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0 | Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Goog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
1 | Most versions of Android are proprietary. The core components are taken from the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is free and open-source software (FOSS) primarily licensed under the Apache License. When Android is installed on devices, the ability to modify the otherwise free and open-source software is usual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
2 | Over 70 percent of Android smartphones run Google's ecosystem, some with vendor-customized user interfaces and software suites, such as TouchWiz and later One UI by Samsung and HTC Sense. Competing Android ecosystems and forks include Fire OS (developed by Amazon), ColorOS by OPPO, OriginOS by Vivo, MagicUI by Honor, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
3 | The source code has been used to develop variants of Android on a range of other electronics, such as game consoles, digital cameras, portable media players, and PCs, each with a specialized user interface. Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables, both developed by Googl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
4 | Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013. , it had over three billion monthly active users, the largest installed base of any operating system, and , the Google Play Store featured over 3 million apps. Android 13, released on August 15, 2022, is the latest versi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
5 | Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as having "tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
6 | Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated "I did... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
7 | In 2005, Rubin tried to negotiate deals with Samsung and HTC. Shortly afterwards, Google acquired the company in July of that year for at least $50 million; this was Google's "best deal ever" according to Google's then-vice president of corporate development, David Lawee, in 2010. Android's key employees, including Rub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
8 | Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard, but the arrival of 2007's Apple iPhone meant that Android "had to go back to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
9 | On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first trul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
10 | Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called "Cupcake", "Donut", "Eclair"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
11 | In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions. The series was described as having "played a pivotal role in Android's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware stand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
12 | From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and Google I/O, Google's annual developer-focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi. Less than six months earlier, Google's then-CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
13 | On Android 4.4 "Kit Kat", shared writing access to MicroSD memory cards has been locked for user-installed applications, to which only the dedicated directories with respective package names, located inside codice_1, remained writeable. Writing access has been reinstated with Android 5 "Lollipop" through the backwards-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
14 | In June 2014, Google announced Android One, a set of "hardware reference models" that would "allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs", designed for consumers in developing countries. In September, Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India. However, "Recode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
15 | In May 2019, the operating system became entangled in the trade war between China and the United States involving Huawei, which, like many other tech firms, had become dependent on access to the Android platform. In the summer of 2019, Huawei announced it would create an alternative operating system to Android known as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
16 | On August 22, 2019, it was announced that Android "Q" would officially be branded as Android 10, ending the historic practice of naming major versions after desserts. Google stated that these names were not "inclusive" to international users (due either to the aforementioned foods not being internationally known, or be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
17 | In late 2021, some users reported that they were unable to dial emergency services. The problem was caused by a combination of bugs in Android and in the Microsoft Teams app; both companies released updates addressing the issue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
18 | Android's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard. Game controllers and full-size physical keyboards are supported... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
19 | Android devices boot to the home screen, the primary navigation and information "hub" on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. Android home screens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
20 | Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status bar can be pulled (swiped) down from to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates, as well as quick access to system controls and toggles such as display brightness,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
21 | Notifications are "short, timely, and relevant information about your app when it's not in use", and when tapped, users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification. Beginning with Android 4.1 "Jelly Bean", "expandable notifications" allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
22 | An "All Apps" screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen. The app list may be accessed using a gesture or a button, depending on the Android version. A "Recents" screen, also known as "Overview", lets users switch between recently used apps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
23 | The recent list may appear side-by-side or overlapping, depending on the Android version and manufacturer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
24 | Many early Android OS smartphones were equipped with a dedicated search button for quick access to a web search engine and individual apps' internal search feature. More recent devices typically allow the former through a long press or swipe away from the home button. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
25 | The dedicated option key, also known as menu key, and its on-screen simulation, is no longer supported since Android version 10. Google recommends mobile application developers to locate menus within the user interface. On more recent phones, its place is occupied by a task key used to access the list of recently used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
26 | The earliest vendor-customized Android-based smartphones known to have featured a split-screen view mode are the 2012 Samsung Galaxy S3 and Note 2, the former of which received this feature with the "premium suite" upgrade delivered in TouchWiz with Android 4.1 Jelly Bean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
27 | When connecting or disconnecting charging power and when shortly actuating the power button or home button, all while the device is powered off, a visual battery meter whose appearance varies among vendors appears on the screen, allowing the user to quickly assess the charge status of a powered-off without having to bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
28 | Many, to almost all, Android devices come with preinstalled Google apps including Gmail, Google Maps, Google Chrome, YouTube, Google Play Music, Google Play Movies & TV, and many more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
29 | Applications ("apps"), which extend the functionality of devices (and must be 64-bit), are written using the Android software development kit (SDK) and, often, Kotlin programming language, which replaced Java as Google's preferred language for Android app development in May 2019, and was originally announced in May 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
30 | The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported integrated development environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in Decemb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
31 | Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application's APK (Android application package) file, or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
32 | Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons. Exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
33 | In October 2020, Google removed several Android applications from Play Store, as they were identified breaching its data collection rules. The firm was informed by International Digital Accountability Council (IDAC) that apps for children like "Number Coloring", "Princess Salon" and "Cats & Cosplay", with collective do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
34 | At the Windows 11 announcement event in June 2021, Microsoft showcased the new Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) that will enable support for the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and will allow users to run Android apps on their Windows desktop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
35 | The storage of Android devices can be expanded using secondary devices such as SD cards. Android recognizes two types of secondary storage: "portable" storage (which is used by default), and "adoptable" storage. Portable storage is treated as an external storage device. Adoptable storage, introduced on Android 6.0, all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
36 | Android 4.4 introduced the Storage Access Framework (SAF), a set of APIs for accessing files on the device's filesystem. As of Android 11, Android has required apps to conform to a data privacy policy known as "scoped storage", under which apps may only automatically have access to certain directories (such as those fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
37 | Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum. When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Android ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
38 | Some settings for use by developers for debugging and power users are located in a "Developer options" sub menu, such as the ability to highlight updating parts of the display, show an overlay with the current status of the touch screen, show touching spots for possible use in screencasting, notify the user of unrespon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
39 | Developer options are initially hidden since Android 4.2 "Jelly Bean", but can be enabled by actuating the operating system's build number in the device information seven times. Hiding developers options again requires deleting user data for the "Settings" app, possibly resetting some other preferences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
40 | The main hardware platform for Android is ARM (the ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures), with x86 and x86-64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. The unofficial Android-x86 project provided support for x86 architectures ahead of the official support. Since 2012, Android devices with Intel p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
41 | Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 range from in practice 2 GB for best hardware, down to 1 GB for the most common screen. Android supports all versions of OpenGL ES and Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
42 | Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPS, orientation sensors, dedicated gaming controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens. Some hardware components are not required, but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
43 | In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse. In addition to their availability on commercially available hardware, similar PC hardware-friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android-x86 project, including cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
44 | Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), an open source initiative led by Google.The first source code release happened as part of the initial release in 2007. All releases ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
45 | The AOSP code can be found with minimal modifications on select devices, mainly the former Nexus and current Android One series of devices. However, most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) customize the source code to run on their hardware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
46 | Android's source code does not contain the device drivers, often proprietary, that are needed for certain hardware components, and does not contain the source code of Google Play Services, which many apps depend on. As a result, most Android devices, including Google's own, ship with a combination of free and open sour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
47 | Google provides annual Android releases, both for factory installation in new devices, and for over-the-air updates to existing devices. The latest major release is Android 13. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
48 | The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices has caused significant delays for software upgrades and security patches. Each upgrade has had to be specifically tailored, a time- and resource-consuming process. Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands, updates have often arrived months after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
49 | The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices, as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
50 | In 2012, Google began de-coupling certain aspects of the operating system (particularly its central applications) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, Google Play Services, is a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Google services, ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
51 | HTC's then-executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates "unrealistic" in 2015, and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures. In May 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
52 | In May 2017, with the announcement of Android 8.0, Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation (device-specific,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
53 | In September 2017, Google's Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support (LTS) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
54 | In May 2019, with the announcement of Android 10, Google introduced Project Mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of updates to the Android ecosystem. Project Mainline enables updates to core OS components through the Google Play Store. As a result, important security and performance improvements that previously n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
55 | Google reported rolling out new amendments in Android 12 aimed at making the use of third-party application stores easier. This announcement rectified the concerns reported regarding the development of Android apps, including a fight over an alternative in-app payment system and difficulties faced by businesses moving ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
56 | Android's kernel is based on the Linux kernel's long-term support (LTS) branches. , Android uses versions 4.14, 4.19 or 5.4 of the Linux kernel. The actual kernel depends on the individual device. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
57 | Android's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different out of memory (OOM) handling. Certain features that Google contributed back to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
58 | In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches and features back into t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
59 | Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation, Google's open-source chief Chris DiBona, and several journalists. Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix-like Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the GNU C Library (it uses Bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
60 | With the release of Android Oreo in 2017, Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer, for security reasons. Existing devices upgraded to Oreo, and new products launched with older SoCs, were exempt from this rule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
61 | The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as codice_2 for the operating system itself, and codice_3 for user data and application installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
62 | In contrast to typical desktop Linux distributions, Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitive partitions such as codice_2 are read-only. However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android, which is used frequently by the open-source community to enha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
63 | On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware, libraries and APIs written in C, and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries. Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android's other source code projects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
64 | Android uses Android Runtime (ART) as its runtime environment (introduced in version 4.4), which uses ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of an application. In Android 4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default; it bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
65 | For its Java library, the Android platform uses a subset of the now discontinued Apache Harmony project. In December 2015, Google announced that the next version of Android would switch to a Java implementation based on the OpenJDK project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
66 | Android's standard C library, Bionic, was developed by Google specifically for Android, as a derivation of the BSD's standard C library code. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel. The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library (glibc) or uClibc are its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
67 | Aiming for a different licensing model, toward the end of 2012, Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. A new Bluetooth stack, called Gabeldorsche, was developed to try to fix the bugs in the BlueDroid implementation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
68 | Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android, until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C+... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
69 | In current versions of Android, "Toybox", a collection of command-line utilities (mostly for use by apps, as Android does not provide a command-line interface by default), is used (since the release of Marshmallow) replacing a similar "Toolbox" collection found in previous Android versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
70 | Android has another operating system, Trusty OS, within it, as a part of "Trusty" "software components supporting a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) on mobile devices." "Trusty and the Trusty API are subject to change. [..] Applications for the Trusty OS can be written in C/C++ (C++ support is limited), and they hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
71 | Android's source code is released by Google under an open source license, and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring And... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
72 | There are, as of August 2019, a handful of notable custom Android distributions (ROMs) of the latest Android version 9.0 Pie, which was released publicly in August 2018. See "List of custom Android distributions". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
73 | Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
74 | Internally, Android identifies each supported device by its device codename, a short string, which may or may not be similar to the model name used in marketing the device. For example, the device codename of the Pixel smartphone is "sailfish". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
75 | The device codename is usually not visible to the end user, but is important for determining compatibility with modified Android versions. It is sometimes also mentioned in articles discussing a device, because it allows to distinguish different hardware variants of a device, even if the manufacturer offers them under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
76 | In 2020, Google launched the Android Partner Vulnerability Initiative to improve the security of Android. They also formed an Android security team. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
77 | Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium-rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
78 | In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware, called Pegasus, developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect both iOS and Android smartphones often – partly via use of 0-day exploits – without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
79 | As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that the American and British intelligence agencies, the National Security Agency (NSA) and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), respectively, have access to the user data on iPhone, BlackBerry, and Android devices. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
80 | The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk. The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities comply with all relevant domestic and international laws, although the Guardia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
81 | Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including Android). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
82 | In August 2015, Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches. Google also wrote that "Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from las... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
83 | In a March 2017 post on Google's Security Blog, Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that "More than 735 million devices from 200+ manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016" and that "Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates, releasing updates for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
84 | Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-priced devices. However, the open-source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure uses. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
85 | Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Fours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
86 | In 2018, Norwegian security firm Promon has unearthed a serious Android security hole which can be exploited to steal login credentials, access messages, and track location, which could be found in all versions of Android, including Android 10. The vulnerability came by exploiting a bug in the multitasking system enabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
87 | In 2020, the Which? watchdog reported that more than a billion Android devices released in 2012 or earlier, which was 40% of Android devices worldwide, were at risk of being hacked. This conclusion stemmed from the fact that no security updates were issued for the Android versions below 7.0 in 2019. Which? collaborated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
88 | On August 5, 2020, Twitter published a blog urging its users to update their applications to the latest version with regards to a security concern that allowed others to access direct messages. A hacker could easily use the "Android system permissions" to fetch the account credentials in order to do so. The security is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
89 | Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps. It is not possible, for example,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
90 | Since February 2012, Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store. A "Verify Apps" feature was introduced in November 2012, as part of the Android 4.2 "Jelly Bean" operating system version, to scan all apps, both from Google Play and from third-party ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
91 | Before installing an application, the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them, installing the application only if they accept. In Android 6.0 "Marshmallow", the permissions system was changed; apps ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
92 | In September 2014, Jason Nova of "Android Authority" reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android. Nova wrote that "The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them; this does not allow applications to list the direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
93 | In August 2013, Google announced Android Device Manager (renamed Find My Device in May 2017), a service that allows users to remotely track, locate, and wipe their Android device, with an Android app for the service released in December. In December 2016, Google introduced a Trusted Contacts app, letting users request ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
94 | On October 8, 2018, Google announced new Google Play store requirements to combat over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, including call and text logs. The issue stems from the fact that many apps request permissions to access users' personal information (even if this information is not needed for the app to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
95 | Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
96 | The source code for Android is open-source: it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released. Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephony stacks) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allows modification and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
97 | Only the base Android operating system (including some applications) is open-source software, whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as Google Mobile Services, which includes applications such as Google Play Store, Google Search, and Google Play Services a software lay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
98 | Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as Replicant, because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary, and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
99 | It has been argued that because developers are often required to purchase the Google-branded Android license, this has turned the theoretically open system into a freemium service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 |
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