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19,000 | Acidic precipitation is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium; however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904 |
19,001 | In water, aluminium acts as a toxiс agent on gill-breathing animals such as fish when the water is acidic, in which aluminium may precipitate on gills, which causes loss of plasma- and hemolymph ions leading to osmoregulatory failure. Organic complexes of aluminium may be easily absorbed and interfere with metabolism i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904 |
19,002 | Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, in acid soils the concentration of toxic Al cations increases and disturbs root growth and function. Wheat has developed a tolerance to aluminium, releasing organic com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904 |
19,003 | Aluminium production possesses its own challenges to the environment on each step of the production process. The major challenge is the greenhouse gas emissions. These gases result from electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. The most potent of these gases are perfluorocarbons from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904 |
19,004 | Biodegradation of metallic aluminium is extremely rare; most aluminium-corroding organisms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium, but instead produce corrosive wastes. The fungus "Geotrichum candidum" can consume the aluminium in compact discs. The bacterium "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and the fungus "Cladospori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904 |
19,005 | Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two ena... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,006 | The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmissio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,007 | At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,008 | Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class. It is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,009 | Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, but in humans with ADHD, pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic dosages appear to improve brain development and nerve growth. Reviews of magnetic resonance imagi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,010 | Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD. Randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Two review... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,011 | Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems; these functional impairments involve impaired dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,012 | In 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal heal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,013 | Amphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and athletic performance-enhancing effects, such as increased endurance and alertness; however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies. In healthy people at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,014 | According to the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), amphetamine is contraindicated in people with a history of drug abuse, cardiovascular disease, severe agitation, or severe anxiety. It is also contraindicated in individuals with advanced arter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,015 | Cardiovascular side effects can include hypertension or hypotension from a vasovagal response, Raynaud's phenomenon (reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and tachycardia (increased heart rate). Sexual side effects in males may include erectile dysfunction, frequent erections, or prolonged erections. Gastrointesti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,016 | Amphetamine stimulates the medullary respiratory centers, producing faster and deeper breaths. In a normal person at therapeutic doses, this effect is usually not noticeable, but when respiration is already compromised, it may be evident. Amphetamine also induces contraction in the urinary bladder sphincter, the muscle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,017 | USFDA-commissioned studies from 2011 indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, heart attack, and stroke) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants. However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are contraindicated in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,018 | At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased alertness, apprehension, concentration, initiative, self-confidence and sociability, mood swings (elated mood followed by mildly depressed mood), insomnia or wakefulness, and decreased sense of fatigue. Less common ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,019 | Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a conditioned place preference in humans taking therapeutic doses, meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,020 | Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses; in fact, lifetime stimulant therapy for ADHD that begins during childhood reduces the risk of developing substance use disorders as an adult. Pathological overactivation of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,021 | Chronic use of amphetamine at excessive doses causes alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection, which arise through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. The most important transcription factors that produce these alterations are "Delta FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B" (ΔF... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,022 | ΔJunD, a transcription factor, and G9a, a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both oppose the function of ΔFosB and inhibit increases in its expression. Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,023 | The effects of amphetamine on gene regulation are both dose- and route-dependent. Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and ora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,024 | there is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction. Reviews from 2015 and 2016 indicated that TAAR1-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential as a treatment for psychostimulant addictions; however, the only compounds which are known to function as TAAR1-selective agonists are experimental d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,025 | A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction; it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,026 | A 2018 systematic review and network meta-analysis of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that combination therapy with both contingency management and community reinforcement approach had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,027 | Additionally, research on the neurobiological effects of physical exercise suggests that daily aerobic exercise, especially endurance exercise (e.g., marathon running), prevents the development of drug addiction and is an effective adjunct therapy (i.e., a supplemental treatment) for amphetamine addiction. Exercise lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,028 | Drug tolerance develops rapidly in amphetamine abuse (i.e., recreational amphetamine use), so periods of extended abuse require increasingly larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,029 | According to a Cochrane review on withdrawal in individuals who compulsively use amphetamine and methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue amphetamine use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose." This review noted that withdrawal symptoms in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,030 | An amphetamine overdose can lead to many different symptoms, but is rarely fatal with appropriate care. The severity of overdose symptoms increases with dosage and decreases with drug tolerance to amphetamine. Tolerant individuals have been known to take as much as 5 grams of amphetamine in a day, which is roughly 100 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,031 | In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, or damage to dopamine neurons, which is characterized by dopamine terminal degeneration and reduced transporter and receptor function. There is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. However, large ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,032 | An amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may involve a variety of symptoms, such as delusions and paranoia. A Cochrane review on treatment for amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine psychosis states that about of users fail to recover completely. According to the same review, there ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,033 | Many types of substances are known to interact with amphetamine, resulting in altered drug action or metabolism of amphetamine, the interacting substance, or both. Inhibitors of enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last longer.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,034 | In general, there is no significant interaction when consuming amphetamine with food, but the pH of gastrointestinal content and urine affects the absorption and excretion of amphetamine, respectively. Acidic substances reduce the absorption of amphetamine and increase urinary excretion, and alkaline substances do the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,035 | Amphetamine exerts its behavioral effects by altering the use of monoamines as neuronal signals in the brain, primarily in catecholamine neurons in the reward and executive function pathways of the brain. The concentrations of the main neurotransmitters involved in reward circuitry and executive functioning, dopamine a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,036 | Amphetamine has been identified as a potent full agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, which is important for regulation of brain monoamines. Activation of increases production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits monoamine transporter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,037 | In addition to the neuronal monoamine transporters, amphetamine also inhibits both vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2, as well as SLC1A1, SLC22A3, and SLC22A5. SLC1A1 is excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), a glutamate transporter located in neurons, SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal monoamine transpor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,038 | The full profile of amphetamine's short-term drug effects in humans is mostly derived through increased cellular communication or neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, CART peptides, endogenous opioids, adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosteroids, and glutamate, which it aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,039 | Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of than levoamphetamine. Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces greater stimulation than levoamphetamine, roughly three to four times more, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,040 | In certain brain regions, amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. Amphetamine can enter the presynaptic neuron either through or by diffusing across the neuronal membrane directly. As a consequence of DAT uptake, amphetamine produces competitive reuptake inhibition at the transporter.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,041 | Amphetamine is also a substrate for the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter, . Following amphetamine uptake at VMAT2, amphetamine induces the collapse of the vesicular pH gradient, which results in the release of dopamine molecules from synaptic vesicles into the cytosol via dopamine efflux through VMAT2. Subse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,042 | Similar to dopamine, amphetamine dose-dependently increases the level of synaptic norepinephrine, the direct precursor of epinephrine. Based upon neuronal expression, amphetamine is thought to affect norepinephrine analogously to dopamine. In other words, amphetamine induces TAAR1-mediated efflux and reuptake inhibitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,043 | Amphetamine exerts analogous, yet less pronounced, effects on serotonin as on dopamine and norepinephrine. Amphetamine affects serotonin via and, like norepinephrine, is thought to phosphorylate via . Like dopamine, amphetamine has low, micromolar affinity at the human 5-HT1A receptor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,044 | Acute amphetamine administration in humans increases endogenous opioid release in several brain structures in the reward system. Extracellular levels of glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, have been shown to increase in the striatum following exposure to amphetamine. This increase in extrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,045 | In December 2017, the first study assessing the interaction between amphetamine and human carbonic anhydrase enzymes was published; of the eleven carbonic anhydrase enzymes it examined, it found that amphetamine potently activates seven, four of which are highly expressed in the human brain, with low nanomolar through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,046 | The oral bioavailability of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH; it is well absorbed from the gut, and bioavailability is typically over 75% for dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine is a weak base with a p"K" of 9.9; consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,047 | The half-lives of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH. At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are hours and hours, respectively. Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours; highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,048 | CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine "N"-acyltransferase (GLYAT) are the enzymes known to metabolize amphetamine or its metabolites in humans. Amphetamine has a variety of excreted metabolic products, including , , , benzoic acid, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,049 | The human metagenome (i.e., the genetic composition of an individual and all microorganisms that reside on or within the individual's body) varies considerably between individuals. Since the total number of microbial and viral cells in the human body (over 100 trillion) greatly outnumbers human cells (tens of trillions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,050 | Similar to most biomolecules and other orally administered xenobiotics (i.e., drugs), amphetamine is predicted to undergo promiscuous metabolism by human gastrointestinal microbiota (primarily bacteria) prior to absorption into the blood stream. The first amphetamine-metabolizing microbial enzyme, tyramine oxidase from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,051 | Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain. Among this group, the most closely related compounds are phenethylamine, the parent compound of amphetamine, and , an isomer of amphetamine (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,052 | Amphetamine is a methyl homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter phenethylamine with the chemical formula . The carbon atom adjacent to the primary amine is a stereogenic center, and amphetamine is composed of a racemic 1:1 mixture of two enantiomers. This racemic mixture can be separated into its optical isomers: lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,053 | The substituted derivatives of amphetamine, or "substituted amphetamines", are a broad range of chemicals that contain amphetamine as a "backbone"; specifically, this chemical class includes derivative compounds that are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,054 | Since the first preparation was reported in 1887, numerous synthetic routes to amphetamine have been developed. The most common route of both legal and illicit amphetamine synthesis employs a non-metal reduction known as the Leuckart reaction (method 1). In the first step, a reaction between phenylacetone and formamide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,055 | A number of chiral resolutions have been developed to separate the two enantiomers of amphetamine. For example, racemic amphetamine can be treated with to form a diastereoisomeric salt which is fractionally crystallized to yield dextroamphetamine. Chiral resolution remains the most economical method for obtaining optic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,056 | A large number of alternative synthetic routes to amphetamine have been developed based on classic organic reactions. One example is the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene by allyl chloride to yield beta chloropropylbenzene which is then reacted with ammonia to produce racemic amphetamine (method 2). Another example ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,057 | A significant number of amphetamine syntheses feature a reduction of a nitro, imine, oxime, or other nitrogen-containing functional groups. In one such example, a Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with nitroethane yields . The double bond and nitro group of this intermediate is reduced using either catalytic hyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,058 | Amphetamine is frequently measured in urine or blood as part of a drug test for sports, employment, poisoning diagnostics, and forensics. Techniques such as immunoassay, which is the most common form of amphetamine test, may cross-react with a number of sympathomimetic drugs. Chromatographic methods specific for amphet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,059 | For the assays, a study noted that an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) assay for amphetamine and methamphetamine may produce more false positives than liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) of amphetamine and methamphetamine with the derivatizing agent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,060 | Amphetamine-type stimulants were originally derived from the plant "Ephedra", which contains the amphetamine-like stimulant ephedrine and had been used for its effects in China dating back an estimated 5,000years. Ephedrine was isolated from "Ephedra vulgaris" in Japan in 1885 and was studied for its medicinal properti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,061 | Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it "phenylisopropylamine"; its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties. Amphetamine had no medical use until la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,062 | Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3 years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain, among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,063 | The beneficial effect of Benzedrine in children with hyperactivity was discovered serendipitously in 1937 when it was given against a low intracranial pressure headache. It did not improve the headache, but improved school performance and behavior of some. During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,064 | Amphetamine is still illegally synthesized today in clandestine labs and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. Among European Union (EU) member states 11.9 million adults of ages have used amphetamine or methamphetamine at least once in their lives and 1.7 million have used either in the last year.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,065 | As a result of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, as defined in the treaty, in all 183 state parties. Consequently, it is heavily regulated in most countries. Some countries, such as South Korea and Japan, have banned substituted ampheta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,066 | Several currently marketed amphetamine formulations contain both enantiomers, including those marketed under the brand names Adderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis, Adzenys ER, , Dyanavel XR, Evekeo, and Evekeo ODT. Of those, Evekeo (including Evekeo ODT) is the only product containing only racemic amphetamine (as amphetamine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2504 |
19,067 | Nvidia Corporation ( ) is an American multinational technology company incorporated in Delaware and based in Santa Clara, California. It is a software and fabless company which designs graphics processing units (GPUs), application programming interface (APIs) for data science and high-performance computing as well as s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,068 | In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides an API called CUDA that allows the creation of massively parallel programs which utilize GPUs. They are deployed in supercomputing sites around the world. More recently, it has moved into the mobile computing market, where it produces Tegra mobile processors for smartph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,069 | Nvidia's GPUs are used for edge to cloud computing and supercomputers. Nvidia expanded its presence in the gaming industry with its handheld game consoles Shield Portable, Shield Tablet, and Shield TV and its cloud gaming service GeForce Now. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,070 | Nvidia announced plans on September 13, 2020, to acquire Arm from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US$40 billion in stock and cash, which would be the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group will acquire slightly less than a 10% stake in Nvidia, and Arm would maintain its headquar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,071 | On February 7, 2022, facing increased regulatory hurdles, Nvidia signaled that it was dropping its acquisition of Arm. The deal, which would have been the largest ever in the chip sector, was valued at $66bn at the time of its collapse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,072 | NVIDIA was founded on April 5, 1993, by Jensen Huang (CEO ), a Taiwanese-American electrical engineer who was previously the director of CoreWare at LSI Logic and a microprocessor designer at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD); Chris Malachowsky, an engineer who worked at Sun Microsystems; and Curtis Priem, who was previousl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,073 | In 1993, the three co-founders believed that the proper direction for the next wave of computing was accelerated or graphics-based computing because it could solve problems that general-purpose computing could not. They also observed that video games were simultaneously one of the most computationally challenging probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,074 | The release of the RIVA TNT in 1998, solidified NVIDIA's reputation for developing capable graphics adapters. In late 1999, Nvidia released the GeForce 256 (NV10), most notably introducing on-board transformation and lighting (T&L) to consumer-level 3D hardware. Running at 120 MHz and featuring four-pixel pipelines, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,075 | Due to the success of its products, Nvidia won the contract to develop the graphics hardware for Microsoft's Xbox game console, which earned Nvidia a $200 million advance. However, the project took many of its best engineers away from other projects. In the short term this did not matter, and the GeForce2 GTS shipped i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,076 | In July 2002, Nvidia acquired Exluna for an undisclosed sum. Exluna made software-rendering tools and the personnel were merged into the Cg project. In August 2003, NVIDIA acquired MediaQ for approximately US$70 million. On April 22, 2004, Nvidia acquired iReady, also a provider of high performance TCP/IP and iSCSI off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,077 | "Forbes" named NVIDIA its "Company of the Year" for 2007, citing the accomplishments it made during the said period as well as during the previous five years. On January 5, 2007, NVIDIA announced that it had completed the acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc. In February 2008, NVIDIA acquired Ageia, developer of the PhysX ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,078 | In July 2008, NVIDIA took a write-down of approximately $200 million on its first-quarter revenue, after reporting that certain mobile chipsets and GPUs produced by the company had "abnormal failure rates" due to manufacturing defects. NVIDIA, however, did not reveal the affected products. In September 2008, Nvidia bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,079 | In November 2011, after initially unveiling it at Mobile World Congress, NVIDIA released its Tegra 3 ARM system-on-a-chip for mobile devices. Nvidia claimed that the chip featured the first-ever quad-core mobile CPU. In May 2011, it was announced that NVIDIA had agreed to acquire Icera, a baseband chip making company i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,080 | In 2014, NVIDIA ported Valve games Portal and Half Life 2 to its NVIDIA Shield tablet as Lightspeed Studio. Since 2014, NVIDIA has diversified its business focusing on three markets: gaming, automotive electronics, and mobile devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,081 | On May 6, 2016, NVIDIA unveiled the first GPUs of the GeForce 10 series, the GTX 1080 and 1070, based on the company's new Pascal microarchitecture. NVIDIA claimed that both models outperformed its Maxwell-based Titan X model; the models incorporate GDDR5X and GDDR5 memory respectively, and use a 16 nm manufacturing pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,082 | In July 2016, NVIDIA agreed to a settlement for a false advertising lawsuit regarding its GTX 970 model, as the models were unable to use all of their advertised 4 GB of RAM due to limitations brought by the design of its hardware. In May 2017, NVIDIA announced a partnership with Toyota which will use Nvidia's Drive PX... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,083 | NVIDIA officially released the NVIDIA Quadro GV100 on March 27, 2018. NVIDIA officially released the RTX 2080 GPUs on September 27, 2018. In 2018, Google announced that NVIDIA's Tesla P4 graphic cards would be integrated into Google Cloud service's artificial intelligence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,084 | In May 2018, on the NVIDIA user forum, a thread was started asking the company to update users when they would release web drivers for its cards installed on legacy Mac Pro machines up to mid-2012 5,1 running the macOS Mojave operating system 10.14. Web drivers are required to enable graphics acceleration and multiple ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,085 | On March 11, 2019, NVIDIA announced a deal to buy Mellanox Technologies for $6.9 billion to substantially expand its footprint in the high-performance computing market. In May 2019, NVIDIA announced new RTX Studio laptops. The creators say that the new laptop is going to be seven times faster than a top-end MacBook Pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,086 | In May 2020, NVIDIA's top scientists developed an open-source ventilator in order to address the shortage resulting from the global coronavirus pandemic. On May 14, 2020, NVIDIA officially announced their Ampere GPU microarchitecture and the NVIDIA A100 GPU accelerator. In July 2020, it was reported that NVIDIA was in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,087 | On September 1, 2020, NVIDIA officially announced the GeForce 30 series based on the company's new Ampere microarchitecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,088 | On September 13, 2020, it was announced that NVIDIA would buy Arm from SoftBank Group for $40 billion, subject to the usual scrutiny, with the latter retaining a 10% share of Nvidia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,089 | In October 2020, NVIDIA announced its plan to build the most powerful computer in Cambridge, England. Named Cambridge-1, the computer will employ AI to support healthcare research, with an expected completion by the end of 2020, at a cost of approximately £40 million. According to Jensen Huang, "The Cambridge-1 superco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,090 | Also in October 2020, along with the release of Nvidia RTX A6000, NVIDIA announced it is retiring its workstation GPU brand Quadro, shifting product name to Nvidia RTX for future products and the manufacturing to be Nvidia Ampere architecture based. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,091 | In August 2021, the proposed takeover of Arm Holdings was stalled after the UK's Competition and Markets Authority raised "significant competition concerns". In October 2021, the European Commission opened a competition investigation into the takeover. The Commission stated that NVIDIA's acquisition could restrict comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,092 | In March 2022, NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang mentioned that they are open to having Intel manufacture their chips in the future. This was the first time the company mentioned that they would work together with Intel's upcoming foundry services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,093 | In April 2022, it was reported that NVIDIA planned to open a new research center in Yerevan, Armenia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,094 | Following U.S. Department of Commerce regulations which placed an embargo on exports to China of advanced microchips, which went into effect in October 2022, Nvidia saw its data center chip added to the export control list. The next month, the company unveiled a new advanced chip in China, called the A800 GPU, that met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,095 | For the fiscal year 2020, NVIDIA reported earnings of US$2.796 billion, with an annual revenue of US$10.918 billion, a decline of 6.8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nvidia's shares traded at over $531 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$328.7 billion in January 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,096 | For the Q2 of 2020, NVIDIA reported sales of $3.87 billion, which was a 50% rise from the same period in 2019. The surge in sales and people's higher demand for computer technology. According to the financial chief of the company, Colette Kress, the effects of the pandemic will "likely reflect this evolution in enterpr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,097 | NVIDIA's GPU Technology Conference (GTC), now called NVIDIA GTC, is a series of technical conferences held around the world. It originated in 2009 in San Jose, California, with an initial focus on the potential for solving computing challenges through GPUs. In recent years, the conference focus has shifted to various a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,098 | NVIDIA's family includes graphics, wireless communication, PC processors, and automotive hardware/software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
19,099 | Until September 23, 2013, NVIDIA had not published any documentation for its advanced hardware, meaning that programmers could not write free and open-source device driver for its products without resorting to (clean room) reverse engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120 |
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