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This is a case of duct papilloma. Treatment is microdochectomy.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Adrenaline and histamine Physiological antagonists o Physiological antagonists are those that produce opposite action by acting on different receptors. Example 1.Histamine causes bronchoconstriction H1 receptors and this action is antagonized by adrenaline which causes bronchodilodation through 132 re...
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Answer is B (Creatinine clearance may overestimate the actual GFR as renal function declines) Creatinine clearance may overestimate the GFR as renal function declines, since secretion of creatinine from tubular cells is increased as renal function declines (when GFR decreases). Creatinine is an endogenous metabolite th...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Billroth
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This test looks for ceain antibodies in your blood that may mean you have celiac disease, an autoimmune disease. If you have celiac disease, your immune system responds abnormally to a protein called gluten. ... Your body makes antibodies to the gluten called endomysial antibodies (EMA). Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 806
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Dicyclomine is an antispasmodic anticholinergic drug used in various spasms also in dysmenorrheal .meftal spas contains dicyclomine along with mefenamic acid Ref: KDT 6th ed pg 104
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After reaching small bowel vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin, which consists of A and B subunit. The B subunit binds to GM1 ganglioside, making possible the delivery of the A subunit to its cytosolic target. The ultimate result is the prolonged activation of C-AMP resulting in intracellular accumulation of high le...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 2 "Dengue type-2 strain is being considered to be more virulent strain".
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In burns, the Parkland formula is used to calculate initial fluid management. Fluid requirement =4xweight(kg)x% second and third degree BSA. Half this volume is given over the first 8 hours from time of the burn and the other half over the next 16 hours. After the initial 24-hour period, clinical parameters are used to...
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Propotol is used as induction agent, it cause decrease in blood pressure heart rate and vascular resistance. Nausea and vomiting is very rare (1 -2%), and less than with most other used agents.
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Ans. (c) AmbroxolRef. KDT 6th ed. / 214* Ambroxol is a metabolite of bromhexine having mucolytic action.* Antitussives are drugs that act in the CNS to raise the threshold of cough centre.* Since antitussives aim to control rather than eliminate cough they are used only for dry unproductive cough or if cough is unduly ...
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Refer kDT 6/e p484 The CAPTOPRIL mnemonic can be used to remember the side effects of ACE inhibitors: cough, angioedema, potassium changes, taste change, hyp-O-tension, pregnancy changes, rash, increased renin, and lower angiotensin II. Another side effect is hyperkalemia.
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Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is an excess of antigen, leading to small immune complexes being formed that fix complement and are not cleared from the circulation. Platelet aggregation, especially in microvasculature, can cause localized clot formation, leading to blotchy hemorrhages. This typifies the re...
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Intravesical chemotherapeutic agents are Mitomycin C BCG ( best) Thiopeta Epirubicin
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Ans: b (Posterior) Ref: Maheswari, 4th ed, p. IIIThere are 3 main types of dislocations of hip of which posterior dislocation is the commonest.Posterior dislocation of hip complications are:1. Injury to sciatic nerve (All India repeat)2. Avascular necrosis- femoral head3. Osteoarthritis4. Myositis ossificansTypes of hi...
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"Waste types not to be incinerated are: (a) pressurized gas container; (b) large amount of reactive chemical wastes; (c) silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes; (d) Halogenated plastics such as PVC; (e) waste with high mercury or cadmium content, such as broken thermometers, used batteries, and lead-lined...
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Pharyngeal bursitis (THORNWALDT'S DISEASE)- Infection of the pharyngeal bursa which is a median recess representing attachment of notochord to endoderm of the primitive pharynx. Pharyngeal bursa located in the midline of posterior wall of the nasopharynx in the adenoid mass. CLINICAL FEATURE- 1. Persistent postnasal di...
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Carcinoma of middle ear occurs in cases of long-standing ear discharge - the chronic irritation is probably its causative factor.Glomus tumour presenting as a polyp bleeds profusely on touch but the bleeding polyp or granulation tissue which is also friable is typical of carcinoma.Nocturnal pain is again a feature of c...
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Delirium is characterized by acute onset and fluctuating course,  where as dementia patients with chronic and downhill course.
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Ans. B: Every pregnant women is provided cash assistance In High performing states, eligibility of cash assistance is for pregnant women below povey line, aged 19 years and above and SC and ST women only. In Low performing states, every women delivering in government health center or accredited private institutions are...
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There are two abdominal wall defects due to failure of development of abdominal musculature:- Ref:- Sabiston 20th edition; Pg num:- 1071
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Ans. a. First 48 hoursTransient ischemic attack (TIA) is sudden, transitory loss of neurologic function that comes on without headache and resolves spontaneously within 24 hours (but usually lasts less than 1 hour), leaving no neurologic sequelae.The specific symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected, which is ...
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The principles of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). A sample of either (A) purified T cells (T- SPOT TB test) or (B) whole blood (QuantiFERON–TB Gold test) is incubated in the presence of antigens specific to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by the cells is measured by enzy...
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Ans: d (All of these)Ashermans syndrome produce:InfertilitySecondary amenorrhoeaRecurrent abortionAsherman syndrome is an important uterine cause of secondary amenorrhoea.When there is absence of menstruation for 6 months or more following normal menstruation, it is called secondary amenorrhoea.Causes of Asherman syndr...
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Around 90% of a dose of sulfasalazine reaches the colon, where most of it is metabolized by bacteria into sulfapyridine and mesalazine (also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid or 5-ASA).5 ASA is the active moiety produced in the colon in U.Colitis.In rheumatoid ahritis the active moiety is sulphapyridine.Ref: Katzung 13th ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Prostate Order of putrefaction Order of appearance of putrefaction from earliest to last is :larynx, trachea > stomach, intestine > spleen, liver> brain, lungs > hea > kidney, bladder > uterus/prostate > bone. Amongst the soft tissues uterus in femaleand prostate in males are last to undergo putrefact...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glaucoma Atropine increases 'OP, therefore is contraindicated in glaucoma.
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This is a PA, slightly lordotic chest film, although there is some failure to fully abduct the scapula. The left hemithorax is markedly hyperlucent; there is some widening of the interspaces with a depressed diaphragm and air under the hea shadow. There is a large bandlike shadow extending from the apex of the left lun...
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All C18 steroids, including estrone, estradiol, and estriol, are commonly referred to as estrogens. Estriol is a weak estrogen; it is an oxidative product derived from both estradiol and estrone, with the conversion occurring mainly in the liver. The estrogenic potency of b-estradiol is 12 times that of estrone and 80 ...
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Urothelial tumors that have not invaded the detrusor muscle are termed non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs). Approximately 70% of patients who present with bladder cancer will be diagnosed with NMBIC, which includes T stages Tis (carcinoma in situ), Ta, and T1 Any tumor identified in the bladder should be fully...
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Ref: R Alagappan - Manual of Practical Medicine 4th Edition.pg no:146 Jones Criteria for Diagnosis ofRheumatic FeverMajor CriteriaCarditisPancarditis, seen in 50-60% of patients, develops withinthe first 2 weeks of rheumatic fever. Pericarditis isevidenced by presence of a pericardial rub, myocarditisby tachycardia, so...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Number of females per 1000 males Sex ratio Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. Sex ratio is considered as :- Favourable : When females are more than males (> 1000 females per 1000 males). Unourable : When females are less than males (< 1000 females per 1000 males). Ideal : Fe...
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The term 'serial interval' is applied in relation to outbreaks and describes 'the gap in time between the onset of primary case and secondary case'. It gives an indication of the incubation period during an outbreak of the disease. Incubation period is the time interval from infection to the onset of clinical symptoms....
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Ans. D. Deep dermisDeep dermis. Notice the bluish color which is s/o deep dermal melanin. The lesion is actually a Mongolian spot.
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Name Defect Remarks Familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) Defective LDL receptors or mutation in the ligand region of apo B-100 Elevated LDL levels and hypercholesterolemia, resulting in atherosclerosis and coronary disease Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 275
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Ans. is 'c' Alveolar hemorrhage (Ref Harrison, 17/e p 1591-1592 & 16/e, p 1505 (15/e, p 1453)).Measurement of DLCO (diffusion capacity of CO) is frequently used to assess the functional integrity of the alveolar capillary membrane.Disease that affect solely the airways generally do not affect DLCO whereas disease that ...
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Image shows step ladder pattern. It is seen in apoptosis. It is due to action of endonuclease on nuclear DNA.
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Transparency of root is the most reliable among Gustafson's method of age estimation. It is not seen until about 30 years of age. The canals in the dentin are at first wide. With age they are filled by mineral, so that they become invisible and the dentin becomes transparent. Other criterias of Gustafson's method of ag...
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Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a severe variant of pemphigus, associated with an underlying neoplasm - most frequently non Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, thymoma, and castleman disease. Tumor antigens are hypothesized to evoke an immune response that leads to the development of an autoimmune response to...
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In acute congestive glaucoma, pupil is semidilated (mild dilated), vertically oval and fixed.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Nector americanus Parasites enter through skin|||From soilFrom watero Ancylostoma duodenaleo Ancylostoma brazilienseo Ancylostoma caninumo Nector Americanso Strongyloides stercoraliso Strongyloides fullebomio Acanthamoebao Schistostoma
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Ans. (c) Determining infectivity of virus Ref. Ananthanarayan 8/e, p 435, 9/e, p 437 By By Quantal assay Quantitative Infectivity assay of virus Electron Hemagglutination * Indicates presence or Measure actual number of infectious microscopy inhibition absence of infectious viruses. paicle in inoculum * Titre is usuall...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., HSV-2 o Both HSV-1 and 2 can cause genital and oral - facial infection but reactivation at oral - facial site is more common with HSV-1 and at genital site with HSV-2HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV)HSV Type 1HSV Type 2o Cause lesion in and around mouthCause lesion around genital areao Transmitted by direct ...
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Variocele formation has been attributed to one of the three primary factors : Increased venous pressure in left renal vein Collateral venous anastomoses Absent or incompetent valves in the internal spermatic vein.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Confounding
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Pure absence seizures consist of the sudden cessation of ongoing conscious activity without convulsive muscular activity or loss of postural control. They can be so brief as to be inapparent but can last several minutes. There is usually no period of postictal confusion.
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The sinus tympani (Posterior facial ridge) is the posterior extension of the mesotympanum and lies deep to both the promontory and facial nerve. The medial wall of sinus tympani becomes continuous with the posterior poion of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity. This is the worst region for access because it is above...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Parotid salivary gland Acinic cell tumor These are relatively uncommon tumors, representing only 2 to 3% of Salivary gland tumors. Composed of cells resembling the normal serous acinal cells of salivary glands. Most arise in the parotids - The remainder arise in submandibular glands. Minor Salivary gl...
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PAH most commonly presents with progressive breathlessness. As right ventricular dysfunction develops patients can experience exeional dizziness and syncope. Oedema and ascites occur late in the disease. Anginal chest pain may occur due to exeional myocardial hypoperfusion in the setting of right ventricular hyperophy,...
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Drugs used in advanced prostate cancer are : *LHRH agonists ( medical castration ) - leuprolide, goserelin *Phosphorylated diethylstilbestrol *Androgen receptor blocking agents like flutamide, bicalutamide *Cyproterone acetate (also has progestogenic effect ) Ganirelix, cetrorelix and abarelix are GnRH antagonists Refe...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Persistent mood disorder Dysthymia is also know as Neurotic depressionMelancholic depression is also know as Endogenous depressionAdjustment disorder as reactive depression as it's in reaction to stress in lifeDouble depression is Dysthymia plus depressionPersistent depressive disorder is in DSM-5 any...
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B. i.e. Bulimia nervosa
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B i.e. T. peenue Yaws ( T. peenue) & Pinta (T.caronetum) are non veneral (not transmitted sexually)Q. These can't be differentiated from Syphilis by Serological testsQ.
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Ext. anal sphincteris present just posterior to perineal body. Therefore, Ext. anal sphincter can be injured when episiotomy incision given posteriorly beyond perineal body.
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An Arbiskov cell is a modified monocytemostly found in myeloblastomas.
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Adrenocoicotrophic hormone; hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of coisol and other hormones by the adrenal coex. Also called adrenocoicotropin, coicotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-368
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Ans. C. ImipramineThe 5 individual drugs that can be used as mood stabilizers are:LithiumCarbamazePineLamotrigineValproateAsenapine
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Ans. B. Antifungal treatment for oral candidiasisOropharyngeal Candidiasis* Oropharyngeal candidiasis is also called thrush.* It is most commonly caused by Candida albicans.* It occurs most commonly in neonates and immunocompromised patients, especially in AIDS patients. It is also seen in recipients of prolonged antib...
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Aqueous drainage does not occur through sclera. Aqueous drainage occurs following routes: Trabecular meshwork (90 %): Aqueous flows through trabeculum into Schlemn canal & then episcleral veins. Uveoscleral outflow (10 %). Iris - Minor. - Normal out flow facility of aqueous 'C' = 0.22 uL/min/mm of Hg(0.22-0.28 uL/min/m...
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Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. A, B,C are the properties of non-depolarizing blocker.
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<p>. Developmental milestones:- GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: 2 months: Holds head in plane of rest of the body when held in ventral suspension. In prone position in bed, the chin lifts momentarily. 3 months:lift head above the plane of the body. Head control stas by 3 months and fully developed by 5 months. 4 months:Remain...
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Flocculonodular lobe is phylogenetically the oldest pa of cerebellum has vestibular connections and is concerned with equilibrium and eye movements ie vestibulo ocular reflex.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:257.
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Ans. C Increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease oncotic pressure* Starling's hypothesis states that the fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the oncotic pressure gradient across the capillary.The four Starling's forces a...
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b. Frontal and parietal(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 71-72, Ghai 8/e p 12-13)
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Aqueous humor is secreted by the ciliary body into the posterior chamber of the eye. The humor flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then is filtered by a trabecular meshwork, then drained by the canal of Schlemm. The pupil is the opening in the iris, which leads from the posterior chamber to the anteri...
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Ans. > 10%
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Ans. a. Abducent (Ref: Gray's anatomy 40/e p240; Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations 2013/Volume-7/178) Abducent nerve nucleus underlies the facial colliculus.'Facial colliculus is situated in the pons. It overlies the abducent nucleus. The facial nerve originates from its nucleus and goes around the abducent ne...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Laser iridotomy Treatment of angle closure glaucomao Definitive treatment (treatment of choice) is surgery. However, intially drugs are used to decrease IOP during an acute attack. Approach of treatment is as follow's:-Start i.v. mannitol or i.v. acetazolamideWhen IOT starts falling, start topical pil...
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Ans. is d i.e. Early menopause Friends, this is the most frequently asked question on Endometrial cancer. Mug up predisposing factors by hea. Endometrial carcinoma occurs as a result of unopposed estrogen exposure in body. Predisposing factors are : Family Family history Has Hypeension m Obesity L Late menopause / Earl...
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Spongiosis :extracellular accumulation of fluid in stratum spinosum. Eg: Acute eczema Ballooning: intracellular accumulation of fluid in stratum spinosum.Eg: Acute eczema Acanthosis :thickening of stratum spinosum. Eg: Chronic eczema
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Atrophic gastritis
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C i.e. Laser Irodotomy Laser Irodotomy is the treatment of choice for PACG, but is successful only if less than 180deg (50% )of the angle is closed. So it is effective in first degree angle closure glaucoma. But it may be difficult until the corneal thickening & iris congestion have settled (usually 48 hours). The Shaf...
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D i.e. Inhibition of feed back propogation
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Size of LMA used for a 25 kg child is 2.5 LMA size 6 is used in adults weighing over 100 kg
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Women with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility have mutation in tumor suppressor BRCA genes— BRCA-1 (located on chromosome 17q)  BRCA-2 (located on chromosome 13q) The risk in BRCA-1 carriers is higher compared to that in BRCA-2 carriers. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;...
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Hallucination
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increased urinary copper excretion
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The second layer of the scalp is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, and this layer houses the main networks of nerves and vessels that enter the scalp from its periphery. The walls of the arteries within the scalp are tightly attached to the surrounding connective tissue bed. When these vessels are severed, t...
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Sphingolipids are a class of lipids that are structural components of membranes. Ceramide is a component of sphingolipids. Ceramide is composed of sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol with a saturated fatty acid linked to the amino group. Sphingolipids can be differentiated on the basis of the "X" group that is este...
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ANSWER: (A) S. aureusREF: Harrison's 18th Ed Ch. 334The hematogenous route of infection is the most common route in all age groups, and nearly every bacterial pathogen is capable of causing septic arthritis.In infants, group B streptococci, gram-negative enteric bacilli, and S. aureus are the most common pathogens.Sinc...
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Carcinoma cervix
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Reference :Robbins basic pathology 9th edition pg no 102 :loci named HLA A,HLA B and HLA C.Each of these molecules it&;s a hetero dimer consisting of polymorphic 44kDa alpha chain noncovalently associated with an invariant 12 kDa beta2 microglobulin polypeptide (encoded by a separate gene on chromosome 15)
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., DVT o Deep vein thrombosis is a contraindication for t/t of varicose veins.o Varicose vein surgery should never be attempted in a case where deep vein thrombosis exists along with varicose veins, because in these cases superficial veins are the only valved venous pathway and excising them will only ag...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Age, Race and sex matched individuals T Score and Z score are the measures of bone mineral density. Z score : Measures the bone mineral density in terms standard detion from the mean bone mineral density of age, race and sex matched individuals. T score : Measures the bone mineral density in terms sta...
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The ovarian arteries arise from the abdominal aorta, descend retroperitoneally along the posterior abdominal wall, and cross just anterior to the external iliac vessels. The ovarian arteries are the most likely source of blood from a hematoma following a tubal ligation. The ascending and descending uterine arteries and...
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Commondo's operation includes radical neck dissection which is indicated when carcinoma is fixed to mandible along with infiltration of mouth.
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Ans. a (Captopril). (Ref. Harrison's medicine, 16th ed., Table 230-8, Pg 1474)ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAPTOPRIL =# Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuria, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems (fetal renal damage), Rash, Increased renin, Lower angiotensin II. Also hyperkalemia, Leukopenia>Pancytopenia, Urticarial rash and ...
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Bone within a bone appearance may be seen in osteopetrosis.
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Iris pearls (also called miliary leproma) are spherical yellowish opaque micronodules near pupillary margins. They are pathognomonic for leprosy.
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b. Mitochondrial disordersBone spicule-shaped pigment deposits are present in the periphery along with retinal atrophy, while the macula is preserved
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Ans: (a) Posterior capsular opacificationRef: A.K. Khurana's Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, Page 215; Parson's Diseases of the Eye, 22nd edition, Page 285The causes of defective vision after cataract surgery are:Postoperative astigmatism due to surgical incision.Wrong IOL power.Cystoid macular edema.Posterio...
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Out of all the given options, Montelukast is a leukotriene antagonist. Ref: K D Tripathi Textbook of Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Page 205; Modern Pharmacology With Clinical Applications By Charles R. Craig, Robe E. Stitzel, Pages 465-67
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CSDT writes - "Unilateral, spontaneous, serious or serosanguineous discharge from a single duct is usually caused by an intraductal papilloma or rarely, by intraductal cancer." Mostly the underlying cause is a duct papilloma or duct ectasia, but since the chances of malignancy are high, it must be investigated further....
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C i.e. Gaint cell aeritis - Nonpalpable purpura is seen in clotting disturbances like ITPQ and platelet/ clotting factor defect; in thrombi formation like TTP, DIC, warfarin or heparin induced reaction; in increased vascular fragility like amyloidosisQ, scurvy & Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Steroid purpura & capillaritisQ a...
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Somatic motor A alfa are the largest fibres in diameter with a diameter of 12-29microns.
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Ans. d. Dystrophin geneRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Ed; Page No-1242X-linked disorder typically due to Frameshift or nonsense mutations - truncated or absent dystrophin protein - progressive myofiber damage.Most severe and most common form of muscular dystrophy.Clinically manifest by the age ...
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Blindness and Social: Blindness Presenting distance visual acuity of less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye and limitation of the field of vision to be less than 10 degrees from the center of fixation Economic blindness: The inability of a person to count fingers from 6 meters. Manifest blindness: Vision 1/60 to jus...
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Ans. Form sense
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The half-life of a drug can be determined using the following equation: t1/2 = (0.693 x Vd)/Cl =0.693 X 40/2 = 13.86 ~14. Ref: Buxton I.L., Benet L.Z. (2011). Chapter 2. Pharmacokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goo...
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B.mallei causes glanders and farcy B. pseudomallei: Causative agent of melidiosis (Glanders like disease) - Motile and Zoonotic - rodents - Humans: Produces pulmonary infections like TB (MC), Multiple abscesses, LN↑
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