doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
23,900 | Thomas thinks that monarchy is the best form of government, because a monarch does not have to form compromises with other persons. Aquinas, however, held that monarchy in only a very specific sense was the best form of government––only when the king was virtuous is it the best form; otherwise if the monarch is vicious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,901 | According to Thomas, monarchs are God's representatives in their territories, but the church, represented by the popes, is above the kings in matters of doctrine and ethics. As a consequence, worldly rulers are obliged to adapt their laws to the Catholic Church's doctrines and determinations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,902 | Thomas said slavery was not the natural state of man. He also held that a slave is by nature equal to his master ("Summa Theologiae Supplement", Q52, A2, ad 1). He distinguished between 'natural slavery', which is for the benefit of both master and slave, and 'servile slavery', which removes all autonomy from the slave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,903 | Aquinas' doctrines of the Fair Price, of the right of tyrannicide and of the equality of all the baptized sons of God in the Communion of saints established a limit to the political power to prevent it from degenerating into tyranny. This system had a concern in the Protestant opposition to the Roman Catholic Church an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,904 | Thomas Aquinas maintains that a human is a single material substance. He understands the soul as the form of the body, which makes a human being the composite of the two. Thus, only living, form-matter composites can truly be called human; dead bodies are "human" only analogously. One actually existing substance comes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,905 | In his "Summa Theologiae" Thomas clearly states his position on the nature of the soul; defining it as "the first principle of life". The soul is not corporeal, or a body; it is the act of a body. Because the intellect is incorporeal, it does not use the bodily organs, as "the operation of anything follows the mode of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,906 | According to Thomas the soul is not matter, not even incorporeal or spiritual matter. If it were, it would not be able to understand universals, which are immaterial. A receiver receives things according to the receiver's own nature, so for soul (receiver) to understand (receive) universals, it must have the same natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,907 | Thomas Aquinas addressed most economic questions within the framework of justice, which he contended was the highest of the moral virtues. He says that justice is "a habit whereby man renders to each his due by a constant and perpetual will." He argued that this concept of justice has its roots in natural law. Joseph S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,908 | Thomas Aquinas was careful to distinguish the just, or natural, price of a good from that price which manipulates another party. He determines the just price from a number of things. First, the just price must be relative to the worth of the good. Thomas held that the price of a good measures its quality: "the quality ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,909 | Thomas Aquinas also wrote extensively on usury, that is, the lending of money with interest. He condemned its practice: "to take usury for money lent is unjust in itself, because this is to sell what does not exist, and this evidently leads to inequality which is contrary to justice." Money, and other similar goods, ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,910 | The Second Lateran Council called the practice of loaning money "detestable and shameful... insatiable rapacity of money lenders, forbidden both by divine and human laws throughout the Old and New Testament, we condemn, and separate from the ecclesiastical consolation". The Fifth Lateran Council defined usury as "when,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,911 | Modern Western views concerning capitalism, unfair labor practice, living wage, price gouging, monopolies, fair trade practices, and predatory pricing, inter alia, are remnants of the inculcation of Aquinas' interpretation of natural moral law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,912 | Thomas Aquinas viewed theology, or the "sacred doctrine", as a science, the raw material data of which consists of written scripture and the tradition of the Catholic Church. These sources of data were produced by the self-revelation of God to individuals and groups of people throughout history. Faith and reason, while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,913 | Thomas blended Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine by suggesting that rational thinking and the study of nature, like revelation, were valid ways to understand truths pertaining to God. According to Thomas, God reveals himself through nature, so to study nature is to study God. The ultimate goals of theology, in Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,914 | Thomas believed that truth is known through reason, rationality (natural revelation) and faith (supernatural revelation). "Supernatural" revelation has its origin in the inspiration of the Holy Spirit and is made available through the teaching of the prophets, summed up in Holy Scripture, and transmitted by the Magiste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,915 | Though one may deduce the existence of God and his Attributes (Unity, Truth, Goodness, Power, Knowledge) through reason, certain specifics may be known only through the special revelation of God through Jesus Christ. The major theological components of Christianity, such as the Trinity, the Incarnation, and charity are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,916 | In other words, Aquinas thinks Christian doctrines are "fitting" to reason (i.e. reasonable), even though they can't be demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt. In fact, the Summa Theologica is filled with examples of Aquinas arguing that we would expect certain Christian doctrines to be true, even though these expectat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,917 | Revealed knowledge does not negate the truth and the completeness of human science as human, it further establishes them. First, it grants that the same things can be treated from two different perspectives without one canceling the other; thus there can be two sciences of God. Second, it provides the basis for the two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,918 | Faith and reason complement rather than contradict each other, each giving different views of the same truth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,919 | Augustine of Hippo's reflexion on divine essentiality or essentialist theology would influence Richard of St. Victor, Alexander of Hales and St. Bonaventure. By this method, the essence of God is defined by what God is, and also by describing what God is not (negative theology). St. Thomas took the text of Exodus beyon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,920 | The conclusion was that the meaning of "I Am Who Am" is not an enigma to be answered, but the statement of the essence of God. This is the discovery of Aquinas: the essence of God is not described by negative analogy, but the "essence of God is to exist". This is the basis of "existential theology" and leads to what Gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,921 | As a Catholic Thomas believed that God is the "maker of heaven and earth, of all that is visible and invisible." Like Aristotle, Thomas posited that life could form from non-living material or plant life, a theory of ongoing abiogenesis known as spontaneous generation: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,922 | Additionally Thomas considered Empedocles's theory that various mutated species emerged at the dawn of Creation. Thomas reasoned that these species were generated through mutations in animal sperm, and argued that they were not unintended by nature; rather, such species were simply not intended for perpetual existence.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,923 | While it would be contradictory to speak of a "just schism", a "just brawling" or a "just sedition", the word "war" permits sub-classification into good and bad kinds. Thomas Aquinas, centuries after Augustine of Hippo, used the authority of Augustine's arguments in an attempt to define the conditions under which a war... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,924 | Some 200 years later, the School of Salamanca expanded Thomas's understanding of natural law and just war. Given that war is one of the worst evils suffered by mankind, the adherents of the School reasoned that it ought to be resorted to only when it was necessary to prevent an even "greater" evil. A diplomatic agreeme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,925 | A war is not legitimate or illegitimate simply based on its original motivation: it must comply with a series of additional requirements: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,926 | Under this doctrine, expansionist wars, wars of pillage, and wars for glory are all inherently unjust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,927 | Thomas believed that the existence of God is self-evident in itself, but not to us. "Therefore I say that this proposition, "God exists", of itself is self-evident, for the predicate is the same as the subject... Now because we do not know the essence of God, the proposition is not self-evident to us; but needs to be d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,928 | Thomas believed that the existence of God can be demonstrated. Briefly in the "Summa Theologiae" and more extensively in the "Summa contra Gentiles", he considered in great detail five arguments for the existence of God, widely known as the "quinque viae" (Five Ways). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,929 | Aquinas was receptive to and influenced by Avicenna's Proof of the Truthful. Concerning the nature of God, Thomas, like Avicenna felt the best approach, commonly called the "via negativa", is to consider what God is not. This led him to propose five statements about the divine qualities: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,930 | Following St. Augustine of Hippo, Thomas defines sin as "a word, deed, or desire, contrary to the eternal law." It is important to note the analogous nature of law in Thomas's legal philosophy. Natural law is an instance or instantiation of eternal law. Because natural law is what human beings determine according to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,931 | Thomas argued that God, while perfectly united, also is perfectly described by Three Interrelated Persons. These three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) are constituted by their relations within the essence of God. Thomas wrote that the term "Trinity" "does not mean the relations themselves of the Persons, but rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,932 | This Trinity exists independently from the world. It transcends the created world, but the Trinity also decided to give grace to human beings. This takes place through the Incarnation of the Word in the person of Jesus Christ and through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit within those who have experienced salvation by G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,933 | Thomas's five proofs for the existence of God take some of Aristotle's assertions concerning principles of being. For God as "prima causa" ("first cause") comes from Aristotle's concept of the unmoved mover and asserts that God is the ultimate cause of all things. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,934 | In the "Summa Theologica" Thomas begins his discussion of Jesus Christ by recounting the biblical story of Adam and Eve and by describing the negative effects of original sin. The purpose of Christ's Incarnation was to restore human nature by removing "the contamination of sin", which humans cannot do by themselves. "D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,935 | Thomas argued against several specific contemporary and historical theologians who held differing views about Christ. In response to Photinus, Thomas stated that Jesus was truly divine and not simply a human being. Against Nestorius, who suggested that Son of God was merely conjoined to the man Christ, Thomas argued th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,936 | With respect to Paul's assertion that Christ, "though he was in the form of God... emptied himself" (Philippians 2:6–7) in becoming human, Thomas offered an articulation of divine kenosis that has informed much subsequent Catholic Christology. Following the Council of Nicaea, Augustine of Hippo, as well as the assertio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,937 | Similarly, Thomas explained that Christ "emptied Himself, not by putting off His divine nature, but by assuming a human nature." For Thomas, "the divine nature is sufficiently full, because every perfection of goodness is there. But human nature and the soul are not full, but capable of fulness, because it was made as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,938 | In short "Christ had a "real body" of the same nature of ours, a "true rational soul", and, together with these, "perfect Deity"". Thus, there is both unity (in his one "hypostasis") and composition (in his two natures, human and Divine) in Christ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,939 | Echoing Athanasius of Alexandria, he said that "The only begotten Son of God... assumed our nature, so that he, made man, might make men gods." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,940 | Thomas Aquinas identified the goal of human existence as union and eternal fellowship with God. This goal is achieved through the beatific vision, in which a person experiences perfect, unending happiness by seeing the essence of God. The vision occurs after death as a gift from God to those who in life experienced sal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,941 | The goal of union with God has implications for the individual's life on earth. Thomas stated that an individual's will must be ordered toward right things, such as charity, peace, and holiness. He saw this orientation as also the way to happiness. Indeed, Thomas ordered his treatment of the moral life around the idea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,942 | Thomas Aquinas belonged to the Dominican Order (formally "Ordo Praedicatorum", the Order of Preachers) who began as an order dedicated to the conversion of the Albigensians and other heterodox factions, at first by peaceful means; later the Albigensians were dealt with by means of the Albigensian Crusade. In the "Summa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,943 | With regard to heretics two points must be observed: one, on their own side; the other, on the side of the Church. On their own side there is the sin, whereby they deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be severed from the world by death. For it is a much graver matter to corru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,944 | On the part of the Church, however, there is mercy, which looks to the conversion of the wanderer, wherefore she condemns not at once, but "after the first and second admonition", as the Apostle directs: after that, if he is yet stubborn, the Church no longer hoping for his conversion, looks to the salvation of others,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,945 | Heresy was a capital offense against the secular law of most European countries of the 13th century. Kings and emperors, even those at war with the papacy, listed heresy first among the crimes against the state. Kings claimed power from God according to the Christian faith. Often enough, especially in that age of papal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,946 | Simple theft, forgery, fraud, and other such crimes were also capital offenses; Thomas's point seems to be that the gravity of this offense, which touches not only the material goods but also the spiritual goods of others, is at least the same as forgery. Thomas's suggestion specifically demands that heretics be handed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,947 | For this reason the Church not only admits to Penance those who return from heresy for the first time, but also safeguards their lives, and sometimes by dispensation, restores them to the ecclesiastical dignities which they may have had before, should their conversion appear to be sincere: we read of this as having fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,948 | Aquinas advocated the death penalty for obstinate heretics, writing:With regard to heretics two points must be observed: one, on their own side; the other, on the side of the Church. On their own side there is the sin, whereby they deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,949 | The position taken by Aquinas is that if children were being reared in error, the Church had no authority to intervene. From Summa Theologica II-II Q. 10 Art. 12: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,950 | The issue was discussed in a papal bull by Pope Benedict XIV (1747) where both schools were addressed. The pope noted that the position of Aquinas had been more widely held among theologians and canon lawyers, than that of John Duns Scotus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,951 | A mention of witchcraft appears in the "Summa Theologicae" and concludes that the church does not treat temporary or permanent impotence attributed to a spell any differently to that of natural causes, as far as an impediment to marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,952 | Under the "canon Episcopi", church doctrine held that witchcraft was not possible and any practitioners of sorcery were deluded and their acts an illusion. Thomas Aquinas was instrumental in developing a new doctrine that included the belief in the real power of witches. This was a departure from the teachings of his m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,953 | A grasp of Thomas's psychology is essential for understanding his beliefs around the afterlife and resurrection. Thomas, following church doctrine, accepts that the soul continues to exist after the death of the body. Because he accepts that the soul is the form of the body, then he also must believe that the human bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,954 | Human beings are material, but the human person can survive the death of the body through continued existence of the soul, which persists. The human soul straddles the spiritual and material worlds, and is both a configured subsistent form as well as a configurer of matter into that of a living, bodily human. Because i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,955 | Resurrection appears to require dualism, which Thomas rejects. Yet Thomas believes the soul persists after the death and corruption of the body, and is capable of existence, separated from the body between the time of death and the resurrection of the flesh. Thomas believes in a different sort of dualism, one guided by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,956 | Thomas states clearly his stance on resurrection, and uses it to back up his philosophy of justice; that is, the promise of resurrection compensates Christians who suffered in this world through a heavenly union with the divine. He says, "If there is no resurrection of the dead, it follows that there is no good for hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,957 | Thomas accordingly believes punishment is directly related to earthly, living preparation and activity as well. Thomas's account of the soul focuses on epistemology and metaphysics, and because of this he believes it gives a clear account of the immaterial nature of the soul. Thomas conservatively guards Christian doct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,958 | Some modern ethicists within (notably Alasdair MacIntyre) and outside (notably Philippa Foot) the Catholic Church have recently commented on the possible use of Thomas's virtue ethics as a way of avoiding utilitarianism or Kantian "sense of duty" (called deontology). Through the work of twentieth-century philosophers s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,959 | In recent years the cognitive neuroscientist Walter Freeman proposes that Thomism is the philosophical system explaining cognition that is most compatible with neurodynamics, in a 2008 article in the journal "Mind and Matter" titled "Nonlinear Brain Dynamics and Intention According to Aquinas". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,960 | Henry Adams's "Mont Saint Michel and Chartres" ends with a culminating chapter on Thomas, in which Adams calls Thomas an "artist" and constructs an extensive analogy between the design of Thomas's "Church Intellectual" and that of the gothic cathedrals of that period. Erwin Panofsky later would echo these views in "Got... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,961 | Thomas's aesthetic theories, especially the concept of "claritas", deeply influenced the literary practice of modernist writer James Joyce, who used to extol Thomas as being second only to Aristotle among Western philosophers. Joyce refers to Thomas's doctrines in "Elementa philosophiae ad mentem D. Thomae Aquinatis do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,962 | The influence of Thomas's aesthetics also can be found in the works of the Italian semiotician Umberto Eco, who wrote an essay on aesthetic ideas in Thomas (published in 1956 and republished in 1988 in a revised edition). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,963 | He does not, like the Platonic Socrates, set out to follow wherever the argument may lead. He is not engaged in an inquiry, the result of which it is impossible to know in advance. Before he begins to philosophize, he already knows the truth; it is declared in the Catholic faith. If he can find apparently rational argu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,964 | This criticism is illustrated with the following example: according to Russell, Thomas advocates the indissolubility of marriage "on the ground that the father is useful in the education of the children, (a) because he is more rational than the mother, (b) because, being stronger, he is better able to inflict physical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,965 | The first edition of Thomas's complete works, the so-called "editio Piana" (from Pius V, the Dominican Pope who commissioned it), was produced in 1570 at the "studium" of the Roman convent at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,966 | The critical edition of Thomas's works is the ongoing edition commissioned by Pope Leo XIII (1882–1903), the so-called Leonine Edition. Most of his major works have now been edited: the "Summa Theologiae" in nine volumes during 1888–1906, the "Summa contra Gentiles" in three volumes during 1918–1930. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,967 | Abbé Migne published an edition of the "Summa Theologiae", in four volumes, as an appendix to his "Patrologiae Cursus Completus" (English editions: Joseph Rickaby 1872, J.M. Ashley 1888). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,968 | Electronic texts of mostly the Leonine Edition are maintained online by the Corpus Thomisticum by Enrique Alarcón, University of Navarra, and at Documenta Catholica Omnia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21490957 |
23,969 | Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). In current usage the name usually refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,970 | Many subtypes of lymphomas are known. The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10%). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma – multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. Lymphomas and leukemia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,971 | Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family. Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides. Eating larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,972 | Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein. Wat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,973 | Lymphoma may present with certain nonspecific symptoms; if the symptoms are persistent, an evaluation to determine their cause, including possible lymphoma, should be undertaken. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,974 | Asymptomatic soft swelling, which may or may not be ulcerated, is primarily seen on the tonsils, buccal mucosa, palate, gums, salivary glands, tongue, the floor of the mouth, and retromolar region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,975 | Lymphoma is definitively diagnosed by a lymph-node biopsy, meaning a partial or total excision of a lymph node examined under the microscope. This examination reveals histopathological features that may indicate lymphoma. After lymphoma is diagnosed, a variety of tests may be carried out to look for specific features c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,976 | According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lymphoma classification should reflect in which lymphocyte population the neoplasm arises. Thus, neoplasms that arise from precursor lymphoid cells are distinguished from those that arise from mature lymphoid cells. Most mature lymphoid neoplasms comprise the non-Hodgki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,977 | Lymphoma can also spread to the central nervous system, often around the brain in the meninges, known as lymphomatous meningitis (LM). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,978 | Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 15% of lymphomas. It differs from other forms of lymphomas in its prognosis and several pathological characteristics. A division into Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas is used in several of the older classification systems. A Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a type of ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,979 | Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which are defined as being all lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphoma, are more common than Hodgkin lymphoma. A wide variety of lymphomas are in this class, and the causes, the types of cells involved, and the prognoses vary by type. The number of cases per year of non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,980 | Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of benign, premalignant, and malignant diseases of lymphoid cells, i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells in which one or more of these cell types is infected with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The virus may be responsible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,981 | The WHO classification, published in 2001 and updated in 2008, is based upon the foundations laid within the "revised European–American lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system groups lymphomas by cell type (i.e. the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor) and defining phenotypic, molecular, or cytogenetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,982 | Of the many forms of lymphoma, some are categorized as indolent (e.g. small lymphocytic lymphoma), compatible with a long life even without treatment, whereas other forms are aggressive (e.g. Burkitt's lymphoma), causing rapid deterioration and death. However, most of the aggressive lymphomas respond well to treatment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,983 | Several previous classifications have been used, including Rappaport 1956, Lennert/Kiel 1974, BNLI, Working formulation (1982), and REAL (1994). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,984 | The Working Formulation of 1982 was a classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It excluded the Hodgkin lymphomas and divided the remaining lymphomas into four grades (low, intermediate, high, and miscellaneous) related to prognosis, with some further subdivisions based on the size and shape of affected cells. This purel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,985 | In 1994, the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification applied immunophenotypic and genetic features in identifying distinct clinicopathologic entities among all the lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphoma. For coding purposes, the ICD-O (codes 9590–9999) and ICD-10 (codes C81-C96) are available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,986 | After a diagnosis and before treatment, cancer is staged. This refers to determining if the cancer has spread, and if so, whether locally or to distant sites. Staging is reported as a grade between I (confined) and IV (spread). The stage of a lymphoma helps predict a patient's prognosis and is used to help select the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,987 | The Ann Arbor staging system is routinely used for staging of both HL and NHL. In this staging system, stage I represents localized disease contained within a lymph node group, II represents the presence of lymphoma in two or more lymph nodes groups, III represents spread of the lymphoma to lymph nodes groups on both s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,988 | CT scan or PET scan imaging modalities are used to stage cancer. PET scanning is advised for fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lymphomas, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, as a staging tool that can even replace bone marrow biopsy. For other lymphomas, CT scanning is recommended for staging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,989 | Age and poor performance status are other established poor prognostic factors. This means that people who are elderly or too sick to take care of themselves are more likely to die from lymphoma than others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,990 | Certain lymphomas (extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma) can be mimicked by two benign diseases which involve the excessive proliferation of non-malignant NK cells in the GI tract, natural killer cell enteropathy, a disease wherein NK cell infiltrative lesions occ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,991 | Prognoses and treatments are different for HL and between all the different forms of NHL, and also depend on the grade of tumour, referring to how quickly a cancer replicates. Paradoxically, high-grade lymphomas are more readily treated and have better prognoses: Burkitt lymphoma, for example, is a high-grade tumour kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,992 | Many low-grade lymphomas remain indolent (growing slowly or not at all) for many years – sometimes, for the rest of the person's life. With an indolent lymphoma, such as follicular lymphoma, watchful waiting is often the initial course of action, because monitoring is less risky and less harmful than early treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,993 | If a low-grade lymphoma becomes symptomatic, radiotherapy or chemotherapy are the treatments of choice. Although these treatments do not permanently cure the lymphoma, they can alleviate the symptoms, particularly painful lymphadenopathy. People with these types of lymphoma can live near-normal lifespans, even though t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,994 | Some centers advocate the use of single agent rituximab in the treatment of follicular lymphoma rather than the wait-and-watch approach. Watchful waiting is not a desirable strategy for everyone, as it leads to significant distress and anxiety in some people. It has been called "watch and worry". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,995 | Treatment of some other, more aggressive, forms of lymphoma can result in a cure in the majority of cases, but the prognosis for people with a poor response to therapy is worse. Treatment for these types of lymphoma typically consists of aggressive chemotherapy, including the CHOP or R-CHOP regimen. A number of people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,996 | The treatment of side effects is also important as they can occur due to the chemotherapy or the stem cell transplantation. It was evaluated whether mesenchymal stromal cells can be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of graft-versus-host diseases. The evidence is very uncertain about the therapeutic effect of mesen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,997 | Four chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T cell therapies are FDA-approved for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including lisocabtagene maraleucel (for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma with two failed systemic treatments), axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel (for large B-cell lymphoma), and brexucabtagene autoleucel(f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,998 | Advanced Hodgkin disease requires systemic chemotherapy, sometimes combined with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy used includes the ABVD regimen, which is commonly used in the United States. Other regimens used in the management of Hodgkin lymphoma include BEACOPP and Stanford V. Considerable controversy exists regarding the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
23,999 | Scientists evaluated whether positron-emission-tomography scans between the chemotherapy cycles can be used to make assumptions about the survival. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of negative (= good prognosis) or positive (= bad prognosis) interim PET scan results on the progression-free survival. Nega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71422 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.