment and body's biological clock/ circadian rhythm, - We see day & night, this image falls on retina |One set of fibers are sent to suprachiasmatic nucleus | superior cervical ganglionFibers are sent to pineal gland. |Pineal gland ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Consumption of amino acids stimulates both GH and glucagon secretion. Increased glucagon secretion tends to increase blood glucose concentration and thus opposes the effects of insulin to cause hypoglycaemia | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Dengue, YF and JE are caused by Mosquitoes while KFD is caused by Ticks. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 832 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ref. Oxford textbook of Psychiatry. Page. 28
Anterograde amnesia is also observed in patients with Korsakoff syndrome.
Korsakoff syndrome is seen mainly in alcoholics who have a thiamine deficiency and often follows an acute presentation of Wernicke encephalopathy.
Wernicke encephalopathy presents with ocular palsie... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Rupture of mesentery is the most common type of injury that occurs when seat belt is worn. It occurs due to deceleration force that causes tear in mesentery. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
RECIPROCAL OR PARADOXICAL UNDRESSING: This condition is seen in hypothermic deaths. Seen in accidental hypothermia, paicularly in old persons. Mechanism: The exact cause is not known. The victim becomes disoriented and confused , and may discard the the clothing he has been wearing, which in turn increases the rate of ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Cyproheptadine and ketanserin are 5HT2 receptor blockers used in the management of carcinoid and related states; cyproheptadine also has H1 receptor blocking effects. Sumatriptan is used in migraine (not for emesis) and exerts its effects on cerebral vasculature via activation of 5HT1D receptors. Ondansetron is the ant... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
First, let us see whether we would like to go for medical management or surgical intervention.
The patient is presenting with:
Severe menorrhagia
Chronic lower abdomen pain
These indications are strong enough for surgical intervention. Earlier size of fibroid >12 weeks was also an indication for surgery but nowadays i... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Adrenaline Treatment of anaphylactic shock* First adrenaline should be given im to raise the blood pressure and to dilate the bronchi.* If the treatment is delayed and shock has developed, adrenaline should be given i.v. by slow injection.* The adrenaline should be accompanied by H1 antihistaminic (Ch... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
In community-acquired acute bacterial sialadenitis, the most common causative pathogen is S. aureus, which can be eradicated using an antibiotic with Gram-positive coverage such as amoxicillin with clavulanate or clindamycin. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. a. Sulfur hexafluoride | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Doxorubicin, an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces species, has activity against sarcomas and carcinomas of the breast, liver, bladder, prostate, head and neck, esophagus, and lung. Its major side effect is production of a dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients receiving this agent should have echocardiography before and a... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Answer is option 1 - insulin. Presence of sugar & ketone bodies in urine and hyperglycemia suggests diabetic ketoacidosis. Treatment of choice for diabetic ketoacidosis is insulin Ref Harrison 17 /p2073 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
There are 4 isoenzymes for ALP enzyme 1. ALP-I - Intestinal 2. ALP-L- tissue non-specific present mainly in Liver, bone and kidneys 3. ALP-P- Placental Iso enzyme present also called as Regan isoenzyme increased during pregnancy. 4. GC type (Germ cell type) -Present in Germ cell Increased ALP levels are seen in 1. Live... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
"Primary combined trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy is safe, effective and sufficiently predictable to be considered the first choice of surgical treatment in primary congenital glaucoma ". — Pediatric glaucoma
Remember following facts about congenital glaucoma
Treatment of choice is comination of trabeculectomy with... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (b) Reabsorption of water in DCT(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.696)ADH facilitates water resorption by acting in DCT and collecting tubules | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
ACE inhibitors (e.g. enalapril 20 mg daily, ramipril 5-10 mg daily or lisinopril 10-40 mg daily). These inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and are usually well tolerated. They should be used with paicular care in patients with impaired renal function or renal aery stenosis because they can reduce... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The types of film used most often in the United States are Ultra-speed (group D) and INSIGHT (high end of the E speed range with manual processing and F with automatic processing conditions). INSIGHT film is preferred because it requires approximately half the exposure time and thus half the radiation dose of Ultra-spe... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The change in serum postassium affects the repolarisation pa of the action potential. Hyperkalaemia leads to a flattening of the angle of this pa of the action potential which can lead to a slower hea rate. beta 2-agonists, most commonly albuterol, are effective but underused agents for the acute management of hyperkal... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. Brain | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Distended with bile PM appearance in death due to starvation o Complete disappearance of body fat. Loss of mesenteric and omental fat, atrophic digestive tract, empty stomach no wider than colon, thin and transparent small intestine. Distension of gall bladder due to accumulation of bile from lack of ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans) a (ERG is normal) Ref: kanski 6th ed p 663-667Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of retinal dystrophies initially affect-ing rods and then cones. Presents with nyctalopia (night blindness) often during third decade Clinical triad:1. arteriolar attenuation2. retinal bone spicule pigmentation3. waxy pallorERG shows red... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Tumor markers of Germ cell tumors of the testis Beta HCG Alpha feto protein (AFP) LDH Beta HCG - concentration is increased in both seminoma & non-seminoma AFP - concentration is increased in only non-seminoma LDH - is increased in both, it is not as specific as either of AFP or Beta HCG. So both b hCG and AFP are mark... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
. CIDP | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The panoramic image is a useful tool for providing a broad overview of the TMJ and surrounding structures. It serves the purpose of allowing the clinician to rule out gross disease, and for some patients, it is the only imaging required before conservative therapy is initiated. Gross osseous changes in the condyles may... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Crowning is a cardinal movement of labor which occurs during second stage | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
carotid sinus baroreceptor is most sensitive to mean aerial pressure(MAP) Maximal baroreceptor sensitivity is seen near the normal MAP. Very Small changes in aerial pressure around this is normal MAP dramatically alters baroreceptor firing to ensure normal aerial pressure is maintained. Baroreceptors Stretch receptors ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'd' i.e., M4 In acute leukemias the clinical features are primarily seen because of : Replacement of normal cells of bone marrow by leukemic cells resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. Infiltration of leukemic cell in various extramedullary organs causing, hepalomegaly, splenomegaly. Gum hyperophy... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. Iris is completely absent | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. d (All of the above) (Ref. Essentials of stem cell biology By Robert Paul, p. 254)The 4 main epithelial cell lineages existing in the intestinal epithelium include the columnar cells, the mucin secreting cells, the neuroendocrine cells and the paneth cells.FOUR MAIN EPITHELIAL CELL LINEAGES EXIST IN INTESTINAL EPI... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (a) Glycine* Most abundant amino acid in bend/turn is proline > Glycine.* Since proline is NOT given in option, glycine is our next best choice. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. Topical steroid | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
B i.e. Endogenous allergy | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Glass is always radio-opaque irrespective of content of lead and other additives. So plain X-Ray is best to look for glass foreign body. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
External features of hea The hea has following borders and surfaces :- A) Borders i) Right border :- Formed by right atrium. ii) Left border (obtuse margin):- Formed mainly by left ventricle and paly by left auricle (in its upper most pa). iii) Inferior border (acute margin):- Formed mainly by right ventricle and paly ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ohngren's classification: Imaginary plane is drawn extending between medial canthus of eye and angle of mandible Supra structures, growth above the plane has poor prognosis Infrastructures, growth below the plane has good prognosis Lederman's classification: It uses two horizontal lines of sebileau: one passing through... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Patellar tendon bearing cast is indicated in fracture shaft of tibia (closed fracture). With good alignment it unites within 6 weeks in the case of children and 16 - 20 weeks in adults. Ref: Essential Ohopedics By J Maheswari, 2nd Edition, Page 133; Rockwood and Green's 'Fractures in Adult', 4th Edition, Page 163 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. Electroporation, B i.e. Intranuclear infection, C i.e. Site directed mutagenesis | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. A. Kyphoscoliosisa. Kyphoscoliosis may be developmental or congenitalb. In severe forms especially congenital thorasic insufficiency may be seen due to pulmonary hypoplasiac. In such a scenario the patient may require a pre emptive thoracoplasty to allow development of lungs and avoid hypoplasia. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above Imipenem* A derivative of thienamycin,imipenem is an extremely potent and broad spectrum b-lactam antibiotic whose range of activity includes gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae, Ps. aeruginosa, Listeria as well as anaerobes like Bact. fragilis and Cl.difficile.* It is resistant to m... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Spironolactone Drugs causing gynecomastiao Calcium channel antagonisto Isoniazideo Reserpineo Clomipheneo Ketoconazoleo Digitaliso Methyldopao Estrogenso Phenytoino Cimetidineo Ethionamideo Testosteroneo Griseofulvino Spironolactone | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Peracetic acid--oxidizing agent effective in presence of organic matter End product is acetic acid and oxygen Used in plasma sterilization procedure Ref: CP Baveja 4th ed Pg:36 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. The president | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
35 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. A: Retinitis pigmentosaGIT premalignant conditionsOf the four major primary small-bowel tumors (adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, carcinoid, and leiomyosarcomas), adenocarcinomas and lymphomas are associated with diseases that seem to increase the risk of developing these malignancies.Immunoproliferative small intestina... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans:A.)H. Ducrei CHANCROID (SOFT SORE) This venereal infection is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. One to 5 days post-infection, a soft sloughy ulcer appears on the penis or vulva. The treatment of choice is erythromycin (500 mg 6-hourly for 14 days). | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. Isotope scan | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm (C5 , C6 ) is a branch of radial nerve given off in the radial groove . It supplies the skin of the lower half of the lateral side of the arm. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no : 79 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
(Increases mean carpfuslar volume): Ref: 376-HM (436- Basic pathology 8th)Laboratorv Diagnosis of Hvpochromic AnaemiaTestIron deficiencyChronic disordersThalassaemiaSideroblastic anaemial.MCV, MCH, MCHC|Low normal to reduced|||| (except MCV raised in acquire type2. S. iron||N|3. TIBC||NN4. S. ferritin||N| (complete sat... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. a. Applies to BPL only 83. provide health insurance coverage for Below Povey Line (BPL) families. Beneficiaries need to pay only 30/- as registration fee while Central and State Government pays the premium to the insurer selected by the State Government on the basis of a competitive bidding. The key feature of RSB... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
• Patients with multiple myeloma also have a decreased anion gap because the M component is cationic, resulting in retention of chloride.
• This is often accompanied by hyponatremia that is felt to be artificial (Pseudohyponatremia) because each volume of serum has less water as a result of the increased protein. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (b) DuloxetineRef: Harrison 18/e, chapter 384 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., C6-T11 Organ/Structure Larynx | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Gardner syndrome, also known as Gardner's syndrome or familial colorectal polyposis,is an autosomal dominant form of polyposis characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the colon together with tumors outside the colon. Multiple epidermoid cysts are formed. Basic Pathology, Robbins. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. A. Dementia. (Ref: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, Xth/Ch.10.3, Page no, 336).Catastrophic reaction is feature of Dementia.Additional Educational points:Kaplan, pp 919-920...........The cognitive Rx of panic disorder focuses on the patient's tendency to make catastrophic interpretations about body sensat... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Azygos vein pass to the right and thoracic duct passes to the left of aoa through its opening in the diaphragm. Accessory hemiazygos vein and hemiazygos veins pass behind the aoa and thoracic duct to join the azygos vein opposite the seventh and eighth thoracic thoracic veebral bodies. Aoic opening in the diaphragm lie... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Stratified random "Stratified random sampling is paicularly useful where one is interested in analysing the data by a ceain characteristic of the population, viz Hindus, Muslims, Christians, age group etc, - as we know these groups are not equally distributed in the population." ............ Park | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'c' i.e., IgM-FTA ABS | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ref. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students. Page. 198
Excess dietary glucose can be converted to fatty acids in the liver and subsequently sent to the adipose tissue for storage.
Adipose tissue synthesizes smaller quantities of fatty acids.
Insulin promotes many steps in the conversion of glucose to acetyl Co... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'd' i.e., An absorbent | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
.DIVEICULAR DISEASE OF THE COLON * They are acquired herniations of colonic mucosa through circular muscles at the points where blood vessels penetrate (points of least resistance). * It is more commonly localised to sigmoid colon (90%) but occasionally seen in full length of the colon. Rectum is not affected. saint's ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The angioblasts are the mesenchymal cells that form blood vessels in embryonic development, as well as embryonic blood cells. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Abruptio placentae is classified in 4 grades - grade 0 to grade 3 according to case classification. Depending upon the degree of placental abruption and its clinical effects including bleeding per vaginum, uterine tenderness, condition of fetus, features of shock, associated coagulation defect and kidney function, case... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia and areflexia, mental retardation, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Glaucoma is present in about 50% of cases. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Air o HEPA (High-efficiency particulate air) filter is used to remove microorganisms from air.o HEPA filter traps airborne particles and microbes.o It can remove > 95% of all particles including microorganisms with a diameter >0-3 pm. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (d) Ileal resection has no effect on gall stone formationRef: Sabiston 20th edition Page 1492 Gall stones:* Cholesterol stones are common in Ileal resection and in cases of Crohn's disease due to decreased Entero hepatic circulation and decreased Bile salts. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The limbic system is the emotional center of the brain. The monoamines, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine and dopamine have been implicated in depression. Histamine is not convincingly linked to any psychiatric illness. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter mainly linked to ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. b. Weight for height < -2 SD (Ref: Ghai 8/e p96)Under nutrition is defined in terms of Height for Height, i. e. < -2 SD. Height for Height < -3 SD is severe under nutrition.Indicators of MalnutritionIndicatorParameterInterpretationStuntingLow height for ageChronic malnutritionQWastingLow weight for heightAcute mal... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
(D) Olfaction > The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons penetrate the cribriform plate and enter the olfactory bulb.> The 3 olfactory pathways that lead to the CNS are The pathway to the medial olfactory area anterior to the hypothalamus. The pathway to the lateral olfactory area of the pyriform cortex, which is th... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. B i.e. Pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx, pelvic abscess | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ref-KDT 6/e p22 Plasma protein binding causes restriction of drugs in the vascular compament and thus lower volume of distribution. Longer duration of action - as the protein-bound fraction is not available for metabolism ofexcretion. Plasma protein bound drugs tend to have more drug internactions due to displacement o... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
CMV Esophagitis: - * Seen in Graft versus host disease following BM transplantation. * Endosocopy shows characteristic - Geographical or Serpentine border. Ref:- Bailey and Love 27th Edition; Pg num:- 1104 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
A i.e. FSH | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
The phrenic nerves contain motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers. The phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves Both phrenic nerves run from C3, C4, and C5 along the anterior scalene muscle deep to the carotid sheath. The acc... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
(B) Size<60%# Renal biopsy is used to establish the nature and extent of renal disease in order to judge the prognosis and need for treatment.# Indications:> Acute renal failure that is not adequately explained> CRF with normal-sized kidneys> Nephrotic Syndrome or glomerular proteinuria in adults.> Nephrotic Syndrome i... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
D i.e. Halothane | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Phenylketonuria | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
At least 100ml of fluid is required to detect by USG.
A minimum of 300ml is required to produce bluttening of costophrenic angle on erect chest X-ray.
About 500ml of effusion is required for detection on clinical examination. | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
This type of obstruction tends to occur in the elderly secondary to erosion of a large gallstone through the gall bladder into the duodenum. Classically, there is impaction about 60 cm proximal to the ileocaecal valve. The patient may have recurrent attacks as the obstruction is frequently incomplete or relapsing as a ... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. a. Gastric ulcer with bleeding (Ref: Harrison 19/e p1918, 18/e p2444)In the given question, the 60-year old patient is presenting with black stool (melena) due to G.I. blood loss, history of aspirin use. So the diagnosis is most probably NSAID induced peptic ulcer disease."GI bleeding is the most common complicati... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Isospora | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Salmon rash is not a feature of dermatomyositis. Classic Cutaneous Manifestations of Dermatomyositis are: Gottron papules: These are papules with a violaceous hue which are typically found over the dorsal-lateral aspect of interphalangeal and/or metacarpophalangeal joints. Heliotrope rash: Is a periorbital confluent ma... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Ans. (c) Escherichia coliRef Bailey and Love 27th Edition, Page 1474Most common organisms causing Acute Prostatitis:* E. coli (Most common in 80%)* Staph, aureus* Staph. Albus* Streptococcus faecalis* Neisseria Gonorrhea* ChlamydiaInfection spread via hematogenous source or via acute urinary infectionClinical features:... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
As a result of the blunt trauma to the eye the antero-posterior diameter of the eye decreases and there is simultaneous expansion at the equatorial plane associated with a short lived increase in intraocular pressure.
This increase in IOP may cause globe rupture or other complications.
This pt has cirumcorneal congesti... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
METHOD Sterlization control Hot air oven Autoclave Filtration Ionizing radiation (cold sterilization) Ethylene oxide Plasma sterilization Clostridium tetani non toxigenic strain, B.subtilis sub sp. niger B.Stearothermophillus Brivundimonas dimunata B. Pumilus B.Globigi B.Stearothermophillus | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
structures outside the sinus: 1. Superiorly: optic tract, optic chiasma, olfactory tract, internal carotid aery and anterior perforated substance. 2.inferiorly: foramen lacerum and the junction of the body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone 3.medically: hypophysis cerebri and sphenoidal air sinus 4.laterally: tempor... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a specific antibody in huge numbers. To achieve this, qualities, of two types of cells have to be combined together i.e.Cells which can produce large amount of pure antibody, and Cells which have the ability to grow continually. These two types of cells are then... | openlifescienceai/medmcqa |
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