doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
195,443
The problem of pattern recognition can be stated as follows: Given an unknown function formula_4 (the "ground truth") that maps input instances formula_5 to output labels formula_6, along with training data formula_7 assumed to represent accurate examples of the mapping, produce a function formula_8 that approximates a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=126706
195,343
828,470
Al-"trans"-retinoic acid (ATRA) is a morphogen signaling molecule, which means it is concentration dependent; malformations can arise when the concentration of ATRA is in excess or deficient. Other molecules that interact with ATRA are FGF8, Cdx and Hox genes, all participating in the development of various structures ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3419656
828,024
1,511,224
The Chief Scientist provides senior leadership and develops high-level collaborations between Service, Department of Defense, local, national and international government, academia and industry, research, development, test, evaluation and acquisition organizations. The Chief Scientist oversees and manages a dynamic por...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11277244
1,510,374
98,324
Producer Harold Livingston was assigned to find writers for new episodes, while Roddenberry prepared a writers' guide briefing the uninitiated on the franchise canon. Of the original cast, only Leonard Nimoy stated he would not return. To replace Spock, Roddenberry created a logical Vulcan prodigy named Xon. Since Xon ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277006
98,282
1,133,233
Several studies have suggested a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders and mental disorder symptoms in Graves' disease (and thyroid disease in general), which are similar to those in patients with organic brain disease. These manifestations are diverse, affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31620645
1,132,640
1,007,876
The initial concept for the Model 27 was for the fighter to be carried half-exposed under the B-29, B-35, or B-36. The USAAF rejected this proposal, citing increased drag, and hence reduced range for the composite bomber-fighter configuration. On 19 March 1945, McDonnell's design team led by Herman D. Barkey, submitted...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307179
1,007,356
1,208,803
The first flight was made at Larkhill on 23 February 1914 by Busteed and it was then exhibited at the March 1914 Aero Show at Olympia in London. After more flying at Larkhill the prototype, later referred to as the Scout A, was returned to the factory at Filton and fitted with larger wings, increasing the chord by six ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4115009
1,208,156
660,513
As there is no hope of completing the original mission, the crew increase acceleration even more; they need to leave the Milky Way altogether in order to reach a region where the local gas density, and the concomitant radiation hazard, are low enough that they can repair the decelerator. The ship's ever-increasing velo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4438055
660,168
1,172,849
The Jupiter-4's basic architecture consisted of four voice cards (usually identical, unless mismatched revisions were installed by repair shops), each containing a: VCO, sub-oscillator, VCF (resonant low-pass which can self-oscillate), and a VCA. Early revision voice cards feature four discreet BA662s, while later revi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1942798
1,172,230
1,817,038
The US Army's Corps of Engineers greatly expanded its activities in Alaska during World War II, and several internal organizations came into being to address the problems they encountered. A soils laboratory, which investigated frost problems with runways, was established in Boston as part of the Corps' New England Div...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56017314
1,816,004
532,281
On each major Greater Antillean Island (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaica), there are anole species that have adapted to specific niches and are referred to as ecomorphs: crown giant, trunk crown, trunk, trunk ground, twig and grass bush (a few additional, less widely used ecomorphs also exist). However, even w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=322654
532,007
284,279
"Deinonychus" fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore "Tenontosaurus", a larger ornithischian dinosaur. This had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurids hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals. However, not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=636929
284,125
136,241
The English Electric Canberra is a bomber aircraft powered by two jet engines, and able to fly at high altitudes. An early prototype operated by Rolls-Royce regularly flew to 63,000 ft, where the usable speed range (coffin corner) was only 25 knots, during Avon engine test flights. The overall design has been described...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201787
136,186
355,928
Sending humans to space is a dangerous task in which the implementation of various cyborg technologies could be used in the future for risk mitigation. Stephen Hawking, a renowned physicist, stated "Life on Earth is at the ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden global warming, nuclear war....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20756967
355,745
370,500
The "Ingenuity" team plans to fly the helicopter every two to three weeks during its indefinitely extended mission. The helicopter's longer-than-expected flying career lasted into a seasonal change on Mars, when the atmospheric density at its location became even lower. The flight team prepared by commanding "Ingenuity...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56300556
370,306
1,814,667
Next off, SVA with the improvement of the apparatus in which the process takes place, in situ studies, through X-ray and neutron scattering methods, can give more highly accurate images of the swollen and dried states of the BCP. Using methods such as also ellipsometry and interferometry can lead to discoveries about t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62377568
1,813,633
168,008
In 1943, while pursuing his shock research, Blalock was approached by pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig, who was seeking a surgical solution to a complex and fatal four-part heart anomaly called tetralogy of Fallot (also known as blue baby syndrome, although other cardiac anomalies produce blueness, or cyanosis). In...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679723
167,918
1,478,304
Steltzner, born 1963, is a native of the San Francisco Bay Area and came from a family that was financially well off, his father being the heir to the Schilling spice fortune. He struggled in classes in high school, earned a failing grade in geometry, and was told by his father he would never amount to anything but a d...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36645467
1,477,471
278,548
Owen Wangensteen at the University of Minnesota in the United States had been impressed by the work of Alan Thal, a young South African doctor working in Minnesota. Wangensteen asked Groote Schuur Head of Medicine John Brock if he might recommend any similarly talented South Africans and Brock recommended Barnard. In D...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7015
278,398
1,864,434
Cushing Hall was built in 1933 thanks to a donation from John F. Cushing, president of the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company. Cushing graduated in 1906 with an engineering degree, but had almost dropped out due to financial reasons. President Andrew Morrissey forgave his tuition and in recognition for his kindness, C...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48464061
1,863,362
584,418
NF2 is caused by a defect in the gene that normally gives rise to a product called "Merlin" or "Schwannomin", located on chromosome 22 band q11-13.1. Merlin was first discovered as a structural protein functioning as an actin cytoskeleton regulator. Later merlin's tumour suppressant role was described. Merlin regulates...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2792071
584,118
2,093,980
Osseous defects, whether from trauma or surgical intervention, all follow a similar healing pattern. Within minutes of defect formation, platelets collect at the site of the injury and adhere to the exposed collagen fibers. The release of the platelet contents stimulates additional platelet aggregation and initiates cl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10648274
2,092,773
1,820,373
Forrester directed a multimillion-dollar National Institute of Health research program called a Specialized Center of Research in Ischemic Heart Disease at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. During this 20-year period Cedars-Sinai cardiology was ranked first in the western United States by U.S. News & World Report, a positio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44523992
1,819,336
1,299,587
Goff's parents decided to move back to Tulsa in 1915. Corliss had given up on the watchmaking business and became a grocery equipment salesman. Bruce was largely self-educated and displayed a great talent for drawing. He enrolled in the sixth grade at Lincoln Elementary School, where his first art teacher, a Miss Brown...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1438317
1,298,873
1,246,511
In 1870 Smalley died and was replaced by Russell. Russell's talent, entrepreneurial flair, intimate knowledge of how to work the political and bureaucratic system of NSW and longevity gave him a 35-year tenure as Government Astronomer and made him the Grand Old Man of physical science in the colonies. It was during Rus...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3911092
1,245,836
518,248
At first according to Andrew Dickson White's "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom" from the 19th century, a biblical worldview affected negatively the progress of science through time. Dickinson also argues that immediately following the Reformation matters were even worse. The interpretati...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42657576
517,979
395,058
The origin of the ichthyosaurs is contentious. Until recently, clear transitional forms with land-dwelling vertebrate groups had not yet been found, the earliest known species of the ichthyosaur lineage being already fully aquatic. In 2014, a small basal ichthyosauriform from the upper Lower Triassic was described that...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314101
394,863
1,902,893
One of the first initiative of Owen's administration was to develop an alumni association for the college. The enhanced alumni association, in many ways, complimented the North Georgia College Foundation (NGCF), which was founded during the Hoag years to provide matching funds for federal student loans. Under the leade...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38647111
1,901,801
663,341
The overall fantasy look of the game's world, which mixed natural and technological elements, was also chosen in order to set it apart from classic science-fiction 3D games of the time. This world, as well as dragon and character designs, were mainly the work of Manabu Kusunoki, who took inspiration from various source...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=599658
662,996
939,856
Contemporary research relies largely on multiple lines of evidence to determine the mode of a speciation event; that is, determining patterns of geographic distribution in conjunction with phylogenetic relatedness based on molecular techniques. This method was effectively introduced by John D. Lynch in 1986 and numerou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=334986
939,355
1,865,679
The CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere (O&A) Business Unit was formed in 2014 as one of the then 10 "Flagship" operational units of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) as part of a major organisational restructure; from 2015 onwards the term "Flagship" was officially dropped. This Business...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52768889
1,864,606
586,616
The proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) is expressed in the hypothalamus, in the pituitary gland. It yields a range of biologically active peptides and hormones and undergoes tissue-specific posttranslational processing to yield a range of biologically active peptides producing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), b-endorph...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3378903
586,316
752,190
Consultation with the supervising physician is also advised in order to understand the patient's current condition and the type of arrhythmia involved, as well as the medication prescribed. It must be checked that the patient uses the medication correctly. Stress and anxiety can be reduced with anxiolytics. Short visit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2138187
751,788
173,795
Triton follows a retrograde and quasi-circular orbit, and is thought to be a gravitationally captured satellite. It was the second moon in the Solar System that was discovered to have a substantial atmosphere, which is primarily nitrogen with small amounts of methane and carbon monoxide. The pressure on Triton's surfac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=818487
173,704
1,472,883
The complex mechanisms of FHA are unclear, though it is known that many neuromodulatory signals are involved in the regulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion. Some notable substances include kisspeptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), leptin, adiponectin, CRH, β-endorphin, and allopregnanolone. Kisspeptin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15738568
1,472,052
103,160
The earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. In these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN, developed by John Backus at International Business Machines (IBM) starting in 1954,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197847
103,115
608,697
Project Maven is a Pentagon project involving using machine learning and engineering talent to distinguish people and objects in drone videos, apparently giving the government real-time battlefield command and control, and the ability to track, tag and spy on targets without human involvement. Initially the effort was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56127293
608,386
393,873
In the 18th and 19th centuries, calculations were performed without computers. The computations of life insurance premiums and reserving requirements are rather complex, and actuaries developed techniques to make the calculations as easy as possible, for example "commutation functions" (essentially precalculated column...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189373
393,678
1,463,495
Osmoreceptors are located in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT) a circumventricular organ which lacks a blood-brain barrier. They have a defined functionality as neurons that are endowed with the ability to detect extracellular fluid osmolarity. The VOLT is strongly interconnected with the median preoptic n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1661168
1,462,672
2,056,053
In order to form and test fundamental community ecology hypotheses or address applications such as impact assessment, conservation, and exploitation of the marine environment, one needs to investigate the complex interactions between sediments, organisms, and water. A host of burgeoning technologies are slowly gaining ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14917968
2,054,869
676,535
To fill the new factory jobs, immigrants poured into the United States in the first mass wave of immigration in the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the period of old immigration, this time saw 4.2 million immigrants come into the United States raising the overall population by 20 million people. Historians often describe thi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=752072
676,182
306,608
In 1980–84, the Lebanese Air Force received from France ten SA 330C Pumas to equip its newly raised 9th transport squadron at Beirut Air Base, where it was initially based. In 1983, the squadron was relocated north of the Lebanese capital, with the machines being dispersed in small improvised helipads around Jounieh an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=493615
306,444
1,213,243
Following the end of World War I, the Australian Government believed that an immediate evaluation of the RAN was necessary. Australia had based its naval policy on the Henderson "Recommendations" of 1911, developed by Sir Reginald Henderson. The government sent an invitation to Admiral John Jellicoe, he arrived in Aust...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5606945
1,212,591
1,710,937
"Fascioloides magna" is essentially of North American origin but the parasite was introduced into Europe with imported game animals at the second half of the 19th century. In spite of being native to North America the fluke was first described in Italy. In 1875, Bassi observed massive deaths of red deer in the Royal Pa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2026820
1,709,977
1,536,358
After his PhD, Baulcombe spent the following three years as a postdoctoral fellow in North America, first at McGill University (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) from January 1977 to November 1978, and then at the University of Georgia (Athens, Georgia, United States) until December 1980. Baulcombe returned to the United Kingd...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11466981
1,535,490
883,884
The first patent resembling CLT was first developed in the 1920s by Frank J. Walsh and Robert L. Watts in Tacoma, Washington. Many sources however, date the first patent back to 1985 when it was patented in France. Significant developments were then made in Austria when Gerhard Schickhofer presented his PhD thesis rese...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16367375
883,420
189,460
When a new biopharmaceutical is developed, the company will typically apply for a patent, which is a grant to exclusive manufacturing rights. This is the primary means by which the drug developer can recover the investment cost for development of the biopharmaceutical. The patent laws in the United States and Europe di...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2654847
189,363
416,208
In 2003, Pawan Sinha, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, set up a program in the framework of the Project Prakash and eventually had the opportunity to find five individuals who satisfied the requirements for an experiment aimed at answering Molyneux's question experimentally. Prior to treatment,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4459160
416,005
769,928
The use of triangles to estimate distances dates to antiquity. In the 6th century BC, about 250 years prior to the establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Greek philosopher Thales is recorded as using similar triangles to estimate the height of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. He measured the length of the pyramids' ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207174
769,514
368,176
Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have increased considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material. However, there are current CFC smuggling issues, as recognized by the United Nations Environmental Programm...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54910
367,983
1,601,673
Turbomole was developed in 1987 and turned into a mature program system under the control of Reinhart Ahlrichs and his collaborators. Turbomole can perform a large-scale quantum chemical simulations of molecules, clusters, and later periodic solids. Gaussian basis sets are used in Turbomole. The functionality of the pr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3528480
1,600,772
754,623
Ronald Coase (1910–2013) of the Chicago School of Economics was the most prominent economic analyst of law, and the 1991 Nobel Prize in Economics winner. His first major article "The Nature of the Firm" (1937) argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of transact...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7881361
754,220
162,100
A free market for imported foodstuffs, the driving factor behind the 1846 repeal of the Corn Laws, reaped long-term benefits for consumers in Great Britain as world agricultural production increased. Consumers in Ireland, where there was severe famine in the 1840s, did not benefit to the same extent. At first agricultu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33643110
162,015
1,906,063
Having decided not to escape to the West, in June 1945 he applied to the newly installed government of the People’s Republic of Poland to join the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Because of his knowledge of several languages, aged just 21, he was employed in the rank of Counsellor. He was assigned as Chief of Proto...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28810330
1,904,967
1,313,432
Fluid–structure interactions are a crucial consideration in the design of many engineering systems, e.g. automobile, aircraft, spacecraft, engines and bridges. Failing to consider the effects of oscillatory interactions can be catastrophic, especially in structures comprising materials susceptible to fatigue. Tacoma Na...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6061729
1,312,712
1,778,404
Molecular cytogenetics combines two disciplines, molecular biology and cytogenetics, and involves the analysis of chromosome structure to help distinguish normal and cancer-causing cells. Human cytogenetics began in 1956 when it was discovered that normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. However, the first microscop...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8036853
1,777,402
117,732
The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727, and editions of the "Philosophical Transactions o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=496064
117,687
1,167,466
A network of ten identical DPF machines operates in eight countries around the world. This network produces research papers on topics including machine optimization & diagnostics (soft x-rays, neutrons, electron and ion beams), applications (microlithography, micromachining, materials modification and fabrication, imag...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2744989
1,166,848
1,200,904
There is also controversy surrounding preservation methods. A major controversy at the end of the twentieth century centered on the practice of discarding items that had been microfilmed. This was the subject of novelist Nicholson Baker's book "Double Fold", which chronicled his efforts to save many old runs of America...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9396111
1,200,263
2,132,641
Mainland Canada is one of the world's largest producers of GM canola and also grows GM maize, soybean and sugarbeet. Health Canada, under the Food and Drugs Act, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency are responsible for evaluating the safety and nutritional value of genetically modified foods. Environmental assessmen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54903954
2,131,416
1,913,160
Berlyand was born in Kharkov on September 20, 1957. His father, Viktor Berlyand, was a mechanical engineer, and his mother, Mayya Genkina, an electronics engineer. Upon his graduation in 1979 from the department of mathematics and mechanics at the National University of Kharkov, he began his doctoral studies at the sam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55895288
1,912,061
1,440,509
Despite the wide range of foods that choline is found in, studies have shown that the mean choline intake of men, women and children are below the Adequate Intake levels. It is important to note that not enough choline is naturally produced by the body, so diet is an important factor. People who consume a large quantit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27024757
1,439,699
473,156
For the NAA procedure to be successful, the specimen or sample must be selected carefully. In many cases small objects can be irradiated and analysed intact without the need of sampling. But, more commonly, a small sample is taken, usually by drilling in an inconspicuous place. About 50 mg (one-twentieth of a gram) is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21933
472,920
568,536
EELS is spoken of as being complementary to energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (variously called EDX, EDS, XEDS, etc.), which is another common spectroscopy technique available on many electron microscopes. EDX excels at identifying the atomic composition of a material, is quite easy to use, and is particularly sensi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72489
568,246
1,726,449
RNA viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolve at an extremely rapid rate, orders of magnitude faster than mammals or birds. For these organisms, ancestral reconstruction can be applied on a much shorter time scale; for example, in order to reconstruct the global or regional progenitor of an epidemic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6383817
1,725,478
1,021,363
A few approaches and measures which can be taken in order to conserve forests are methods by which erosion can be minimized, waste is properly disposed, conserve native tree species to maintain genetic diversity, and setting aside forestland (provides habitat for critical wildlife species). Additionally, forest fires c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1259241
1,020,834
1,953,414
RASD1 is expressed in many tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney. It is also present in bone marrow, but its expression is absent or at very low levels in spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood leukocytes. RASD1 modulates multiple signaling cascades. RASD1 could activate G proteins in a receptor-independe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14777557
1,952,293
1,293,736
Revelle was deeply involved in the growth of oceanography in the United States and internationally after World War II. Working for the Navy in the late 1940s, he helped to determine which projects gained funding. He also promoted the idea that the Navy ought to support "basic research" instead of only trying to build n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2296257
1,293,025
1,086,752
As the design of the Stranraer progressed, it deviated to a greater extent from the Scapa, opting for an alternative thin-wing arrangement around a two-bay structure. The Stranraer's weight, and the surface area and span of its wings, were 12 percent greater; the elevator was also 7 percent larger, while the rudders fe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=586463
1,086,194
1,399,699
All of the vehicles in "2001" were designed with extreme care in order for the small-scale models as well as full-scale interiors to appear realistic. The modeling team was led by Kubrick's two hirees from NASA, science advisor Fred Ordway and production designer Harry Lange, along with Anthony Masters who was responsi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37415478
1,398,924
1,613,289
VATS lobectomy is the same as lobectomy performed via thoracotomy in that the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and bronchus to the involved pulmonary lobe are individually dissected, ligated and divided. Generally, endoscopic stapling devices are used to ligate and divide the vessels and the bronchus however conventio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22682698
1,612,384
1,836,786
An experiment was performed to determine if UNC-5 is required for localization of presynaptic components in DA9. When testing the effect of unc-5::intron::unc-5 transgene on a mislocalization defect in UNC-5 mutant animals at 25 °C a significant rescue of the mislocalization defect was observed. In mutant animals, vent...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40631926
1,835,737
13,256
The lack of an internal gun "was the biggest mistake on the F-4", Chesire said; "Bullets are cheap and tend to go where you aim them. I needed a gun, and I really wished I had one." Marine Corps General John R. Dailey recalled that "everyone in RF-4s wished they had a gun on the aircraft." For a brief period, doctrine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11759
13,251
1,779,305
The competitive diplomacy on display between India and China in the IOR is a measure of strategic power play on the Indo-Pacific space which was described by a commentator as "a battle for the soul of the Indo-Pacific". The Chinese have systematically built their Submarine capabilities to not only meet their own requir...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60878831
1,778,303
1,398,511
In August 1541, Rheticus presented both a copy of "Chorographia" (containing a systematic approach to the preparation of maps, distinguishing chorography from geography, discussing various methods of cartographic survey by the use of the compass as well as improvements to the aforementioned instrument) and "Tabula chor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50392
1,397,738
958,589
Atypical HUS (aHUS) represents 5–10% of HUS cases and is largely due to one or several genetic mutations that cause chronic, uncontrolled, and excessive activation of the complement system, which is a group of immune signaling factors that promote inflammation, enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=542776
958,083
1,520,129
IMT was regarded as a tumor that occurs in children or young adults and presented in the lung, mesentery, greater omentum or, less commonly, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, colon, small intestine, spermatic cord, prostate, uterus, eye orbit, peripheral or central nervous system nerves, brain meninges, spinal cord, or o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33868993
1,519,271
315,856
Long-term use of linezolid has also been associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, a progressive and enduring often irreversible tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs. Chemotherapy drugs associated with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=424464
315,687
2,021,089
Much the same as the previous two orthologues, "Grhl3" is involved in the regulation of epidermal tissue, such as the formation of the jaw, neural tube and other craniofacial features, and does so across both land and aquatic organisms. "Grhl3" is a downstream target of "Irf6", and plays a key role in processes involvi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63194019
2,019,926
875,101
In his account of the history of the Soviet BW programme, Alibek, who as Kanatzhan Baizakovich Alibekov had been a biological weapons scientist for "Biopreparat", describes a quite separate strand of early BW research being pursued in Leningrad. This work was allegedly initiated in the 1920s at the Leningrad Military M...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11564525
874,639
1,637,766
Jackson has received numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees: the inaugural Eppendorf-Nature European Young Investigator Award (1995); the Tenovus Medal for Cancer Research (1997); the Colworth Medal (1997); the Anthony Dipple Carcinogenesis Young Investigator award (2002); the Biochemical Society GlaxoSmithKline ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43124732
1,636,841
1,083,680
Serious computer and digital hardware bugs caused by metastability have a fascinating social history. Many engineers have refused to believe that a bistable device can enter into a state that is neither "true" nor "false" and has a positive probability that it will remain indefinite for any given period of time, albeit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2277871
1,083,123
2,031,457
He was a lead author of the sixth chapter of the IPCC Second Assessment Report, published in 1995, and helped oversee the chapter about climate projections in the IPCC AR4, published in 2007. He is an ISI highly cited researcher, and is known for his research linking global warming to extreme weather. He has also done ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41955369
2,030,288
1,447,897
Current research has focused on a variety of different types of plants in order to determine which is the most eligible and efficient. The plant has to be robust, nutritious, appetizing, transformable, and ideally domestic. Some examples of crops that are being tested include: corn, tomato, rice, carrots, soybeans, alf...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59951553
1,447,081
2,146,890
He received a B.A. in biology and geology from Bowdoin College (1979) and a Ph.D. in zoology and geology from Duke University (1984). In 2013 he was named the Carnegie-CASE Science Professor of the Year for New York state. Since 1990 he has co-hosted Natural Selections a weekly science program on North Country Public R...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55556286
2,145,659
1,015,908
Despite the development of output, industrialisation was carried out mainly by extensive methods: economic growth was ensured by an increase in the gross capital formation rate in fixed capital, a savings rate (due to a fall in the consumption rate), employment rates and the exploitation of natural resources. British s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11818766
1,015,385
1,980,013
In the case of Optiwind (now defunct), there appears to be a growing body of evidence that they believe have solved for both the acceleration and economic challenges posed by CWAT/DAWT designs. Where previous attempts at new designs in this category have focused purely on acceleration magnitude, Optiwind appears to hav...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21987025
1,978,875
631,312
Aggressive attempts at total removal do result in prolonged progression-free survival in most patients, but for tumors that clearly involve the hypothalamus, complications associated with radical surgery have prompted to adopt a combined strategy of conservative surgery and radiation therapy to residual tumor with as h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3085444
630,974
452,022
Another critical intervention in museums is the conception of permanent exhibitions, which are long-lasting galleries presenting the museum collections that critically reveal and approach the connections between the institution, its history and practices, and the cultural and social context in which the institution is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=844809
451,803
359,272
Many knock-outs have been made in the apoptosis pathways to test the function of each of the proteins. Several caspases, in addition to APAF1 and FADD, have been mutated to determine the new phenotype. In order to create a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) knockout, an exon containing the nucleotides 3704–5364 was removed fr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457
359,085
1,368,564
"Overwatch" was developed with half a dozen features to bring in a wider audience, including an accessibility feature for color blind individuals. During development, one important goal was to have "combat clarity" for the player, so that when a player moved into a new area, enemy characters would be clearly visible. T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55762533
1,367,808
853,957
In late 2017, ULA decided to bring elements of the ACES upper stage forward and begin work on Centaur V. Centaur V will have ACES' diameter and advanced insulation, but does not include the Integrated Vehicle Fluids (IVF) feature expected to allow the extension of upper stage on-orbit life from hours to weeks. Centaur ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79533
853,502
1,484,395
A. N. Kolmogorov had the original idea for the KZ filter during a study of turbulence in the Pacific Ocean. Kolmogorov had just received the International Balzan Prize for his law of 5/3 in the energy spectra of turbulence. Surprisingly the 5/3 law was not obeyed in the Pacific Ocean, causing great concern. Standard fa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32683147
1,483,558
526,023
Scientists use a number of methods to study the complex structures and functions of the 3′ UTR. Even if a given 3′-UTR in an mRNA is shown to be present in a tissue, the effects of localization, functional half-life, translational efficiency, and trans-acting elements must be determined to understand the 3′-UTR's full ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345919
525,750
469,395
A large toolbox of chemical reactions is available for each step of the synthesis of a fine chemical. The reactions have been developed on laboratory scale by academia over the last two centuries and subsequently adapted to industrial scale, for instance for the manufacture of dyestuffs & pigments. The most comprehensi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845
469,159
203,790
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman began work on a series of papers examining "heuristic and biases" used in the judgment under uncertainty. Prior to that, the predominant view in the field of human judgment was that humans are rational actors. Kahneman and Tversky explained that judgme...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=403396
203,685
1,384,851
In the twentieth century the primacy of the division between the subjective and the objective, or between mind and matter, was disputed by, among others, Bertrand Russell and Gilbert Ryle. Philosophy began to move away from the metaphysics of categorisation towards the linguistic problem of trying to differentiate betw...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5370
1,384,084
974,660
Sequence data is a list of bases found in a given stretch of DNA. Its value lies in the discoveries and new technologies it allows. For Lander, one of these applications is the study of disease. Lander is the founder and director of the Broad Institute, a collaboration between MIT, Harvard, the Whitehead institute, and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=610184
974,149
1,261,902
However, the Romans made many significant technological advances, such as the invention of hydraulic cement and concrete. They used such new materials to great advantage in their structures, many of which survive to this day, like their masonry aqueducts, such as the Pont du Gard, and buildings, such as the Pantheon an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7968910
1,261,215
987,523
For numerous reasons, in the opinion of U.S. naval aviation historian Richard K. Smith, "Akron" never got the chance to show what it was capable of. Initially, the idea had been to use her as a scout for the fleet, just as the German Navy zeppelins had been used during World War I, with her airplanes being simply usefu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60944
987,007