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24,200 | The biological effects of lithium are many and varied but its mechanisms of action are only partially understood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,201 | For instance, studies of lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder show that, among many other effects, lithium partially reverses telomere shortening in these patients and also increases mitochondrial function, although how lithium produces these pharmacological effects is not understood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,202 | Petalite (LiAlSiO) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist and statesman José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva in a mine on the island of Utö, Sweden. However, it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson, then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, detected the presence of a new elemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,203 | Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite. In 1818, Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame. However, both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the pure element from its salts. It was not isolated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,204 | Australian psychiatrist John Cade is credited with reintroducing and popularizing the use of lithium to treat mania in 1949. Shortly after, throughout the mid 20th century, lithium's mood stabilizing applicability for mania and depression took off in Europe and the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,205 | The production and use of lithium underwent several drastic changes in history. The first major application of lithium was in high-temperature lithium greases for aircraft engines and similar applications in World War II and shortly after. This use was supported by the fact that lithium-based soaps have a higher meltin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,206 | The demand for lithium increased dramatically during the Cold War with the production of nuclear fusion weapons. Both lithium-6 and lithium-7 produce tritium when irradiated by neutrons, and are thus useful for the production of tritium by itself, as well as a form of solid fusion fuel used inside hydrogen bombs in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,207 | Lithium is used to decrease the melting temperature of glass and to improve the melting behavior of aluminium oxide in the Hall-Héroult process. These two uses dominated the market until the middle of the 1990s. After the end of the nuclear arms race, the demand for lithium decreased and the sale of department of energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,208 | The development of lithium ion batteries increased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007. With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s, new companies have expanded brine isolation efforts to meet the rising demand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,209 | It has been argued that lithium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy and dependent on batteries, but this perspective has also been criticised for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,210 | Lithium reacts with water easily, but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals. The reaction forms hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide. When placed over a flame, lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame becomes a brilliant silver. Lithium will ignite an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,211 | Because of its reactivity with water, and especially nitrogen, lithium metal is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant, often petroleum jelly. Although the heavier alkali metals can be stored under mineral oil, lithium is not dense enough to fully submerge itself in these liquids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,212 | Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium, an element of similar atomic and ionic radius. Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N, the formation of an oxide () and peroxide () when burnt in O, salts with similar solubilities, and thermal instability of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,213 | Lithium forms a variety of binary and ternary materials by direct reaction with the main group elements. These Zintl phases, although highly covalent, can be viewed as salts of polyatomic anions such as Si, P, and Te. With graphite, lithium forms a variety of intercalation compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,214 | Lithium forms salt-like derivatives with all halides and pseudohalides. Some examples include the halides LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, as well as the pseudohalides and related anions. Lithium carbonate has been described as the most important compound of lithium. This white solid is the principal product of beneficiation of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,215 | The compounds and are useful reagents. These salts and many other lithium salts exhibit distinctively high solubility in ethers, in contrast with salts of heavier alkali metals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,216 | In aqueous solution, the coordination complex [Li(HO)] predominates for many lithium salts. Related complexes are known with amines and ethers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,217 | Organolithium compounds are numerous and useful. They are defined by the presence of a bond between carbon and lithium. They serve as metal-stabilized carbanions, although their solution and solid-state structures are more complex than this simplistic view. Thus, these are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,218 | Like its inorganic compounds, almost all organic compounds of lithium formally follow the duet rule (e.g., BuLi, MeLi). However, it is important to note that in the absence of coordinating solvents or ligands, organolithium compounds form dimeric, tetrameric, and hexameric clusters (e.g., BuLi is actually [BuLi] and Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,219 | Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II. The main sources of lithium are brines and ores. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,220 | Lithium metal is produced through electrolysis applied to a mixture of fused 55% lithium chloride and 45% potassium chloride at about 450 °C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,221 | The US Geological Survey (USGS) estimated worldwide identified lithium reserves in 2020 and 2021 to be 17 million and 21 million tonnes, respectively. An accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult. One reason for this is that most lithium classification schemes are developed for solid ore deposits, wherea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,222 | Following a hike in lithium price in 2015 and concern for insufficiency of lithium resource for the growing lithium-ion battery industry, a peer-reviewed analysis of USGS data in 2017 predicted that there will be no shortage of lithium and current estimates of reserves will increase along with the demand. Worldwide lit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,223 | In 2013, the world was estimated to contain about 15 million tonnes of lithium reserves, while 65 million tonnes of known resources were reasonable. 75% of lithium reserves could be found in the ten largest deposits of the world. Another study noted that 83% of the geological resources of lithium are located in six bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,224 | In the US, lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada. A deposit discovered in 2013 in Wyoming's Rock Springs Uplift is estimated to contain 228,000 tons. Additional deposits in the same formation were estimated to be as much as 18 million tons. Similarly in Nevada, the McDermitt Caldera hosts lithium-bearing volc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,225 | The world's top four lithium-producing countries from 2019, as reported by the US Geological Survey are Australia, Chile, China and Argentina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,226 | The three countries of Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina make up a region known as the Lithium Triangle. The Lithium Triangle is known for its high-quality salt flats, which include Bolivia's Salar de Uyuni, Chile's Salar de Atacama, and Argentina's Salar de Arizaro. The Lithium Triangle is believed to contain over 75% of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,227 | Since 2018 the Democratic Republic of Congo is known to have the largest lithium spodumene hard-rock deposit in the world. The deposit located in Manono, DRC, may hold up to 1.5 billion tons of lithium spodumene hard-rock. The two largest pegmatites (known as the Carriere de l'Este Pegmatite and the Roche Dure Pegmatit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,228 | According to a later 2011 study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley, the then-estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large-scale battery production for electric vehicles because an estimated 1 billion 40 kWh Li-based batteries could be built... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,229 | In 2014, "The Financialist" stated that demand for lithium was growing at more than 12% a year. According to Credit Suisse, this rate exceeded projected availability by 25%. The publication compared the 2014 lithium situation with oil, whereby "higher oil prices spurred investment in expensive deepwater and oil sands p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,230 | On 16 July 2018 2.5 million tonnes of high-grade lithium resources and 124 million pounds of uranium resources were found in the Falchani hard rock deposit in the region Puno, Peru. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,231 | In 2020, Australia granted Major Project Status (MPS) to the Finniss Lithium Project for a strategically important lithium deposit: an estimated 3.45 million tonnes (Mt) of mineral resource at 1.4 percent lithium oxide. Operational mining began in 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,232 | In 2019, world production of lithium from spodumene was around 80,000t per annum, primarily from the Greenbushes pegmatite and from some Chinese and Chilean sources. The Talison mine in Greenbushes is reported to be the largest and to have the highest grade of ore at 2.4% LiO (2012 figures). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,233 | Oceans are estimated to contain 230 billion tons of lithium, but the concentration is 0.1-0.2ppm, making it more expensive to isolate with 2020 technology than from land based brine and rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,234 | Another potential source of lithium was identified as the leachates of geothermal wells, which are carried to the surface. Recovery of this type of lithium has been demonstrated in the field; the lithium is separated by simple filtration. Reserves are more limited than those of brine reservoirs and hard rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,235 | In 1998, the price of lithium metal was about (or US$43/lb). After the 2007 financial crisis, major suppliers, such as Sociedad Química y Minera (SQM), dropped lithium carbonate pricing by 20%. Prices rose in 2012. A 2012 Business Week article outlined an oligopoly in the lithium space: "SQM, controlled by billionaire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,236 | The price information service ISE - Institute of Rare Earths Elements and Strategic Metals - gives for various lithium substances in the average of the last six months (March to August 2022) the following kilo prices stable in the course: Lithium Carbonate, purity 99.5%min, from various producers between 63 and 72 EUR/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,237 | Lithium and its compounds were historically isolated and extracted from hard rock but by the 1990s mineral springs, brine pools, and brine deposits had become the dominant source. Most of these were in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. Large lithium-clay deposits under development in the McDermitt caldera (Nevada, United S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,238 | By early 2021, much of the lithium mined globally comes from either "spodumene, the mineral contained in hard rocks found in places such as Australia and North Carolina" or from the salty brine pumped directly out of the ground, as it is in locations in Chile. In Chile's Salar de Atacama, the lithium concentration in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,239 | Low-cobalt cathodes for lithium batteries are expected to require lithium hydroxide rather than lithium carbonate as a feedstock, and this trend favors rock as a source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,240 | The use of electrodialysis and electrochemical intercalation has been proposed to extract lithium compounds from seawater (which contains lithium at 0.2 parts per million), but it is not yet commercially viable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,241 | The manufacturing processes of lithium, including the solvent and mining waste, presents significant environmental and health hazards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,242 | Lithium extraction can be fatal to aquatic life due to water pollution. It is known to cause surface water contamination, drinking water contamination, respiratory problems, ecosystem degradation and landscape damage. It also leads to unsustainable water consumption in arid regions (1.9 million liters per ton of lithiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,243 | In the United States, there is active competition between environmentally catastrophic open-pit mining, mountaintop removal mining and less damaging brine extraction mining in an effort to drastically expand domestic lithium mining capacity. Environmental concerns include wildlife habitat degradation, potable water pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,244 | A study of relationships between lithium extraction companies and indigenous peoples in Argentina indicated that the state may not have protected indigenous peoples' right to free prior and informed consent, and that extraction companies generally controlled community access to information and set the terms for discuss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,245 | Development of the Thacker Pass lithium mine in Nevada, United States, has met with protests and lawsuits from several indigenous tribes who have said they were not provided free prior and informed consent and that the project threatens cultural and sacred sites. They have also expressed concerns that development of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,246 | Lithium oxide is widely used as a flux for processing silica, reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion. Worldwide, this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds. Glazes containing lithium oxide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,247 | Late in the 20th century, lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes, because of its high electrode potential. Because of its low atomic mass, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. A typical lithium-ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell, compared with 2.1 v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,248 | Over the years opinions have been differing about potential growth. A 2008 study concluded that "realistically achievable lithium carbonate production would be sufficient for only a small fraction of future PHEV and EV global market requirements", that "demand from the portable electronics sector will absorb much of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,249 | The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium stearate. Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils, and it is used to manufacture all-purpose, high-temperature lubricating greases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,250 | Lithium (e.g. as lithium carbonate) is used as an additive to continuous casting mould flux slags where it increases fluidity, a use which accounts for 5% of global lithium use (2011). Lithium compounds are also used as additives (fluxes) to foundry sand for iron casting to reduce veining. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,251 | Lithium (as lithium fluoride) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters (Hall–Héroult process), reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance, a use which accounts for 3% of production (2011). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,252 | When used as a flux for welding or soldering, metallic lithium promotes the fusing of metals during the process and eliminates the forming of oxides by absorbing impurities. Alloys of the metal with aluminium, cadmium, copper and manganese are used to make high-performance, low density aircraft parts (see also Lithium-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,253 | Lithium has been found effective in assisting the perfection of silicon nano-welds in electronic components for electric batteries and other devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,254 | Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are hygroscopic and are used as desiccants for gas streams. Lithium hydroxide and lithium peroxide are the salts most used in confined areas, such as aboard spacecraft and submarines, for carbon dioxide removal and air purification. Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,255 | Lithium peroxide (LiO) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate, but also releases oxygen. The reaction is as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,256 | Some of the aforementioned compounds, as well as lithium perchlorate, are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen. These can also include small amounts of boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, manganese, and iron. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,257 | Lithium fluoride, artificially grown as crystal, is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for IR, UV and VUV (vacuum UV) applications. It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials. Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,258 | The high non-linearity of lithium niobate also makes it useful in non-linear optics applications. It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators, for such components as resonant crystals. Lithium applications are used in more than 60% of mobile phones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,259 | Organolithium compounds are widely used in the production of polymer and fine-chemicals. In the polymer industry, which is the dominant consumer of these reagents, alkyl lithium compounds are catalysts/initiators. in anionic polymerization of unfunctionalized olefins. For the production of fine chemicals, organolithium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,260 | Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds. Some popular compounds include lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH), lithium triethylborohydride, n-butyllithium and tert-butyllithium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,261 | Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides, such as Li[AlH], are used as high-energy additives to rocket propellants. Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used by itself as a solid fuel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,262 | The Mark 50 torpedo stored chemical energy propulsion system (SCEPS) uses a small tank of sulfur hexafluoride, which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium. The reaction generates heat, creating steam to propel the torpedo in a closed Rankine cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,263 | Lithium hydride containing lithium-6 is used in thermonuclear weapons, where it serves as fuel for the fusion stage of the bomb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,264 | Lithium-6 is valued as a source material for tritium production and as a neutron absorber in nuclear fusion. Natural lithium contains about 7.5% lithium-6 from which large amounts of lithium-6 have been produced by isotope separation for use in nuclear weapons. Lithium-7 gained interest for use in nuclear reactor coola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,265 | Lithium deuteride was the fusion fuel of choice in early versions of the hydrogen bomb. When bombarded by neutrons, both Li and Li produce tritium — this reaction, which was not fully understood when hydrogen bombs were first tested, was responsible for the runaway yield of the Castle Bravo nuclear test. Tritium fuses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,266 | Lithium fluoride, when highly enriched in the lithium-7 isotope, forms the basic constituent of the fluoride salt mixture LiF-BeF used in liquid fluoride nuclear reactors. Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF-BeF mixtures have low melting points. In addition, Li, Be, and F are among the few nucli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,267 | In conceptualized (hypothetical) nuclear fusion power plants, lithium will be used to produce tritium in magnetically confined reactors using deuterium and tritium as the fuel. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare, and must be synthetically produced by surrounding the reacting plasma with a 'blanket' containin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,268 | Lithium is also used as a source for alpha particles, or helium nuclei. When Li is bombarded by accelerated protons Be is formed, which almost immediately undergoes fission to form two alpha particles. This feat, called "splitting the atom" at the time, was the first fully man-made nuclear reaction. It was produced by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,269 | In 2013, the US Government Accountability Office said a shortage of lithium-7 critical to the operation of 65 out of 100 American nuclear reactors "places their ability to continue to provide electricity at some risk". Castle Bravo first used lithium-7, in the "Shrimp", its first device, which weighed only 10 tons, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,270 | Reactors that use lithium-7 heat water under high pressure and transfer heat through heat exchangers that are prone to corrosion. The reactors use lithium to counteract the corrosive effects of boric acid, which is added to the water to absorb excess neutrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,271 | Lithium is useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Lithium salts may also be helpful for related diagnoses, such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression. The active part of these salts is the lithium ion Li. Lithium may increase the risk of developing Ebstein's cardiac anomaly in infants born to wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,272 | A 2022 review indicated that lithium therapy during treatment of bipolar disorder does not affect body weight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,273 | Lithium metal is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact. Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds (which are often alkaline) initially irritate the nose and throat, while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. The metal itself is a handling hazar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17561 |
24,274 | Warhammer 40,000 is a miniature wargame produced by Games Workshop. It is the most popular miniature wargame in the world, and is particularly popular in the United Kingdom. The first edition of the rulebook was published in September 1987, and the ninth and current edition was released in July 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,275 | As in other miniature wargames, players enact battles using miniature models of warriors and fighting vehicles. The playing area is a tabletop model of a battlefield, comprising models of buildings, hills, trees, and other terrain features. Each player takes turns moving their model warriors around the battlefield and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,276 | "Warhammer 40,000" is set in the distant future, where a stagnant human civilization is beset by hostile aliens and supernatural creatures. The models in the game are a mixture of humans, aliens, and supernatural monsters, wielding futuristic weaponry and supernatural powers. The fictional setting of the game has been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,277 | "Warhammer 40,000" has spawned a large amount of spin-off media. These include board games such as "Space Hulk", which is about combat within the narrow corridors of derelict spacecraft, and "Battlefleet Gothic" which simulates spaceship combat. Video game spin-offs, such as the "Dawn of War" series, have also been rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,278 | The rulebooks and miniature models required to play "Warhammer 40,000" are copyrighted and sold exclusively by Games Workshop and its subsidiaries. These and other materials (dice, measuring tools, glue, paints, etc.) all make "Warhammer 40,000" expensive as far as gaming hobbies go. A new player can expect to spend at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,279 | Games Workshop sells a large variety of gaming models for "Warhammer 40,000", but no ready-to-play models. Rather, it sells boxes of model parts, which players are expected to assemble and paint themselves. Most "Warhammer 40,000" models are made of polystyrene, but certain models which are made and sold in small volum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,280 | Each miniature model represents an individual warrior or vehicle. In the rulebooks, there is an entry for every type of model in the game that describes its combat capabilities. For instance, a model of a Tactical Space Marine has a "Move" range of 6 inches and a "Toughness" rating of 4, and is armed with a "bolt gun" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,281 | Officially, "Warhammer 40,000" does not have a scale, but the models approximate a scale ratio of 1:60. For instance, a Land Raider tank model is 17 cm long but conceptually 10.3 m long. This scale does not correspond to the range of firearms: on the table, a boltgun has a range of 24 inches, which corresponds to only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,282 | The current official rulebook recommends a table width of , and table length varies based on the size of the armies being used (discussed below). In contrast to board games, "Warhammer 40,000" does not have a fixed playing field. Players are expected to construct their own custom-made battlefield using modular terrain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,283 | An "army" in this context refers to all the model warriors that a player has selected to use in a match. In "Warhammer 40,000", players are not restricted to playing with a fixed and symmetrical combination of warriors as in chess. They get to choose which warriors and armaments they will fight with from a catalog pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,284 | Due to matters of practical necessity, the miniature models used by players should typically follow the specifications of those designed and sold by Games Workshop specifically for use in "Warhammer 40,000", corresponding to the warriors the player wants in his army. Substituting miniature models made for other games m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,285 | The composition of the players' armies must fit the rivalries and alliances depicted in the setting. All model warriors listed in the rulebooks are classified into "factions", such as "Imperium", "Chaos", "Tau Empire", etc. In a matched game, a player may only use warrior models in their army that are all loyal to a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,286 | The game uses a point system to ensure that the match will be "balanced", i.e. the armies will be of equal overall strength. The players must agree as to what "points limit" they will play at, which roughly determines how big and powerful their respective armies will be. Each model and weapon has a "point value" which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,287 | Although the rules place no limit on how big an army can be, players tend to use small armies of about two dozen models. A large army will slow down the pace of the match as the players have many more models to handle and think about. Large armies also cost a lot of money and take a lot of work to paint and assemble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,288 | At the start of a game, each player places their models in starting zones at opposite ends of the playing field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,289 | At the start of their turn, a player moves each model in their army by hand across the field. A model can be moved no farther than its listed "Move characteristic". For instance, a model of a Space Marine can be moved no farther than six inches per turn. If a model cannot fly, it must go around obstacles such as walls ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,290 | Models are grouped into "units". They move, attack, and suffer damage as a unit. All models in a unit must stay close to each other. Each model in a unit must finish a turn within two inches of another model from the unit. If there are more than five models in a unit, each model must be within two inches of two other m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,291 | After moving, each unit can attack any enemy unit within range and line-of-fire of whatever weapons and psychic powers its models have. For instance, a unit of Space Marines armed with "boltguns" can shoot any enemy unit within 24 inches. The attacking player rolls dice to determine how much damage their models inflict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,292 | Most of the races in the game have units with psychic powers. Psyker units can cause unusual effects, such as rendering allied units invulnerable or teleporting units across the battlefield. Any psyker unit can nullify the powers of an enemy psyker by making a Deny the Witch roll. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,293 | Victory depends on what kind of "mission" the players select for their game. It might involve exterminating the enemy, or holding a location on the field for a certain length of time, or retaining possession of a holy relic for a certain length of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,294 | Most "Warhammer 40,000" fiction is set around the turn of the 42nd millennium (about 39,000 years in the future). Although "Warhammer 40,000" is mostly a science-fiction setting, it adapts a number of tropes from fantasy fiction, such as magic, supernatural beings, daemonic possession, and fantasy races such as orcs an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,295 | Although they have similar names and share some characters and tropes, the settings of "Warhammer 40,000" and "Warhammer Fantasy" are completely separate. For instance, the Chaos God Slaanesh in "Warhammer Fantasy" is not the same Slaanesh that appears in "Warhammer 40,000". The Emperor of Mankind does not exist in "Wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,296 | The setting of "Warhammer 40,000" is violent and pessimistic. It depicts a future where human scientific and social progress have ceased, and human civilisation is in a state of total war with hostile alien races and occult forces. It is a setting where the supernatural exists, is powerful, and is usually untrustworthy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,297 | As the setting is based on a wargame, the spin-off novels and comic books are mostly war dramas with protagonists who are usually warriors of some sort, the most popular being the Space Marines. The Imperium is in a state of total war. Many planets in the Imperium of Man are either warzones or heavily burdened by warti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,298 | The source of magic in the setting is a parallel universe of supernatural energy known as "the Warp". All living creatures with souls are tied to the Warp, but certain individuals called "psykers" have an especially strong link and can manipulate the Warp's energy to work magic. Psykers are generally feared and mistrus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
24,299 | Rick Priestley cites J. R. R. Tolkien, H. P. Lovecraft, "Dune", "Paradise Lost", and "2000 AD" as major influences on the setting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 |
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