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When the magnetic knots break, like a tangle of springs exploding outwards, the Sun can vomit plasma and other awful things into the solar system.
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These solar storms come in many types, like solar flares, a tidal wave of high-energy radiation.
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They race through the solar system at the speed of light, sweeping up protons in the solar wind, accelerating them into a high-speed solar proton storm.
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Then there are coronal mass ejections, which rip millions or billions of tons of plasma from the Sun's atmosphere,
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When these monsters hit us, nothing happens on Earth.
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While even smaller storms can damage satellites, affect radio communication, or be dangerous to astronauts, for people on the surface, space weather is harmless.
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Earth's atmosphere protects us from the worst effects of a solar flare by absorbing the blast of X-rays high up in the atmosphere, well before it reaches the surface.
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The electrified plasma from a CME is deflected by the Earth's magnetic field,
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As with any sort of weather, most of the time, things are fine.
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Sometimes there are hurricanes, though, or in the case of the Sun, solar superstorms.
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And we know that they happen once or twice every century.
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If one were to happen today, we would first detect strong solar flares, a sort of flash before the much more dangerous thunder.
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The thunder is a CME, consisting of billions of tons of hot magnetic plasma that crosses the 150 million kilometers between the Sun and Earth in less than a day.
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When it arrives, it causes a shock wave that violently compresses the Earth's magnetic field and transfers energy into the magnetosphere.
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But it can get worse.
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If the magnetic field of the CME is aligned to Earth's in just the right way, the two magnetic fields merge.
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As the magnetic cloud passes over Earth, it stretches the Earth's field into a long tail.
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Eventually, the energy stored in the tail becomes too much to contain.
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It snaps and explosively releases its energy towards Earth.
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A geomagnetic storm has begun.
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A few hundred years ago, nobody would have cared.
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This storm gushing over the Earth is not relevant for machines made out of meat and bones.
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But it's very relevant for machines made out of metal and wire.
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Remember the dynamo?
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Magnetism creates electric currents.
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The Earth in the 21st century is covered in millions of kilometers of wires transporting electricity and a complex grid of machines like transformers that make this transfer possible.
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A CME's energy can induce currents in our power grid that can either completely shut it down, or worse, destroy the transformer stations that keep our grid running.
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This has happened already, like when the Quebec power grid failed after a strong solar storm in 1989.
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But in general, our engineers know how to deal with these storms, and so we usually don't even notice.
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The last time a solar hurricane washed over Earth was in 1859.
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Massive auroras occurred as far south as the Caribbean.
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In some places, they were so bright that people got up thinking the sun was rising.
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Luckily, we only had one sort of modern technology, telegraph systems.
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They failed all over the world, shocking their operators and chucking out sparks.
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Today, we have a tad more technology, and our luck may run out soon.
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Another bad solar storm is bound to happen eventually.
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A storm as strong as the Carrington event missed Earth only by a small margin in 2012.
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Studies projected that it would have inflicted serious damage to electronic systems globally, costing up to 2.6 trillion dollars to the US alone.
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The time to replace all the damaged systems was estimated at between 4 and 10 years.
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It's hard to say how bad it could have been.
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Experts disagreed.
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Some assumed there would just be temporary blackouts, but others worried it could be much worse.
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We won't know for sure until a big solar hurricane hits us.
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The probability of such an event is estimated to be 12% per decade.
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That's about a 50-50 chance of at least one in the next 50 years.
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And there is more unsettling news.
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A 2019 paper found that even calm stars like our Sun can create superflares every few thousand years.
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If such a storm hits us unprepared, the consequences could be catastrophic.
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It's hard to overstate how much we depend on electricity.
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It's not just the lights at home.
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It means no computers, no communication, no navigation.
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A sustained power outage might lead to a breakdown of the supply chain.
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Supermarkets not being refilled while food rots in the fields.
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The lack of power might make it extremely hard to reboot our broken power grid,
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Scientists observing the Sun have a few hours up to a few days to see a CME coming.
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And the engineers working the systems that keep the world running are well aware of the risks posed by solar storms.
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Transformers and substations can be taken offline.
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Engineers can open up extra lines to dissipate the extra power.
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And with investment and upgrades cheap compared to those other natural disasters require, we could protect the world's electric grid against even the nastiest of storms.
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But we do need to prepare.
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While the risk is manageable, it is real.
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For while our Sun bathes us in warm and pleasant light, one day it might send a monster our way that we better be ready for.
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This video was sponsored by you.
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Kurzgesagt videos are only possible thanks to your direct support.
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For example, if you want to stare at our smooth and round Sun for a little longer, we've made two minimal infographic posters.
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But wait, there's more.
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We have a bunch of new stuff, from the long requested bacteriophage infographic poster to a new optimistic nihilism poster that lets you enjoy some existential dread in style.
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Or join us in our ant obsession and get the new Ant Explorer notebook with beautiful infographics and facts about ants and gold lettering on the cover.
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If you'd rather update your wardrobe, have a look at our beanies or t-shirts.
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We put a lot of love and care into developing our products and only make stuff we want to have ourselves.
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If you want to support Kurzgesagt, getting some merch is the best way to do it while receiving something beautiful in return.
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Thank you for your support and thank you for watching.
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Electricity is all around us all the time.
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It makes our lives easier, safer, more fun, and most of us never think about it.
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But is there such a thing as too much electricity?
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Could the thing that is the foundation of the modern world slowly be killing us?
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Before we dive deeper, let's try to understand what electricity is and how it affects us.
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Electricity is the movement of an electric charge.
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This movement generates electric and magnetic fields that spread out through space and carry energy.
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We call this phenomenon electromagnetic radiation.
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Radiation is a word that makes people very nervous, but to radiate just means giving off.
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Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum correspond to different types of radiation, and many of them are perfectly harmless.
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Some of them can be dangerous, though.
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This is what many people have in mind when they hear the term radiation.
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The rest of the spectrum covers a large range of longer waves, from visible light, infrared, microwaves, to radio waves.
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This is the kind of radiation that's emitted by all sorts of human technology.
|
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This radiation doesn't disrupt molecules in our body.
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However, some kinds of radiation can stimulate muscles and nerves, and can also make the hair on your body vibrate,
|
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Other kinds are useful for making dinner.
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Microwaves push the water molecules in your food around, which warms it up.
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This happens to us all the time.
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For example, the pleasant warmth you feel at the beach is your skin heating up from exposure to electromagnetic infrared radiation from the sun.
|
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We are surrounded by natural and generally harmless sources of electromagnetic radiation all the time, and always have been.
|
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But since the Industrial Revolution, we have added a lot of it to our immediate environment.
|
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The question of whether this is actually dangerous first got public attention when a 1979 study linked leukemia to living near power lines.
|
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This particular study was quickly discredited, though.
|
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The connection could not be explained, and no direct causal link was confirmed.
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But once this had been proposed, the idea persisted, and the thousands of studies about possible dangers illustrate that it's still seen as a very real threat.
|
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A lot of people claim to be sensitive to the radiation coming from our appliances and cell phones.
|
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