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The dermis is highly vascular and glandular and contains many nerve endings and hair follicles. Dermis has two layers: (i ) Upper layer called the stratum papillarosum (papillary layer), which is in contact with the epidermis. Numerous projections (papillae) extend from this layer into the epidermis. Papillae form the ...
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Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with primary posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy is the procedure of choice (via limbal or pars plana approach). This is done by phacoemulsification. The needling operation (which was performed in the past) is now obsolete.
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Amnioinfusion is the technique to increase the intrauterine fluid volume with normal saline (500 ml). Indications are: Williams Obs. 22/e, p 462, 23/e, p 433 Treatment of variable or prolonged deceleration (i.e., fetal distress). Prophylaxis for cases of known oligohydramnios as with prolonged rupture of membrane. In...
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(Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6th edition, pg no: 24) Otosclerosis (Otospongiosis) Disease of bony labyrinth where the normal dense enchondral bone is replaced by foci of irregularly laid spongy bone. 50% patients have positive family history, inherited as autosomal dominant White races are affect...
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Ref Robbins 9)e p46 IL 1and 2 stimulate proliferation of more T cells. Interferon gamma activated macrophages. TNF alpha promoters fibroblasts proliferation and activates endothelium to secreted PGs which have a role in vascular response in inflammation. TGF Beta and PDGF elaborated by the macrophages stimulate fibrobl...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., H chain . The H chain has molecular weight of 50, 000. . The L chain has molecular weight of 25, 000.
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Colchicine : used for the treatment of acute gouty attack. Binds to tubulin, a microtubular protein, causing it's depolymerization. This disrupts cellular function such as inability of granulocyte, thus deceasing their migration into affected area. Fuhermore, colchicine block cell division by binding to mitotic spindle...
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Who has developed a survey methodology known as"the STEPS Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors Survey" The methodology prescribes three steps - Questionnaire, physical measurements and biochemical measurements.Park 23e pg: 364
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Palms and soles Pompholyx (vesicular endogenous eczema/ dyshidrotic eczema)* It is a form of hands and feet eczema characterised by vesicles or bullae (blisters). It is sometimes subclassified as cheiropompholyx (hands) and pedopompholyx (feet).Predisposing factors* Females sex, palmoplantar hyperhidr...
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All these features are seen in Osteogenesis Imperfecta. It is also known as Brittle bone disease.
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Tinea unguium starts either from distal edge of nail plate or from base of nail. It slowly involves the entire nail plate.
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Ref: Clinical ophthalmology 5th/e p.670 *Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign, intraconal tumor in adults. *Hemangiopericytoma is also retrobulbar intraconal lesion found in adults but is a rare tumor. Moreover owing to its tendency to invade the adjacent tissues, its margins are less distinct than cavernous ...
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Karyotype Obtained by arranging each pair of autosomes according to length, followed by sex chromosomes. Staining methods have been developed that allow identification of individual chromosomes on the basis of distinctive and reliable pattern of alternating light and dark bands. One most commonly used involves a Giemsa...
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MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis an stroke) is a mitochondrial disease
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Benign ulcer - Hampton's ulcer. Malignant ulcer - Carman's Meniscus sign.
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Spigelian hernia occurs through the linear semilunaris which corresponds to the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis.
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Ans. is d i.e. Sho stature
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Ans. Retinal laser photocoagulation
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In USA it was transmitted predominantly among male homisexuals.The danger if infection is more for the passive paner because mucosal tears are bery frequent during anal intercourse and virus ladem lymphocytes in the semen can directly ente through these. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDI...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ramelteon o Ramelteon is the most recently FDA approved hypnotic.o It is a novel agent (novel hypnotic) with high selectivity for the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2.o The CYP1A2 isoform of cytochrome P450 is mainly responsible for the metabolism of ramelteon and should not be used with fluvoxamine (a...
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Answer- A. Developmental dysplasia of hip
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- Heat sensitive vaccines: OPV - most heat sensitive. Hence stored in freezer Reconstituted BCG Measles vaccine ***Note: For heat sensitivity: Reconstituted BCG > OPV > BCG -Light sensitive vaccines: Measles vaccine BCG Rota JE vaccine -Freeze sensitive vaccines: Hep B Pentavalent TT DPT vaccine
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Ans. Pain
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Urokinase is a plasminogen activator. Helps in fibrinolysis. Alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase made from genetic recombination are more commonly used now. Ref : Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 107-112
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This young man had a very typical case of relapsing fever, an illness that is transmitted by lice or ticks. Ticks are responsible for endemic disease. The symptoms are nonspecific. Wright stain of this patient's peripheral blood smear, revealed a spiral-shaped organism among (but not within) the circulating blood cells...
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(Ref: KDT 6/e p635) Mg (OH)2 has a quick onset whereas Al (OH)3 acts for a long time. Magnesium salts cause osmotic diarrhea whereas aluminium salts cause constipation. Combination of these two agents minimizes the impact on bowel movements.
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In epilepsy caused by brain tumor, agent of choice is those drugs that do not induce hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Drugs such as : Levetiracetam Topiramate Lamotrigine Valproic acid Lacosamide.
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BD CHAURASIA S HUMAN ANATOMY SIXTH edition Vol 1 Arm is not supplied by cranial nerves It is mainly supplied by ulnar and median nerve So an injury to root of C 7 is most unlikely to cause loss of sensation of arm
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Biological agents TNFa inhibitors:- Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab. Omalizumab is an anti IgE antibody used in bronchial asthma Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-878
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The VDRL test fur syphilis is an example of slide flocculation. When a drop each of the antigen and the antiserum are placed on a slide and mixed by shaking, floccules appear. Reference:Anathanarayan & paniker's 9th edition, pg no: 106 <\p>
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Glomerular Disease Histologic alterations: Various types of glomerulonephritis are characterized by one or more of four basic tissue reactions. Q Hypercellularity. Some inflammatory disease of the glomerulus are characterized by an increase in the number of cells in th glomerular tufts. This hypercellularity is charact...
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Answer- A. KeratoconusThe KISA index is used in cases ofkeratoconus and is derived using 4 indices:Central keratometry KInferior- Superior keratometry (I-S)Astigmatism Index (AST)
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Giant cell tumor Characteristic radiological features of few bone tumors Celery-stick appearance Enchondromas Coat-hanger appearance Osteochondroma Codman tumor and chicken-wire calcification Chondroblastoma Double density sign on radionuclide scan Osteoid osteoma Nidus and sclerotic rim Osteoid osteo...
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The greater trochanter provides attachment for the smaller gluteal muscles. Gluteus minimus is attached to its rough anterior impression and gluteus medius to its lateral oblique strip. The bone is separated from the tendon of gluteus medius by a bursa. The area behind is covered by deep fibres of gluteus maximus, with...
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2-3 months -fusion of posterior fontanelle. 18-24 months - fusion of anterior fontanelle.
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In chromatography, mass transfer refers to the movement of a solute through the mobile or stationary phases, i.e. net mass transfer of the solute from one phase to the other. Transfer of solute through a specific phase is by diffusion and is concentration driven according to Fick's law.
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Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine. This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. %A = %T and %G =...
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Ref: Nelson 20th edition, P 1333Because other illnesses may closely resemble Acute rheumatic fever, antecedent group A Streptococcal Infection is needed whenever possible. The tests are* Increasing or rising Anti-Streptolysin O titer or other streptococcal antibodies indicates recent streptococcal infection* A Positive...
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The figure shows appearance of metastatic lesions from a malignant neoplasm with multiple tumor masses The liver is the most common site of metastases for tumor sites that drain initially the poal circulation. Metastatic liver disease is found in 10% to 25% of patients having surgery for primary colorectal cancer Surgi...
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Anticipation refers to the phenomenon in which clinical features of a genetic disease worsen with each successive generation. Eg : Fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease (CAG repeats).
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Rolandic epilepsy otherwise called as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.It typically stas during childhood and is outgrown in adolescence.The child typically wakes up at night due to focal seizures causing throat tingling and tonic/clonic contractions of one side of the face with preserved consciousn...
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Salbutamol (Albuterol) -A highly selective b2 agonist. Can be given 2-4 mg oral, 0.25-0.5 mg i.m./s.c., 100-200 mg by inhalation. Terbutaline is similar to salbutamol in propeies and use. Can be given 5 mg oral, 0.25 mg s.c., 250 mg by inhalation. ORCIPRENALINE (Metaproterenol) -It is less selective than salbutamol. It...
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The patient's elevated aPTT, normal PT, and abnormal bleeding time are consistent with her von Willebrand disease (vWD). von Willebrand factor (vWF) is an impoant stimulus for platelet aggregation at the site of tissue injury and a major carrier protein for circulating factor VIII. There are three major groups of vWD. ...
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.GLASGOW COMA SCALE EYE OPENING VERBAL RESPONSES MOTOR RESPONSES spontaneous -4 oriented -5 obeys commands -6 to speech -3 confused -4 localises pain -5 to pain -2 inappropriate words -3 flexion to pain -4 none -1 incomprehensive words -2 abnormal flexion -3 none -1 extension to pain -2 none -1 TOTAL SCORE :15 MILD HEA...
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She has possibly developed septal hematoma. A septal hematoma has to be drained as early as possible (Generally within 72 hrs) or else it can lead to necrosis of septal cailage and loss of suppo of dorsum leading to sadding of nose. It can also get infected and lead to formation of septal abscess.
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Proper planning if sprue location and reservior are essential to prevent porosity in cast alloys.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Donor tissue During graft rejection antibodies are formed against donor tissue.
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Ans. Seminoma
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ANSWER: (B) AtracuriumREF: Lee synopsis of anesthesia 12th ep. 215Repeat from December 2010, June 2011Muscle relaxantRoute of eliminationPancuronium, Vecuronium ,, RapacuroniumLiverVecuronium, RocuroniumBiliarySch, MivacuriumPseudocholinesteraseGallamine, MetocurineRenalAtracurium t ds-atracuriumHoffman's elimination
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Polyps are much more common in the large intestine than in the small intestine and more common in the rectosigmoid colon than the proximal colon.
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N20 is stored in blue steel cylinders as a colorless liquid under 745 psi pressure and is in equilibrium with the gas phase (approximately 50 atmospheres at room temperature). The tank maintains that pressure until it is empty.
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The presence of placenta prae and previous 2 lscs greatly increase the risk of the adherent placenta. The other risk factors for adherent placenta areHistory of uterine surgery like myomectomyD&CEndometrial ablationHistory of pelvic irradiationAge more than 35InfeilityHysteroscopic removal of adhesions
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If the thyroid gland is absent from the neck, it may be in the lingual position at the foramen cecum. Excision of this lesion from the tongue will require thyroid hormone replacement.
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Ans. D: Hydrocele Procedures for acquired hydroceles: Lord's operation is suitable when the sac is reasonably thin walled Eversion of the sac with placement of the testis in a pouch prepared by dissection in the fascial planes of the scrotum is an alternative (Jaboulay's procedure)
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Probable diagnosis is Henoch-Schonlein purpura . Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a small-vessel vasculitis caused by immune complex deposition following an infectious trigger. It is predominantly a disease of children and young adults. The usual presentation is with purpura over the buttocks and lower legs, accompanied by ...
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Type I collagen is the predominant type of collagen present in the dermis accounting for approximately 80% of the collagen in dermis. It is highly vascular, largely acellular and primarily consists of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Type II collagen- CailageType III collagen- reticular fibers, Granulatio...
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the WHO programme on immunisation and the national immunisation programme in india recommend a primary course of 3 doses of OPV at one month intervals,commencing the first dose when infant is 6 weeks old.it is recommended that a dose of OPV (zero dose)is required to be given to all children delivered in health institut...
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coarctation of Aorta may occur as a solitary defect it is accompanied by - Bicuspid aortic valve in 50% cases and may be associated with :- Congenital Aortic stenosis, ASD, VSD, mitral regurgitation and Berry aneurysm of the circle of willis.
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A i.e. Intra-thecal hyperbaric phenol, B i.e. Antrolateral cordotomy, C i.e. Epidural fentanyl Management of chronic pain includes patient controlled analgesia (PCA), epidural or intrathecal opioid (fentanyl) & local anesthetic, neurolytic blocks by hypobaric alcohol or hyperbaric phenol, anterolateral cordotomy and va...
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A Posthumous chidis a child born after death of father, the mother having conceived by the said father. A Posthumous child is a live born legitimate child with the right to inheritence of propey. Section 20 of Hindus Succession Act 1956 provides for the rights of child in womb. It states " child who was in the womb at ...
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Granisetron is 5-HT3 antagonist and is 10 times more potent than ondansetron, and probably more effective during the repeat cycle of chemotherapy. The weak 5-HT4 blockade seen with ondansetron  has not been detected in granisetron. lts plasma t½ is longer (8-12 hrs) and it needs to be given only twice on the day of che...
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U/L INO - Diabetes mellitus. B/L INO - Multiple sclerosis.
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Ans. A: G-6-PD deficiencyHeinz bodies are inclusions within red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin.Heinz bodies are formed by damage to the hemoglobin component molecules, usually through oxidations, or the change of an internal amino acid residue(from an inherited mutation), which causes the damaged molecule...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., M3 AML Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) AML is a cancer of myeloid line of WBCs, characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal cells which accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults. The diagnosis...
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Any acute, severe illness can cause abnormalities of circulating TSH or thyroid hormone levels in the absence of underlying thyroid disease, making these measurements potentially misleading. The major cause of these hormonal changes is the release of cytokines such as IL-6. This is called Sick Euthyroid Syndrome (Nonth...
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Atrophic scirrhous has got best prognosis. Medullary carcinoma has got better prognosis than scirrhous carcinoma because of lymphocytic infiltration. Invasive carcinoma has got worser prognosis. Inflammatory carcinoma breast has worst prognosis. ER +ve tumours has got better prognosis. Presence of elastic fi bres in hi...
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Some guides have also given option c as the answer, which is incorrect. Some confusion exists between Fleisher rings and kisser- Fleischer (KF) ring. Kayser- Fleischer(KF) rings are caused by copper deposits and are indicative of Wilson's disease, whereas Fleischer rings are caused by iron deposits and are indicative o...
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Ref-KDT 6/e p113 Atropa belladonna contents anti cholinergic principles like atropine and hyoscine . Atropine is contra-indicated in children due to the risk of hypehermia
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Sphingomyelin is made up of sphingosine alcohol, one fatty acid, one phosphate, and one choline. So, sphingosine alcohol, one fatty acid, one phosphate, and one choline are products of complete hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. This fatty acid can be palmitic acid. So palmitic acid can be a product of complete hydrolysis. B...
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The objectives for the extension of the proximal margins are to: Include all caries lesion, defects or existing restorative material. Create approximately 90o cavosurface margins (i.e., butt-joint margins).  Establish (ideally) not more than 0.5 mm clearance with the adjacent proximal surface facially, lingually, and ...
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Ans. is 'A Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma>ABC>angioenfothelioma of bone>GCT Other bone tumors which can be pulsatile Angiosarcoma/ angioendothelioma of bone Aneurysmal bone cyst Metastasis from Renal cell carcinoma and Thyroid GYNAE & OBSTETRICS
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Total thyroidectomy Treatment of thyroid malignancies is as follows :- (Note- This is a very important and often repeated topic in PG exams, so if time permits one must turn the pages of Schwartz Sx or any other standard hook for detailed study).Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PCT)o High-risk tumors or b...
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Ans. C: Phycomycetes Phycomycetes are lower fungi which have non-septate hyphae and form endogenous asexual spores (sporangiospores) contained within sporangia Systematic classification of fungi, based on their sexual spore formation, recognizes 4 classes: Phycomycetes: Non-septate hyphae, produces sporangiospores (ase...
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Reference:Robbins basic pathology 9th edition pg no:137 : Cytotoxic T cell in the grafted tissue cause parenchymal and endothelial cell death.cytokine secreting CD 4+ tell trigger inflammatory reaction
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The chest x-ray film is often, but not always, abnormal in patients with significant ASD. Cardiomegaly may be present from right hea dilation and occasionally from left hea dilation if significant mitral regurgitation is present in the patient with an ostium primum ASD. Right hea dilation is better appreciated in later...
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Tay Sach's disease is not a causative factor . Cornea veicillata *Corneal veicillata, orvoex keratopathy,has as a whorl-like pattern of golden brown or gray deposits in the cornea *It is unusual for these deposits to result in reduction of visual acuity or ocular symptoms * The deposits typically resolve with discontin...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dapsone Drugs causing hemolytic Anaemia in C-6-PD Aminosalicylic acid Antimalarials - Primaquine, Quinine Analgesics - Aspirin, Acetanilid Chloramphenicol Cotrimoxazole Dapsone deficiency Nalidixic acid o Nitrofurantoin Phenacetin Probenecid Procainamide Quinidine Sulfonamides (Sulfamethoxazole) Vitam...
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The most common cause of late postpaum hemorrhage is subinvolution of the uterus, in which the placental implantation site does not decrease in size as expected; thus, when the eschar overlying the placental site falls off (7- 10 days after delivery), there is more bleeding than expected. The treatment is uterotonic ag...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1000-1500 ml Daily secretion of intestinal juicesDaily volume (ml)pHSaliva10006.0-7.0Gastric secretion15001.0-3.5Pancreatic secretion10008.0-8.3Bile10007.8Small intestine secretion18007.5-8.0Brunner's gland secretion2008.0-8.9Large intestinal secretion2007.5-8.0Total6700
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Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign proliferative condition affecting synol membranes of joints, bursae or tendons resulting from synol proliferation with villous and nodular projections and haemosiderin deposition. PVNS is most commonly mono aicular mainly involving Knee joint
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Labetalol and alpha-methyldopa are safe in pregnancy.Labetol is rapid acting and used in hypeensive emergencies.MgSO4 prophylaxis is used in imminent eclampsia and eclampsia.Ref: KDT 7th ed P 573
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HPV 16&18 related to cervical cancer REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.553
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute leukemia o The presentation of this child is typical of Down syndrome. o Children with trisomy 21 have a 10 fold to 20 fold increased risk of developing acute leukemia. Both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemias occur, The latter most commonly is acute megakaryoblastic leukemi...
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The ventral respiratory group contributes to the extra respiratory drive (overdrive mechanism) During quiet breathing: Expiration is a passive process and the neurons from the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during quiet respiration. Unlike the dorsal respiratory group (DRG; dorsal group of neu...
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The internal aspect may appear unilocular or multilocular with numerous scattered, radiopaque foci of varying size and density. Some radiopaque elements may have a crescent shape or a doughnut shape with a radiolucent center. The most characteristic and diagnostic finding is the appearance of radiopacities close to the...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Pyruvate kinase o Amongst the given options, two enzymes induce substrate level phosphorylation :Pyruvate kinase - in glycolysisSuccinate thiokinase - in TCA cycleo Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate by the enzyme succinate thiokinase (succinyl-CoA synthetase). This is the only example in the citr...
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Ans. (a) ArsenicRef: The Essentials ofFSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed. / 501-502Arsenic Poisoning Features* It is the most commonly used homicidal poison.* Presents with Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and necrosis of intestinal mucosa.* It mimics Cholera NOT tetanus (Strychinine mimics tetanus).* Diarrhea accompanied b...
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Herpes:Risk of fetal infection is high in primary genital HSV,at term due to high virus shedding compared to recurrent infection.CS delivery is indicated in an active primary genital HSV infection where the membranes are intact or recently ruptured VZV:VZIG should be given to exposed non immune patients as it reduces t...
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All intrinsic muscles of larynx are paired except transverse arytenoid/interarytenoid. As far as cailages of larynx are concerned 3 are paired and 3 are unpaired.
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Biguanides
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Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease; 8th edition, Chapter I, Pg: 3Explanation:Caspases play a vital role in all the four options. But, most approximate answer would be apoptosis.Caspases, or cysteine-aspartic proteases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases are a family of cysteine proteases that play ...
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Interviewer bias can be kept under a useful check by making note of the time length taken to interview the average case and also the average control. This type of information bias usually occurs when the interviewer elicits inaccurate information from study subjects either consciously or unconsciously. Ref: Park's Text...
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma Most common location -Parotid & submandibular glands are M/E - Small cells having dark, compact nuclei & scant cytoplasm. Pattern : Tubular, solid, or cribriform patterns reminiscent of cylindromas arising in adnexa of skin Slow growing, adenoid cystic carcinomas are unpredictable tumors with t...
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Fructose-6-phosphate is fuher phosphorylated to fructose1,6 bisphosphate. The enzyme is phosphofructokinase. is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. It is an allosterically regulated enzyme catalyzes the second phosphorylation step of glycolysis using a second molecule of ATP is an impoant key enzyme of this pathway...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above o All the given drugs are SSRI antidepressants.AntidepressantsA) Typicala) Tricyclic antidepressantsi) NA + 5HT reuptake inhibitors:- Imipramine, Trimipramine, Amitriptyline, Clomipramine.ii) Predominantly NA reuptake inhibitors:- Desipramine, Nortriptyline, Amoxapine, Reboxetine.b) S...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Clostridium septicum Citron bodies and boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic bacilli with irregular staining suggest CL septicum". Clostridium Clostridial species are : Gram positive Anaerobic (obligate anaerobe) Spore forming Bacilli Motile by peritrichate flagella except C perfringens and C. tetani type I...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Multiple myeloma Clinical uses of thalidomideo AIDS related aphthous ulcerso AIDS related wasting syndromeo Multiple myeloma and other solid tumourso Prevention of graft versus host disease after transplantationo Rheumatoid arthritiso Ankylosing spondylitiso Crohn's disease and Bechet's syndromeo Eryt...
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Confounding factor is defined as one which is associated both with exposure and disease and is distributed unequally in study and control groups. More specifically a confounding factor is one that although associated with exposure under investigation is itself independently of any such association, such as a risk facto...
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Pulmonary plethysmography is commonly used to measure FRC and TLC The difference between full and empty lungs can be used to assess diseases and airway passage restrictions. An Obstructive disease will show increased FRC because some airways do not empty normally, while a Restrictive disease will show decreased FRC. Bo...
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(Refer: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 24thedition, pg no: 570-572, 577)
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