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23,600 | A number of Cornellians have been prominent innovators. Thomas Midgley, Jr. ('11) invented Freon, Jon Rubinstein ('78) is credited with the development of the iPod, and Robert Tappan Morris developed the first computer worm on the Internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,601 | Bill Nye ('77) is well known as "The Science Guy". Clarence W. Spicer invented the 'universal joint' for automobiles while a student in 1903. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,602 | Eight Cornellians have served as NASA astronauts, Steve Squyres ('81) is the principal investigator on the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. In aerospace, also, Otto Glasser ('40) directed the USAF program that developed the SM-65 Atlas, the World's first operational Intercontinental ballistic missile. Yolanda Shea is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,603 | In literature, Toni Morrison (M.A.'50; Nobel laureate) is well known for her novel "Beloved", Pearl S. Buck (M.A.'25; Nobel laureate) authored "The Good Earth", Thomas Pynchon ('59) penned such canonical works of postwar American fiction as "Gravity's Rainbow" and "The Crying of Lot 49", Junot Díaz ('95) wrote The Brie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,604 | Several Cornellians have also achieved critical acclaim in theatre and entertainment. Christopher Reeve ('74) played "Superman", Frank Morgan was The Wizard of Oz, and Peter Yarrow ('59) of folk band Peter, Paul and Mary, wrote "Puff, the Magic Dragon" and other classic American tunes. Jason Ardizzone-West ('95) is an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,605 | In architectural, alumnus Richmond Shreve (1902) designed the Empire State Building, and Raymond M. Kennedy ('15) designed Hollywood's famous Grauman's Chinese Theatre. In the arts, Arthur Garfield Dove (1903) is often considered the first American abstract painter. Louise Lawler ('69) is a pioneering feminist artist a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,606 | In athletics, Cornell graduates include football legend Glenn "Pop" Warner (1894), head coach of the United States men's national soccer team Bruce Arena ('73), Major League Baseball commissioner Rob Manfred ('80) National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman ('74), six-time Stanley Cup winning hockey goalie Ken Dry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954422 |
23,607 | Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,608 | Because it has long been known and widely used, the salt has many different names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda and can often be found near baking powder in stores. The term "baking soda" is more common in the United States, while "bicarbonate of soda" is more common in Australi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,609 | The word "saleratus", from Latin "sal æratus" (meaning "aerated salt"), was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,610 | The prefix "bi" in "bicarbonate" comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular knowledge in reference to the two molar equivalents of carbon dioxide (known as carbonic acid in the ancient chemistry language) that potassium hydrocarbonate/bicarbonate releases upon decomposition to (di)potassium carbonate and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,611 | In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid–base reaction can be generical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,612 | Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may be used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic taste. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,613 | Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above , as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,614 | When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO is released (one CO molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,615 | Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium. Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,616 | Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common "black snake" firework. The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to delay combustion r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,617 | It has weak disinfectant properties, and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms. Because baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,618 | Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter. Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,619 | Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories. It is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base even though it is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,620 | Sodium bicarbonate when applied on leaves, can prevent the growth of fungi; however, it does not kill the fungus. Excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (one percent solution). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,621 | Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn. Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,622 | A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte, dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,623 | Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood. In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,624 | HCO is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment will diminish aspirin absorption ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,625 | Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use. Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,626 | Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful. It is also a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,627 | It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones. One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such effect. Another also finds that there is no evidence that alkaline diets improve bone health, but suggests that there "may be some value" to alkaline diets for other reasons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,628 | Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,629 | Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO + H → HO + CO↑ or, more precisely, HCO + HO → 2 HO +... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,630 | Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties. It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections. Sodium bicarbonate in combination with oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,631 | It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,632 | Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,633 | Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting. As a blasting medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such as aluminium, copper or timber which could be damaged by silica sand abrasive media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,634 | A manufacturer recommends a paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder, and is useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution; cold water should be used, as hot-water solutions can corrode steel. Sodium bicarbonate att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,635 | During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. Uranium oxides were found to stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,636 | It is often claimed that baking soda is an effective odor remover, and it is often recommended that an open box be kept in the refrigerator to absorb odor. This idea was promoted by the leading U.S. brand of baking soda, Arm & Hammer, in an advertising campaign starting in 1972. Though this campaign is considered a cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,637 | Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a catalyst in gas production. Its performance for this application is "good", however not usually used. Hydrogen gas is produced via electrolysis of water, process in which electric current is applied through a volume of water, which causes the hydrogen atoms to separate from the oxyge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,638 | Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,639 | Sodium bicarbonate can often be used as a safer alternative to sodium hydroxide, and as such can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,640 | Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,641 | At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at : | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,642 | Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above ): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,643 | These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,644 | If kept cool (room temperature) and dry (an airtight container is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate can be kept without a significant amount of decomposition for at least two or three years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,645 | The word "natron" has been in use in many languages throughout modern times (in the forms of "anatron", "natrum" and "natron") and originated (like Spanish, French and English "natron" as well as 'sodium') via Arabic "naṭrūn" (or "anatrūn"; cf. the Lower Egyptian “Natrontal” Wadi El Natrun, where a mixture of sodium ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,646 | In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. The pharmacist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,647 | "Saleratus", potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel "Captains Courageous" by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,648 | In 1919, US Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Spanish flu. In the midst of the debate on 26 January 1919, he interrupted the discussion to announce the discovery of a cure. "I want to say, for the benefit of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,649 | It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001) with a worldwide production capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per year (as of 2002). Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,650 | Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The product however shows low purity (75pc). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,651 | Although of no practical value, NaHCO may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,652 | Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin. It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,653 | It is also produced by solution mining, pumping heated water through nahcolite beds and crystalizing the dissolved nahcolite through a cooling crystallization process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,654 | Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In "Duck Soup", Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,655 | In the Joseph L. Mankewicz classic "All About Eve", the Max Fabian character (Gregory Ratoff) has an extended scene with Margo Channing (Bette Davis) in which, suffering from heartburn, he requests and then drinks bicarbonate of soda, eliciting a prominent burp. Channing promises to always keep a box of bicarb with Max... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155725 |
23,656 | In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 times weaker than the strong interaction, 10 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10 times weaker t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,657 | On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity is responsible for sublunar tides in the oceans (the corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another). Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,658 | The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the Universe allowed it to coalesce and form stars which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,659 | Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915), which describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along geodesic lines. The most extreme example of this curvatur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,660 | formula_1where is the force, and are the masses of the objects interacting, is the distance between the centers of the masses and is the gravitational constant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,661 | Current models of particle physics imply that the earliest instance of gravity in the Universe, possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity, along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10 seconds after the birth of the Universe), possibly from a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,662 | The nature and mechanism of gravity was explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In Greece, Aristotle believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,663 | Although he didn't understand gravity as a force, the ancient Greek philosopher Archimedes discovered the center of gravity of a triangle. He also postulated that if two equal weights did not have the same center of gravity, the center of gravity of the two weights together would be in the middle of the line that joins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,664 | In India, the mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata first identified gravity to explain why objects are not driven away from the Earth by the centrifugal force of the planet's rotation. Later, in the seventh century CE, Brahmagupta proposed the idea that gravity is an attractive force which draws objects to the Earth and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,665 | In the ancient Middle East, gravity was a topic of fierce debate. The Persian intellectual Al-Biruni believed that the force of gravity was not unique to the Earth, and he correctly assumed that other heavenly bodies should exert a gravitational attraction as well. In contrast, Al-Khazini held the same position as Aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,666 | In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the Aristotelian notion that heavier objects fall at a faster rate. In particular, the Spanish Dominican priest Domingo de Soto wrote in 1551 that bodies in free fall uniformly accelerate. De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,667 | In 1604, Galileo correctly hypothesized that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed. This was later confirmed by Italian scientists Jesuits Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also calculated the magnitude of the Earth's gravity by measuring the oscillations of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,668 | In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to Edmond Halley titled "De motu corporum in gyrum ('On the motion of bodies in an orbit')", which provided a physical justification for Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Halley was impressed by the manuscript and urged Newton to expand on it, and a few years later Newton published a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,669 | formula_1where is the force, and are the masses of the objects interacting, is the distance between the centers of the masses and is the gravitational constant . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,670 | Newton's "Principia" was well-received by the scientific community, and his law of gravitation quickly spread across the European world. More than a century later, in 1821, his theory of gravitation rose to even greater prominence when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune. In that year, the French astronomer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,671 | Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in the orbit of the planet Mercury which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the perihelion of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98 arcseconds per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body (such as a pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,672 | In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the equivalence principle, a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life." In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,673 | Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics. As in Newton's first law of motion, Einstein believed that a force applied to an object would cause it to deviate from a geodesic. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,674 | Einstein's description of gravity was quickly accepted by the majority of physicists, as it was able to explain a wide variety of previously baffling experimental results. In the coming years, a wide range of experiments provided additional support for the idea of general relativity. Today, Einstein's theory of relativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,675 | In modern physics, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find solutions to the Einstein field equations that form the basis of general relativity, while some scientists have speculated that general relativity may not be applicable at all in certain sce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,676 | The Einstein field equations are a system of 10 partial differential equations which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system is often expressed in the form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,677 | where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant, formula_4 is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and formula_5 is the speed of light. The constant formula_6 is referred to as the Einstein gravitational constant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,678 | A major area of research is the discovery of exact solutions to the Einstein field equations. Solving these equations amounts to calculating a precise value for the metric tensor (which defines the curvature and geometry of spacetime) under certain physical conditions. There is no formal definition for what constitutes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,679 | Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chief among these is the two-body problem, which concerns the geometry of spacetime around two mutually interacting massive objects (such as the Sun and the Earth, or the two stars in a binary star system). The sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,680 | Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with quantum mechanics. This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,681 | One path is to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory, which has been successful to accurately describe the other fundamental interactions. The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual photons, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of virtual gravitons. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,682 | Testing the predictions of general relativity has historically been difficult, because they are almost identical to the predictions of Newtonian gravity for small energies and masses. Still, since its development, an ongoing series of experimental results have provided support for the theory: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,683 | Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to the pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,684 | The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence. The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high or low sub-surface d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,685 | The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is weakest at the equator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,686 | The earliest gravity (possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity), along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10 seconds after the birth of the Universe), possibly from a primeval state (such as a false vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual particl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,687 | General relativity predicts that energy can be transported out of a system through gravitational radiation. The first indirect evidence for gravitational radiation was through measurements of the Hulse–Taylor binary in 1973. This system consists of a pulsar and neutron star in orbit around one another. Its orbital peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,688 | The first direct evidence for gravitational radiation was measured on 14 September 2015 by the LIGO detectors. The gravitational waves emitted during the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth were measured. This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of Einstein and others that such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,689 | In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of Earth tides during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting the vacant point n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,690 | In October 2017, the LIGO and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,691 | There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for, which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38579 |
23,692 | Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,693 | Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,694 | One common adverse effect is an upset stomach. More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma. Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners. Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,695 | A precursor to aspirin found in the bark of the willow tree (genus "Salix") has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years. In 1853, chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time. Over the next 50 years, ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,696 | Aspirin is available without medical prescription as a proprietary or generic medication in most jurisdictions. It is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,697 | In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and sold it around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,698 | Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations. The word "Aspirin" was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries. The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir Spiraea, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
23,699 | Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates, carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali metals. It is stable in dry air, but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1525 |
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