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morph_order : #[f x] %| #[x].
Proof. by rewrite order_dvdn -morphX // expg_order morph1. Qed.
Lemma
morph_order
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "expg_order", "morph1", "morphX", "order_dvdn" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
morph_generator A : generator A x -> generator (f @* A) (f x).
Proof. by move/(A =P _)->; rewrite /generator morphim_cycle. Qed.
Lemma
morph_generator
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "generator", "morphim_cycle" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclicS G H : H \subset G -> cyclic G -> cyclic H.
Proof. move=> sHG /cyclicP[x defG]; apply/cyclicP. exists (x ^+ (#[x] %/ #|H|)); apply/congr_group/set1P. by rewrite -cycle_sub_group /order -defG ?cardSg // inE sHG eqxx. Qed.
Lemma
cyclicS
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cardSg", "congr_group", "cycle_sub_group", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "defG", "eqxx", "inE", "order", "sHG", "set1P" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclicJ G x : cyclic (G :^ x) = cyclic G.
Proof. apply/cyclicP/cyclicP=> [[y /(canRL (conjsgK x))] | [y ->]]. by rewrite -cycleJ; exists (y ^ x^-1). by exists (y ^ x); rewrite cycleJ. Qed.
Lemma
cyclicJ
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "conjsgK", "cycleJ", "cyclic", "cyclicP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
eq_subG_cyclic G H K : cyclic G -> H \subset G -> K \subset G -> (H :==: K) = (#|H| == #|K|).
Proof. case/cyclicP=> x -> sHx sKx; apply/eqP/eqP=> [-> //| eqHK]. have def_GHx := cycle_sub_group (cardSg sHx); set GHx := [set _] in def_GHx. have []: H \in GHx /\ K \in GHx by rewrite -def_GHx !inE sHx sKx eqHK /=. by do 2!move/set1P->. Qed.
Lemma
eq_subG_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cardSg", "cycle_sub_group", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "inE", "set1P" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cardSg_cyclic G H K : cyclic G -> H \subset G -> K \subset G -> (#|H| %| #|K|) = (H \subset K).
Proof. move=> cycG sHG sKG; apply/idP/idP; last exact: cardSg. case/cyclicP: (cyclicS sKG cycG) => x defK; rewrite {K}defK in sKG *. case/dvdnP=> k ox; suffices ->: H :=: <[x ^+ k]> by apply: cycleX. apply/eqP; rewrite (eq_subG_cyclic cycG) ?(subset_trans (cycleX _ _)) //. rewrite -orderE orderXdiv orderE ox ?dvdn_mulr...
Lemma
cardSg_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cardSg", "cycleX", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "cyclicS", "dvdnP", "dvdn_mulr", "eq_subG_cyclic", "last", "mulKn", "orderE", "orderXdiv", "order_gt0", "sHG", "sKG", "subset_trans" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
sub_cyclic_char G H : cyclic G -> (H \char G) = (H \subset G).
Proof. case/cyclicP=> x ->; apply/idP/idP => [/andP[] //|]. exact: cycle_subgroup_char. Qed.
Lemma
sub_cyclic_char
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "char", "cycle_subgroup_char", "cyclic", "cyclicP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
morphim_cyclic rT G H (f : {morphism G >-> rT}) : cyclic H -> cyclic (f @* H).
Proof. move=> cycH; wlog sHG: H cycH / H \subset G. by rewrite -morphimIdom; apply; rewrite (cyclicS _ cycH, subsetIl) ?subsetIr. case/cyclicP: cycH sHG => x ->; rewrite gen_subG sub1set => Gx. by apply/cyclicP; exists (f x); rewrite morphim_cycle. Qed.
Lemma
morphim_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "cyclicS", "gen_subG", "morphimIdom", "morphim_cycle", "morphism", "sHG", "sub1set", "subsetIl", "subsetIr" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
quotient_cycle x H : x \in 'N(H) -> <[x]> / H = <[coset H x]>.
Proof. exact: morphim_cycle. Qed.
Lemma
quotient_cycle
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "coset", "morphim_cycle" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
quotient_cyclic G H : cyclic G -> cyclic (G / H).
Proof. exact: morphim_cyclic. Qed.
Lemma
quotient_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "morphim_cyclic" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
quotient_generator x G H : x \in 'N(H) -> generator G x -> generator (G / H) (coset H x).
Proof. by move=> Nx; apply: morph_generator. Qed.
Lemma
quotient_generator
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "coset", "generator", "morph_generator" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
prime_cyclic G : prime #|G| -> cyclic G.
Proof. case/primeP; rewrite ltnNge -trivg_card_le1. case/trivgPn=> x Gx ntx /(_ _ (order_dvdG Gx)). rewrite order_eq1 (negbTE ntx) => /eqnP oxG; apply/cyclicP. by exists x; apply/eqP; rewrite eq_sym eqEcard -oxG cycle_subG Gx leqnn. Qed.
Lemma
prime_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cycle_subG", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "eqEcard", "eq_sym", "eqnP", "leqnn", "ltnNge", "order_dvdG", "order_eq1", "prime", "primeP", "trivgPn", "trivg_card_le1" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
dvdn_prime_cyclic G p : prime p -> #|G| %| p -> cyclic G.
Proof. move=> p_pr pG; case: (eqsVneq G 1) => [-> | ntG]; first exact: cyclic1. by rewrite prime_cyclic // (prime_nt_dvdP p_pr _ pG) -?trivg_card1. Qed.
Lemma
dvdn_prime_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "cyclic1", "eqsVneq", "pG", "p_pr", "prime", "prime_cyclic", "prime_nt_dvdP", "trivg_card1" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclic_small G : #|G| <= 3 -> cyclic G.
Proof. rewrite 4!(ltnS, leq_eqVlt) -trivg_card_le1 orbA orbC. case/predU1P=> [-> | oG]; first exact: cyclic1. by apply: prime_cyclic; case/pred2P: oG => ->. Qed.
Lemma
cyclic_small
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclic", "cyclic1", "leq_eqVlt", "ltnS", "pred2P", "predU1P", "prime_cyclic", "trivg_card_le1" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
injm_cyclic G H (f : {morphism G >-> rT}) : 'injm f -> H \subset G -> cyclic (f @* H) = cyclic H.
Proof. move=> injf sHG; apply/idP/idP; last exact: morphim_cyclic. by rewrite -{2}(morphim_invm injf sHG); apply: morphim_cyclic. Qed.
Lemma
injm_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclic", "injf", "last", "morphim_cyclic", "morphim_invm", "morphism", "sHG" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_cyclic G M : G \isog M -> cyclic G = cyclic M.
Proof. by case/isogP=> f injf <-; rewrite injm_cyclic. Qed.
Lemma
isog_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "injf", "injm_cyclic", "isog", "isogP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_cyclic_card G M : cyclic G -> isog G M = cyclic M && (#|M| == #|G|).
Proof. move=> cycG; apply/idP/idP=> [isoGM | ]. by rewrite (card_isog isoGM) -(isog_cyclic isoGM) cycG /=. case/cyclicP: cycG => x ->{G} /andP[/cyclicP[y ->] /eqP oy]. by apply: isog_trans (isog_symr _) (Zp_isog y); rewrite /order oy Zp_isog. Qed.
Lemma
isog_cyclic_card
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp_isog", "apply", "card_isog", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "isog", "isog_cyclic", "isog_symr", "isog_trans", "order" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
injm_generator G H (f : {morphism G >-> rT}) x : 'injm f -> x \in G -> H \subset G -> generator (f @* H) (f x) = generator H x.
Proof. move=> injf Gx sHG; apply/idP/idP; last exact: morph_generator. rewrite -{2}(morphim_invm injf sHG) -{2}(invmE injf Gx). by apply: morph_generator; apply: mem_morphim. Qed.
Lemma
injm_generator
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "generator", "injf", "invmE", "last", "mem_morphim", "morph_generator", "morphim_invm", "morphism", "sHG" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
metacyclic A
:= [exists H : {group gT}, [&& cyclic H, H <| A & cyclic (A / H)]].
Definition
metacyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "gT", "group" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
metacyclicP A : reflect (exists H : {group gT}, [/\ cyclic H, H <| A & cyclic (A / H)]) (metacyclic A).
Proof. exact: 'exists_and3P. Qed.
Lemma
metacyclicP
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "gT", "group", "metacyclic" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
metacyclic1 : metacyclic 1.
Proof. by apply/existsP; exists 1%G; rewrite normal1 trivg_quotient !cyclic1. Qed.
Lemma
metacyclic1
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclic1", "existsP", "metacyclic", "normal1", "trivg_quotient" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclic_metacyclic A : cyclic A -> metacyclic A.
Proof. case/cyclicP=> x ->; apply/existsP; exists (<[x]>)%G. by rewrite normal_refl cycle_cyclic trivg_quotient cyclic1. Qed.
Lemma
cyclic_metacyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cycle_cyclic", "cyclic", "cyclic1", "cyclicP", "existsP", "metacyclic", "normal_refl", "trivg_quotient" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
metacyclicS G H : H \subset G -> metacyclic G -> metacyclic H.
Proof. move=> sHG /metacyclicP[K [cycK nsKG cycGq]]; apply/metacyclicP. exists (H :&: K)%G; rewrite (cyclicS (subsetIr H K)) ?(normalGI sHG) //=. rewrite setIC (isog_cyclic (second_isog _)) ?(cyclicS _ cycGq) ?quotientS //. by rewrite (subset_trans sHG) ?normal_norm. Qed.
Lemma
metacyclicS
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclicS", "isog_cyclic", "metacyclic", "metacyclicP", "normalGI", "normal_norm", "nsKG", "quotientS", "sHG", "second_isog", "setIC", "subsetIr", "subset_trans" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclem & gT
:= fun x : gT => x ^+ n.
Definition
cyclem
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "gT" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclemM : {in <[a]> & , {morph cyclem a : x y / x * y}}.
Proof. by move=> x y ax ay; apply: expgMn; apply: (centsP (cycle_abelian a)). Qed.
Lemma
cyclemM
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "centsP", "cycle_abelian", "cyclem", "expgMn" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
cyclem_morphism
:= Morphism cyclemM.
Canonical
cyclem_morphism
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclemM" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
injm_cyclem : 'injm (cyclem (val u) a).
Proof. apply/subsetP=> x /setIdP[ax]; rewrite !inE -order_dvdn. have [a1 | nta] := eqVneq a 1; first by rewrite a1 cycle1 inE in ax. rewrite -order_eq1 -dvdn1; move/eqnP: (valP u) => /= <-. by rewrite dvdn_gcd [in X in X && _]Zp_cast ?order_gt1 // order_dvdG. Qed.
Lemma
injm_cyclem
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp_cast", "a1", "apply", "cycle1", "cyclem", "dvdn1", "dvdn_gcd", "eqVneq", "eqnP", "inE", "order_dvdG", "order_dvdn", "order_eq1", "order_gt1", "setIdP", "subsetP", "val", "valP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
im_cyclem : cyclem (val u) a @* <[a]> = <[a]>.
Proof. apply/morphim_fixP=> //; first exact: injm_cyclem. by rewrite morphim_cycle ?cycle_id ?cycleX. Qed.
Lemma
im_cyclem
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cycleX", "cycle_id", "cyclem", "injm_cyclem", "morphim_cycle", "morphim_fixP", "val" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Zp_unitm
:= aut injm_cyclem im_cyclem.
Definition
Zp_unitm
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "aut", "im_cyclem", "injm_cyclem" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Zp_unitmM : {in units_Zp #[a] &, {morph Zp_unitm : u v / u * v}}.
Proof. move=> u v _ _; apply: (eq_Aut (Aut_aut _ _)) => [|x a_x]. by rewrite groupM ?Aut_aut. rewrite permM !autE ?groupX //= /cyclem -expgM. rewrite -expg_mod_order modn_dvdm ?expg_mod_order //. case: (leqP #[a] 1) => [lea1 | lt1a]; last by rewrite Zp_cast ?order_dvdG. by rewrite card_le1_trivg // in a_x; rewrite (s...
Lemma
Zp_unitmM
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut_aut", "Zp_cast", "Zp_unitm", "apply", "autE", "card_le1_trivg", "cyclem", "dvd1n", "eq_Aut", "expgM", "expg_mod_order", "groupM", "groupX", "last", "leqP", "modn_dvdm", "order1", "order_dvdG", "permM", "set1P", "units_Zp" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Zp_unit_morphism
:= Morphism Zp_unitmM.
Canonical
Zp_unit_morphism
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp_unitmM" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
injm_Zp_unitm : 'injm Zp_unitm.
Proof. have [a1 | nta] := eqVneq a 1. by rewrite subIset //= card_le1_trivg ?subxx // card_units_Zp a1 order1. apply/subsetP=> /= u /morphpreP[_ /set1P/= um1]. have{um1}: Zp_unitm u a == Zp_unitm 1 a by rewrite um1 morph1. rewrite !autE ?cycle_id // eq_expg_mod_order. by rewrite -[n in _ == _ %[mod n]]Zp_cast ?order_...
Lemma
injm_Zp_unitm
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp_cast", "Zp_unitm", "a1", "apply", "autE", "card_le1_trivg", "card_units_Zp", "cycle_id", "eqVneq", "eq_expg_mod_order", "inE", "modZp", "morph1", "morphpreP", "order1", "order_gt1", "set1P", "subIset", "subsetP", "subxx" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
generator_coprime m : generator <[a]> (a ^+ m) = coprime #[a] m.
Proof. rewrite /generator eq_sym eqEcard cycleX -/#[a] [#|_|]orderXgcd /=. apply/idP/idP=> [le_a_am|co_am]; last by rewrite (eqnP co_am) divn1. have am_gt0: 0 < gcdn #[a] m by rewrite gcdn_gt0 order_gt0. by rewrite /coprime eqn_leq am_gt0 andbT -(@leq_pmul2l #[a]) ?muln1 -?leq_divRL. Qed.
Lemma
generator_coprime
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "coprime", "cycleX", "divn1", "eqEcard", "eq_sym", "eqnP", "eqn_leq", "gcdn", "gcdn_gt0", "generator", "last", "leq_divRL", "leq_pmul2l", "muln1", "orderXgcd", "order_gt0" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
im_Zp_unitm : Zp_unitm @* units_Zp #[a] = Aut <[a]>.
Proof. rewrite morphimEdom; apply/setP=> f; pose n := invm (injm_Zpm a) (f a). apply/imsetP/idP=> [[u _ ->] | Af]; first exact: Aut_aut. have [a1 | nta] := eqVneq a 1. by rewrite a1 cycle1 Aut1 in Af; exists 1; rewrite // morph1 (set1P Af). have a_fa: <[a]> = <[f a]>. by rewrite -(autmE Af) -morphim_cycle ?im_autm ...
Lemma
im_Zp_unitm
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Aut1", "Aut_aut", "Zp_cast", "Zp_unitm", "Zpm", "a1", "apply", "autE", "autmE", "coprime", "cycle1", "cycleP", "cycle_id", "cyclem", "def_n", "eqVneq", "eq_Aut", "expgM", "generator_coprime", "im_Zpm", "im_autm", "imsetP", "inE", "injm_Zpm", "invm", "invmK...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Zp_unit_isom : isom (units_Zp #[a]) (Aut <[a]>) Zp_unitm.
Proof. by apply/isomP; rewrite ?injm_Zp_unitm ?im_Zp_unitm. Qed.
Lemma
Zp_unit_isom
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Zp_unitm", "apply", "im_Zp_unitm", "injm_Zp_unitm", "isom", "isomP", "units_Zp" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Zp_unit_isog : isog (units_Zp #[a]) (Aut <[a]>).
Proof. exact: isom_isog Zp_unit_isom. Qed.
Lemma
Zp_unit_isog
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Zp_unit_isom", "isog", "isom_isog", "units_Zp" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_Aut_cycle : #|Aut <[a]>| = totient #[a].
Proof. by rewrite -(card_isog Zp_unit_isog) card_units_Zp. Qed.
Lemma
card_Aut_cycle
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Zp_unit_isog", "card_isog", "card_units_Zp", "totient" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
totient_gen : totient #[a] = #|[set x | generator <[a]> x]|.
Proof. have [lea1 | lt1a] := leqP #[a] 1. rewrite /order card_le1_trivg // cards1 (@eq_card1 _ 1) // => x. by rewrite !inE -cycle_eq1 eq_sym. rewrite -(card_injm (injm_invm (injm_Zpm a))) /= ?im_Zpm. by apply/subsetP=> x /[1!inE]; apply: cycle_generator. rewrite -card_units_Zp // cardsE card_sub morphim_invmE; ap...
Lemma
totient_gen
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp", "Zp_cast", "apply", "card_injm", "card_le1_trivg", "card_sub", "card_units_Zp", "cards1", "cardsE", "cycle_eq1", "cycle_generator", "eq_card", "eq_card1", "eq_sym", "generator", "generator_coprime", "im_Zpm", "inE", "injm_Zpm", "injm_invm", "leqP", "morphim_invmE", ...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Aut_cycle_abelian : abelian (Aut <[a]>).
Proof. by rewrite -im_Zp_unitm morphim_abelian ?units_Zp_abelian. Qed.
Lemma
Aut_cycle_abelian
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "abelian", "im_Zp_unitm", "morphim_abelian", "units_Zp_abelian" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Aut_cyclic_abelian : cyclic G -> abelian (Aut G).
Proof. by case/cyclicP=> x ->; apply: Aut_cycle_abelian. Qed.
Lemma
Aut_cyclic_abelian
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Aut_cycle_abelian", "abelian", "apply", "cyclic", "cyclicP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_Aut_cyclic : cyclic G -> #|Aut G| = totient #|G|.
Proof. by case/cyclicP=> x ->; apply: card_Aut_cycle. Qed.
Lemma
card_Aut_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "apply", "card_Aut_cycle", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "totient" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
sum_ncycle_totient : \sum_(d < #|G|.+1) #|[set <[x]> | x in G & #[x] == d]| * totient d = #|G|.
Proof. pose h (x : gT) : 'I_#|G|.+1 := inord #[x]. symmetry; rewrite -{1}sum1_card (partition_big h xpredT) //=. apply: eq_bigr => d _; set Gd := finset _. rewrite -sum_nat_const sum1dep_card -sum1_card (_ : finset _ = Gd). apply/setP=> x /[!inE]; apply: andb_id2l => Gx. by rewrite /eq_op /= inordK // ltnS subset_l...
Lemma
sum_ncycle_totient
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cycle", "cycle_subG", "eq_bigr", "eq_card", "eq_sym", "eqxx", "gT", "generator", "imsetP", "inE", "inord", "inordK", "ltnS", "order", "partition_big", "partition_big_imset", "setIdP", "setP", "subset_leq_card", "sum1_card", "sum1dep_card", "sum_nat_const", "to...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
sum_totient_dvd n : \sum_(d < n.+1 | d %| n) totient d = n.
Proof. case: n => [|[|n']]; try by rewrite big_mkcond !big_ord_recl big_ord0. set n := n'.+2; pose x1 : 'Z_n := 1%R. have ox1: #[x1] = n by rewrite /order -Zp_cycle card_Zp. rewrite -[rhs in _ = rhs]ox1 -[#[_]]sum_ncycle_totient [#|_|]ox1 big_mkcond /=. apply: eq_bigr => d _; rewrite -{2}ox1; case: ifP => [|ndv_dG]; la...
Lemma
sum_totient_dvd
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Zp_cycle", "apply", "big_mkcond", "big_ord0", "big_ord_recl", "card_Zp", "cards1", "cycle_sub_group", "eq_bigr", "eq_card0", "eqxx", "imsetP", "imset_f", "imset_set1", "inE", "last", "mem_cycle", "mul1n", "n'", "order", "order_dvdG", "rhs", "set1P", "setIdP", "setP",...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
order_inj_cyclic : {in G &, forall x y, #[x] = #[y] -> <[x]> = <[y]>} -> cyclic G.
Proof. move=> ucG; apply: negbNE (contra _ (negbT (ltnn #|G|))) => ncG. rewrite -{2}[#|G|]sum_totient_dvd big_mkcond (bigD1 ord_max) ?dvdnn //=. rewrite -{1}[#|G|]sum_ncycle_totient (bigD1 ord_max) //= -addSn leq_add //. rewrite eq_card0 ?totient_gt0 ?cardG_gt0 // => C. apply/imsetP=> [[x /setIdP[Gx /eqP oxG]]]; ca...
Lemma
order_inj_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "addSn", "apply", "bigD1", "big_ind2", "big_mkcond", "cardG_gt0", "cards0", "cycle_subG", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "dvdnn", "eqEcard", "eq_card0", "eq_card1", "eq_sym", "eqxx", "imsetP", "imset_f", "inE", "last", "leq_add", "ltnn", "mul1n", "ord_max", "order_dvdG", "set...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
div_ring_mul_group_cyclic (R : unitRingType) (f : gT -> R) : f 1 = 1%R -> {in G &, {morph f : u v / u * v >-> (u * v)%R}} -> {in G^#, forall x, f x - 1 \in GRing.unit}%R -> abelian G -> cyclic G.
Proof. move=> f1 fM f1P abelG. have fX n: {in G, {morph f : u / u ^+ n >-> (u ^+ n)%R}}. by case: n => // n x Gx; elim: n => //= n IHn; rewrite expgS fM ?groupX ?IHn. have fU x: x \in G -> f x \in GRing.unit. by move=> Gx; apply/unitrP; exists (f x^-1); rewrite -!fM ?groupV ?gsimp. apply: order_inj_cyclic => x y Gx...
Lemma
div_ring_mul_group_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "abelian", "all", "allP", "apply", "cardE", "centsP", "cycle_subG", "cyclic", "diff_roots", "enum", "enum_uniq", "eqEcard", "eq_mulgV1", "eq_sym", "eqxx", "expgS", "f1", "fM", "gT", "groupM", "groupV", "groupX", "gsimp", "hornerE", "hornerXn", "inE", "leqnn", "l...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
field_mul_group_cyclic (F : fieldType) (f : gT -> F) : {in G &, {morph f : u v / u * v >-> (u * v)%R}} -> {in G, forall x, f x = 1%R <-> x = 1} -> cyclic G.
Proof. move=> fM f1P; have f1 : f 1 = 1%R by apply/f1P. apply: (div_ring_mul_group_cyclic f1 fM) => [x|]. case/setD1P=> x1 Gx; rewrite unitfE; apply: contra x1. by rewrite subr_eq0 => /eqP/f1P->. apply/centsP=> x Gx y Gy; apply/commgP/eqP. apply/f1P; rewrite ?fM ?groupM ?groupV //. by rewrite mulrCA -!fM ?groupM ?g...
Lemma
field_mul_group_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "centsP", "commgP", "cyclic", "div_ring_mul_group_cyclic", "f1", "fM", "gT", "groupM", "groupV", "mulKg", "mulVg", "mulrCA", "setD1P", "subr_eq0", "unitfE" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
field_unit_group_cyclic (F : finFieldType) (G : {group {unit F}}) : cyclic G.
Proof. apply: field_mul_group_cyclic FinRing.uval _ _ => // u _. by split=> /eqP ?; apply/eqP. Qed.
Lemma
field_unit_group_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "apply", "cyclic", "field_mul_group_cyclic", "group", "split", "unit", "uval" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
units_Zp_cyclic p : prime p -> cyclic (units_Zp p).
Proof. by move/pdiv_id <-; exact: field_unit_group_cyclic. Qed.
Lemma
units_Zp_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "cyclic", "field_unit_group_cyclic", "pdiv_id", "prime", "units_Zp" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
has_prim_root_subproof (F : fieldType) (n : nat) (rs : seq F) (n_gt0 : n > 0) (rsn1 : all n.-unity_root rs) (Urs : uniq rs) (sz_rs : size rs = n) (r := fun s => val (s : seq_sub rs)) (rn1 : forall x : seq_sub rs, r x ^+ n = 1) (prim_r : forall z : F, z ^+ n = 1 -> z \in rs) (r' := (fun s...
Proof. pose ssMG : Finite_isGroup (seq_sub rs) := Finite_isGroup.Build (seq_sub rs) sG_Ag sG_1g sG_Vg. pose gT : finGroupType := HB.pack (seq_sub rs) ssMG. have /cyclicP[x gen_x]: @cyclic gT setT. apply: (@field_mul_group_cyclic gT [set: _] F r) => // x _. by split=> [ri1 | ->]; first apply: val_inj. apply/hasP; ex...
Lemma
has_prim_root_subproof
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Build", "all", "apply", "card_seq_sub", "cardsT", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "eqn_dvd", "expgS", "expr1n", "exprS", "field_mul_group_cyclic", "gT", "has", "hasP", "n_gt0", "nat", "order_dvdn", "prim_expr_order", "prim_order_exists", "s0", "seq", "seq_sub", "setT", "size", ...
This subproof has been extracted out of [has_prim_root] for performance reasons. See github PR #1059 for further documentation and investigation on this problem.
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
has_prim_root (F : fieldType) (n : nat) (rs : seq F) : n > 0 -> all n.-unity_root rs -> uniq rs -> size rs >= n -> has n.-primitive_root rs.
Proof. move=> n_gt0 rsn1 Urs; rewrite leq_eqVlt ltnNge max_unity_roots // orbF eq_sym. move/eqP=> sz_rs; pose r := val (_ : seq_sub rs). have rn1 x: r x ^+ n = 1. by apply/eqP; rewrite -unity_rootE (allP rsn1) ?(valP x). have prim_r z: z ^+ n = 1 -> z \in rs. by move/eqP; rewrite -unity_rootE -(mem_unity_roots n_gt...
Lemma
has_prim_root
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "all", "allP", "apply", "eq_sym", "expr1n", "exprM", "exprMn", "exprSr", "has", "has_prim_root_subproof", "leq_eqVlt", "ltnNge", "max_unity_roots", "mem_unity_roots", "mul1r", "mulnC", "mulrA", "n_gt0", "nat", "prednK", "seq", "seq_sub", "size", "uniq", "unity_rootE",...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Aut_prime_cycle_cyclic (a : gT) : prime #[a] -> cyclic (Aut <[a]>).
Proof. move=> pr_a; have inj_um := injm_Zp_unitm a. have /eq_S/eq_S eq_a := Fp_Zcast pr_a. pose fm := cast_ord (esym eq_a) \o val \o invm inj_um. apply: (@field_mul_group_cyclic _ _ _ fm) => [f g Af Ag | f Af] /=. by apply: val_inj; rewrite /= morphM ?im_Zp_unitm //= eq_a. split=> [/= fm1 |->]; last by apply: val_inj...
Lemma
Aut_prime_cycle_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Fp_Zcast", "apply", "cast_ord", "cyclic", "field_mul_group_cyclic", "gT", "im_Zp_unitm", "injm1", "injm_Zp_unitm", "injm_invm", "invm", "last", "morph1", "morphM", "prime", "split", "val", "val_inj" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Aut_prime_cyclic (G : {group gT}) : prime #|G| -> cyclic (Aut G).
Proof. move=> pr_G; case/cyclicP: (prime_cyclic pr_G) (pr_G) => x ->. exact: Aut_prime_cycle_cyclic. Qed.
Lemma
Aut_prime_cyclic
solvable
solvable/cyclic.v
[ "HB", "structures", "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "choice", "div", "fintype", "bigop", "prime", "finset", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "quotient", "gproduct", "ssralg", "finalg", "zmodp", "poly", "GRing.T...
[ "Aut", "Aut_prime_cycle_cyclic", "cyclic", "cyclicP", "gT", "group", "prime", "prime_cyclic" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"n %:R"
:= (n %:R%R).
Notation
n %:R
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
act ij (k : 'Z_p)
:= let: (i, j) := ij in (i + k * j, j)%R.
Definition
act
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
actP : is_action [set: 'Z_p] act.
Proof. apply: is_total_action=> [] [i j] => [|k1 k2] /=; first by rewrite mul0r addr0. by rewrite mulrDl addrA. Qed.
Lemma
actP
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "act", "addr0", "addrA", "apply", "is_action", "is_total_action", "mul0r", "mulrDl" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
action
:= Action actP.
Canonical
action
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "actP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
gactP : is_groupAction [set: 'Z_p * 'Z_p] action.
Proof. move=> k _ /[1!inE]; apply/andP; split; first by apply/subsetP=> ij _ /[1!inE]. by apply/morphicP=> /= [[i1 j1] [i2 j2] _ _]; rewrite !permE /= mulrDr addrACA. Qed.
Lemma
gactP
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "action", "addrACA", "apply", "inE", "is_groupAction", "morphicP", "mulrDr", "permE", "split", "subsetP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
groupAction
:= GroupAction gactP.
Definition
groupAction
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gactP" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
gtype_key : unit.
Proof. by []. Qed.
Fact
gtype_key
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "unit" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
gtype
:= locked_with gtype_key (sdprod_groupType groupAction).
Definition
gtype
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "groupAction", "gtype_key", "sdprod_groupType" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
ngtype
:= ncprod [set: gtype].
Definition
ngtype
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gtype", "ncprod" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
ngtypeQ n
:= xcprod [set: ngtype 2 n] 'Q_8.
Definition
ngtypeQ
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ngtype", "xcprod" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2}"
:= (Pextraspecial.gtype p) : type_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2}
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gtype" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2}"
:= [set: gsort p^{1+2}] : group_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2}
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2}"
:= [set: gsort p^{1+2}]%G : Group_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2}
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2* n }"
:= (Pextraspecial.ngtype p n) : type_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2* n }
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ngtype" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2* n }"
:= [set: gsort p^{1+2*n}] : group_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2* n }
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"p ^{1+2* n }"
:= [set: gsort p^{1+2*n}]%G : Group_scope.
Notation
p ^{1+2* n }
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n"
:= (Pextraspecial.ngtype 2 n) : type_scope.
Notation
''D^' n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ngtype" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n"
:= [set: gsort 'D^n] : group_scope.
Notation
''D^' n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n"
:= [set: gsort 'D^n]%G : Group_scope.
Notation
''D^' n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n * 'Q'"
:= (Pextraspecial.ngtypeQ n) : type_scope.
Notation
''D^' n * 'Q'
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ngtypeQ" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n * 'Q'"
:= [set: gsort 'D^n*Q] : group_scope.
Notation
''D^' n * 'Q'
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
"''D^' n * 'Q'"
:= [set: gsort 'D^n*Q]%G : Group_scope.
Notation
''D^' n * 'Q'
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "gsort" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
p_gt0
:= ltnW p_gt1.
Let
p_gt0
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ltnW", "p_gt1" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
gtype
:= Pextraspecial.gtype.
Notation
gtype
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
actp
:= (Pextraspecial.groupAction p).
Notation
actp
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "groupAction" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_pX1p2 : #|p^{1+2}| = (p ^ 3)%N.
Proof. rewrite [@gtype _]unlock -(sdprod_card (sdprod_sdpair _)). rewrite !card_injm ?injm_sdpair1 ?injm_sdpair2 // !cardsT card_prod card_ord. by rewrite -mulnA Zp_cast. Qed.
Lemma
card_pX1p2
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Zp_cast", "card_injm", "card_ord", "card_prod", "cardsT", "gtype", "injm_sdpair1", "injm_sdpair2", "mulnA", "sdprod_card", "sdprod_sdpair" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Grp_pX1p2 : p^{1+2} \isog Grp (x : y : x ^+ p, y ^+ p, [~ x, y, x], [~ x, y, y]).
Proof. rewrite [@gtype _]unlock; apply: intro_isoGrp => [|rT H]. apply/existsP; pose x := sdpair1 actp (0, 1)%R; pose y := sdpair2 actp 1%R. exists (x, y); rewrite /= !xpair_eqE; set z := [~ x, y]; set G := _ <*> _. have def_z: z = sdpair1 actp (1, 0)%R. rewrite [z]commgEl -sdpair_act ?inE //=. rewrite -m...
Lemma
Grp_pX1p2
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Grp", "Zp_cast", "actf", "actp", "addr0", "apply", "comm1g", "commXg", "commgEl", "commgP", "commgX", "commute", "commuteX", "commuteX2", "conjMg", "conjg", "cycle_subG", "eqEsubset", "existsP", "expg1n", "expgD", "expgM", "expg_mod", "f1", "f2", "genM_join", "ge...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2_pgroup : p.-group p^{1+2}.
Proof. by rewrite /pgroup card_pX1p2 pnatX pnat_id. Qed.
Lemma
pX1p2_pgroup
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "card_pX1p2", "group", "pgroup", "pnatX", "pnat_id" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2_extraspecial : extraspecial p^{1+2}.
Proof. apply: (p3group_extraspecial pX1p2_pgroup); last first. by rewrite card_pX1p2 pfactorK. case/existsP: (isoGrp_hom Grp_pX1p2) card_pX1p2 => [[x y]] /=. case/eqP=> <- xp yp _ _ oXY. apply: contraL (dvdn_cardMg <[x]> <[y]>) => cXY_XY. rewrite -cent_joinEl ?(sub_abelian_cent2 cXY_XY) ?joing_subl ?joing_subr //. re...
Lemma
pX1p2_extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Grp_pX1p2", "apply", "card_pX1p2", "cent_joinEl", "dvdn_cardMg", "dvdn_leq_log", "dvdn_mul", "existsP", "expn_gt0", "extraspecial", "isoGrp_hom", "joing_subl", "joing_subr", "last", "leqNgt", "muln_gt0", "orderE", "order_dvdn", "order_gt0", "p3group_extraspecial", "pX1p2_pgr...
This is part of the existence half of Aschbacher ex. (8.7)(1)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
exponent_pX1p2 : odd p -> exponent p^{1+2} %| p.
Proof. move=> p_odd; have pG := pX1p2_pgroup. have ->: p^{1+2} = 'Ohm_1(p^{1+2}). apply/eqP; rewrite eqEsubset Ohm_sub andbT (OhmE 1 pG). case/existsP: (isoGrp_hom Grp_pX1p2) => [[x y]] /=. case/eqP=> <- xp yp _ _; rewrite joing_idl joing_idr genS //. by rewrite subsetI subset_gen subUset !sub1set !inE xp yp!eq...
Lemma
exponent_pX1p2
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Grp_pX1p2", "OhmE", "Ohm_sub", "apply", "card_pX1p2", "eqEsubset", "eqxx", "existsP", "exponent", "exponent_Ohm1_class2", "genS", "inE", "isoGrp_hom", "joing_idl", "joing_idr", "nil_class2", "odd", "oddX", "pG", "pX1p2_extraspecial", "pX1p2_pgroup", "sub1set", "subUset",...
This is part of the existence half of Aschbacher ex. (8.7)(1)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_pX1p2 (gT : finGroupType) (G : {group gT}) : extraspecial G -> exponent G %| p -> #|G| = (p ^ 3)%N -> G \isog p^{1+2}.
Proof. move=> esG expGp oG; apply/(isoGrpP _ Grp_pX1p2). rewrite card_pX1p2; split=> //. have pG: p.-group G by rewrite /pgroup oG pnatX pnat_id. have oZ := card_center_extraspecial pG esG. have [x Gx notZx]: exists2 x, x \in G & x \notin 'Z(G). apply/subsetPn; rewrite proper_subn // properEcard center_sub oZ oG. b...
Lemma
isog_pX1p2
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Grp_pX1p2", "Lagrange", "Phi_quotient_abelem", "TI_cardMg", "abelem", "abelemP", "apply", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_pX1p2", "card_quotient", "cent1C", "cent1P", "cent1id", "centP", "centS", "cent_cycle", "cent_joinEr", "center_normal", "center_sub", "commg", "commgP"...
This is the uniqueness half of Aschbacher ex. (8.7)(1)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2id : p^{1+2*1} \isog p^{1+2}.
Proof. exact: ncprod1. Qed.
Lemma
pX1p2id
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "isog", "ncprod1" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2S n : xcprod_spec p^{1+2} p^{1+2*n} p^{1+2*n.+1}%type.
Proof. exact: ncprodS. Qed.
Lemma
pX1p2S
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "ncprodS", "type", "xcprod_spec" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_pX1p2n n : prime p -> #|p^{1+2*n}| = (p ^ n.*2.+1)%N.
Proof. move=> p_pr; have pG := pX1p2_pgroup p_pr. have oG := card_pX1p2 p_pr; have esG := pX1p2_extraspecial p_pr. have oZ := card_center_extraspecial pG esG. elim: n => [|n IHn]; first by rewrite (card_isog (ncprod0 _)) oZ. case: pX1p2S => gz isoZ; rewrite -im_cpair cardMg_divn setI_im_cpair. rewrite -injm_center ?{1}...
Lemma
card_pX1p2n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "cardMg_divn", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_injm", "card_isog", "card_pX1p2", "center_sub", "expnD", "im_cpair", "injm_center", "injm_cpair1g", "injm_cpairg1", "isoZ", "mulKn", "ncprod0", "oZ", "pG", "pX1p2S", "pX1p2_extraspecial", "pX1p2_pgroup", "p_pr", "prime", "pri...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2n_pgroup n : prime p -> p.-group p^{1+2*n}.
Proof. by move=> p_pr; rewrite /pgroup card_pX1p2n // pnatX pnat_id. Qed.
Lemma
pX1p2n_pgroup
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "card_pX1p2n", "group", "p_pr", "pgroup", "pnatX", "pnat_id", "prime" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
exponent_pX1p2n n : prime p -> odd p -> exponent p^{1+2*n} = p.
Proof. move=> p_pr odd_p; apply: prime_nt_dvdP => //. rewrite -dvdn1 -trivg_exponent -cardG_gt1 card_pX1p2n //. by rewrite (ltn_exp2l 0) // prime_gt1. elim: n => [|n IHn]. by rewrite (dvdn_trans (exponent_dvdn _)) ?card_pX1p2n. case: pX1p2S => gz isoZ; rewrite -im_cpair /=. apply/exponentP=> xy; case/imset2P=> x ...
Lemma
exponent_pX1p2n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "apply", "cardG_gt1", "card_pX1p2n", "centsP", "dvdn1", "dvdn_trans", "expgMn", "exponent", "exponentP", "exponent_dvdn", "exponent_injm", "exponent_pX1p2", "im_cpair", "im_cpair_cent", "imset2P", "injm_cpair1g", "injm_cpairg1", "isoZ", "ltn_exp2l", "mulg1", "odd", "pX1p2S"...
This is part of the existence half of Aschbacher (23.13)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
pX1p2n_extraspecial n : prime p -> n > 0 -> extraspecial p^{1+2*n}.
Proof. move=> p_pr; elim: n => [//|n IHn _]. have esG := pX1p2_extraspecial p_pr. have [n0 | n_gt0] := posnP n. by apply: isog_extraspecial esG; rewrite isog_sym n0 pX1p2id. case: pX1p2S (pX1p2n_pgroup n.+1 p_pr) => gz isoZ pGn. apply: (cprod_extraspecial pGn (im_cpair_cprod isoZ) (setI_im_cpair isoZ)). by apply: i...
Lemma
pX1p2n_extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "apply", "cprod_extraspecial", "extraspecial", "im_cpair_cprod", "injm_cpair1g", "injm_cpairg1", "injm_extraspecial", "isoZ", "isog_extraspecial", "isog_sym", "n_gt0", "pX1p2S", "pX1p2_extraspecial", "pX1p2id", "pX1p2n_pgroup", "p_pr", "posnP", "prime", "setI_im_cpair" ]
This is part of the existence half of Aschbacher (23.13) and (23.14)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Ohm1_extraspecial_odd (gT : finGroupType) (G : {group gT}) : p.-group G -> extraspecial G -> odd #|G| -> let Y := 'Ohm_1(G) in [/\ exponent Y = p, #|G : Y| %| p & Y != G -> exists E : {group gT}, [/\ #|G : Y| = p, #|E| = p \/ extraspecial E, exists2 X : {group gT}, #|X| = p & X \x E...
Proof. move=> pG esG oddG Y; have [spG _] := esG. have [defPhiG defG'] := spG; set Z := 'Z(G) in defPhiG defG'. have{spG} expG: exponent G %| p ^ 2 by apply: exponent_special. have p_pr := extraspecial_prime pG esG. have p_gt1 := prime_gt1 p_pr; have p_gt0 := ltnW p_gt1. have oZ: #|Z| = p := card_center_extraspecial pG...
Lemma
Ohm1_extraspecial_odd
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Lagrange", "Lagrange_index", "Mho", "MhoS", "Mho_p_elt", "OhmE", "OhmS", "Ohm_normal", "Ohm_sub", "Phi_joing", "Phi_quotient_abelem", "TI_Ohm1", "TI_cardMg", "Uu", "abelem", "abelemS", "abelian", "abelianE", "apply", "cardG_gt0", "cardG_gt1", "cardSg", "card_center_extra...
This is Aschbacher (23.12)
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_pX1p2n n (gT : finGroupType) (G : {group gT}) : prime p -> extraspecial G -> #|G| = (p ^ n.*2.+1)%N -> exponent G %| p -> G \isog p^{1+2*n}.
Proof. move=> p_pr esG oG expG; have p_gt1 := prime_gt1 p_pr. have not_le_p3_p: ~~ (p ^ 3 <= p) by rewrite (leq_exp2l 3 1). have pG: p.-group G by rewrite /pgroup oG pnatX pnat_id. have oZ := card_center_extraspecial pG esG. have{pG esG} [Es p3Es defG] := extraspecial_structure pG esG. set Z := 'Z(G) in oZ defG p3Es. e...
Lemma
isog_pX1p2n
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Aut_extraspecial_full", "abelian", "apply", "big_cons", "big_nil", "cardG_gt0", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_p3group_extraspecial", "card_pX1p2n", "center_idP", "centsC", "cprod1g", "cprodA", "cprodP", "defG", "def_n", "double_inj", "dvdn_trans", "eqEsubset", "eqSS", "e...
in part the proof that symplectic spaces are hyperbolic (19.16).
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_2X1p2 : 2^{1+2} \isog 'D_8.
Proof. have pr2: prime 2 by []; have oG := card_pX1p2 pr2; rewrite -[8]oG. case/existsP: (isoGrp_hom (Grp_pX1p2 pr2)) => [[x y]] /=. rewrite -/2^{1+2}; case/eqP=> defG x2 y2 _ _. have not_oG_2: ~~ (#|2^{1+2}| %| 2) by rewrite oG. have ox: #[x] = 2. apply: nt_prime_order => //; apply: contra not_oG_2 => x1. by rewri...
Lemma
isog_2X1p2
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Grp_pX1p2", "apply", "card_pX1p2", "cycle1", "defG", "existsP", "involutions_gen_dihedral", "isoGrp_hom", "isog", "joing1G", "joingG1", "joing_idPl", "joing_idl", "joing_idr", "nt_prime_order", "orderE", "order_dvdn", "prime" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
Q8_extraspecial : extraspecial 'Q_8.
Proof. have gt32: 3 > 2 by []; have isoQ: 'Q_8 \isog 'Q_(2 ^ 3) by apply: isog_refl. have [[x y] genQ _] := generators_quaternion gt32 isoQ. have [_ [defQ' defPhiQ _ _]] := quaternion_structure gt32 genQ isoQ. case=> defZ oZ _ _ _ _ _; split; last by rewrite oZ. by split; rewrite ?defPhiQ defZ. Qed.
Lemma
Q8_extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "apply", "extraspecial", "generators_quaternion", "isog", "isog_refl", "last", "oZ", "quaternion_structure", "split" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
DnQ_P n : xcprod_spec 'D^n 'Q_8 ('D^n*Q)%type.
Proof. have pQ: 2.-group 'Q_(2 ^ 3) by rewrite /pgroup card_quaternion. have{pQ} oZQ := card_center_extraspecial pQ Q8_extraspecial. suffices oZDn: #|'Z('D^n)| = 2. by apply: xcprodP; rewrite isog_cyclic_card ?prime_cyclic ?oZQ ?oZDn. have [-> | n_gt0] := posnP n; first by rewrite center_ncprod0 card_pX1p2n. have pr2...
Lemma
DnQ_P
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Q8_extraspecial", "apply", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_pX1p2n", "card_quaternion", "center_ncprod0", "group", "isog_cyclic_card", "n_gt0", "pX1p2n_extraspecial", "pX1p2n_pgroup", "pgroup", "posnP", "prime", "prime_cyclic", "type", "xcprodP", "xcprod_spec" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_DnQ n : #|'D^n*Q| = (2 ^ n.+1.*2.+1)%N.
Proof. have oQ: #|'Q_(2 ^ 3)| = 8 by rewrite card_quaternion. have pQ: 2.-group 'Q_8 by rewrite /pgroup oQ. case: DnQ_P => gz isoZ. rewrite -im_cpair cardMg_divn setI_im_cpair cpair_center_id. rewrite -injm_center//; first exact: injm_cpair1g. rewrite (card_injm (injm_cpairg1 _))//= (card_injm (injm_cpair1g _))//. rewr...
Lemma
card_DnQ
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "DnQ_P", "Q8_extraspecial", "cardMg_divn", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_injm", "card_pX1p2n", "card_quaternion", "center_sub", "cpair_center_id", "expnD", "group", "im_cpair", "injm_center", "injm_cpair1g", "injm_cpairg1", "isoZ", "mulnC", "muln_divA", "pgroup", "setI_im_c...
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
DnQ_pgroup n : 2.-group 'D^n*Q.
Proof. by rewrite /pgroup card_DnQ pnatX. Qed.
Lemma
DnQ_pgroup
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "card_DnQ", "group", "pgroup", "pnatX" ]
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
DnQ_extraspecial n : extraspecial 'D^n*Q.
Proof. case: DnQ_P (DnQ_pgroup n) => gz isoZ pDnQ. have [injDn injQ] := (injm_cpairg1 isoZ, injm_cpair1g isoZ). have [n0 | n_gt0] := posnP n. rewrite -im_cpair mulSGid; last exact: injm_extraspecial Q8_extraspecial. apply/setIidPl; rewrite setI_im_cpair -injm_center //=. by congr (_ @* _); rewrite n0 center_ncpro...
Lemma
DnQ_extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "DnQ_P", "DnQ_pgroup", "Q8_extraspecial", "apply", "center_ncprod0", "cprod_extraspecial", "extraspecial", "im_cpair", "im_cpair_cprod", "injm_center", "injm_cpair1g", "injm_cpairg1", "injm_extraspecial", "isoZ", "last", "mulSGid", "n_gt0", "pX1p2n_extraspecial", "posnP", "setI...
Final part of the existence half of Aschbacher (23.14).
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
card_isog8_extraspecial (gT : finGroupType) (G : {group gT}) : #|G| = 8 -> extraspecial G -> (G \isog 'D_8) || (G \isog 'Q_8).
Proof. move=> oG esG; have pG: 2.-group G by rewrite /pgroup oG. apply/norP=> [[notG_D8 notG_Q8]]. have not_extG: extremal_class G = NotExtremal. by rewrite /extremal_class oG andFb (negPf notG_D8) (negPf notG_Q8). have [x Gx ox] := exponent_witness (pgroup_nil pG). pose X := <[x]>; have cycX: cyclic X := cycle_cycli...
Lemma
card_isog8_extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "apply", "cycle_cyclic", "cycle_subG", "cyclic", "divgS", "exponent_2extraspecial", "exponent_witness", "extraspecial", "extraspecial_nonabelian", "extremal2", "extremal_class", "gT", "group", "isog", "maximal_cycle_extremal", "orderE", "pG", "pgroup", "pgroup_nil", "sXG" ]
A special case of the uniqueness half of Achsbacher (23.14).
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
isog_2extraspecial (gT : finGroupType) (G : {group gT}) n : #|G| = (2 ^ n.*2.+1)%N -> extraspecial G -> G \isog 'D^n \/ G \isog 'D^n.-1*Q.
Proof. elim: n G => [|n IHn] G oG esG. case/negP: (extraspecial_nonabelian esG). by rewrite cyclic_abelian ?prime_cyclic ?oG. have pG: 2.-group G by rewrite /pgroup oG pnatX. have oZ:= card_center_extraspecial pG esG. have: 'Z(G) \subset 'Ohm_1(G). apply/subsetP=> z Zz; rewrite (OhmE _ pG) mem_gen //. by rewrit...
Lemma
isog_2extraspecial
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Aut", "Aut_extraspecial_full", "Aut_in", "DnQ_P", "LdivP", "OhmE", "apply", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_isog8_extraspecial", "center_ncprod0", "center_prod", "center_sub", "cpair1g", "cpairg1", "cpairg1_center", "cprodA", "cprodE", "cprodP", "cprod_center_id", "cycle_sub...
Galois theory as in (20.9) and (21.1).
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d
rank_Dn n : 'r_2('D^n) = n.+1.
Proof. elim: n => [|n IHn]; first by rewrite p_rank_abelem ?prime_abelem ?card_pX1p2n. have oDDn: #|'D^n.+1| = (2 ^ n.+1.*2.+1)%N by apply: card_pX1p2n. have esDDn: extraspecial 'D^n.+1 by apply: pX1p2n_extraspecial. do [case: pX1p2S => gz isoZ; set DDn := [set: _]] in oDDn esDDn *. have pDDn: 2.-group DDn by rewrite /...
Lemma
rank_Dn
solvable
solvable/extraspecial.v
[ "mathcomp", "ssreflect", "ssrbool", "ssrfun", "eqtype", "ssrnat", "seq", "div", "choice", "fintype", "bigop", "finset", "prime", "binomial", "fingroup", "morphism", "perm", "automorphism", "presentation", "quotient", "action", "commutator", "gproduct", "gfunctor", "ss...
[ "Dx", "Lagrange", "abelE", "apply", "cardG_gt0", "card_center_extraspecial", "card_pX1p2n", "card_subcent_extraspecial", "centSS", "cpair1g", "cpairg1", "cycleX", "cycle_subG", "dihedral2_structure", "doubleS", "dprodEY", "dprod_abelem", "dprod_card", "eqn_leq", "expnM", "exp...
The first concluding remark of Aschbacher (23.14).
https://github.com/math-comp/math-comp
91d97df9cf3204b4dab84f4e24bc633e84b6473d