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3,100 | In 1911 it was revealed that Curie was involved in a year-long affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,101 | International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,102 | She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie's sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,103 | In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. She was appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,104 | During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons, including to obviate amputations when in fact limbs could be saved. After a quick study of radiology, anato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,105 | In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colourless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,106 | Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money. She said:She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause. Af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,107 | In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur (1822–95). In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after intervi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,108 | In 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States, and the First Lady praised her as an example of a professional achiever who was also a supportive wife. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,109 | Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Eventually it became one of the world's four major radioactivity-research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,110 | In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the League of Nations' newly created International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. She sat on the committee until 1934 and contributed to League of Nations' scientific coordination with other prominent researchers such as Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, and Henri B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,111 | Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934. A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died aged 66 at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie, from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation, causing damage to her bone marrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,112 | The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the faint light that the substances ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,113 | She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux, alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Paris Panthéon. Their remains were sealed in a lead lining because of the radioactivity. She became the second woman to be interred at the Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,114 | Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbooks are highly radioactive. Her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. In her last year, she worked on a book, "Radioacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,115 | The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Cornell University professor Williams observes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,116 | If Curie's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a woman. This aspect of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,117 | She was known for her honesty and moderate lifestyle. Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep. She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. In an unusual decision, Curie intentionally refrained from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,118 | As one of the most famous scientists, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,119 | In a 2009 poll carried out by "New Scientist", she was voted the "most inspirational woman in science". Curie received 25.1 percent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second-place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,120 | On the centenary of her second Nobel Prize, Poland declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie; and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry. An artistic installation celebrating "Madame Curie" filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego's Museum of Contemporary Art. On 7 November, Google... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,121 | Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,122 | She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. In Poland, she received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926). In 1920 she became the first female member of The Royal Danish Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,123 | Several institutions presently bear her name, including the two Curie institutes which she founded: the Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, and the "Institut Curie" in Paris. The Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, in Lublin, was founded in 1944; and the Pierre and Marie Curie Unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,124 | Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie. In 1967, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum was established in Warsaw's "New Town", at her birthplace on "ulica Freta" (Freta Street). Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie, open since 1992. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,125 | Curie's likeness has appeared on banknotes, stamps and coins around the world. She was featured on the Polish late-1980s 20,000-"złoty" banknote as well as on the last French 500-franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie-themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,126 | Her likeness or name has appeared on several artistic works. In 1935, Michalina Mościcka, wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki, unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw's Radium Institute; during the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation, the monument was damaged by gunfire;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,127 | Curie is the subject of the 2013 play, "False Assumptions", by Lawrence Aronovitch, in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play, "Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie", a one-woman show which by 2014 had been perf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408 |
3,128 | The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope which conducts infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its high resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. This will enable investigations across many fields of astronomy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,129 | The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) led JWST's design and development and partnered with two main agencies: the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Maryland managed telescope development, the Space Telescope Science In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,130 | The James Webb Space Telescope was launched on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, and arrived at the Sun–Earth L Lagrange point in January 2022. The first JWST image was released to the public via a press conference on 11 July 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,131 | JWST's primary mirror consists of 18 hexagonal mirror segments made of gold-plated beryllium, which combined create a mirror, compared with Hubble's . This gives JWST a light-collecting area of about 25 square meters, about six times that of Hubble. Unlike Hubble, which observes in the near ultraviolet and visible (0.1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,132 | Initial designs for the telescope, then named the Next Generation Space Telescope, began in 1996. Two concept studies were commissioned in 1999, for a potential launch in 2007 and a US$1 billion budget. The program was plagued with enormous cost overruns and delays; a major redesign in 2005 led to the current approach,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,133 | The James Webb Space Telescope has a mass that is about half of Hubble Space Telescope's mass. The JWST has a -diameter gold-coated beryllium primary mirror made up of 18 separate hexagonal mirrors. The mirror has a polished area of , of which is obscured by the secondary support struts, giving a total collecting area ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,134 | JWST is designed primarily for near-infrared astronomy, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument. It can detect objects up to 100 times fainter than Hubble can, and objects much earlier in the history of the universe, back to redshift z≈20 (about 180... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,135 | Ground-based telescopes must look through Earth's atmosphere, which is opaque in many infrared bands (see figure at right). Even where the atmosphere is transparent, many of the target chemical compounds, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane, also exist in the Earth's atmosphere, vastly complicating analysis. Exi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,136 | JWST can also observe objects in the Solar System at an angle of more than 85° from the Sun and having an apparent angular rate of motion less than 0.03 arc seconds per second. This includes Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, their satellites, and comets, asteroids and minor planets at or beyond the orbit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,137 | JWST operates in a halo orbit, circling around a point in space known as the Sun–Earth L Lagrange point, approximately beyond Earth's orbit around the Sun. Its actual position varies between about from L as it orbits, keeping it out of both Earth and Moon's shadow. By way of comparison, Hubble orbits above Earth's surf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,138 | To make observations in the infrared spectrum, JWST must be kept under ; otherwise, infrared radiation from the telescope itself would overwhelm its instruments. Its large sunshield blocks light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, and its position near the Sun–Earth keeps all three bodies on the same side of the sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,139 | The five-layer sunshield, each layer as thin as a human hair, is made of Kapton E film, coated with aluminum on both sides and a layer of doped silicon on the Sun-facing side of the two hottest layers to reflect the Sun's heat back into space. Accidental tears of the delicate film structure during deployment testing in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,140 | The sunshield was designed to be folded twelve times (concertina style) so that it would fit within the Ariane 5 rocket's payload fairing, which is in diameter, and long. The shield's fully deployed dimensions were planned as . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,141 | Keeping within the shadow of the sunshield limits the field of regard of JWST at any given time. The telescope can see 40 percent of the sky from any one position, but can see all of the sky over a period of six months. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,142 | JWST's primary mirror is a -diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of . If it had been designed as a single large mirror, it would have been too large for existing launch vehicles. The mirror is therefore composed of 18 hexagonal segments (a technique pioneered by Guido Horn d'Arturo), which un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,143 | JWST's optical design is a three-mirror anastigmat, which makes use of curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free from optical aberrations over a wide field. The secondary mirror is in diameter. In addition, there is a fine steering mirror which can adjust its position many times per second t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,144 | The Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) is a framework that provides electrical power, computing resources, cooling capability as well as structural stability to the Webb telescope. It is made with bonded graphite-epoxy composite attached to the underside of Webb's telescope structure. The ISIM holds the four s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,145 | NIRCam and MIRI feature starlight-blocking coronagraphs for observation of faint targets such as extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks very close to bright stars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,146 | The spacecraft bus is the primary support component of the James Webb Space Telescope, hosting a multitude of computing, communication, electric power, propulsion, and structural parts. Along with the sunshield, it forms the spacecraft element of the space telescope. The spacecraft bus is on the Sun-facing "warm" side ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,147 | The structure of the spacecraft bus has a mass of , and must support the space telescope. It is made primarily of graphite composite material. It was assembled in California, assembly was completed in 2015, and then it had to be integrated with the rest of the space telescope leading up to its 2021 launch. The spacecra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,148 | Webb has two pairs of rocket engines (one pair for redundancy) to make course corrections on the way to L and for station keepingmaintaining the correct position in the halo orbit. Eight smaller thrusters are used for attitude controlthe correct pointing of the spacecraft. The engines use hydrazine fuel ( at launch) an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,149 | JWST is not intended to be serviced in space. A crewed mission to repair or upgrade the observatory, as was done for Hubble, would not currently be possible, and according to NASA Associate Administrator Thomas Zurbuchen, despite best efforts, an uncrewed remote mission was found to be beyond current technology at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,150 | Ilana Dashevsky and Vicki Balzano write that JWST uses modified version of JavaScript, called Nombas ScriptEase 5.00e, for its operations; it follows the ECMAScript standard and "allows for a modular design flow, where on-board scripts call lower-level scripts that are defined as functions". "The JWST science operation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,151 | The desire for a large infrared space telescope traces back decades. In the United States, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (later called the Spitzer Space Telescope) was planned while the Space Shuttle was in development, and the potential for infrared astronomy was acknowledged at that time. Unlike ground telesc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,152 | However, infrared telescopes have a disadvantage: they need to stay extremely cold, and the longer the wavelength of infrared, the colder they need to be. If not, the background heat of the device itself overwhelms the detectors, making it effectively blind. This can be overcome by careful spacecraft design, in particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,153 | In some cases, it is possible to maintain a temperature low enough through the design of the spacecraft to enable near-infrared observations without a supply of coolant, such as the extended missions of Spitzer Space Telescope and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which operated at reduced capacity after coolant dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,154 | JWST's delays and cost increases have been compared to those of its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope. When Hubble formally started in 1972, it had an estimated development cost of US$300 million (or about US$1 billion in 2006 constant dollars), but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, the cost was about f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,155 | Discussions of a Hubble follow-on started in the 1980s, but serious planning began in the early 1990s. The "Hi-Z" telescope concept was developed between 1989 and 1994: a fully baffled aperture infrared telescope that would recede to an orbit at 3 Astronomical unit (AU). This distant orbit would have benefited from red... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,156 | Correcting the flawed optics of the Hubble Space Telescope in its first years played a significant role in the birth of the JWST. In 1993, NASA conducted STS-61, the Space Shuttle mission that replaced HST's camera and a installed a retrofit for its imaging spectrograph to compensate for the spherical aberration in its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,157 | The HST & Beyond Committee was formed in 1994 "to study possible missions and programs for optical-ultraviolet astronomy in space for the first decades of the 21st century." Emboldened by HST's success, its 1996 report explored the concept of a larger and much colder, infrared-sensitive telescope that could reach back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,158 | Preparation for the 2000 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey (a literature review produced by the United States National Research Council that includes identifying research priorities and making recommendations for the upcoming decade) included further development of the scientific program for what became known a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,159 | An administrator of NASA, Dan Goldin, coined the phrase "faster, better, cheaper", and opted for the next big paradigm shift for astronomy, namely, breaking the barrier of a single mirror. That meant going from "eliminate moving parts" to "learn to live with moving parts" (i.e. segmented optics). With the goal to reduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,160 | The mid-1990s era of "faster, better, cheaper" produced the NGST concept, with an aperture to be flown to , roughly estimated to cost US$500 million. In 1997, NASA worked with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Ball Aerospace & Technologies, and TRW to conduct technical requirement and cost studies of the three different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,161 | In 2002, the project was renamed after NASA's second administrator (1961–1968), James E. Webb (1906–1992). Webb led the agency during the Apollo program and established scientific research as a core NASA activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,162 | In 2003, NASA awarded TRW the US$824.8 million prime contract for JWST. The design called for a de-scoped primary mirror and a launch date of 2010. Later that year, TRW was acquired by Northrop Grumman in a hostile bid and became Northrop Grumman Space Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,163 | Development was managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with John C. Mather as its project scientist. The primary contractor was Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, responsible for developing and building the spacecraft element, which included the satellite bus, sunshield, Deployable Tower... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,164 | Cost growth revealed in spring 2005 led to an August 2005 re-planning. The primary technical outcomes of the re-planning were significant changes in the integration and test plans, a 22-month launch delay (from 2011 to 2013), and elimination of system-level testing for observatory modes at wavelength shorter than 1.7 μ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,165 | In the 2005 re-plan, the life-cycle cost of the project was estimated at US$4.5 billion. This comprised approximately US$3.5 billion for design, development, launch and commissioning, and approximately US$1.0 billion for ten years of operations. The ESA agreed in 2004 to contributing about €300 million, including the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,166 | In January 2007, nine of the ten technology development items in the project successfully passed a Non-Advocate Review. These technologies were deemed sufficiently mature to retire significant risks in the project. The remaining technology development item (the MIRI cryocooler) completed its technology maturation miles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,167 | In April 2010, the telescope passed the technical portion of its Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR). Passing the MCDR signified the integrated observatory can meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission. The MCDR encompassed all previous design reviews. The project schedule underwent review during ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,168 | Assembly of the hexagonal segments of the primary mirror, which was done via robotic arm, began in November 2015 and was completed on 3 February 2016. The secondary mirror was installed on 3 March 2016. Final construction of the Webb telescope was completed in November 2016, after which extensive testing procedures beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,169 | In March 2018, NASA delayed JWST's launch an additional 2 years to May 2020 after the telescope's sunshield ripped during a practice deployment and the sunshield's cables did not sufficiently tighten. In June 2018, NASA delayed the launch by an additional 10 months to March 2021, based on the assessment of the independ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,170 | After construction was completed, JWST underwent final tests at a Northrop Grumman factory in Redondo Beach, California. A ship carrying the telescope left California on 26 September 2021, passed through the Panama Canal, and arrived in French Guiana on 12 October 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,171 | NASA's lifetime cost for the project is expected to be US$9.7 billion, of which US$8.8 billion was spent on spacecraft design and development and US$861 million is planned to support five years of mission operations. Representatives from ESA and CSA stated their project contributions amount to approximately €700 millio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,172 | A study in 1984 by the Space Science Board estimated that to build a next-generation infrared observatory in orbit would cost US$4 billion (US$7B in 2006 dollars, or $10B in 2020 dollars). While this came close to the final cost of JWST, the first NASA design considered in the late 1990s was more modest, aiming for a $... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,173 | By 2008, when the project entered preliminary design review and was formally confirmed for construction, over US$1 billion had already been spent on developing the telescope, and the total budget was estimated at about US$5 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,174 | On 6 July 2011, the United States House of Representatives' appropriations committee on Commerce, Justice, and Science moved to cancel the James Webb project by proposing an FY2012 budget that removed US$1.9 billion from NASA's overall budget, of which roughly one quarter was for JWST. US$3 billion had been spent and 7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,175 | While similar issues had affected other major NASA projects such as the Hubble telescope, some scientists expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, worrying that its budget might be competing with those of other space science programs. A 2010 "Nature" article described JWST as "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,176 | In 2018, Gregory L. Robinson was appointed as the new director of the Webb program. Robinson was credited with raising the program's schedule efficiency (how many measures were completed on time) from 50% to 95%. For his role in improving the performance of the Webb program, Robinsons's supervisor, Thomas Zurbuchen, ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,177 | On 27 March 2018, NASA pushed back the launch to May 2020 or later, with a final cost estimate to come after a new launch window was determined with the European Space Agency (ESA). In 2019, its mission cost cap was increased by US$800 million. After launch windows were paused in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, JWST... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,178 | NASA, ESA and CSA have collaborated on the telescope since 1996. ESA's participation in construction and launch was approved by its members in 2003 and an agreement was signed between ESA and NASA in 2007. In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,179 | Several thousand scientists, engineers, and technicians spanning 15 countries have contributed to the build, test and integration of the JWST. A total of 258 companies, government agencies, and academic institutions participated in the pre-launch project; 142 from the United States, 104 from 12 European countries (incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,180 | In 2002, NASA administrator (2001–2004) Sean O'Keefe made the decision to name the telescope after James E. Webb, the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 during the Mercury, Gemini, and much of the Apollo programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,181 | In 2015, concerns were raised around Webb's possible role in the lavender scare, the mid-20th-century persecution by the U.S. government targeting homosexuals in federal employment. In 2022, NASA released a report of an investigation and accompanying evidence, based on an examination of more than 50,000 documents. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,182 | These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum. For this reason, JWST's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform infrared astronomy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,183 | JWST may be used to gather information on the dimming light of star KIC 8462852, which was discovered in 2015, and has some abnormal light-curve properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,184 | Additionally, it will be able to tell if an exoplanet has methane in its atmosphere, allowing astronomers to determine whether or not the methane is a biosignature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,185 | JWST orbits the Sun near the second Lagrange point () of the Sun–Earth system, which is farther from the Sun than the Earth's orbit, and about four times farther than the Moon's orbit. Normally an object circling the Sun farther out than Earth would take longer than one year to complete its orbit. But near the point, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,186 | The telescope circles about the Sun–Earth point in a halo orbit, which is inclined with respect to the ecliptic, has a radius varying between about and , and takes about half a year to complete. Since is just an equilibrium point with no gravitational pull, a halo orbit is not an orbit in the usual sense: the spacecraf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,187 | JWST is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and since its primary emphasis is on infrared astronomy, it is also a successor to the Spitzer Space Telescope. JWST will far surpass both those telescopes, being able to see many more and much older stars and galaxies. Observing in the infrared spectrum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,188 | The more distant an object is, the younger it appears; its light has taken longer to reach human observers. Because the universe is expanding, as the light travels it becomes red-shifted, and objects at extreme distances are therefore easier to see if viewed in the infrared. JWST's infrared capabilities are expected to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,189 | Infrared radiation can pass more freely through regions of cosmic dust that scatter visible light. Observations in infrared allow the study of objects and regions of space which would be obscured by gas and dust in the visible spectrum, such as the molecular clouds where stars are born, the circumstellar disks that giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,190 | Relatively cool objects (temperatures less than several thousand degrees) emit their radiation primarily in the infrared, as described by Planck's law. As a result, most objects that are cooler than stars are better studied in the infrared. This includes the clouds of the interstellar medium, brown dwarfs, planets both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,191 | Some of the missions in infrared astronomy that impacted JWST development were Spitzer and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). Spitzer showed the importance of mid-infrared, which is helpful for tasks such as observing dust disks around stars. Also, the WMAP probe showed the universe was "lit up" at redshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,192 | The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), in Baltimore, Maryland, on the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University, was selected in 2003 as the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for JWST with an initial budget of US$162.2 million intended to support operations through the first year after launch. In this capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,193 | The bandwidth and digital throughput of the satellite is designed to operate at 458 gigabits of data per day for the length of the mission (equivalent to a sustained rate of 5.42 Mbps). Most of the data processing on the telescope is done by conventional single-board computers. The digitization of the analog data from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,194 | The C3 mirror segment suffered a micrometeoroid strike from a large dust mote-sized particle between 23 and 25 May, the fifth and largest strike since launch, reported 8 June 2022, which required engineers to compensate for the strike using a mirror actuator. Despite the strike, a NASA characterization report states "a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,195 | The launch (designated Ariane flight VA256) took place as scheduled at 12:20 UTC on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket that lifted off from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. The telescope was confirmed to be receiving power, starting a two-week deployment phase of its parts and traveling to its target desti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,196 | The telescope was launched with slightly less speed than needed to reach its final orbit, and slowed down as it travelled away from Earth, in order to reach L with only the velocity needed to enter its orbit there. The telescope reached L on 24 January 2022. The flight included three planned course corrections to adjus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,197 | JWST was released from the rocket upper stage 27 minutes after a flawless launch. Starting 31 minutes after launch, and continuing for about 13 days, JWST began the process of deploying its solar array, antenna, sunshield, and mirrors. Nearly all deployment actions are commanded by the Space Telescope Science Institute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,198 | At 7:50p.m. EST on 25 December 2021, about 12 hours after launch, the telescope's pair of primary rockets began firing for 65 minutes to make the first of three planned mid-course corrections. On day two, the high gain communication antenna deployed automatically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
3,199 | On 27 December 2021, at 60 hours after launch, Webb's rockets fired for nine minutes and 27 seconds to make the second of three mid-course corrections for the telescope to arrive at its L destination. On 28 December 2021, three days after launch, mission controllers began the multi-day deployment of Webb's all-importan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=434221 |
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