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At which point will you ask yourself if your toaster has feelings?
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If it did, would unplugging it be murder?
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And would you still own it?
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Will we someday be forced to give our machines rights?
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AI is already all around you.
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It makes sure discounters are stocked with enough snacks,
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it serves you up just the right internet ad, and you may have even read a news story written entirely by a machine.
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Right now, we look at chatbots like Siri and laugh at their primitive simulated emotions,
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but it's likely that we will have to deal with beings that make it hard to draw the line between real and simulated humanity.
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Are there any machines in existence that deserve rights?
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But if they come, we are not prepared for it.
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Much of the philosophy of rights is ill-equipped to deal with the case of artificial intelligence.
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Most claims for rights, whether human or animal, are centered around the question of consciousness.
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Unfortunately, nobody knows what consciousness is.
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Some think that it's immaterial, others say it's a state of matter, like gas or liquid.
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Regardless of the precise definition, we have an intuitive knowledge of consciousness because we experience it.
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We are aware of ourselves and our surroundings and know what unconsciousness feels like.
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Some neuroscientists believe that any sufficiently advanced system can generate consciousness.
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So, if your toaster's hardware was powerful enough, it may become self-aware.
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If it does, would it deserve rights?
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Would what we define as rights make sense to it?
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Consciousness entitles beings to have rights because it gives a being the ability to suffer.
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It means the ability to not only feel pain, but to be aware of it.
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Robots don't suffer, and they probably won't unless we program them to.
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Without pain or pleasure, there's no preference and rights are meaningless.
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Our human rights are deeply tied to our own programming.
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For example, we dislike pain because our brains evolved to keep us alive, to stop us from touching a hot fire or to make us run away from predators.
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So we came up with rights that protect us from infringements that cause us pain.
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Even more abstract rights like freedom are rooted in the way our brains are wired to detect what is fair and unfair.
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Would a toaster that is unable to move mind being locked in a cage?
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Would it mind being dismantled if it had no fear of death?
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Would it mind being insulted if it had no need for self-esteem?
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Would that make them sufficiently human?
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Many technologists believe that an explosion in technology will occur when artificial intelligence can learn and create their own artificial intelligences even smarter than themselves.
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At this point, the question of how robots are programmed will be largely out of our control.
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Do robots deserve those rights?
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But maybe we should be less worried about the risk that super-intelligent robots pose to us and more worried about the danger we pose to them.
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Our whole human identity is based on the idea of human exceptionalism, that we are special, unique snowflakes entitled to dominate the natural world.
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Humans have a history of denying that other beings are capable of suffering as they do.
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In the midst of the scientific revolution, many Descartes argued that animals were mere automata, robots if you will.
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As such, injuring a rabbit was about as morally repugnant as punching a stuffed animal.
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And many of the greatest crimes against humanity were justified by their perpetrators on the grounds that the victims were more animal than civilized human.
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Even more problematic is that we have an economic interest in denying robot rights.
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If we can coerce a sentient AI, possibly through programmed torture, into doing as we please, the economic potential is unlimited.
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We've done it before, after all.
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Violence has been used to force our fellow humans into working.
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And we've never had trouble coming up with ideological justifications.
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Slave owners argued that slavery benefited the slaves.
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It put a roof over their head and taught them Christianity.
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Men who were against women voting argued that it was in women's own interest to leave the hard decisions to men.
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Farmers argued that looking after animals and feeding them justifies their early death for our dietary preferences.
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If robots become sentient, there will be no shortage of arguments for those who say that they should remain without rights, especially from those who stand to profit from it.
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Artificial intelligence raises serious questions about philosophical boundaries.
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While we may ask if sentient robots are conscious or deserving of rights, it forces us to pose basic questions like what makes us human?
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What makes us deserving of rights?
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Regardless of what we think, the question might need to be resolved in the near future.
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What are we going to do if robots start demanding their own rights?
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What can robots demanding rights teach us about ourselves?
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Our friends at Wisecrack made a video exploring this very question using the philosophy of Westworld.
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Wisecrack dissects pop culture in a unique and philosophical way.
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Click here to check out their video and subscribe to their channel.
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Do we need nuclear energy to stop climate change?
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More and more voices from science, environmental activists and the press have been saying so in recent years.
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But this comes as a shock to those who are fighting against nuclear energy and the problems that come with it.
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So, who's right?
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Well, it's complicated.
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To slow rapid climate change, the world needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero.
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In 2018, three quarters of global emissions were released through energy production, namely by burning fossil fuels.
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Energy is a broad term that describes all sorts of stuff, from moving things and people around, to putting things big and small together, or heating our homes.
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Currently, 84% of the world's primary energy comes from fossil fuels, 33% from oil, 27% from coal and 24% from gas.
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Around 10% of the global oil supply is just used to burn in boilers to make our homes cozy and warm.
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Only about 16% of global energy is from low emission sources,
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So we pretty much rely on coal, oil and gas to keep our civilization going, which means it's actually very hard to transition away from them.
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To have a chance of escaping fossil fuels without throwing humanity back into the stone age, one of the most impactful things we can do is to electrify as many sectors as possible.
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Electricity is the stuff that appears like magic when you plug something into a socket so you can watch YouTube.
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Every industry that can switch from burning fossil fuels to electricity needs to do so, from electric cars to electric heaters.
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Why do we need to bet so hard on electricity?
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Because we can produce electricity with low emission technologies like solar, wind or nuclear.
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So electricity is a real lever for a radical transition.
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But there are a few problems making this transition really hard.
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First of all, in most places in the world, electricity is still generated mostly by burning fossil fuels.
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And not only that, in the last 20 years, the world's electricity usage increased 73% in absolute terms.
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While we are installing renewables at record speeds, at the same time, the amount of fossil fuel we're burning for electricity still keeps rising year by year.
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There are also the concerns about nuclear waste and the fear of accidents, but we cover those in other videos in more detail.
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We have designs for nuclear reactors that solve many of their problems, namely small reactors that take less time and money to get started.
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There are also next generation technologies that can already turn radioactive waste into new fuel,
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Considering these uncertainties, some argue that nuclear power is a dangerous relic of the past and that we should just let it go and focus on renewables.
|
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