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exp_local_homeomorph : local_homeomorph ℂ ℂ
local_homeomorph.of_continuous_open { to_fun := exp, inv_fun := log, source := {z : ℂ | z.im ∈ Ioo (- π) π}, target := {z : ℂ | 0 < z.re} ∪ {z : ℂ | z.im ≠ 0}, map_source' := begin rintro ⟨x, y⟩ ⟨h₁ : -π < y, h₂ : y < π⟩, refine (not_or_of_imp $ λ hz, _).symm, obtain rfl : y = 0, { r...
def
complex.exp_local_homeomorph
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "exp", "inv_fun", "local_homeomorph", "local_homeomorph.of_continuous_open", "not_and_distrib", "not_or_of_imp", "real.exp_pos", "real.sin_eq_zero_iff_of_lt_of_lt" ]
`complex.exp` as a `local_homeomorph` with `source = {z | -π < im z < π}` and `target = {z | 0 < re z} ∪ {z | im z ≠ 0}`. This definition is used to prove that `complex.log` is complex differentiable at all points but the negative real semi-axis.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_strict_deriv_at_log {x : ℂ} (h : 0 < x.re ∨ x.im ≠ 0) : has_strict_deriv_at log x⁻¹ x
have h0 : x ≠ 0, by { rintro rfl, simpa [lt_irrefl] using h }, exp_local_homeomorph.has_strict_deriv_at_symm h h0 $ by simpa [exp_log h0] using has_strict_deriv_at_exp (log x)
lemma
complex.has_strict_deriv_at_log
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "has_strict_deriv_at", "has_strict_deriv_at_exp" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_strict_fderiv_at_log_real {x : ℂ} (h : 0 < x.re ∨ x.im ≠ 0) : has_strict_fderiv_at log (x⁻¹ • (1 : ℂ →L[ℝ] ℂ)) x
(has_strict_deriv_at_log h).complex_to_real_fderiv
lemma
complex.has_strict_fderiv_at_log_real
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "has_strict_fderiv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
cont_diff_at_log {x : ℂ} (h : 0 < x.re ∨ x.im ≠ 0) {n : ℕ∞} : cont_diff_at ℂ n log x
exp_local_homeomorph.cont_diff_at_symm_deriv (exp_ne_zero $ log x) h (has_deriv_at_exp _) cont_diff_exp.cont_diff_at
lemma
complex.cont_diff_at_log
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "cont_diff_at", "has_deriv_at_exp" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_strict_fderiv_at.clog {f : E → ℂ} {f' : E →L[ℂ] ℂ} {x : E} (h₁ : has_strict_fderiv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_strict_fderiv_at (λ t, log (f t)) ((f x)⁻¹ • f') x
(has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).comp_has_strict_fderiv_at x h₁
lemma
has_strict_fderiv_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "has_strict_fderiv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_strict_deriv_at.clog {f : ℂ → ℂ} {f' x : ℂ} (h₁ : has_strict_deriv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_strict_deriv_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) x
by { rw div_eq_inv_mul, exact (has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).comp x h₁ }
lemma
has_strict_deriv_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_strict_deriv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_strict_deriv_at.clog_real {f : ℝ → ℂ} {x : ℝ} {f' : ℂ} (h₁ : has_strict_deriv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_strict_deriv_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) x
by simpa only [div_eq_inv_mul] using (has_strict_fderiv_at_log_real h₂).comp_has_strict_deriv_at x h₁
lemma
has_strict_deriv_at.clog_real
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_strict_deriv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_fderiv_at.clog {f : E → ℂ} {f' : E →L[ℂ] ℂ} {x : E} (h₁ : has_fderiv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_fderiv_at (λ t, log (f t)) ((f x)⁻¹ • f') x
(has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).has_deriv_at.comp_has_fderiv_at x h₁
lemma
has_fderiv_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "has_deriv_at.comp_has_fderiv_at", "has_fderiv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_deriv_at.clog {f : ℂ → ℂ} {f' x : ℂ} (h₁ : has_deriv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_deriv_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) x
by { rw div_eq_inv_mul, exact (has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).has_deriv_at.comp x h₁ }
lemma
has_deriv_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_deriv_at", "has_deriv_at.comp" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_deriv_at.clog_real {f : ℝ → ℂ} {x : ℝ} {f' : ℂ} (h₁ : has_deriv_at f f' x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_deriv_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) x
by simpa only [div_eq_inv_mul] using (has_strict_fderiv_at_log_real h₂).has_fderiv_at.comp_has_deriv_at x h₁
lemma
has_deriv_at.clog_real
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_deriv_at", "has_fderiv_at.comp_has_deriv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_at.clog {f : E → ℂ} {x : E} (h₁ : differentiable_at ℂ f x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : differentiable_at ℂ (λ t, log (f t)) x
(h₁.has_fderiv_at.clog h₂).differentiable_at
lemma
differentiable_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "differentiable_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_fderiv_within_at.clog {f : E → ℂ} {f' : E →L[ℂ] ℂ} {s : set E} {x : E} (h₁ : has_fderiv_within_at f f' s x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_fderiv_within_at (λ t, log (f t)) ((f x)⁻¹ • f') s x
(has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).has_deriv_at.comp_has_fderiv_within_at x h₁
lemma
has_fderiv_within_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "has_deriv_at.comp_has_fderiv_within_at", "has_fderiv_within_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_deriv_within_at.clog {f : ℂ → ℂ} {f' x : ℂ} {s : set ℂ} (h₁ : has_deriv_within_at f f' s x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_deriv_within_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) s x
by { rw div_eq_inv_mul, exact (has_strict_deriv_at_log h₂).has_deriv_at.comp_has_deriv_within_at x h₁ }
lemma
has_deriv_within_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_deriv_at.comp_has_deriv_within_at", "has_deriv_within_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_deriv_within_at.clog_real {f : ℝ → ℂ} {s : set ℝ} {x : ℝ} {f' : ℂ} (h₁ : has_deriv_within_at f f' s x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : has_deriv_within_at (λ t, log (f t)) (f' / f x) s x
by simpa only [div_eq_inv_mul] using (has_strict_fderiv_at_log_real h₂).has_fderiv_at.comp_has_deriv_within_at x h₁
lemma
has_deriv_within_at.clog_real
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "div_eq_inv_mul", "has_deriv_within_at", "has_fderiv_at.comp_has_deriv_within_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_within_at.clog {f : E → ℂ} {s : set E} {x : E} (h₁ : differentiable_within_at ℂ f s x) (h₂ : 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : differentiable_within_at ℂ (λ t, log (f t)) s x
(h₁.has_fderiv_within_at.clog h₂).differentiable_within_at
lemma
differentiable_within_at.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "differentiable_within_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_on.clog {f : E → ℂ} {s : set E} (h₁ : differentiable_on ℂ f s) (h₂ : ∀ x ∈ s, 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : differentiable_on ℂ (λ t, log (f t)) s
λ x hx, (h₁ x hx).clog (h₂ x hx)
lemma
differentiable_on.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "differentiable_on" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable.clog {f : E → ℂ} (h₁ : differentiable ℂ f) (h₂ : ∀ x, 0 < (f x).re ∨ (f x).im ≠ 0) : differentiable ℂ (λ t, log (f t))
λ x, (h₁ x).clog (h₂ x)
lemma
differentiable.clog
analysis.special_functions.complex
src/analysis/special_functions/complex/log_deriv.lean
[ "analysis.calculus.inverse", "analysis.special_functions.complex.log", "analysis.special_functions.exp_deriv" ]
[ "differentiable" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integrand_is_o (s : ℝ) : (λ x:ℝ, exp (-x) * x ^ s) =o[at_top] (λ x:ℝ, exp (-(1/2) * x))
begin refine is_o_of_tendsto (λ x hx, _) _, { exfalso, exact (exp_pos (-(1 / 2) * x)).ne' hx }, have : (λ (x:ℝ), exp (-x) * x ^ s / exp (-(1 / 2) * x)) = (λ (x:ℝ), exp ((1 / 2) * x) / x ^ s )⁻¹, { ext1 x, field_simp [exp_ne_zero, exp_neg, ← real.exp_add], left, ring }, rw this, exact (tendsto_ex...
lemma
real.Gamma_integrand_is_o
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp", "exp_neg", "one_half_pos", "real.exp_add", "ring", "tendsto_exp_mul_div_rpow_at_top" ]
Asymptotic bound for the `Γ` function integrand.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_convergent {s : ℝ} (h : 0 < s) : integrable_on (λ x:ℝ, exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1)) (Ioi 0)
begin rw [←Ioc_union_Ioi_eq_Ioi (@zero_le_one ℝ _ _ _ _), integrable_on_union], split, { rw ←integrable_on_Icc_iff_integrable_on_Ioc, refine integrable_on.continuous_on_mul continuous_on_id.neg.exp _ is_compact_Icc, refine (interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Icc_of_le zero_le_one).mp _, exact interval...
lemma
real.Gamma_integral_convergent
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp", "integrable_of_is_O_exp_neg", "interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Icc_of_le", "one_half_pos", "zero_le_one", "zero_lt_one" ]
The Euler integral for the `Γ` function converges for positive real `s`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_convergent {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < s.re) : integrable_on (λ x, (-x).exp * x ^ (s - 1) : ℝ → ℂ) (Ioi 0)
begin split, { refine continuous_on.ae_strongly_measurable _ measurable_set_Ioi, apply (continuous_of_real.comp continuous_neg.exp).continuous_on.mul, apply continuous_at.continuous_on, intros x hx, have : continuous_at (λ x:ℂ, x ^ (s - 1)) ↑x, { apply continuous_at_cpow_const, rw of_real_re, ex...
lemma
complex.Gamma_integral_convergent
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "abs_of_nonneg", "continuous_at", "continuous_at.comp", "continuous_at.continuous_on", "continuous_at_cpow_const", "continuous_on.ae_strongly_measurable", "continuous_on.mul", "exp", "map_mul", "measurable_set_Ioi", "real.Gamma_integral_convergent" ]
The integral defining the `Γ` function converges for complex `s` with `0 < re s`. This is proved by reduction to the real case.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral (s : ℂ) : ℂ
∫ x in Ioi (0:ℝ), ↑(-x).exp * ↑x ^ (s - 1)
def
complex.Gamma_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp" ]
Euler's integral for the `Γ` function (of a complex variable `s`), defined as `∫ x in Ioi 0, exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1)`. See `complex.Gamma_integral_convergent` for a proof of the convergence of the integral for `0 < re s`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_conj (s : ℂ) : Gamma_integral (conj s) = conj (Gamma_integral s)
begin rw [Gamma_integral, Gamma_integral, ←integral_conj], refine set_integral_congr measurable_set_Ioi (λ x hx, _), dsimp only, rw [ring_hom.map_mul, conj_of_real, cpow_def_of_ne_zero (of_real_ne_zero.mpr (ne_of_gt hx)), cpow_def_of_ne_zero (of_real_ne_zero.mpr (ne_of_gt hx)), ←exp_conj, ring_hom.map_mul, ...
lemma
complex.Gamma_integral_conj
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "measurable_set_Ioi", "ring_hom.map_mul", "ring_hom.map_one", "ring_hom.map_sub" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_of_real (s : ℝ) : Gamma_integral ↑s = ↑(∫ x:ℝ in Ioi 0, real.exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1))
begin rw [Gamma_integral, ←_root_.integral_of_real], refine set_integral_congr measurable_set_Ioi _, intros x hx, dsimp only, rw [of_real_mul, of_real_cpow (mem_Ioi.mp hx).le], simp, end
lemma
complex.Gamma_integral_of_real
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "measurable_set_Ioi", "real.exp" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_one : Gamma_integral 1 = 1
by simpa only [←of_real_one, Gamma_integral_of_real, of_real_inj, sub_self, rpow_zero, mul_one] using integral_exp_neg_Ioi_zero
lemma
complex.Gamma_integral_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "integral_exp_neg_Ioi_zero", "mul_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
partial_Gamma (s : ℂ) (X : ℝ) : ℂ
∫ x in 0..X, (-x).exp * x ^ (s - 1)
def
complex.partial_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp" ]
The indefinite version of the `Γ` function, `Γ(s, X) = ∫ x ∈ 0..X, exp(-x) x ^ (s - 1)`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
tendsto_partial_Gamma {s : ℂ} (hs: 0 < s.re) : tendsto (λ X:ℝ, partial_Gamma s X) at_top (𝓝 $ Gamma_integral s)
interval_integral_tendsto_integral_Ioi 0 (Gamma_integral_convergent hs) tendsto_id
lemma
complex.tendsto_partial_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integrand_interval_integrable (s : ℂ) {X : ℝ} (hs : 0 < s.re) (hX : 0 ≤ X): interval_integrable (λ x, (-x).exp * x ^ (s - 1) : ℝ → ℂ) volume 0 X
begin rw interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Ioc_of_le hX, exact integrable_on.mono_set (Gamma_integral_convergent hs) Ioc_subset_Ioi_self end
lemma
complex.Gamma_integrand_interval_integrable
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp", "interval_integrable", "interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Ioc_of_le" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integrand_deriv_integrable_A {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < s.re) {X : ℝ} (hX : 0 ≤ X): interval_integrable (λ x, -((-x).exp * x ^ s) : ℝ → ℂ) volume 0 X
begin convert (Gamma_integrand_interval_integrable (s+1) _ hX).neg, { ext1, simp only [add_sub_cancel, pi.neg_apply] }, { simp only [add_re, one_re], linarith,}, end
lemma
complex.Gamma_integrand_deriv_integrable_A
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "exp", "interval_integrable" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integrand_deriv_integrable_B {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < s.re) {Y : ℝ} (hY : 0 ≤ Y) : interval_integrable (λ (x : ℝ), (-x).exp * (s * x ^ (s - 1)) : ℝ → ℂ) volume 0 Y
begin have : (λ x, (-x).exp * (s * x ^ (s - 1)) : ℝ → ℂ) = (λ x, s * ((-x).exp * x ^ (s - 1)) : ℝ → ℂ), { ext1, ring, }, rw [this, interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Ioc_of_le hY], split, { refine (continuous_on_const.mul _).ae_strongly_measurable measurable_set_Ioc, apply (continuous_of_real.comp con...
lemma
complex.Gamma_integrand_deriv_integrable_B
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "abs_of_nonneg", "continuous_at", "continuous_at.continuous_on", "continuous_at_cpow_const", "continuous_on.mul", "exp", "interval_integrable", "interval_integrable_iff_integrable_Ioc_of_le", "map_mul", "measurable_set_Ioc", "real.Gamma_integral_convergent", "ring" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
partial_Gamma_add_one {s : ℂ} (hs: 0 < s.re) {X : ℝ} (hX : 0 ≤ X) : partial_Gamma (s + 1) X = s * partial_Gamma s X - (-X).exp * X ^ s
begin rw [partial_Gamma, partial_Gamma, add_sub_cancel], have F_der_I: (∀ (x:ℝ), (x ∈ Ioo 0 X) → has_deriv_at (λ x, (-x).exp * x ^ s : ℝ → ℂ) ( -((-x).exp * x ^ s) + (-x).exp * (s * x ^ (s - 1))) x), { intros x hx, have d1 : has_deriv_at (λ (y: ℝ), (-y).exp) (-(-x).exp) x, { simpa using (has_deriv_at_...
lemma
complex.partial_Gamma_add_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "cont", "exp", "has_deriv_at", "has_deriv_at.cpow_const", "has_deriv_at_id", "has_deriv_at_neg", "interval_integral.integral_add", "interval_integral.integral_neg", "mul_one", "mul_zero", "neg_mul", "ring" ]
The recurrence relation for the indefinite version of the `Γ` function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_add_one {s : ℂ} (hs: 0 < s.re) : Gamma_integral (s + 1) = s * Gamma_integral s
begin suffices : tendsto (s+1).partial_Gamma at_top (𝓝 $ s * Gamma_integral s), { refine tendsto_nhds_unique _ this, apply tendsto_partial_Gamma, rw [add_re, one_re], linarith, }, have : (λ X:ℝ, s * partial_Gamma s X - X ^ s * (-X).exp) =ᶠ[at_top] (s+1).partial_Gamma, { apply eventually_eq_of_mem (Ici_mem_...
theorem
complex.Gamma_integral_add_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "abs_of_nonneg", "exp", "map_mul", "neg_mul", "one_mul", "tendsto_nhds_unique", "tendsto_rpow_mul_exp_neg_mul_at_top_nhds_0", "zero_lt_one" ]
The recurrence relation for the `Γ` integral.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_aux : ℕ → (ℂ → ℂ)
| 0 := Gamma_integral | (n+1) := λ s:ℂ, (Gamma_aux n (s+1)) / s
def
complex.Gamma_aux
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[]
The `n`th function in this family is `Γ(s)` if `-n < s.re`, and junk otherwise.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_aux_recurrence1 (s : ℂ) (n : ℕ) (h1 : -s.re < ↑n) : Gamma_aux n s = Gamma_aux n (s+1) / s
begin induction n with n hn generalizing s, { simp only [nat.cast_zero, neg_lt_zero] at h1, dsimp only [Gamma_aux], rw Gamma_integral_add_one h1, rw [mul_comm, mul_div_cancel], contrapose! h1, rw h1, simp }, { dsimp only [Gamma_aux], have hh1 : -(s+1).re < n, { rw [nat.succ_eq_add_one, nat.cas...
lemma
complex.Gamma_aux_recurrence1
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "mul_comm", "mul_div_cancel", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_one", "nat.cast_zero" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_aux_recurrence2 (s : ℂ) (n : ℕ) (h1 : -s.re < ↑n) : Gamma_aux n s = Gamma_aux (n+1) s
begin cases n, { simp only [nat.cast_zero, neg_lt_zero] at h1, dsimp only [Gamma_aux], rw [Gamma_integral_add_one h1, mul_div_cancel_left], rintro rfl, rw [zero_re] at h1, exact h1.false }, { dsimp only [Gamma_aux], have : (Gamma_aux n (s + 1 + 1)) / (s+1) = Gamma_aux n (s + 1), { have...
lemma
complex.Gamma_aux_recurrence2
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "mul_div_cancel_left", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_one", "nat.cast_zero" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma (s : ℂ) : ℂ
Gamma_aux ⌊1 - s.re⌋₊ s
def
complex.Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma" ]
The `Γ` function (of a complex variable `s`).
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_eq_Gamma_aux (s : ℂ) (n : ℕ) (h1 : -s.re < ↑n) : Gamma s = Gamma_aux n s
begin have u : ∀ (k : ℕ), Gamma_aux (⌊1 - s.re⌋₊ + k) s = Gamma s, { intro k, induction k with k hk, { simp [Gamma],}, { rw [←hk, nat.succ_eq_add_one, ←add_assoc], refine (Gamma_aux_recurrence2 s (⌊1 - s.re⌋₊ + k) _).symm, rw nat.cast_add, have i0 := nat.sub_one_lt_floor (1 - s.re), ...
lemma
complex.Gamma_eq_Gamma_aux
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_le", "nat.floor_le", "nat.floor_of_nonpos", "nat.sub_one_lt_floor" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_add_one (s : ℂ) (h2 : s ≠ 0) : Gamma (s+1) = s * Gamma s
begin let n := ⌊1 - s.re⌋₊, have t1 : -s.re < n, { simpa only [sub_sub_cancel_left] using nat.sub_one_lt_floor (1 - s.re) }, have t2 : -(s+1).re < n, { rw [add_re, one_re], linarith, }, rw [Gamma_eq_Gamma_aux s n t1, Gamma_eq_Gamma_aux (s+1) n t2, Gamma_aux_recurrence1 s n t1], field_simp, ring, end
theorem
complex.Gamma_add_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "nat.sub_one_lt_floor", "ring" ]
The recurrence relation for the `Γ` function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_eq_integral {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < s.re) : Gamma s = Gamma_integral s
Gamma_eq_Gamma_aux s 0 (by { norm_cast, linarith })
theorem
complex.Gamma_eq_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_one : Gamma 1 = 1
by { rw Gamma_eq_integral, simpa using Gamma_integral_one, simp }
lemma
complex.Gamma_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_nat_eq_factorial (n : ℕ) : Gamma (n+1) = n!
begin induction n with n hn, { simpa using Gamma_one }, { rw (Gamma_add_one n.succ $ nat.cast_ne_zero.mpr $ nat.succ_ne_zero n), simp only [nat.cast_succ, nat.factorial_succ, nat.cast_mul], congr, exact hn }, end
theorem
complex.Gamma_nat_eq_factorial
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "nat.cast_mul", "nat.cast_succ", "nat.factorial_succ" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_zero : Gamma 0 = 0
by simp_rw [Gamma, zero_re, sub_zero, nat.floor_one, Gamma_aux, div_zero]
lemma
complex.Gamma_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "div_zero", "nat.floor_one" ]
At `0` the Gamma function is undefined; by convention we assign it the value `0`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero (n : ℕ) : Gamma (-n) = 0
begin induction n with n IH, { rw [nat.cast_zero, neg_zero, Gamma_zero] }, { have A : -(n.succ : ℂ) ≠ 0, { rw [neg_ne_zero, nat.cast_ne_zero], apply nat.succ_ne_zero }, have : -(n:ℂ) = -↑n.succ + 1, by simp, rw [this, Gamma_add_one _ A] at IH, contrapose! IH, exact mul_ne_zero A IH } end
lemma
complex.Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "mul_ne_zero", "nat.cast_ne_zero", "nat.cast_zero" ]
At `-n` for `n ∈ ℕ`, the Gamma function is undefined; by convention we assign it the value 0.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_conj (s : ℂ) : Gamma (conj s) = conj (Gamma s)
begin suffices : ∀ (n:ℕ) (s:ℂ) , Gamma_aux n (conj s) = conj (Gamma_aux n s), from this _ _, intro n, induction n with n IH, { rw Gamma_aux, exact Gamma_integral_conj, }, { intro s, rw Gamma_aux, dsimp only, rw [div_eq_mul_inv _ s, ring_hom.map_mul, conj_inv, ←div_eq_mul_inv], suffices : conj ...
lemma
complex.Gamma_conj
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "conj_inv", "div_eq_mul_inv", "ring_hom.map_add", "ring_hom.map_mul", "ring_hom.map_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_integral_eq_mellin : Gamma_integral = mellin (λ x, real.exp (-x))
funext (λ s, by simp only [mellin, Gamma_integral, smul_eq_mul, mul_comm])
lemma
complex.Gamma_integral_eq_mellin
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "mellin", "mul_comm", "real.exp", "smul_eq_mul" ]
Rewrite the Gamma integral as an example of a Mellin transform.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
has_deriv_at_Gamma_integral {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < s.re) : has_deriv_at Gamma_integral (∫ (t : ℝ) in Ioi 0, t ^ (s - 1) * (real.log t * real.exp (-t))) s
begin rw Gamma_integral_eq_mellin, convert (mellin_has_deriv_of_is_O_rpow _ _ (lt_add_one _) _ hs).2, { refine (continuous.continuous_on _).locally_integrable_on measurable_set_Ioi, exact continuous_of_real.comp (real.continuous_exp.comp continuous_neg), }, { rw [←is_O_norm_left], simp_rw [complex.norm_...
theorem
complex.has_deriv_at_Gamma_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "complex.norm_eq_abs", "continuous.continuous_on", "continuous_within_at", "has_deriv_at", "is_o_exp_neg_mul_rpow_at_top", "lt_add_one", "measurable_set_Ioi", "mellin_has_deriv_of_is_O_rpow", "neg_one_mul", "one_ne_zero", "real.exp", "real.log", "zero_lt_one" ]
The derivative of the `Γ` integral, at any `s ∈ ℂ` with `1 < re s`, is given by the Melllin transform of `log t * exp (-t)`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_at_Gamma_aux (s : ℂ) (n : ℕ) (h1 : (1 - s.re) < n ) (h2 : ∀ m : ℕ, s ≠ -m) : differentiable_at ℂ (Gamma_aux n) s
begin induction n with n hn generalizing s, { refine (has_deriv_at_Gamma_integral _).differentiable_at, rw nat.cast_zero at h1, linarith }, { dsimp only [Gamma_aux], specialize hn (s + 1), have a : 1 - (s + 1).re < ↑n, { rw nat.cast_succ at h1, rw [complex.add_re, complex.one_re], linarith }, ...
lemma
complex.differentiable_at_Gamma_aux
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "complex.add_re", "complex.one_re", "differentiable_at", "differentiable_at.comp", "differentiable_at.div", "nat.cast_succ", "nat.cast_zero" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_at_Gamma (s : ℂ) (hs : ∀ m : ℕ, s ≠ -m) : differentiable_at ℂ Gamma s
begin let n := ⌊1 - s.re⌋₊ + 1, have hn : 1 - s.re < n := by exact_mod_cast nat.lt_floor_add_one (1 - s.re), apply (differentiable_at_Gamma_aux s n hn hs).congr_of_eventually_eq, let S := { t : ℂ | 1 - t.re < n }, have : S ∈ 𝓝 s, { rw mem_nhds_iff, use S, refine ⟨subset.rfl, _, hn⟩, have : S = re⁻¹...
theorem
complex.differentiable_at_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "differentiable_at", "is_open_Ioi", "mem_nhds_iff", "nat.lt_floor_add_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
tendsto_self_mul_Gamma_nhds_zero : tendsto (λ z : ℂ, z * Gamma z) (𝓝[≠] 0) (𝓝 1)
begin rw (show 𝓝 (1 : ℂ) = 𝓝 (Gamma (0 + 1)), by simp only [zero_add, complex.Gamma_one]), convert (tendsto.mono_left _ nhds_within_le_nhds).congr' (eventually_eq_of_mem self_mem_nhds_within complex.Gamma_add_one), refine continuous_at.comp _ (continuous_id.add continuous_const).continuous_at, refine (com...
lemma
complex.tendsto_self_mul_Gamma_nhds_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_add_one", "complex.Gamma_one", "complex.differentiable_at_Gamma", "continuous_at", "continuous_at.comp", "continuous_const", "nat.cast_nonneg", "nhds_within_le_nhds", "self_mem_nhds_within", "zero_lt_one" ]
At `s = 0`, the Gamma function has a simple pole with residue 1.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma (s : ℝ) : ℝ
(complex.Gamma s).re
def
real.Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma" ]
The `Γ` function (of a real variable `s`).
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_eq_integral {s : ℝ} (hs : 0 < s) : Gamma s = ∫ x in Ioi 0, exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1)
begin rw [Gamma, complex.Gamma_eq_integral (by rwa complex.of_real_re : 0 < complex.re s)], dsimp only [complex.Gamma_integral], simp_rw [←complex.of_real_one, ←complex.of_real_sub], suffices : ∫ (x : ℝ) in Ioi 0, ↑(exp (-x)) * (x : ℂ) ^ ((s - 1 : ℝ) : ℂ) = ∫ (x : ℝ) in Ioi 0, ((exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1) : ℝ) ...
lemma
real.Gamma_eq_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_eq_integral", "complex.Gamma_integral", "complex.of_real_cpow", "complex.of_real_re", "exp", "measurable_set_Ioi" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_add_one {s : ℝ} (hs : s ≠ 0) : Gamma (s + 1) = s * Gamma s
begin simp_rw Gamma, rw [complex.of_real_add, complex.of_real_one, complex.Gamma_add_one, complex.of_real_mul_re], rwa complex.of_real_ne_zero, end
lemma
real.Gamma_add_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_add_one", "complex.of_real_add", "complex.of_real_mul_re", "complex.of_real_ne_zero", "complex.of_real_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_one : Gamma 1 = 1
by rw [Gamma, complex.of_real_one, complex.Gamma_one, complex.one_re]
lemma
real.Gamma_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_one", "complex.of_real_one", "complex.one_re" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
_root_.complex.Gamma_of_real (s : ℝ) : complex.Gamma (s : ℂ) = Gamma s
by rw [Gamma, eq_comm, ←complex.conj_eq_iff_re, ←complex.Gamma_conj, complex.conj_of_real]
lemma
complex.Gamma_of_real
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma", "complex.conj_of_real" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_nat_eq_factorial (n : ℕ) : Gamma (n + 1) = n!
by rw [Gamma, complex.of_real_add, complex.of_real_nat_cast, complex.of_real_one, complex.Gamma_nat_eq_factorial, ←complex.of_real_nat_cast, complex.of_real_re]
theorem
real.Gamma_nat_eq_factorial
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_nat_eq_factorial", "complex.of_real_add", "complex.of_real_nat_cast", "complex.of_real_one", "complex.of_real_re" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_zero : Gamma 0 = 0
by simpa only [←complex.of_real_zero, complex.Gamma_of_real, complex.of_real_inj] using complex.Gamma_zero
lemma
real.Gamma_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_of_real", "complex.Gamma_zero", "complex.of_real_inj" ]
At `0` the Gamma function is undefined; by convention we assign it the value `0`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero (n : ℕ) : Gamma (-n) = 0
begin simpa only [←complex.of_real_nat_cast, ←complex.of_real_neg, complex.Gamma_of_real, complex.of_real_eq_zero] using complex.Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero n, end
lemma
real.Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero", "complex.Gamma_of_real", "complex.of_real_eq_zero" ]
At `-n` for `n ∈ ℕ`, the Gamma function is undefined; by convention we assign it the value `0`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_pos_of_pos {s : ℝ} (hs : 0 < s) : 0 < Gamma s
begin rw Gamma_eq_integral hs, have : function.support (λ (x : ℝ), exp (-x) * x ^ (s - 1)) ∩ Ioi 0 = Ioi 0, { rw inter_eq_right_iff_subset, intros x hx, rw function.mem_support, exact mul_ne_zero (exp_pos _).ne' (rpow_pos_of_pos hx _).ne' }, rw set_integral_pos_iff_support_of_nonneg_ae, { rw [this...
lemma
real.Gamma_pos_of_pos
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "ennreal.of_real_lt_top", "exp", "function.support", "measurable_set_Ioi", "mul_ne_zero" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_ne_zero {s : ℝ} (hs : ∀ m : ℕ, s ≠ -m) : Gamma s ≠ 0
begin suffices : ∀ {n : ℕ}, (-(n:ℝ) < s) → Gamma s ≠ 0, { apply this, swap, use (⌊-s⌋₊ + 1), rw [neg_lt, nat.cast_add, nat.cast_one], exact nat.lt_floor_add_one _ }, intro n, induction n generalizing s, { intro hs, refine (Gamma_pos_of_pos _).ne', rwa [nat.cast_zero, neg_zero] at hs }, {...
lemma
real.Gamma_ne_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "mul_ne_zero_iff", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_one", "nat.cast_zero", "nat.lt_floor_add_one", "ring" ]
The Gamma function does not vanish on `ℝ` (except at non-positive integers, where the function is mathematically undefined and we set it to `0` by convention).
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_eq_zero_iff (s : ℝ) : Gamma s = 0 ↔ ∃ m : ℕ, s = -m
⟨by { contrapose!, exact Gamma_ne_zero }, by { rintro ⟨m, rfl⟩, exact Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero m }⟩
lemma
real.Gamma_eq_zero_iff
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_at_Gamma {s : ℝ} (hs : ∀ m : ℕ, s ≠ -m) : differentiable_at ℝ Gamma s
begin refine ((complex.differentiable_at_Gamma _ _).has_deriv_at).real_of_complex.differentiable_at, simp_rw [←complex.of_real_nat_cast, ←complex.of_real_neg, ne.def, complex.of_real_inj], exact hs, end
lemma
real.differentiable_at_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/basic.lean
[ "measure_theory.integral.exp_decay", "analysis.special_functions.improper_integrals", "analysis.mellin_transform" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.differentiable_at_Gamma", "complex.of_real_inj", "differentiable_at", "has_deriv_at" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral (u v : ℂ) : ℂ
∫ (x:ℝ) in 0..1, x ^ (u - 1) * (1 - x) ^ (v - 1)
def
complex.beta_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[]
The Beta function `Β (u, v)`, defined as `∫ x:ℝ in 0..1, x ^ (u - 1) * (1 - x) ^ (v - 1)`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_convergent_left {u : ℂ} (hu : 0 < re u) (v : ℂ) : interval_integrable (λ x, x ^ (u - 1) * (1 - x) ^ (v - 1) : ℝ → ℂ) volume 0 (1 / 2)
begin apply interval_integrable.mul_continuous_on, { refine interval_integral.interval_integrable_cpow' _, rwa [sub_re, one_re, ←zero_sub, sub_lt_sub_iff_right] }, { apply continuous_at.continuous_on, intros x hx, rw uIcc_of_le (by positivity: (0:ℝ) ≤ 1/2) at hx, apply continuous_at.cpow, { ex...
lemma
complex.beta_integral_convergent_left
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "continuous_at", "continuous_at.continuous_on", "continuous_at.cpow", "continuous_at_const", "interval_integrable", "interval_integrable.mul_continuous_on", "interval_integral.interval_integrable_cpow'" ]
Auxiliary lemma for `beta_integral_convergent`, showing convergence at the left endpoint.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_convergent {u v : ℂ} (hu : 0 < re u) (hv : 0 < re v) : interval_integrable (λ x, x ^ (u - 1) * (1 - x) ^ (v - 1) : ℝ → ℂ) volume 0 1
begin refine (beta_integral_convergent_left hu v).trans _, rw interval_integrable.iff_comp_neg, convert ((beta_integral_convergent_left hv u).comp_add_right 1).symm, { ext1 x, conv_lhs { rw mul_comm }, congr' 2; { push_cast, ring } }, { norm_num }, { norm_num } end
lemma
complex.beta_integral_convergent
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "interval_integrable", "interval_integrable.iff_comp_neg", "mul_comm", "ring" ]
The Beta integral is convergent for all `u, v` of positive real part.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_symm (u v : ℂ) : beta_integral v u = beta_integral u v
begin rw [beta_integral, beta_integral], have := interval_integral.integral_comp_mul_add (λ x:ℝ, (x:ℂ) ^ (u - 1) * (1 - ↑x) ^ (v - 1)) (neg_one_lt_zero.ne) 1, rw [inv_neg, inv_one, neg_one_smul, ←interval_integral.integral_symm] at this, convert this, { ext1 x, rw mul_comm, congr; { push_cast, ring } ...
lemma
complex.beta_integral_symm
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "interval_integral.integral_comp_mul_add", "inv_neg", "inv_one", "mul_comm", "neg_one_smul", "ring" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_eval_one_right {u : ℂ} (hu : 0 < re u) : beta_integral u 1 = 1 / u
begin simp_rw [beta_integral, sub_self, cpow_zero, mul_one], rw integral_cpow (or.inl _), { rw [of_real_zero, of_real_one, one_cpow, zero_cpow, sub_zero, sub_add_cancel], rw sub_add_cancel, contrapose! hu, rw [hu, zero_re] }, { rwa [sub_re, one_re, ←sub_pos, sub_neg_eq_add, sub_add_cancel] }, end
lemma
complex.beta_integral_eval_one_right
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "integral_cpow", "mul_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_scaled (s t : ℂ) {a : ℝ} (ha : 0 < a) : ∫ x in 0..a, (x:ℂ) ^ (s - 1) * (a - x) ^ (t - 1) = a ^ (s + t - 1) * beta_integral s t
begin have ha' : (a:ℂ) ≠ 0, from of_real_ne_zero.mpr ha.ne', rw beta_integral, have A : (a:ℂ) ^ (s + t - 1) = a * (a ^ (s - 1) * a ^ (t - 1)), { rw [(by abel : s + t - 1 = 1 + (s - 1) + (t - 1)), cpow_add _ _ ha', cpow_add 1 _ ha', cpow_one, mul_assoc] }, rw [A, mul_assoc, ←interval_integral.integral_co...
lemma
complex.beta_integral_scaled
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "div_le_one", "div_pos", "interval_integral.integral_of_le", "measurable_set_Ioc", "mul_assoc", "mul_div_cancel'", "mul_mul_mul_comm", "mul_one", "zero_div" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_Gamma_eq_beta_integral {s t : ℂ} (hs : 0 < re s) (ht : 0 < re t) : Gamma s * Gamma t = Gamma (s + t) * beta_integral s t
begin -- Note that we haven't proved (yet) that the Gamma function has no zeroes, so we can't formulate -- this as a formula for the Beta function. have conv_int := integral_pos_convolution (Gamma_integral_convergent hs) (Gamma_integral_convergent ht) (continuous_linear_map.mul ℝ ℂ), simp_rw continuous_line...
lemma
complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_eq_beta_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "continuous_linear_map.mul", "continuous_linear_map.mul_apply'", "integral_pos_convolution", "measurable_set_Ioi", "mul_assoc", "ring" ]
Relation between Beta integral and Gamma function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_recurrence {u v : ℂ} (hu : 0 < re u) (hv : 0 < re v) : u * beta_integral u (v + 1) = v * beta_integral (u + 1) v
begin -- NB: If we knew `Gamma (u + v + 1) ≠ 0` this would be an easy consequence of -- `Gamma_mul_Gamma_eq_beta_integral`; but we don't know that yet. We will prove it later, but -- this lemma is needed in the proof. So we give a (somewhat laborious) direct argument. let F : ℝ → ℂ := λ x, x ^ u * (1 - x) ^ v, ...
lemma
complex.beta_integral_recurrence
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "continuous_at", "continuous_at.continuous_on", "continuous_on", "has_deriv_at", "has_deriv_at.comp", "has_deriv_at.const_sub", "has_deriv_at.cpow_const", "has_deriv_at_id", "interval_integrable.const_mul", "interval_integral.integral_const_mul", "interval_integral.integral_eq_sub_of_has_deriv_a...
Recurrence formula for the Beta function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
beta_integral_eval_nat_add_one_right {u : ℂ} (hu : 0 < re u) (n : ℕ) : beta_integral u (n + 1) = n! / ∏ (j:ℕ) in finset.range (n + 1), (u + j)
begin induction n with n IH generalizing u, { rw [nat.cast_zero, zero_add, beta_integral_eval_one_right hu, nat.factorial_zero, nat.cast_one, zero_add, finset.prod_range_one, nat.cast_zero, add_zero] }, { have := beta_integral_recurrence hu (_ : 0 < re n.succ), swap, { rw [←of_real_nat_cast, of_real_re]...
lemma
complex.beta_integral_eval_nat_add_one_right
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "finset.prod_range_one", "finset.prod_range_succ'", "finset.range", "mul_comm", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_mul", "nat.cast_one", "nat.cast_succ", "nat.cast_zero", "nat.factorial_succ", "nat.factorial_zero" ]
Explicit formula for the Beta function when second argument is a positive integer.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq (s : ℂ) (n : ℕ)
(n:ℂ) ^ s * n! / ∏ (j:ℕ) in finset.range (n + 1), (s + j)
def
complex.Gamma_seq
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "finset.range" ]
The sequence with `n`-th term `n ^ s * n! / (s * (s + 1) * ... * (s + n))`, for complex `s`. We will show that this tends to `Γ(s)` as `n → ∞`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_eq_beta_integral_of_re_pos {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < re s) (n : ℕ) : Gamma_seq s n = n ^ s * beta_integral s (n + 1)
by rw [Gamma_seq, beta_integral_eval_nat_add_one_right hs n, ←mul_div_assoc]
lemma
complex.Gamma_seq_eq_beta_integral_of_re_pos
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_add_one_left (s : ℂ) {n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) : (Gamma_seq (s + 1) n) / s = n / (n + 1 + s) * Gamma_seq s n
begin conv_lhs { rw [Gamma_seq, finset.prod_range_succ, div_div] }, conv_rhs { rw [Gamma_seq, finset.prod_range_succ', nat.cast_zero, add_zero, div_mul_div_comm, ←mul_assoc, ←mul_assoc, mul_comm _ (finset.prod _ _)] }, congr' 3, { rw [cpow_add _ _ (nat.cast_ne_zero.mpr hn), cpow_one, mul_comm] }, { refine...
lemma
complex.Gamma_seq_add_one_left
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "div_div", "div_mul_div_comm", "finset.prod", "finset.prod_congr", "finset.prod_range_succ", "finset.prod_range_succ'", "mul_comm", "nat.cast_zero", "ring" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_eq_approx_Gamma_integral {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < re s) {n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) : Gamma_seq s n = ∫ x:ℝ in 0..n, ↑((1 - x / n) ^ n) * (x:ℂ) ^ (s - 1)
begin have : ∀ (x : ℝ), x = x / n * n, by { intro x, rw div_mul_cancel, exact nat.cast_ne_zero.mpr hn }, conv in (↑_ ^ _) { congr, rw this x }, rw Gamma_seq_eq_beta_integral_of_re_pos hs, rw [beta_integral, @interval_integral.integral_comp_div _ _ _ _ 0 n _ (λ x, ↑((1 - x) ^ n) * ↑(x * ↑n) ^ (s - 1) : ℝ → ℂ...
lemma
complex.Gamma_seq_eq_approx_Gamma_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "div_mul_cancel", "div_self", "interval_integral.integral_comp_div", "interval_integral.integral_of_le", "measurable_set_Ioc", "ring", "zero_div", "zero_le_one" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
approx_Gamma_integral_tendsto_Gamma_integral {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < re s) : tendsto (λ n:ℕ, ∫ x:ℝ in 0..n, ↑((1 - x / n) ^ n) * (x:ℂ) ^ (s - 1)) at_top (𝓝 $ Gamma s)
begin rw [Gamma_eq_integral hs], -- We apply dominated convergence to the following function, which we will show is uniformly -- bounded above by the Gamma integrand `exp (-x) * x ^ (re s - 1)`. let f : ℕ → ℝ → ℂ := λ n, indicator (Ioc 0 (n:ℝ)) (λ x:ℝ, ↑((1 - x / n) ^ n) * (x:ℂ) ^ (s - 1)), -- integrabili...
lemma
complex.approx_Gamma_integral_tendsto_Gamma_integral
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.abs_of_nonneg", "complex.norm_eq_abs", "continuity", "continuous.continuous_on", "div_le_one_of_le", "interval_integrable.continuous_on_mul", "interval_integral.integral_of_le", "interval_integral.interval_integrable_cpow'", "measurable_set", "measurable_set_Ioc", "measurable...
The main techical lemma for `Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma`, expressing the integral defining the Gamma function for `0 < re s` as the limit of a sequence of integrals over finite intervals.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma (s : ℂ) : tendsto (Gamma_seq s) at_top (𝓝 $ Gamma s)
begin suffices : ∀ m : ℕ, (-↑m < re s) → tendsto (Gamma_seq s) at_top (𝓝 $ Gamma_aux m s), { rw Gamma, apply this, rw neg_lt, rcases lt_or_le 0 (re s) with hs | hs, { exact (neg_neg_of_pos hs).trans_le (nat.cast_nonneg _), }, { refine (nat.lt_floor_add_one _).trans_le _, rw [sub_eq_neg_ad...
lemma
complex.Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "mul_comm", "nat.cast_add_one", "nat.cast_nonneg", "nat.cast_succ", "nat.cast_zero", "nat.floor_add_one", "nat.lt_floor_add_one", "one_ne_zero'", "tendsto_coe_nat_div_add_at_top" ]
Euler's limit formula for the complex Gamma function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_mul (z : ℂ) {n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) : Gamma_seq z n * Gamma_seq (1 - z) n = n / (n + 1 - z) * (1 / (z * ∏ j in finset.range n, (1 - z ^ 2 / (j + 1) ^ 2)))
begin -- also true for n = 0 but we don't need it have aux : ∀ (a b c d : ℂ), a * b * (c * d) = a * c * (b * d), by { intros, ring }, rw [Gamma_seq, Gamma_seq, div_mul_div_comm, aux, ←pow_two], have : (n : ℂ) ^ z * n ^ (1 - z) = n, { rw [←cpow_add _ _ (nat.cast_ne_zero.mpr hn), add_sub_cancel'_right, cpow_one...
lemma
complex.Gamma_seq_mul
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "aux", "div_mul_div_comm", "finset.prod_mul_distrib", "finset.prod_pow", "finset.prod_range_add_one_eq_factorial", "finset.prod_range_succ", "finset.prod_range_succ'", "finset.range", "mul_comm", "mul_div_cancel", "mul_one_div", "nat.cast_ne_zero", "nat.cast_pow", "nat.cast_zero", "nat.f...
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub (z : ℂ) : Gamma z * Gamma (1 - z) = π / sin (π * z)
begin have pi_ne : (π : ℂ) ≠ 0, from complex.of_real_ne_zero.mpr pi_ne_zero, by_cases hs : sin (↑π * z) = 0, { -- first deal with silly case z = integer rw [hs, div_zero], rw [←neg_eq_zero, ←complex.sin_neg, ←mul_neg, complex.sin_eq_zero_iff, mul_comm] at hs, obtain ⟨k, hk⟩ := hs, rw [mul_eq_mul_r...
theorem
complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero", "complex.sin_eq_zero_iff", "div_mul_cancel", "div_ne_zero", "div_zero", "int.cast_neg_succ_of_nat", "int.cast_of_nat", "mul_comm", "mul_eq_mul_right_iff", "mul_zero", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_one", "one_mul", "tendsto_coe_nat_div_add_at_top", ...
Euler's reflection formula for the complex Gamma function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_ne_zero {s : ℂ} (hs : ∀ m : ℕ, s ≠ -m) : Gamma s ≠ 0
begin by_cases h_im : s.im = 0, { have : s = ↑s.re, { conv_lhs { rw ←complex.re_add_im s }, rw [h_im, of_real_zero, zero_mul, add_zero] }, rw [this, Gamma_of_real, of_real_ne_zero], refine real.Gamma_ne_zero (λ n, _), specialize hs n, contrapose! hs, rwa [this, ←of_real_nat_cast, ←of_real_ne...
theorem
complex.Gamma_ne_zero
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.sin_ne_zero_iff", "div_ne_zero", "mul_ne_zero", "mul_ne_zero_iff", "real.Gamma_ne_zero", "zero_mul" ]
The Gamma function does not vanish on `ℂ` (except at non-positive integers, where the function is mathematically undefined and we set it to `0` by convention).
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_eq_zero_iff (s : ℂ) : Gamma s = 0 ↔ ∃ m : ℕ, s = -m
begin split, { contrapose!, exact Gamma_ne_zero }, { rintro ⟨m, rfl⟩, exact Gamma_neg_nat_eq_zero m }, end
lemma
complex.Gamma_eq_zero_iff
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_ne_zero_of_re_pos {s : ℂ} (hs : 0 < re s) : Gamma s ≠ 0
begin refine Gamma_ne_zero (λ m, _), contrapose! hs, simpa only [hs, neg_re, ←of_real_nat_cast, of_real_re, neg_nonpos] using nat.cast_nonneg _, end
lemma
complex.Gamma_ne_zero_of_re_pos
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "nat.cast_nonneg" ]
A weaker, but easier-to-apply, version of `complex.Gamma_ne_zero`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq (s : ℝ) (n : ℕ)
(n : ℝ) ^ s * n! / ∏ (j : ℕ) in finset.range (n + 1), (s + j)
def
real.Gamma_seq
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "finset.range" ]
The sequence with `n`-th term `n ^ s * n! / (s * (s + 1) * ... * (s + n))`, for real `s`. We will show that this tends to `Γ(s)` as `n → ∞`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma (s : ℝ) : tendsto (Gamma_seq s) at_top (𝓝 $ Gamma s)
begin suffices : tendsto (coe ∘ Gamma_seq s : ℕ → ℂ) at_top (𝓝 $ complex.Gamma s), from (complex.continuous_re.tendsto (complex.Gamma ↑s)).comp this, convert complex.Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma s, ext1 n, dsimp only [Gamma_seq, function.comp_app, complex.Gamma_seq], push_cast, rw [complex.of_real_cpow n.ca...
lemma
real.Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma", "complex.Gamma_seq", "complex.Gamma_seq_tendsto_Gamma", "complex.of_real_cpow", "complex.of_real_nat_cast" ]
Euler's limit formula for the real Gamma function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub (s : ℝ) : Gamma s * Gamma (1 - s) = π / sin (π * s)
begin simp_rw [←complex.of_real_inj, complex.of_real_div, complex.of_real_sin, complex.of_real_mul, ←complex.Gamma_of_real, complex.of_real_sub, complex.of_real_one], exact complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub s end
lemma
real.Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_one_sub", "complex.of_real_div", "complex.of_real_mul", "complex.of_real_one", "complex.of_real_sin", "complex.of_real_sub" ]
Euler's reflection formula for the real Gamma function.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
one_div_Gamma_eq_self_mul_one_div_Gamma_add_one (s : ℂ) : (Gamma s)⁻¹ = s * (Gamma (s + 1))⁻¹
begin rcases ne_or_eq s 0 with h | rfl, { rw [Gamma_add_one s h, mul_inv, mul_inv_cancel_left₀ h] }, { rw [zero_add, Gamma_zero, inv_zero, zero_mul] } end
lemma
complex.one_div_Gamma_eq_self_mul_one_div_Gamma_add_one
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "inv_zero", "mul_inv", "mul_inv_cancel_left₀", "ne_or_eq", "zero_mul" ]
A reformulation of the Gamma recurrence relation which is true for `s = 0` as well.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
differentiable_one_div_Gamma : differentiable ℂ (λ s : ℂ, (Gamma s)⁻¹)
begin suffices : ∀ (n : ℕ), ∀ (s : ℂ) (hs : -s.re < n), differentiable_at ℂ (λ u : ℂ, (Gamma u)⁻¹) s, from λ s, let ⟨n, h⟩ := exists_nat_gt (-s.re) in this n s h, intro n, induction n with m hm, { intros s hs, rw [nat.cast_zero, neg_lt_zero] at hs, suffices : ∀ (m : ℕ), s ≠ -↑m, from (differentiable...
lemma
complex.differentiable_one_div_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "differentiable", "differentiable_at", "differentiable_at_const", "exists_nat_gt", "nat.cast_nonneg", "nat.cast_zero" ]
The reciprocal of the Gamma function is differentiable everywhere (including the points where Gamma itself is not).
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half (s : ℂ) : Gamma s * Gamma (s + 1 / 2) = Gamma (2 * s) * 2 ^ (1 - 2 * s) * ↑(real.sqrt π)
begin suffices : (λ z, (Gamma z)⁻¹ * (Gamma (z + 1 / 2))⁻¹) = (λ z, (Gamma (2 * z))⁻¹ * 2 ^ (2 * z - 1) / ↑(real.sqrt π)), { convert congr_arg has_inv.inv (congr_fun this s) using 1, { rw [mul_inv, inv_inv, inv_inv] }, { rw [div_eq_mul_inv, mul_inv, mul_inv, inv_inv, inv_inv, ←cpow_neg, neg_sub] } }, ...
theorem
complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "analytic_on", "analytic_on.eq_of_frequently_eq", "differentiable.mul", "differentiable_at.const_cpow", "differentiable_at.sub_const", "differentiable_const", "differentiable_on", "differentiable_on.analytic_on", "div_eq_mul_inv", "eventually_gt_nhds", "inv_inv", "is_open_univ", "...
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half (s : ℝ) : Gamma s * Gamma (s + 1 / 2) = Gamma (2 * s) * 2 ^ (1 - 2 * s) * sqrt π
begin rw [←of_real_inj], simpa only [←Gamma_of_real, of_real_cpow zero_le_two, of_real_mul, of_real_add, of_real_div, of_real_bit0, of_real_one, of_real_sub] using complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half ↑s end
lemma
real.Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/beta.lean
[ "analysis.convolution", "analysis.special_functions.trigonometric.euler_sine_prod", "analysis.special_functions.gamma.bohr_mollerup", "analysis.analytic.isolated_zeros" ]
[ "Gamma", "complex.Gamma_mul_Gamma_add_half", "zero_le_two" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
convex_on.congr [has_smul 𝕜 β] (hf : convex_on 𝕜 s f) (hfg : eq_on f g s) : convex_on 𝕜 s g
⟨hf.1, λ x hx y hy a b ha hb hab, by simpa only [←hfg hx, ←hfg hy, ←hfg (hf.1 hx hy ha hb hab)] using hf.2 hx hy ha hb hab⟩
lemma
convex_on.congr
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "convex_on", "has_smul" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
concave_on.congr [has_smul 𝕜 β](hf : concave_on 𝕜 s f) (hfg : eq_on f g s) : concave_on 𝕜 s g
⟨hf.1, λ x hx y hy a b ha hb hab, by simpa only [←hfg hx, ←hfg hy, ←hfg (hf.1 hx hy ha hb hab)] using hf.2 hx hy ha hb hab⟩
lemma
concave_on.congr
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "concave_on", "has_smul" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
strict_convex_on.congr [has_smul 𝕜 β] (hf : strict_convex_on 𝕜 s f) (hfg : eq_on f g s) : strict_convex_on 𝕜 s g
⟨hf.1, λ x hx y hy hxy a b ha hb hab, by simpa only [←hfg hx, ←hfg hy, ←hfg (hf.1 hx hy ha.le hb.le hab)] using hf.2 hx hy hxy ha hb hab⟩
lemma
strict_convex_on.congr
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "has_smul", "strict_convex_on" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
strict_concave_on.congr [has_smul 𝕜 β] (hf : strict_concave_on 𝕜 s f) (hfg : eq_on f g s) : strict_concave_on 𝕜 s g
⟨hf.1, λ x hx y hy hxy a b ha hb hab, by simpa only [←hfg hx, ←hfg hy, ←hfg (hf.1 hx hy ha.le hb.le hab)] using hf.2 hx hy hxy ha hb hab⟩
lemma
strict_concave_on.congr
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "has_smul", "strict_concave_on" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
convex_on.add_const [module 𝕜 β] (hf : convex_on 𝕜 s f) (b : β) : convex_on 𝕜 s (f + (λ _, b))
hf.add (convex_on_const _ hf.1)
lemma
convex_on.add_const
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "convex_on", "convex_on_const", "module" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
concave_on.add_const [module 𝕜 β] (hf : concave_on 𝕜 s f) (b : β) : concave_on 𝕜 s (f + (λ _, b))
hf.add (concave_on_const _ hf.1)
lemma
concave_on.add_const
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "concave_on", "concave_on_const", "module" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
strict_convex_on.add_const {γ : Type*} {f : E → γ} [ordered_cancel_add_comm_monoid γ] [module 𝕜 γ] (hf : strict_convex_on 𝕜 s f) (b : γ) : strict_convex_on 𝕜 s (f + (λ _, b))
hf.add_convex_on (convex_on_const _ hf.1)
lemma
strict_convex_on.add_const
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "convex_on_const", "module", "ordered_cancel_add_comm_monoid", "strict_convex_on" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
strict_concave_on.add_const {γ : Type*} {f : E → γ} [ordered_cancel_add_comm_monoid γ] [module 𝕜 γ] (hf : strict_concave_on 𝕜 s f) (b : γ) : strict_concave_on 𝕜 s (f + (λ _, b))
hf.add_concave_on (concave_on_const _ hf.1)
lemma
strict_concave_on.add_const
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "concave_on_const", "module", "ordered_cancel_add_comm_monoid", "strict_concave_on" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
Gamma_mul_add_mul_le_rpow_Gamma_mul_rpow_Gamma {s t a b : ℝ} (hs : 0 < s) (ht : 0 < t) (ha : 0 < a) (hb : 0 < b) (hab : a + b = 1) : Gamma (a * s + b * t) ≤ Gamma s ^ a * Gamma t ^ b
begin -- We will apply Hölder's inequality, for the conjugate exponents `p = 1 / a` -- and `q = 1 / b`, to the functions `f a s` and `f b t`, where `f` is as follows: let f : ℝ → ℝ → ℝ → ℝ := λ c u x, exp (-c * x) * x ^ (c * (u - 1)), have e : is_conjugate_exponent (1 / a) (1 / b) := real.is_conjugate_exponent_...
lemma
real.Gamma_mul_add_mul_le_rpow_Gamma_mul_rpow_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "Gamma", "continuous.continuous_on", "continuous_at.continuous_on", "continuous_id'", "continuous_on.ae_strongly_measurable", "ennreal.div_self", "ennreal.of_real", "ennreal.of_real_eq_zero", "ennreal.of_real_ne_top", "ennreal.to_real_of_real", "exp", "measurable_set_Ioi", "measure_theory.in...
Log-convexity of the Gamma function on the positive reals (stated in multiplicative form), proved using the Hölder inequality applied to Euler's integral.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
convex_on_log_Gamma : convex_on ℝ (Ioi 0) (log ∘ Gamma)
begin refine convex_on_iff_forall_pos.mpr ⟨convex_Ioi _, λ x hx y hy a b ha hb hab, _⟩, have : b = 1 - a := by linarith, subst this, simp_rw [function.comp_app, smul_eq_mul], rw [←log_rpow (Gamma_pos_of_pos hy), ←log_rpow (Gamma_pos_of_pos hx), ←log_mul ((rpow_pos_of_pos (Gamma_pos_of_pos hx) _).ne') ...
lemma
real.convex_on_log_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "Gamma", "convex_on", "smul_eq_mul" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
convex_on_Gamma : convex_on ℝ (Ioi 0) Gamma
begin refine ((convex_on_exp.subset (subset_univ _) _).comp convex_on_log_Gamma (exp_monotone.monotone_on _)).congr (λ x hx, exp_log (Gamma_pos_of_pos hx)), rw convex_iff_is_preconnected, refine is_preconnected_Ioi.image _ (λ x hx, continuous_at.continuous_within_at _), refine (differentiable_at_Gamma (λ m,...
lemma
real.convex_on_Gamma
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "Gamma", "continuous_at.continuous_within_at", "continuous_at.log", "convex_on", "nat.cast_nonneg" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
log_gamma_seq (x : ℝ) (n : ℕ) : ℝ
x * log n + log n! - ∑ (m : ℕ) in finset.range (n + 1), log (x + m)
def
real.bohr_mollerup.log_gamma_seq
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "finset.range" ]
The function `n ↦ x log n + log n! - (log x + ... + log (x + n))`, which we will show tends to `log (Gamma x)` as `n → ∞`.
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83
f_nat_eq (hf_feq : ∀ {y:ℝ}, 0 < y → f (y + 1) = f y + log y) (hn : n ≠ 0) : f n = f 1 + log (n - 1)!
begin refine nat.le_induction (by simp) (λ m hm IH, _) n (nat.one_le_iff_ne_zero.2 hn), have A : 0 < (m : ℝ), from nat.cast_pos.2 hm, simp only [hf_feq A, nat.cast_add, algebra_map.coe_one, nat.add_succ_sub_one, add_zero], rw [IH, add_assoc, ← log_mul (nat.cast_ne_zero.mpr (nat.factorial_ne_zero _)) A.ne', ...
lemma
real.bohr_mollerup.f_nat_eq
analysis.special_functions.gamma
src/analysis/special_functions/gamma/bohr_mollerup.lean
[ "analysis.special_functions.gamma.basic", "analysis.special_functions.gaussian" ]
[ "algebra_map.coe_one", "mul_comm", "nat.add_succ_sub_one", "nat.cast_add", "nat.cast_mul", "nat.factorial_ne_zero", "nat.factorial_succ", "nat.le_induction" ]
https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib
65a1391a0106c9204fe45bc73a039f056558cb83