doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
352,379
Considering the animal source of pharmaceutical heparin, the numbers of potential impurities are relatively large compared with a wholly synthetic therapeutic agent. The range of possible biological contaminants includes viruses, bacterial endotoxins, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents, lipids, protei...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238115
352,196
2,155,867
He produced his first art works around the age of 19. His first publications were "The Moon and Planets" (1963), and "Our Planet Earth" (1967). His work first reached US readers through the "National Geographic Magazine", which commissioned him to do a series of works about Mars. Previous to the Mars article, he had pa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36589562
2,154,636
418,290
Studying the Community structure of a network by subdividing groups of nodes into like-regions can be an integral tool for bioinformatics when exploring data as a network. A food web of The Secaucus High School Marsh exemplifies the benefits of grouping as the relationships between nodes are far easier to analyze with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22072718
418,085
105,037
Outside of biology scientists have used a genetically modified virus to construct a lithium-ion battery and other nanostructured materials. It is possible to engineer bacteriophages to express modified proteins on their surface and join them up in specific patterns (a technique called phage display). These structures h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12339
104,992
555,152
In 1860, the Russian Government at the instance of Otto Wilhelm von Sturve invited the Governments of Belgium, France, Prussia and England to connect their triangulations in order to measure the length of an arc of parallel in latitude 52° and to test the accuracy of the figure and dimensions of the Earth, as derived f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233663
554,863
1,006,090
The term ontogeny was coined by Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist and evolutionist in the 1860s. Haeckel, born in Germany on February 16, 1834, was also a strong supporter of Darwinism. Haeckel suggested that ontogeny briefly and sometimes incompletely recapitulated or repeated phylogeny in his 1866 book, "Generelle Mo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22469
1,005,571
181,957
MicroCHP installations use five different technologies: microturbines, internal combustion engines, stirling engines, closed-cycle steam engines, and fuel cells. One author indicated in 2008 that MicroCHP based on Stirling engines is the most cost-effective of the so-called microgeneration technologies in abating carbo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=763555
181,861
843,827
In September 2010, after a conference call with its Business Cycle Dating Committee, the NBER declared that the Great Recession in the United States had officially ended in 2009 and lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. In response, a number of newspapers wrote that the majority of Americans did not believe the reces...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897777
843,377
313,303
In a press conference in Hamburg on 16 September 2001, Stockhausen was asked by a journalist whether the characters in "Licht" were for him "merely some figures out of a common cultural history" or rather "material appearances". Stockhausen replied, "I pray daily to Michael, but not to Lucifer. I have renounced him. Bu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17268
313,134
328,981
A study by the United States Geological Survey estimated resources required to fulfill the US commitment to supplying 20% of its electricity from wind power by 2030. It did not consider requirements for small turbines or offshore turbines because those were not common in 2008 when the study was done. Common materials s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20541773
328,807
1,904,056
Hornsbys bought a Rochet-Schneider car, powered by a petrol engine in 1906. It was fitted with a chain track and was trialled by the Army in November 1907 in Aldershot. The 4-ton vehicle achieved speeds of over difficult terrain. Hornsbys, in a rare moment of marketing "savoir-faire", commissioned a film of this vehicl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5728389
1,902,962
242,561
In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint-operations to share peak load coverage and backup power. In 1934, with the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act (USA), electric utilities were recognized as public goods of importance and were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20344155
242,434
2,097,398
Johnson was born in Spalding, Lincolnshire, and began his career as an apprentice carpenter in 1840. He joined the engineering firm Brydone and Evans in 1847, working on the GNR. He was promoted in 1855 to become the district engineer for the GNR's loop line and then again in 1859 to take responsibility for the Peterbo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49496921
2,096,190
2,024,241
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) is an adaptation of the fMRI method that has been developed for use in the brain (1). Although the basic principles underlying the methods are the same, spinal fMRI requires a number of specific adaptations to accommodate the periodic motion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16882574
2,023,077
313,531
System noise is from the imaging hardware. One form is scanner drift, caused by the superconducting magnet's field drifting over time. Another form is changes in the current or voltage distribution of the brain itself inducing changes in the receiver coil and reducing its sensitivity. A procedure called impedance match...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=226722
313,362
587,259
Though the school included highly distinct musical personalities (the styles of Berg and Webern are in fact very different from each other, and from Schoenberg—for example, only the works of Webern conform to the rule stated by Schoenberg that only a single row be used throughout all movements of a composition—while Ge...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67457
586,959
1,297,979
In March 2017, TenneT Netherlands, TenneT Germany and Energinet signed an agreement for the development of a large-scale, trans-European system for renewable energy in the North Sea with the potential to supply as many as 100 million European citizens with renewable energy by the year 2050. According to the three compa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66658635
1,297,267
1,477,701
The Department of City and Regional Planning (CRP) is home to leading programs in planning, historic preservation, and urban and regional studies. These programs are an intensive and intimate community, which have exceptional breadth and integrate different fields of study. Students work closely with a special thesis c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1361036
1,476,869
417,088
RECs are known under functionally equivalent names, such as Green Tags or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), depending on the market. The U.S. currently does not have a national registry of RECs issued. Though the Center for Resource Solutions and other groups claim to offer programs to prevent double counting, al...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1956416
416,885
1,402,068
At the same time, full sequencing of the genome can identify polymorphisms that are so rare and/or mild sequence change that conclusions about their impact are challenging, reinforcing the need to focus on the reliable and actionable alleles in the context of clinical care. Czech medical geneticist Eva Machácková write...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14402695
1,401,281
1,243,983
"Viable yellow" (A/a) and "lethal yellow" (A/a) heterozygotes have shortened life spans and increased risks for developing early onset obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and various tumors. The increased risk of developing obesity is due to the dysregulation of appetite, as "agouti" agonizes the agouti-related protein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5509325
1,243,310
242,784
The essential role of the Broca's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact. In one case of a computer engineer, a slow-growing glioma tumor was removed. The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus, the head of the cau...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40166
242,657
1,606,838
She proceeded to Boston University in the United States, on a Federal Government Scholarship to study in Business Administration. After her first degree, she enrolled for a Master degree in Public Management at the prestigious University of Massachusetts. In 1982, she returned to Nigeria to participate in the National ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52431379
1,605,933
1,295,972
The overall build quality of the Tektronix 4010 was excellent, with gold-plated boards of high-quality epoxy fiberglass material. The electronic design was a bit inconsistent, with some parts overdesigned and others underdesigned. For example, the bell sound was all-digital, generating an audio tone from the main cryst...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=912984
1,295,261
650,585
Pachycephalosaurs were bipedal ornithischians characterized by their thickened skulls. They had a bulky torso with an expanded gut cavity and broad hips, short forelimbs, long legs, a short, thick neck, and a heavy tail. Large orbits and a large optic nerve point to pachycephalosaurs having good vision, and uncharacter...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1624916
650,244
2,156,241
In 1979 W.G. (Bill) Characklis came to Montana State University from Rice University as a professor in civil (environmental) and chemical engineering. He assembled a multidisciplinary team of engineers, microbiologists and chemists to study the processes and effects of microbial growth at interfaces He established a cr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45523355
2,155,010
1,061,569
Connected and automated mobility (CAM) involves autonomous vehicles such as self-driving cars and other forms of transport which use automated decision-making systems to replace various aspects of human control of the vehicle. This can range from level 0 (complete human driving) to level 5 (completely autonomous). At l...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68710620
1,061,016
496,634
Ben Travers of "IndieWire" discussed the episode's approach to technology through Gloria's. He felt that while the episode made the viewer relate to Gloria's views on technology, showing Sgt. Hunt's obsession with Facebook as shallow, or with Unit MNSKY being deemed obsolete at the end of his journey just like Gloria's...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53977445
496,378
1,982,877
Margaret Benston obtained an undergraduate degree in chemistry and philosophy and a PhD in theoretical chemistry from the University of Washington in 1964. Following this, she worked as a post-doctoral student at the University of Wisconsin. Benston joined Simon Fraser University as a charter faculty member in 1966 in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42828629
1,981,738
182,064
The advent of radio broadcasting increased the market for radio receivers greatly, and transformed them into a consumer product. At the beginning of the 1920s the radio receiver was a forbidding high-tech device, with many cryptic knobs and controls requiring technical skill to operate, housed in an unattractive black ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491851
181,968
378,418
In 2013, multiple firms announced devices that could be inserted via a leg catheter rather than invasive surgery. The devices are roughly the size and shape of a pill, much smaller than the size of a traditional pacemaker. Once implanted, the device's prongs contact the muscle and stabilize heartbeats. Engineers and sc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=80732
378,223
1,113,443
Analysis of "Voyager" images led scientists to believe that the lava flows on Io were composed mostly of various forms of molten elemental sulfur. The colouration of the flows was found to be similar to its various allotropes. Differences in the lava colour and brightness are a function of the temperature of polyatomic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11634630
1,112,877
1,046,814
IDH has been subject to criticism since its inception but not to the degree that other species density hypotheses have been. Recently there has been a call for a critical reassessment of IDH. Criticisms have focused on the increasing amount of empirical data that disagrees with IDH. This can be found within approximate...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1999038
1,046,269
123,369
SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption. It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct. However, stresses placed on both the egg cell and the introduced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6910
123,318
952,051
"Strength training by NMES does promote neural and muscular adaptations that are complementary to the well-known effects of voluntary resistance training". This statement is part of the editorial summary of a 2010 world congress of researchers on the subject. Additional studies on practical applications, which came aft...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5004001
951,546
869,751
The Magnox reactors were considered at the time to have a considerable degree of inherent safety because of their simple design, low power density, and gas coolant. Because of this they were not provided with secondary containment features. A safety design principle at the time was that of the "maximum credible acciden...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=394354
869,291
855,007
The Rainhill Trials started on Tuesday, 6 October, and between 10,000 and 15,000 people had assembled to watch. Five locomotives had arrived, but "Perseverance" did not compete, having been damaged on the way to Rainhill, and "Cyclops", powered by two horses in a frame, was not a serious entry. Challenging "Rocket" was...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=252957
854,552
385,272
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications, because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious ozone production. In addition, in contrast to magnetic fields, electric fiel...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570662
385,077
667,134
Genetic exchange between chromosomes can cause cells to become cancerous. Most cases of Ewing sarcoma (about 85%) are the result of a defining genetic event; a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22, t(11,22), which fuses the Ewing Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1 ("EWSR1") gene of chromosome 22 (which encod...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10683575
666,786
1,305,966
In addition to its Red List listing, the angonoka tortoise is now protected under the national law of Madagascar and listed on CITES Appendix I, commercial trade in wild-caught specimens is illegal (permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances). For the conservation of the angonoka tortoise, the Durrell Wildlif...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34227996
1,305,250
1,788,190
A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets, including Japan and China. Korea was a small independent country that excluded all foreign trade. Washington sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors after the crew of a s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61305749
1,787,184
1,238,599
A rock-section should be about one-thousandth of an inch (30 micrometres) in thickness, and is relatively easy to make. A thin splinter of the rock, about 1 centimetre may be taken; it should be as fresh as possible and free from obvious cracks. By grinding it on a plate of planed steel or cast iron with a little fine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4387316
1,237,932
1,863,385
The GEAR UP chapter focuses heavily on the Early Intervention and College Awareness Program. This program provides a guarantee of financial aid to low-income students who have obtained a secondary diploma or its equivalent. The program was also designed to aid students in elementary and high school to be aware of the b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20641385
1,862,315
942,129
Cherubism is a rare autosomal dominant disease of the maxilla and mandible. Approximately 200 cases have been reported by medical journals with the majority being males. Cherubism is usually first diagnosed around age seven and continues through puberty and may or may not continue to advance with age. Degrees of cherub...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2763739
941,627
1,652,310
Mesonet data is directly used by humans for decision making, but also boosts the skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) and is especially beneficial for short-range mesoscale models. Mesonets, along with remote sensing solutions (data assimilation of weather radar, weather satellites, wind profilers), allow for mu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10919869
1,651,378
865,831
The campus master plan competition was won in 1931 by the collaborative scheme of Danish architects Kay Fisker, C. F. Møller and Povl Stegmann in collaboration with landscape architect Carl Theodor Sørensen. The design includes a wide variety of buildings in a large area, but each building is constructed of the same ye...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=401280
865,371
899,426
Communication with submarines is a field within military communications that presents technical challenges and requires specialized technology. Because radio waves do not travel well through good electrical conductors like salt water, submerged submarines are cut off from radio communication with their command authorit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=965929
898,951
1,137,237
Freshman Hall and Sophomore Halls were built in 1922 and 1923 to accommodate a large influx of students. Total college student enrollment had increased to 1,425 by 1921. Sources reported that between 600 and 1110 students lived off campus in 1922, which meant that the university was also losing revenue opportunity by n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15873547
1,136,644
747,417
By June 2020, tens of billions of dollars were invested by corporations, governments, international health organizations, and university research groups to develop dozens of vaccine candidates and prepare for global vaccination programs to immunize against COVID‑19 infection. The corporate investment and need to genera...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66426813
747,021
164,284
In the 19th century, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. Louis Pasteur's work in fermentation and spontaneous generation led to the distinction between anaerobic and aerobic bac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=965323
164,199
206,747
Union List consists of 100 items (earlier 97) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate. This includes: defense, armed forces, arms and ammunition, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship, extradition, railways, shipping and navigation, airways, posts and telegraphs, telephones, wirele...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26274381
206,640
1,651,491
Ring core sensor fluxgate magnetometers began replacing vector sensor magnetometers with the Apollo 16 mission in 1972, where a three axis magnetometer was placed on the moon. These sensors were used on a number of satellites including Magsat, Voyager, "Ulysses", Giotto, AMPTE. The Lunar Prospector-1 uses ring-coil mad...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18402950
1,650,559
1,561,855
Sir Henry Savile, the Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Provost of Eton College, was deeply saddened by what the 20th-century mathematician Ida Busbridge has termed "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England", and so founded professorships in geometry and astronomy at the University of Oxford in 1619; b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26339922
1,560,968
1,819,771
While there are several effective methods to solve Thue equations (including using Baker's method and Skolem's formula_8-adic method), these are not able to give the best theoretical bounds on the number of solutions. One may qualify an effective bound formula_9 of the Thue equation formula_10 by the parameters it depe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1151323
1,818,736
719,142
There is extensive recent research using mental chronometry for the study of cognitive development. Specifically, various measures of speed of processing were used to examine changes in the speed of information processing as a function of age. Kail (1991) showed that speed of processing increases exponentially from ear...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4778196
718,762
184,618
At the peak of "détente", on March 11, 1974, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar arrived in Moscow for three days of sales presentations and demonstrations. The TriStar matched the Il-86 in size and performance and had development potential. Negotiations to buy 30 TriStars of the L-1011-385-250 version and licence-produce up to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229859
184,521
19,170
The United States Navy tested the F-117 in 1984 but determined it was unsuitable for carrier use. In the early 1990s, Lockheed proposed an upgraded carrier-capable F-117 variant dubbed the "Seahawk" to the Navy as an alternative to the canceled A/F-X program. The unsolicited proposal was received poorly by the Departme...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11720
19,162
1,863,343
In the final, Berny Boxem was the early leader, while Bragina languished in dead last place. After the first 600 metres, Bragina decided to change that, moving to the outside and running past the field at a quicker tempo. Only long striding Berny Boxem was able to go with her as Bragina opened up a 10-metre lead on the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34406483
1,862,273
2,095,847
When quality control of TEMPs is considered, a risk assessment needs to be conducted. A risk is defined as a "potentially unfavourable effect that can be attributed to the clinical use of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and is of concern to the patient and/or to other populations (e.g. caregivers and off-sp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49010273
2,094,639
32,148
Rota, in describing von Neumann's relationship with his friend Stanislaw Ulam, wrote that von Neumann had "deep-seated and recurring self-doubts". As an example on one occasion he said in the future he would be forgotten while Gödel would be remembered with Pythagoras. Ulam suggests that some of his self-doubts with re...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942
32,136
473,108
Besides the well recognized problems associated with large volume expansion, for example cracking the SEI layer, a second well recognized issue involves the reactivity of the charged materials. Since charged silicon is a lithium silicide, its salt-like structure is built from a combination of silicon (-4) Zintl anions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47270052
472,872
2,198,036
The Ajax Wanderers Rugby Club can lay claim to being the founding club for rugby in post-war Ontario. The club was formed by a group of English immigrants who missed their favorite sport from back home in 1949. The early years saw games against the University of Toronto and McGill University. The Toronto Nomads, Aurora...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36255392
2,196,785
1,173,925
After completing its primary objective, the probe left lunar orbit for the Earth–Sun Lagrangian point, to test the Chinese tracking and control network, making the China National Space Administration the third space agency after NASA and ESA to have visited this point. It entered orbit around L on 25 August 2011, and b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20233459
1,173,303
992,080
Medieval and early modern England used both gold and silver, at fixed rates, to provide the necessary range of coin denominations; but silver coinage began to be restricted in the 18th century, first informally, and then by an Act of Parliament in 1774. After the suspension of metal convertibility from 1797 to 1819, Pe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=310156
991,563
309,882
Planets in the CHZ remain of paramount interest to researchers looking for intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. The Drake equation, sometimes used to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy, contains the factor or parameter , which is the average number of planetary-mass objects orbiting w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1072751
309,715
25,788
In some cases the growth of an affected leg is slowed by polio, while the other leg continues to grow normally. The result is that one leg is shorter than the other and the person limps and leans to one side, in turn leading to deformities of the spine (such as scoliosis). Osteoporosis and increased likelihood of bone ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25107
25,779
1,470,084
A variation of the earlier invention, the torsion balance, the Eötvös pendulum, designed by Hungarian Baron Loránd Eötvös, is a sensitive instrument for measuring the density of underlying rock strata. The device measures not only the direction of force of gravity, but the change in the force of gravity's extent in the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=664354
1,469,259
862,730
Role-playing games (RPG) were beginning to gain popularity with console players in Japan in the late 1980s. Many Japanese game designers were inspired by Western RPGs such as "Ultima" and "Wizardry." Enix's "Dragon Quest" series was proving to be very popular on the Famicom, inspiring other developers to design similar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145427
862,270
697,647
Pedersen reportedly then went to Japan to encourage interest in his rifle by the Imperial Japanese Army, which appears to have led to the building of 12 rifles and 12 carbines for testing around 1935; the project reportedly was abandoned in 1936. These weapons were apparently made to fire the standard 6.5 mm Japanese s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4845231
697,283
1,505,917
The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications created in 2003 (originally referred to as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets (GRID...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4400671
1,505,071
2,021,348
The department was originally founded in 1925 as the Department of Family Life at Cornell. Its founding occurred during a broader historical context in the United States during the 1920s that saw improving and expanding the science of child psychology and child rearing as a national imperative. It was one of the first ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69668821
2,020,185
1,378,538
Beach operated his demonstration railway from February 1870 to April 1873. It had one station in the basement of Devlin's clothing store, a building at the southwest corner of Broadway and Warren Street, and ran for a total of about 300 feet, first around a curve to the center of Broadway and then straight under the ce...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=746256
1,377,776
333,462
In 1898, French scientist Paul-Louis Simond (who had also come to China to battle the Third Pandemic) discovered the rat–flea vector that drives the disease. He had noted that persons who became ill did not have to be in close contact with each other to acquire the disease. In Yunnan, China, inhabitants would flee from...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34367
333,284
1,852,595
In 2009, the municipalities on the shores of the Easy Bay and Aquidneck & Conanicut Island formed an advisory group that worked through the legislative session of 2012 to build a wind-farm. The group consisted of professionals and community leaders, and sought to determine the viability of a wind-power facility in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46608876
1,851,533
858,632
The most commonly used otoscopes—those used in emergency rooms, pediatric offices, general practice, and by internists- are monocular devices. They provide only a two-dimensional view of the ear canal, its contents, and usually at least a portion of the eardrum, depending on what is within the ear canal and its status....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3083335
858,174
1,113,156
The Google Lunar XPRIZE was announced at the Wired Nextfest on 13 September 2007. The competition offered a total of US$30 million in prizes to the first privately funded teams to land a robot on the Moon that successfully travels more than 500 meters (1,640 ft) and transmits back high-definition images and video. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13251031
1,112,590
974,116
A significant increase in accuracy (to nearly ~80%) was made by exploiting multiple sequence alignment; knowing the full distribution of amino acids that occur at a position (and in its vicinity, typically ~7 residues on either side) throughout evolution provides a much better picture of the structural tendencies near ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28691
973,605
2,833
A total of ten flying and three non-flying T-50 prototypes would be built for preliminary flight tests and state trials. Initially, the program was planned to have up to six prototypes before the start of serial production; however testing would reveal that the initial prototypes did not have adequate fatigue life, wit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2971192
2,833
975,909
Each compound eye is composed of about 1000 receptors called ommatidia, complex structures consisting of upwards of 300 cells. The ommatidia are somewhat messily arranged, not falling into the ordered hexagonal pattern seen in more derived arthropods. Each ommatidium feeds into a single nerve fiber. Furthermore, the ne...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=372920
975,398
230,154
The main reason for the development of the MICH was due to the protective but heavy PASGT being supplanted by these bump helmets by special forces operators due to them being lighter, more comfortable, closer-fitting, and made of plastic making them easier to mount accessories onto, especially night vision devices and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3137272
230,037
77,551
Arnold Beckman (PhD 1928) invented the pH meter and commercialized it with the founding of Beckman Instruments. His success with that company enabled him to provide seed funding for William Shockley (BS 1932), who had co-invented semiconductor transistors and wanted to commercialize them. Shockley became the founding D...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5786
77,522
369,977
There were professional musicians in the previous three generations of Holst's family and it was clear from his early years that he would follow the same calling. He hoped to become a pianist, but was prevented by neuritis in his right arm. Despite his father's reservations, he pursued a career as a composer, studying ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49241
369,783
1,595,252
TPP1 was identified as the enzyme deficient in CLN2 Batten disease in 1997, via biochemical analysis that identified proteins missing a mannose-6-phosphate lysosomal targeting sequence. A gel electrophoresis was run for known brain proteins with lysosomal targeting sequences to see if a band was missing, indicating a d...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54634310
1,594,354
14,205
The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. There are many environmental and genetic risk factors associated with its development. The strongest genetic risk factor is from an allele of APOE. Other risk factors include a history of head injury, clinical depression, and high blood pressure. The disease proces...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017
14,200
1,552,568
Within the electronics industry, the major driver for the implementation of Physics of Failure was the poor performance of military weapon systems during World War II. During the subsequent decade, the United States Department of Defense funded an extensive amount of effort to especially improve the reliability of elec...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32174553
1,551,687
1,914,611
The second and third editions received several reviews, including another one from George H. Bryan as well as Philip Jourdain, George David Birkhoff, and Thomas MacFarland Cherry. Jourdain published two similar reviews of the second edition in different journals, both in 1917. The more detailed of the two, published in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65496619
1,913,512
1,157,846
Neanderthals were almost certainly effective hunters. Multiple sites associated with "H. neanderthalensis" also have the remains of butchered animals. More direct stable isotope evidence from Neanderthal bodies also indicates a heavy, though by no means exclusive reliance on animal protein. The degree to which Neandert...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53970984
1,157,233
10,143
The political and cultural impacts of the development of nuclear weapons were profound and far-reaching. William Laurence of "The New York Times", the first to use the phrase "Atomic Age", became the official correspondent for the Manhattan Project in spring 1945. In 1943 and 1944 he unsuccessfully attempted to persuad...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19603
10,139
228,082
In mathematical formulations, it is common to express the Lagrangian as a function on a fiber bundle, wherein the Euler–Lagrange equations can be interpreted as specifying the geodesics on the fiber bundle. Abraham and Marsden's textbook provided the first comprehensive description of classical mechanics in terms of mo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40752010
227,965
736,835
Abiotic stresses like frost, drought and increased salinity are a limiting factor to the growth of tomatoes. While no genetically modified stress-tolerant plants are currently commercialised, transgenic approaches have been researched. An early tomato was developed that contained an antifreeze gene ("afa3") from the wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28441864
736,447
192,396
In 2007, Australia decided to retire all of its RAAF F-111s. The drawdown of the RAAF's F-111 fleet began with the retirement of the F-111G models operated by No. 6 Squadron in late 2007. The United States had retired the F-111 (it "was nine percent of Tactical Air Command's fleet but ate up a whopping 25 percent of th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25595226
192,297
91,345
In the 9th century, the Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī wrote an important book on the Hindu–Arabic numerals and one on methods for solving equations. His book "On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals", written about 825, along with the work of Al-Kindi, were instrumental in spreading Indian mathema...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14220
91,305
728,707
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly "Lactobacillus arabinosus" and "Lactobacillus plantarum") is a widespread member of the genus "Lactiplantibacillus" and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. "L. plantarum" was first isolated from saliva. Based on its ability to tempora...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1304378
728,323
604,299
The 740 combat airplanes equipping the units at the front on November 11, 1918, were approximately 11% of the total combat aircraft strength of the Allied forces. The 45 squadrons in the Zone of Advance had 767 pilots, 481 observers, and 23 aerial gunners, covering 137 kilometers of front from Pont-à-Mousson to Sedan. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=662917
603,989
1,255,340
In a lab, the determination of AOX parameter consists of adsorption of organic halides from the sample on to an activated carbon. The activated carbon can be powdered or granular and adsorbed using microcolumns or a batch process, if the samples are rich in humic acids. Vigorous shaking is often employed in the event o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51487091
1,254,659
1,468,503
The ships which sail the southern sea and south of it are like houses. When their sails are spread they are like great clouds in the sky. Their rudders are several tens of feet long. A single ship carries several hundred men, and has in the stores a year's supply of grain. Pigs are fed and wine fermented on board. Ther...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10444102
1,467,679
1,822,714
Marr was born in Cushnie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 9 December 1902. Son of farmer John George Marr and Georgina Sutherland Slessor. While studying classics and zoology at the University of Aberdeen, he and Norman Mooney were selected among thousands of Boy Scout volunteers to accompany Sir Ernest Shackleton on the S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4353566
1,821,676
1,774
The Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 in Hungary finally started a peaceful movement that the rulers in the Eastern Bloc could not stop. It was the largest movement of refugees from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and ultimately brought about the fall of the Iron Curtain. The patrons of the picnic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325329
1,774
594,787
Krantz was born in Salt Lake City in 1931 to Carl Victor Emmanuel Krantz and Esther Maria (née Sanders) Krantz. His parents were devout Latter Day Saints often referred to as Mormons, and while Krantz tried to follow the basic Christian philosophy of behaviour and morality, he was not active in the religion. He was rai...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=801846
594,482
2,131,507
Auguste pursued her undergraduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995. She majored in chemical engineering and graduated in 1999 with her Bachelors of Science. Following her undergraduate degree, Auguste pursued her Master's and her PhD in chemical engineering at Princeton University. She studi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64384126
2,130,282