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1,082,098 | Figure 4 shows the Ewald's sphere for the case of normal incidence of the primary electron beam, as would be the case in an actual LEED setup. It is apparent that the pattern observed on the fluorescent screen is a direct picture of the reciprocal lattice of the surface. The spots are indexed according to the values of "h" and "k". The size of the Ewald's sphere and hence the number of diffraction spots on the screen is controlled by the incident electron energy. From the knowledge of the reciprocal lattice models for the real space lattice can be constructed and the surface can be characterized at least qualitatively in terms of the surface periodicity and the point group. Figure 7 shows a model of an unreconstructed (100) face of a simple cubic crystal and the expected LEED pattern. Since these patterns can be inferred from the crystal structure of the bulk crystal, known from other more quantitative diffraction techniques, LEED is more interesting in the cases where the surface layers of a material reconstruct, or where surface adsorbates form their own superstructures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4692179 | 1,081,542 |
1,355,285 | A direct proof is the simplest form of proof there is. The word ‘proof’ comes from the Latin word probare, which means “to test”. The earliest use of proofs was prominent in legal proceedings. A person with authority, such as a nobleman, was said to have probity, which means that the evidence was by his relative authority, which outweighed empirical testimony. In days gone by, mathematics and proof was often intertwined with practical questions – with populations like the Egyptians and the Greeks showing an interest in surveying land. This led to a natural curiosity with regards to geometry and trigonometry – particularly triangles and rectangles. These were the shapes which provided the most questions in terms of practical things, so early geometrical concepts were focused on these shapes, for example, the likes of buildings and pyramids used these shapes in abundance. Another shape which is crucial in the history of direct proof is the circle, which was crucial for the design of arenas and water tanks. This meant that ancient geometry (and Euclidean Geometry) discussed circles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238676 | 1,354,537 |
1,318,663 | Genetic mutations leading to defects in aldolase B result in a condition called hereditary fructose intolerance. Due to the lack of functional aldolase B, organisms with HFI cannot properly process F1P, which leads to an accumulation of F1P in bodily tissues. In addition to being toxic to cellular tissues, high levels of F1P traps phosphate in an unusable form that does not return to the general phosphate pool, resulting in depletion of both phosphate and ATP stores. The lack of readily available phosphate causes the cessation of glycogenolysis in the liver, which results in hypoglycemia. This accumulation also inhibits gluconeogenesis, further reducing the amount of readily available glucose. The loss of ATP leads to a multitude of problems including inhibition of protein synthesis and hepatic and renal dysfunction. Patient prognosis, however, is good in cases of hereditary fructose intolerance. By avoiding foods containing fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol, patients can live symptom-free lives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9974763 | 1,317,938 |
1,306,970 | These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the United States in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after World War II, the Green Revolution increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s. This remarkable improvement was based on three essential crops. First came the development of hybrid maize, then high-yielding and input-responsive "semi-dwarf wheat" (for which the CIMMYT breeder N.E. Borlaug received the Nobel prize for peace in 1970), and third came high-yielding "short statured rice" cultivars. Similarly notable improvements were achieved in other crops like sorghum and alfalfa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33131935 | 1,306,254 |
1,544,339 | TPOSE theory is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests there are four dynamic polarities in the psychological development of an individual. These include a psyche-soma dichotomy which relates to how one's mind and body interact; alterity-similitude, which centers on the conscious urge to differentiate ourselves from others as well as identify with them; autonomy-dependence which focuses on both an individual's need for freedom as well as connection to others; and uni/plurality, a cross between spirituality and identity formation. TPOSE theory is based largely on C.G Jung's analytical psychology but also draws from other theoretical frameworks like object relations, ego psychology and structuralism. It helps explain how the self develops in response to various internal and external influences while recognizing both an interpersonal – collective – transpersonal nature of personality dynamics.v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18816165 | 1,543,466 |
1,544,337 | TPOSE theory is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests there are four dynamic polarities in the psychological development of an individual. These include a psyche-soma dichotomy which relates to how one's mind and body interact; alterity-similitude, which centers on the conscious urge to differentiate ourselves from others as well as identify with them; autonomy-dependence which focuses on both an individual's need for freedom as well as connection to others; and uni/plurality, a cross between spirituality and identity formation. TPOSE theory is based largely on C.G Jung's analytical psychology but also draws from other theoretical frameworks like object relations, ego psychology and structuralism. It helps explain how the self develops in response to various internal and external influences while recognizing both an interpersonal – collective – transpersonal nature of personality dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18816165 | 1,543,464 |
1,544,338 | TPOSE theory is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests there are four dynamic polarities in the psychological development of an individual. These include a psyche-soma dichotomy which relates to how one's mind and body interact; alterity-similitude, which centers on the conscious urge to differentiate ourselves from others as well as identify with them; autonomy-dependence which focuses on both an individual's need for freedom as well as connection to others; and uni/plurality, a cross between spirituality and identity formation. TPOSE theory is based largely on C.G Jung's analytical psychology but also draws from other theoretical frameworks like object relations, ego psychology and structuralism. It helps explain how the self develops in response to various internal and external influences while recognizing both an interpersonal – collective – transpersonal nature of personality dynamics.TPOSE theory is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests there are four dynamic polarities in the psychological development of an individual. These include a psyche-soma dichotomy which relates to how one's mind and body interact; alterity-similitude, which centers on the conscious urge to differentiate ourselves from others as well as identify with them; autonomy-dependence which focuses on both an individual's need for freedom as well as connection to others; and uni/plurality, a cross between spirituality and identity formation. TPOSE theory is based largely on C.G Jung's analytical psychology but also draws from other theoretical frameworks like object relations, ego psychology and structuralism. It helps explain how the self develops in response to various internal and external influences while recognizing both an interpersonal – collective – transpersonal nature of personality dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18816165 | 1,543,465 |
1,544,336 | TPOSE theory is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests there are four dynamic polarities in the psychological development of an individual. These include a psyche-soma dichotomy which relates to how one's mind and body interact; alterity-similitude, which centers on the conscious urge to differentiate ourselves from others as well as identify with them; autonomy-dependence which focuses on both an individual's need for freedom as well as connection to others; and uni/plurality, a cross between spirituality and identity formation. TPOSE theory is based largely on C.G Jung's analytical psychology but also draws from other theoretical frameworks like object relations, ego psychology and structuralism. It helps explain how the self develops in response to various internal and external influences while recognizing both an interpersonal – collective – transpersonal nature of personality dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18816165 | 1,543,463 |
981,224 | The term "disorders of sex development" has generally been accepted by the medical community, as well as being a popular term in literature. However, the term is not universal among patients or support groups. One study stated that it can affect individuals covered by the description in a negative way, and that the terminology might impact choice and utilization of health care providers. Another study found that most affected individuals didn't find the term offensive. The ICD-11, which is the World Health Organization's international guide to medical coding (effective as of January 1, 2022), references DSDs as intersex traits or conditions, as do some medical journals. The Council of Europe and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have called for a review of medical classifications that unnecessarily medicalize intersex traits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10638474 | 980,712 |
2,110,774 | WiDs holds an annual Women in Data Science Worldwide conference annually, held as a 24-hour virtual event in 2021, is intended to inspire, educate, and sustain data science worldwide. In 2020, over 30,000 people participated, from 50 different countries. WiDs has reached over 100,000 women around the world. The Pune, India chapter of WiDs, for example, has over 5,000 members. Sucheta Dhere, ambassador of the WiDs Pune Chapter noted that computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning "have a huge hiring potential in India," particularly for women. In 2019, more than 250 women convened in Madrid for the WIDS conference, which brought together women working on artificial intelligence and robotics. The Cambridge WiDS event was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2020. Its signature event was a panel discussion on data science and fake news called “Data weaponized, data scrutinized: a war on information.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67092078 | 2,109,560 |
1,023,355 | The EQ of livestock farm animals such as the domestic pig may be significantly lower than would suggest for their apparent intelligence. According to Minervini et al (2016) the brain of the domestic pig is a rather small size compared to the mass of the animal. The tremendous increase in body weight imposed by industrial farming significantly influences brain-to-body weight measures, including the EQ. The EQ of the domestic adult pig is just 0.38, yet pigs can use visual information seen in a mirror to find food, show evidence of self-recognition when presented with their reflections and there is evidence suggesting that pigs are as socially complex as many other highly intelligent animals, possibly sharing a number of cognitive capacities related to social complexity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1144487 | 1,022,822 |
2,019,359 | Her research focuses on identifying plant transposable elements and determining how they contribute to gene and genome evolution. Her work has deciphered how transposable elements generate genetic diversity and attain high copy numbers without killing their host. Her laboratory demonstrated that elements could function as introns and that retrotransposons are the major cause of spontaneous insertion mutations in maize. In the genomics era her laboratory pioneered the computational analysis of transposable elements, culminating in the discovery of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs), the element most frequently associated with plant genes. As a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Professor, Wessler adapted her research program for the classroom by developing the Dynamic Genome Program where incoming freshmen experience the excitement of scientific discovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5317859 | 2,018,196 |
1,214,752 | The Fitch–Margoliash method uses a weighted least squares method for clustering based on genetic distance. Closely related sequences are given more weight in the tree construction process to correct for the increased inaccuracy in measuring distances between distantly related sequences. In practice, the distance correction is only necessary when the evolution rates differ among branches. The distances used as input to the algorithm must be normalized to prevent large artifacts in computing relationships between closely related and distantly related groups. The distances calculated by this method must be linear; the linearity criterion for distances requires that the expected values of the branch lengths for two individual branches must equal the expected value of the sum of the two branch distances – a property that applies to biological sequences only when they have been corrected for the possibility of back mutations at individual sites. This correction is done through the use of a substitution matrix such as that derived from the Jukes–Cantor model of DNA evolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12955880 | 1,214,100 |
757,556 | The prognosis for people with ALD depends on the liver histology as well as cofactors, such as concomitant chronic viral hepatitis. Among patients with alcoholic hepatitis, progression to liver cirrhosis occurs at 10–20% per year, and 70% will eventually develop cirrhosis. Despite cessation of alcohol use, only 10% will have normalization of histology and serum liver enzyme levels. As previously noted, the MDF has been used to predict short-term mortality (i.e., MDF ≥ 32 associated with spontaneous survival of 50–65% without corticosteroid therapy, and MDF < 32 associated with spontaneous survival of 90%). The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score has also been found to have similar predictive accuracy in 30-day (MELD > 11) and 90-day (MELD > 21) mortality. Liver cirrhosis develops in 6–14% of those who consume more than 60–80 g of alcohol daily for men and more than 20 g daily for women. Even in those who drink more than 120 g daily, only 13.5% will experience a serious alcohol-related liver injury. Nevertheless, alcohol-related mortality was the third leading cause of death in 2003 in the United States. Worldwide mortality is estimated to be 150,000 per year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307039 | 757,152 |
354,334 | Hydrofluoric acid was used in glass etching from 1720 onward. Andreas Sigismund Marggraf first characterized it in 1764 when he heated fluorite with sulfuric acid, and the resulting solution corroded its glass container. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele repeated the experiment in 1771, and named the acidic product "fluss-spats-syran" (fluorspar acid). In 1810, the French physicist André-Marie Ampère suggested that hydrogen and an element analogous to chlorine constituted hydrofluoric acid. He also proposed in a letter to Sir Humphry Davy dated August 26, 1812 that this then-unknown substance may be named "fluorine" from fluoric acid and the "-ine" suffix of other halogens. This word, often with modifications, is used in most European languages; however, Greek, Russian, and some others, following Ampère's later suggestion, use the name "ftor" or derivatives, from the Greek φθόριος ("phthorios", destructive). The New Latin name "fluorum" gave the element its current symbol F; Fl was used in early papers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17481271 | 354,151 |
535,944 | Notice that in the Aristotelean system, old Eurus is shunted from its traditional position in the cardinal East by "Apeliotes" ("ἀπηλιώτης"), meaning "from the Sun" or from "the heat of the Sun". Old Boreas is mentioned only as an alternative name to "Aparctias" ("ἀπαρκτίας"), which means "from the Bear", that is, the Ursa Major, the Arctic circle. Among the new winds are the Argestes ("ἀργέστης") meaning "clearing" or "brightening", a reference to the northwest wind sweeping away clouds. Argestes's variants, Olympias ("ὀλυμπίας") and Sciron ("σκίρων") are local Athenian names, a reference to Mount Olympus and the Sciros rocks in Megara. The remaining winds also seem to be geographical. "Caecias" ("καικίας") means from Caicus, a river in Mysia, a region northeast of the Aegean. "Lips" ("λίψ") means "from Libya", to the southwest of Greece (although an alternative theory connects it to "leibo", "λείβω", same root as libation, meaning pouring, because this wind brought rain). "Phoenicias" ("φοινικίας") comes "from Phoenicia" (to the southeast of Greece) and "Thrascias" ("θρασκίας") from Thrace (in Aristotle's day, Thrace covered a larger area than today, including the north-northwest of Greece). Finally, "Meses" ("μέσης") might simply mean "middle", presumably because it was a half-wind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32310218 | 535,665 |
1,137,101 | The hyphae of "Cladosporium sphaerospermum" are thick walled, septate, and olivaceous-brown in colour. Colonies of the fungus are velvety in texture and flattened (i.e., rarely raised, fluffy, or radially furrowed). "C. sphaerospermum" conidiophores are branched, septate, and dark, up to 150–300 μm long and 3.5–4.0 μm wide. The structure of the conidiophores are tree-like, a prominent feature of the genus "Cladosporium". Unlike other related species, the conidiophores of this species lack swollen nodes at the branching points. Conidia of this species are characteristically globose to ellipsoid with a diameter of 3.4–4.0 μm. The conidia are formed in branching chains in which the youngest conidium is situated at the top. "Cladosporium sphaerospermum" also produces ramoconidia 6–14 × 3.5–4.0 μm in length and this feature can be used as a method of distinguishing between similar species. Ramoconidia are conidia found at the branching points joining multiple spore chains and can be recognized by one end having a single attachment scar and the other end having two or more attachment scars. "Cladosporium sphaerospermum" is also a psychrophilic fungus, known to grow at temperatures as low as with an upper limit of and no growth at . The optimal temperature this fungus grows under is . This fungus is xerotolerant as it can thrive in environments with low water activity caused by high salinity (halotolerant) or other dissolved solutes. This fungus has been observed to grow in as low as 0.815 a "in vitro". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54898326 | 1,136,508 |
422,089 | In 1935 Blackett was invited to join the Aeronautical Research Committee chaired by Sir Henry Tizard. The committee was effective pressing for the early installation of Radar for air defence. In the early part of World War II, Blackett served on various committees and spent time at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) Farnborough, where he made a major contribution to the design of the Mark XIV bomb sight which allowed bombs to be released without a level bombing run beforehand. In 1940–41 Blackett served on the MAUD Committee which concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. He disagreed with the committee's conclusion that Britain could produce an atomic bomb by 1943, and recommended that the project should be discussed with the Americans. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1933 and awarded its Royal Medal in 1940. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326834 | 421,883 |
1,808,474 | Episodic memory starts to decline gradually from middle age, while semantic memory increases all the way into early old age and declines thereafter. Older adults tend to engage their prefrontal cortex more often during working memory tasks, possibly to compensate with executive functions. Further impairments of cognitive function associated with aging include decrease in processing speed and inability to focus. A model proposed to account for altered activation posits that decreased neural efficiency driven by amyloid plaques and decreased dopamine functionality lead to compensatory activation. Decreased processing of negative stimuli as opposed to positive stimuli appear in aging, become significant enough to detect even with autonomic nervous responses to emotionally charged stimuli. Aging is also associated with decreased plantar reflex and achilles reflex response. Nerve conductance also decreases during normal aging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52805859 | 1,807,453 |
593,832 | At 04:30 on 24 November, reveille was sounded in "Liscome Bay". On 04:34, the destroyer left to investigate a signal beacon, likely dropped from a Japanese plane. This resulted in a gap within "Liscome Bay"s screen. At 04:36, the radar operators on "New Mexico" spotted a short-lived blip, which may have represented "I-175" diving into position. Flight quarters was sounded at 04:50. The crew went to routine general quarters at 05:05, when flight crews prepared their planes for dawn launching. Thirteen planes, including one forward on the catapult, had been readied on the flight deck. These had all been fueled and armed. There were an additional seven planes in the hangar that were not fueled or armed. She had a large amount of munitions on board, stored below-decks. Meanwhile, the task group executed a turn to the northeast, which brought "Liscome Bay" to a course presenting her side to "I-175". The Japanese submarine fired a spread of at least three Type 95 torpedoes towards the task force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=421353 | 593,528 |
1,788,023 | A prominent advantage in using microcarrier suspensions for the culture of cells over traditional two-dimensional plates is its capacity to hold more cells in smaller volumes. A hallmark of regular cell culture lab protocol is continual passaging as the cells reach confluence on plates fairly quickly, a bottleneck in biologics production. Multilayer vessels, stacked plates, hollow fibers, and packed bed reactors were other technologies developed to combat this capacity limit in plate cell culture . Although they were an improvement, cell numbers produced through these methods still did not reach the threshold for clinical applications. Microcarrier cell culture, however, was the breakthrough required for cell culture to reach industrial and clinical significance. Studies have shown that microcarrier suspensions, compared to multi-layer vessel culture, improve cell yield by 80-fold at only ten percent of Good Manufacturing Practice space, and only sixty percent of the original cost. Without the need for continual passaging, there is less risk of bacterial contamination and labor costs are minimized as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16482142 | 1,787,017 |
1,881,026 | An "N"-Heterocyclic silylene (NHSi) is an uncharged heterocyclic chemical compound consisting of a divalent silicon atom bonded to two nitrogen atoms. The isolation of the first stable NHSi, also the first stable dicoordinate silicon compound, was reported in 1994 by Michael Denk and Robert West three years after Anthony Arduengo first isolated an N-heterocyclic carbene, the lighter congener of NHSis. Since their first isolation, NHSis have been synthesized and studied with both saturated and unsaturated central rings ranging in size from 4 to 6 atoms. The stability of NHSis, especially 6π aromatic unsaturated five-membered examples, make them useful systems to study the structure and reactivity of silylenes and low-valent main group elements in general. Though not used outside of academic settings, complexes containing NHSis are known to be competent catalysts for industrially important reactions. This article focuses on the properties and reactivity of five-membered NHSis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58678468 | 1,879,945 |
784,953 | The CSHL Meetings & Courses Program brings over 8,500 scientists from around the world to Cold Spring Harbor annually to share research results – mostly unpublished—in 60 meetings, most held biannually; and to learn new technologies in 30 to 35 professional courses, most offered annually. The Cold Spring Harbor Symposium series, held every year since 1933 with the exception of three years during the Second World War, has been a forum for researchers in genetics, genomics, neuroscience and plant biology. At the Banbury Center, about 25-30 discussion-style meetings are held yearly for a limited number of invited participants. As of 2016, a two-week course at CSHL costs between $3,700 and $4,700 per student and three-day conferences cost about $1,000 per attendee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=441300 | 784,533 |
308,559 | Proteins are not static objects, but rather populate ensembles of conformational states. Transitions between these states typically occur on nanoscales, and have been linked to functionally relevant phenomena such as allosteric signaling and enzyme catalysis. Protein dynamics and conformational changes allow proteins to function as nanoscale biological machines within cells, often in the form of multi-protein complexes. Examples include motor proteins, such as myosin, which is responsible for muscle contraction, kinesin, which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of motile cilia and flagella. "[I]n effect, the [motile cilium] is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines...Flexible linkers allow the mobile protein domains connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range allostery via . " | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=969126 | 308,394 |
390,923 | At the height of the Scientific Revolution, as Aristotelianism declined in Europe, the ideas of early-Pythagoreanism were revived. Mathematics regained importance and influenced philosophy as well as science. Mathematics was used by Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Huygens and Newton to advance physical laws that reflected the inherent order of the universe. Twenty-one centuries after Pythagoreas had taught his disciples in Italy, Galileo announced to the world that "the great book of nature" could only be read by those who understood the language of mathematics. He set out to measure whatever is measurable, and to render everything measurable that is not. The Pythagorean concept of cosmic harmony deeply influenced western science. It served as the basis for Kepler's "harmonices mundi" and Leibniz's "pre-established harmony". Albert Einstein believed that through this "pre-established harmony", the productive unison between the spiritual and material world was possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291170 | 390,728 |
1,805,632 | During the seven NASA-Mir flights, seven U.S. astronauts trained and flew jointly with 12 Russian cosmonauts over a total period of 977 days (the average stay was 140 days) of spaceflight, which occurred during the period from March 1995 to June 1998. The major contribution of the joint U.S./Russian effort on the Mir space station relevant to the current risk topic was the first use of MRI to investigate volume changes in the skeletal muscles of astronauts and cosmonauts exposed to long-duration spaceflight. This began with the first joint mission, Mir-18, and continued until the final Mir-25 mission. The data indicated that loss of muscle volume, particularly in the legs and back, was greater than with short-duration spaceflight but not as great as the data from short-duration flight might have predicted. A comparison between volume losses in the selected muscle groups in short-duration spaceflight on the Space Shuttle, long-duration (119 d) bed rest, and a (115 d) Shuttle-Mir mission demonstrates the relative time course of the losses (figure 6-9). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39377992 | 1,804,617 |
514,341 | Edward Chamberlin is thought to have conducted "not only the first market experiment, but also the first economic experiment of any kind." Vernon Smith, drawing on Chamberlin's work, but also modifying it in key respects, conducted pioneering economics experiments on the convergence of prices and quantities to their theoretical competitive equilibrium values in experimental markets. Smith studied the behavior of "buyers" and "sellers", who are told how much they "value" a fictitious commodity and then are asked to competitively "bid" or "ask" on these commodities following the rules of various real world market institutions (e.g., the Double auction as well the English and Dutch auctions). Smith found that in some forms of centralized trading, prices and quantities traded in such markets converge on the values that would be predicted by the economic theory of perfect competition, despite the conditions not meeting many of the assumptions of perfect competition (large numbers, perfect information). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 | 514,075 |
238,787 | In his 2004 textbook, David Watt writes that "single-entry multi-exit control flows are often desirable". Using Tennent's framework notion of sequencer, Watt uniformly describes the control flow constructs found in contemporary programming languages and attempts to explain why certain types of sequencers are preferable to others in the context of multi-exit control flows. Watt writes that unrestricted gotos (jump sequencers) are bad because the destination of the jump is not self-explanatory to the reader of a program until the reader finds and examines the actual label or address that is the target of the jump. In contrast, Watt argues that the conceptual intent of a return sequencer is clear from its own context, without having to examine its destination. Watt writes that a class of sequencers known as "escape sequencers", defined as a "sequencer that terminates execution of a textually enclosing command or procedure", encompasses both breaks from loops (including multi-level breaks) and return statements. Watt also notes that while jump sequencers (gotos) have been somewhat restricted in languages like C, where the target must be an inside the local block or an encompassing outer block, that restriction alone is not sufficient to make the intent of gotos in C self-describing and so they can still produce "spaghetti code". Watt also examines how exception sequencers differ from escape and jump sequencers; this is explained in the next section of this article. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27695 | 238,667 |
7,106 | In the USAF's FY 2015 budget, the service considered retiring the A-10 and other single-mission aircraft, prioritizing multi-mission aircraft; cutting a whole fleet and its infrastructure was seen as the only method for major savings. The U.S. Army had expressed interest in obtaining some A-10s should the Air Force retire them, but later stated there was "no chance" of that happening. The U.S. Air Force stated that retirement would save $3.7 billion from 2015 to 2019. The prevalence of guided munitions allows more aircraft to perform the CAS mission and reduces the requirement for specialized aircraft; since 2001 multirole aircraft and bombers have performed 80 percent of operational CAS missions. The Air Force also said that the A-10 was more vulnerable to advanced anti-aircraft defenses, but the Army replied that the A-10 had proved invaluable because of its versatile weapons loads, psychological impact, and limited logistics needs on ground support systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 | 7,103 |
1,754,030 | The comments above are all one part of how the skeleton responds to loading, because the different bones of the skeleton have a range of habitual strain environments (encompassing magnitude, rate, frequency, rest periods, etc.), and they are not uniform. The numbers in the table are only theoretical and may reflect the response of the center of a long bone under specific circumstances. Other parts of the same bone and other bones in the same individual experience different loading and adapt to them despite different thresholds between disuse, maintenance and adaptive formation. Furthermore, bone structure is controlled by a complex series of different influences, such as calcium status, the effects of hormones, age, diet, sex, disease, and pharmaceuticals. A bone experiencing what would in some circumstances be seen as a stimulus to form more material could either be maintained at a constant level where circulating calcium was low, or the same loading could merely temper the amount of resorption experienced in an old person with a bone-wasting disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13955557 | 1,753,040 |
447,691 | By the end of the 9th century, economic, and social conditions dictated a greater need for metal for agriculture, arms, stirrups, and decoration. Consequently, conditions began to favor metallurgy and a slow but steady general progress developed. Starting from the reign of the emperor Otto I in the 960s, smelting sites were multiplied. New mines were discovered and exploited, like the well-known Mines of Rammelsberg, close to the town of Goslar in the Harz Mountains. Open-cast mining and metallurgical activities were mostly concentrated in the Eastern Alps, Saxony, Bohemia, Tuscany, the Rhineland, Gaul, and Spain (Nef 1987). It was mainly German miners and metallurgists who were the generators of metal production, but the French and Flemish made contributions to the developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20254389 | 447,474 |
2,247,462 | Playing most of their non-conference schedule at home, Penn State rose up the rankings with a hot start to the season. The team cooled off when their conference schedule began and the Nittany Lions could not find any consistency for several months. Penn State ended up a game below .500 in the Big Ten standings and faced the prospect of having to win the Big Ten Tournament to receive an NCAA berth. After a rocky start the Nittany Lions overcame Wisconsin in the quarterfinal round, then pulled off an upset over top-ranked Ohio State to set PSU against Notre Dame. Both teams faced a win or go home scenario and played a close game throughout. The Fighting Irish gained three separate 1-goal leads and they were able to keep their final edge, holding Penn State off in the third period despite a barrage of shots from the Lions' nation-leading offense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67044218 | 2,246,190 |
994,268 | Some non-obvious examples where dative bonding is claimed to be important include carbon suboxide (O≡C → C ← C≡O), tetraaminoallenes (described using dative bond language as "carbodicarbenes"; (RN)C → C ← C(NR)), the Ramirez carbodiphosphorane (PhP → C ← PPh), and bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium cation (PhP → N ← PPh), all of which exhibit considerably bent equilibrium geometries, though with a shallow barrier to bending. Simple application of the normal rules for drawing Lewis structures by maximizing bonding (using electron-sharing bonds) and minimizing formal charges would predict heterocumulene structures, and therefore linear geometries, for each of these compounds. Thus, these molecules are claimed to be better modeled as coordination complexes of :C: (carbon(0) or carbone) or :N: (mononitrogen cation) with CO, PPh, or "N-"heterocycliccarbenes as ligands, the lone-pairs on the central atom accounting for the bent geometry. However, the usefulness of this view is disputed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 | 993,751 |
2,055,888 | The Chorus performs annually during Convocation, First-Year Parents Weekend, Homecoming, Senior Week, Commencement, and Reunion Weekend. In addition to the concerts on campus, the Chorus also has experience in professional settings, working under the baton of Nadia Boulanger, Eugene Ormandy, Erich Leinsdorf, Michael Tilson Thomas, Julius Rudel, and Karel Husa on the stages of Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, the Kennedy Center, the Philadelphia Academy of Music, and the Saratoga Performing Arts Center. The Chorus has also been featured on two nationwide broadcasts: a special half hour on CBS radio, and an appearance on PBS's MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour as part of an artistic feature on former director Susan Davenny Wyner. The Chorus has collaborated with world musician Samite of Uganda, participated in a production of Richard Einhorn's Voices of Light with Anonymous 4, and performed several major works with the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra, including Bach's Mass in B Minor, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, and Lili Boulanger's Du fond de l'abîme with the Cornell Symphony Orchestra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5365253 | 2,054,705 |
1,180,466 | In linguistics, semantic analysis is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, are often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic analysis. Semantics, although related to pragmatics, is distinct in that the former deals with word or sentence choice in any given context, while pragmatics considers the unique or particular meaning derived from context or tone. To reiterate in different terms, semantics is about universally coded meaning, and pragmatics, the meaning encoded in words that is then interpreted by an audience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3404049 | 1,179,842 |
2,121,046 | Scientists led by a Turkish astronomer from Ankara University discovered an exoplanet orbiting the giant star HD 208897, which is located at a distance of some 210 light years from the Earth. The exoplanet has a minimum mass of 1.4 Jupiter masses, and rotates its parent star from about 1.05 AU () away in every 353 days on a nearly circular orbit. The discovery is the result of a ten-year-long research work of precise radial-velocity method carried out by using the Coude Echelle Spectrograph (CES) installed on the 1.5-meter Russian-Turkish Telescope (RTT150). Follow-up observations at the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory (OAO) in Japan and the Ankara University Kreiken Observatory (AUKR) confirmed the discovery, which was made public on August 6, 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9040034 | 2,119,827 |
1,858,980 | How do farm households address the risk of income fluctuations and smooth their consumption? In northern Nigeria, Udry finds that households react to harvest shortfalls on their upland farm plots by selling their grain stocks (rather than their livestock) and prepare for such adverse shocks expected to occur in the near future by increasing their current saving. Similarly, Udry (with Marcel Fafchamps and Katherine Czukas) finds that, unlike hypothesized by the academic literature, livestock plays only a minor role in Burkinabé households' consumption smoothing, as livestock sales compensate only ca. 15-30% of the shortfall in household income attributable to village-level shocks such as droughts. More particularly, Udry finds (with Harounan Kazianga) that rural Burkinabé households appear to have been generally unable to effectively buffer their consumption against drought in 1981-85, with standard risk-coping strategies such as risk sharing and the use of assets as buffer stocks being either absent or insufficient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56516149 | 1,857,912 |
2,177,940 | The virus is also capable of taking a different pathway to replicate its DNA known as the lysogenic cycle. Instead of destroying the cellular DNA, the viral DNA integrates itself within it with the assistance of integrase, to become a silent provirus. This integration forms non-homologous single stranded bubbles of viral DNA. These regions are susceptible to damage, resulting in frame shifts, minute deletions, immunity regions, and silent genetic regions. These modifications, patterned with horizontal gene transfer between "E. coli" DNA and "CC30" DNA, allow for evolution to occur for the virus and bacterium. This patience illustrated by the virus allows for it to amplify its genetic material significantly through many "E. coli" generations. Also, as the integrated viral DNA is translated into mRNA, proteins are synthesized and are readily available for future virion formation. Once a stressor is induced onto the cell, the integration weakens and subsequently releases the viral genetic material. The virus now enters the lytic cycle and begins replication in the numerous bacteria cells it now occupies. As the lytic cycle progresses and the virions begin to infect new cells, the acquired "E. coli" genetic material can now be transduced into other cells as the bacteriophage reenters the lysogenic cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55698383 | 2,176,695 |
2,168,563 | The effect does appear to be confined to rich clusters, at least as rich or richer than the Virgo cluster. Allington-Smith et al. (1993) observed galaxies in small groups out to a redshift of 0.5 and found no relation between the fraction of blue members and group richness; groups of all richnesses were observed to have similar high fractions of blue galaxies. Colless et al. (1990, 1993) have confirmed that better than 95% of blue field galaxies brighter than b = 22.5 are at redshifts less than z = 0.5, verifying at the 90% confidence level models predicting no luminosity evolution of the field galaxy population since z = 1. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Dressler et al. (1994) observed the cluster CL 0930+4713 at 0.41 and Couch et al. (1994) observed AC 114 at z = 0.31 and Abell 370 at "z" = 0.37. These authors independently arrived at the conclusion that every observation of a merger between cluster members, both of which showed blue colors, had the spectroscopic signature of a starburst or post-starburst object. It is plausible therefore, that the Butcher–Oemler effect may be partially the result of galaxy–galaxy mergers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22757248 | 2,167,326 |
1,609,713 | MOFs have been explored for electrolysis to enhance the rate and selectivity of reactions. Owing to their high surface area they can provide large number of interaction site for the reaction, conductivity of the material allows charge transfer during the electrocatalytic process. Two Cobalt based MOFs Co-BHT (Benzenehexathiol) and Co-HTTP (Hexathioltriphenylene) have been investigated for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this report, overpotential values for Co-BHT and Co-HTTP are found to be 340 mV and 530 mV respectively at pH 1.3. The tafel slopes are between 149 and 189 mV dec at pH 4.2. Ultrathin sheets of Co-HAB MOF have been found to be catalytically active for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Overpotential for this MOF was 310 mV at 10 mA cm in 1M KOH. Authors claimed that the ultrathin sheets were better than nanoparticles/thick sheets/bulk Co-HAB MOF because of favourable electrode kinetics. A 2-D conductive MOF has also been employed as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Ni(HITP) MOF film on glassy carbon electrode in their study showed a potential of 820 mV at 50 μA in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66981695 | 1,608,808 |
2,077,712 | Like all other rowing events at the 1984 Summer Olympics, the result was influenced by the absence of strong competitors due to the Eastern Bloc boycott. The last two world champions from the Soviet Union and East Germany were absent; Irina Fetisova of the Soviet Union had won the 1982 World Rowing Championships in Switzerland, and East German Jutta Behrendt had become world champion in 1983. Sanda Toma, the winner of the 1980 Olympic event and 1981 world champion, had since retired. World championship medallists competing in this event were Beryl Mitchell from Great Britain, who had come second in 1981, and Valeria Răcilă of Romania and Stephanie Foster of New Zealand, who had won silver and bronze in 1982, respectively. Of all those, the Romanian was regarded as the favourite. Another competitor to be regarded as one of the favourites was María Fernanda de la Fuente of Mexico, who had come second in the 1983 Pan American Games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52147466 | 2,076,513 |
1,010,571 | The glycocalyx is located on the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells which line the lumen. When vessels are stained with cationic dyes such as Alcian blue stain, transmission electron microscopy shows a small, irregularly shaped layer extending approximately 50–100 nm into the lumen of a blood vessel. Another study used osmium tetroxide staining during freeze substitution, and showed that the endothelial glycocalyx could be up to 11 μm thick. It is present throughout a diverse range of microvascular beds (capillaries) and macrovessels (arteries and veins). The glycocalyx also consists of a wide range of enzymes and proteins that regulate leukocyte and thrombocyte adherence, since its principal role in the vasculature is to maintain plasma and vessel-wall homeostasis. These enzymes and proteins include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=961291 | 1,010,050 |
1,597,362 | Running head to head against her chief rivals, JJK recorded an Olympic heptathlon best 12.69 in the third heat of the first event, the 100 metres hurdles. John's 12.85 still left her 25 points behind. In the high jump JJK jumped clean through 1.83, which is where Behmer topped out and John could not clear, then she made 1.86 on her second attempt to tie three others for the event lead. After 2 events, JJK already had over a hundred-point lead. The competition appeared settled, the world record was clearly her target as her husband/coach reinforced with every instruction from the stands. In John's best event, the shot put, her 16.23m did gain 28 points on Joyner-Kersee's second place 15.80m lifetime personal best, nobody else was less than a metre behind John. Concluding the first day, Joyner-Kersee's Olympic heptathlon best 22.56 left Behmer in second place, more than a half second behind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14949593 | 1,596,463 |
375,118 | The main university library is located in the middle of the main campus. It houses approximately 1,265,000 books and over 13 km of archives and manuscripts. The main library houses services to support Research and Teaching practice and collaboration between departments. The Wolfson Research Exchange opened in October 2008 and provides collaboration spaces (both physical and virtual), seminar rooms, conference facilities and study areas for Postgraduate Research students. The Teaching Grid, which opened in 2008, is a flexible space which allows teaching staff to try out new technologies and techniques. Adjacent to the main library building is the Modern Records Centre, a sizeable archive collection, including the UK's largest industrial relations collection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61115 | 374,923 |
615,838 | A regimental coat of arms was devised for the Medical Department and was most likely first used in 1818. The twenty white stars on a blue background and the red and white stripes represent the U.S. flag of 1818. The green staff entwined with a green serpent combined two symbols: the rod of Asclepius from classical mythology symbolizing medicine and healing, along with the color green associated with the Medical Corps during the last half of the 19th Century. The colors Argent (silver/white) and Gules (red) are associated with the flag of the United States. The rooster is associated with the ancient Greek and Roman god of healing and medicine, Aesculapius. The ancient Greeks believed that the rooster's crowing at dawn drove away the evil disease-spreading demons from the temples so that it could be a place of healing. The torse (twisted rope) below the rooster shows alternating blue and silver colors which were representative of the Army in 1818. The Latin motto "Experientia et Progressus" (Experience and Progress) is meant to convey the steady and unfailing progress of the Army Medical Department since 1775. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2344754 | 615,524 |
1,620,383 | Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder that presents with variable clinical abnormalities including dysmorphic features, severe growth retardation, global developmental delay, and intellectual disability. The frequency varies from 1:10 000 to 1:30 000 live births without differences between ethnic groups. SMC1A is one of five genes that have been implicated in CdLS. Pathogenic variants in "SMC1A", missense and small in frame deletions, are associated with CdLS. "SMC1A" variants, which maintain the frame of their encoded proteins, are associated with milder CdLS phenotypes with moderate neurocognitive disability and a paucity of major structural defects. The phenotype of "SMC1A" affected males is more severe than that of mutated females. Since "SMC1A" escapes X inactivation, it has been hypothesized that the mechanism in affected females is the dominant-negative effect of the mutated protein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12035645 | 1,619,468 |
383,860 | The earliest surviving documentary evidence for cannons in the Islamic world is from an Arabic manuscript dated to the early 14th century. The author's name is uncertain but may have been Shams al-Din Muhammad, who died in 1350. Dating from around 1320–1350, the illustrations show gunpowder weapons such as gunpowder arrows, bombs, fire tubes, and fire lances or proto-guns. The manuscript describes a type of gunpowder weapon called a "midfa" which uses gunpowder to shoot projectiles out of a tube at the end of a stock. Some consider this to be a cannon while others do not. The problem with identifying cannons in early 14th century Arabic texts is the term "midfa", which appears from 1342 to 1352 but cannot be proven to be true hand-guns or bombards. Contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365. Needham believes that in its original form the term "midfa" refers to the tube or cylinder of a naphtha projector (flamethrower), then after the invention of gunpowder it meant the tube of fire lances, and eventually it applied to the cylinder of hand-gun and cannon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12063194 | 383,665 |
912,357 | Nitrogen is a valuable substrate that can be utilized in algal growth. Various sources of nitrogen can be used as a nutrient for algae, with varying capacities. Nitrate was found to be the preferred source of nitrogen, in regards to amount of biomass grown. Urea is a readily available source that shows comparable results, making it an economical substitute for nitrogen source in large scale culturing of algae. Despite the clear increase in growth in comparison to a nitrogen-less medium, it has been shown that alterations in nitrogen levels affect lipid content within the algal cells. In one study nitrogen deprivation for 72 hours caused the total fatty acid content (on a per cell basis) to increase by 2.4-fold. 65% of the total fatty acids were esterified to triacylglycerides in oil bodies, when compared to the initial culture, indicating that the algal cells utilized de novo synthesis of fatty acids. It is vital for the lipid content in algal cells to be of high enough quantity, while maintaining adequate cell division times, so parameters that can maximize both are under investigation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14205946 | 911,878 |
441,719 | Initially, when the techniques were developed to make replantation possible, success was defined in terms of a survival of the amputated part alone. However, as more experience was gained in this field, surgeons specializing in replantation began to understand that survival of the amputated piece was not enough to ensure success of the replant. In this way, functional demands of the amputated specimen became paramount in guiding which amputated pieces should and should not be replanted. Additional concerns about the patient's ability to tolerate the long rehabilitation process that is necessary after replantation both on physical and psychological levels also became important. So, when fingers are amputated, for instance, a replantation surgeon must seriously consider the contribution of the finger to the overall function of the hand. In this way, every attempt will be made to salvage an amputated thumb, since a great deal of hand function is dependent on the thumb, while an index finger or small finger might not be replanted, depending on the individual needs of the patient and the ability of the patient to tolerate a long surgery and a long course of rehabilitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1439268 | 441,504 |
1,144,140 | In 1982, the French government funded a research project for the evaluation of the MT74 tables using computer analysis of the dive report database, which indicated that the MT74 tables had limitations for severe exposures. The government then supported a second project to develop and validate new tables. A complete set of air tables, with options of pure oxygen breathing at 6 m (surface supplied), at 12 m (wet bell), surface decompression, split level diving, repetitive diving, etc. was developed in 1983. This early model already implemented the concept of continuous compartment half-times. For the safe ascent criteria, the Arterial Bubble model was not derived mathematically, but an approximation was defined empirically by fitting mathematical expressions to selected exposures from the Comex database. At the time, the best fit was obtained by the expression now called AB Model-1, which was used to compute a set of decompression tables that was evaluated offshore on selected Comex worksites. In 1986, after some minor adjustments, the tables were included in the Comex diving manuals and used as standard procedures. In 1992, the tables were included in the new French diving regulations under the name of Tables du Ministère du Travail 1992 or MT92 tables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38811886 | 1,143,539 |
7,318 | During STS-120 in 2007 and following the relocation of the P6 truss and solar arrays, it was noted during unfurling that the solar array had torn and was not deploying properly. An EVA was carried out by Scott Parazynski, assisted by Douglas Wheelock. Extra precautions were taken to reduce the risk of electric shock, as the repairs were carried out with the solar array exposed to sunlight. The issues with the array were followed in the same year by problems with the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), which rotates the arrays on the starboard side of the station. Excessive vibration and high-current spikes in the array drive motor were noted, resulting in a decision to substantially curtail motion of the starboard SARJ until the cause was understood. Inspections during EVAs on STS-120 and STS-123 showed extensive contamination from metallic shavings and debris in the large drive gear and confirmed damage to the large metallic bearing surfaces, so the joint was locked to prevent further damage. Repairs to the joints were carried out during STS-126 with lubrication and the replacement of 11 out of 12 trundle bearings on the joint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15043 | 7,315 |
1,590,347 | In addition to accommodation, the Hanford camp contained other buildings and facilities. Mess halls and recreation halls were operated by the Olympic Commissary Company under subcontract to DuPont. The original grocery and clothing stores remained in operation, and DuPont leased other stores, the number of which gradually expanded over time, to private operators. The Hanford camp contained two garages and service stations, a laundry, a bank, a post office and a bus station. There was a hospital, churches, a library, and police and fire stations. Before the Manhattan District arrived, the school had about 65 students. When the fall term commenced on 14 September 1943, it had 560 students and 18 teachers. In the 1943–1944 school year there were 1,891 students and 38 teachers. This year was its last; the school closed on 13 February 1945. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72002318 | 1,589,453 |
211,982 | Most amphipods are detritivores or scavengers, with some being grazers of algae, omnivores or predators of small insects and crustaceans. Food is grasped with the front two pairs of legs, which are armed with large claws. More immobile species of amphipods eat higher quantities of less nutritious food rather than actively seeking more nutritious food. This is a type of compensatory feeding. This behaviour may have evolved to minimise predation risk when searching for other foods. "Ampithoe longimana", for example, is more sedentary than other species and have been observed to remain on host plants longer. In fact, when presented with both high- and low-nutrition food options, the sedentary species "Ampithoe longimana" does not distinguish between the two options. Other amphipod species, such as "Gammarus mucronatus" and "Elasmopus levis", which have superior predator avoidance and are more mobile, are better able to pursue different food sources. In species without the compensatory feeding ability, survivorship, fertility, and growth can be strongly negatively affected in the absence of high-quality food. Compensatory feeding may also explain the year-round presence of "A. longimana" in certain waters. Because algal presence changes throughout the year in certain communities, the evolution of flexible feeding techniques such as compensatory feeding may have been beneficial to survival. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=431746 | 211,874 |
1,178,381 | Evidence indicates that Antarctic bottom water production through the Holocene (last 10,000 years) is not in a steady-state condition; that is to say that bottom water production sites shift along the Antarctic margin over decade to century timescales as conditions for the existence of polynyas change. For example, the calving of the Mertz Glacier, which occurred on 12–13 February 2010, dramatically changed the environment for producing bottom water, reducing export by up to 23% in the region of Adelie Land. Evidence from sediment cores, containing layers of cross-bedded sediments indicating phases of stronger bottom currents, collected on the Mac.Robertson shelf and Adélie Land suggests that they have switched "on" and "off" again as important bottom water production sites over the last several thousand years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4340750 | 1,177,757 |
51,846 | BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as five metres in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 15,000 metres. It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1.7 m. It can gain a speed of Mach 3.5, and has a maximum range of 650 km. The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814876 | 51,826 |
1,042,609 | Nakajima missed the next two events because of Super GT commitments. At the following round of the season, the 6 Hours of São Paulo, Wurz took the TS030 Hybrid's first pole position on his first timed lap which he improved on minutes later; he was nearly eight-tenths of a second faster than Audi's No. 2 car driven by Lucas di Grassi. Wurz and Lapierre maintained the No. 7's pole position advantage throughout most of the race, only ceding it to Audi during the pit stop cycles, to secure its first victory in the WEC. Lapierre qualified the No. 7 TS030 in third place for the 6 Hours of Bahrain behind the two rival Audi cars. Wurz started the car and used slower traffic to move into the lead 13 minutes into the race. Wurz and later Lapierre cemented their advantage at the front of the field over the next two hours until both illuminated number panels failed, forcing an unscheduled seven-minute pit stop for replacement car parts. Lapierre and later Wurz recovered to third place before Laiperre made contact with Jonny Kane in the No. 21 Strakka Racing HPD ARX-03a, damaging the No. 7 TS030 Hybrid's suspension. This caused him to abandon the car at the side of the track. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34484574 | 1,042,066 |
804,365 | Rotary-barrel firearms (or "rotary guns" for short) uses multiple paraxial barrels in a rotating assembly, with each barrel firing automatically when rotated to a designated position, to achieve a rate of fire proportional to the speed of the barrel rotation. Rotary guns are typically belt-fed, though the earlier versions used top-mounted box magazines. Each barrel is paired with a cam-driven reciprocating action, so every barrel-action group is technically an independent "repeater" unit whose operating status corresponds to its rotational position within the assembly, and at any moment all the groups are at different stages of operating cycle to each other. Due to their capability to tolerate extremely rapid-firing (much higher than single-barreled automatic weapons of the same caliber), rotary guns are frequently used to deliver direct saturation fire for suppression and area denial. Early rotary guns are manually powered, and though quite successful at the time, was largely replaced from the battlefield before the turn of the 20th century by newer and more reliable machine guns such as the Maxim gun, but made a comeback during the Cold War in the form of automatic rotary cannons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65681263 | 803,936 |
1,283,972 | He received a total of about six weeks of formal classroom schooling in the local public schools during his childhood. He was greatly influenced early in his life by his mother's virtues and religious values. Burt's father sent him to the district school for a total of three weeks to begin studies in geometry, surveying, and navigation. He was also home-schooled by Thomas Brown, one of their neighbors, an immigrant who at his homeland of Scotland was a college instructor. Burt was eager to learn so when he was about twelve years of age he constructed a special purpose bench book holder so he could multi-task of being able to read at the same time while performing his required duty of making shingles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399453 | 1,283,273 |
877,886 | One disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers of the system must thus introduce measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results, and from using the system as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly to different nodes (presumably with different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report the same answer for a given work unit. Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious nodes. However, due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that nodes will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or dial-up Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results in expected time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49373 | 877,424 |
394,776 | In 1993, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) established the face recognition technology program FERET to develop "automatic face recognition capabilities" that could be employed in a productive real life environment "to assist security, intelligence, and law enforcement personnel in the performance of their duties." Face recognition systems that had been trialed in research labs were evaluated and the FERET tests found that while the performance of existing automated facial recognition systems varied, a handful of existing methods could viably be used to recognize faces in still images taken in a controlled environment. The FERET tests spawned three US companies that sold automated facial recognition systems. Vision Corporation and Miros Inc were both founded in 1994, by researchers who used the results of the FERET tests as a selling point. Viisage Technology was established by a identification card defense contractor in 1996 to commercially exploit the rights to the facial recognition algorithm developed by Alex Pentland at MIT. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602401 | 394,581 |
2,011,014 | Throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the overall structure of chromosome ends is conserved and is characterized by the telomeric tract - a series of short G-rich repeats. This is succeeded by an extensive subtelomeric region consisting of various types and lengths of repeats - the telomere associated sequences (TAS). These regions are generally low in gene density, low in transcription, low in recombination, late replicating, are involved in protecting the end from degradation and end-to-end fusions and in completing replication. The subtelomeric repeats can rescue chromosome ends when telomerase fails, buffer subtelomerically located genes against transcriptional silencing and protect the genome from deleterious rearrangements due to ectopic recombination. They may also be involved in fillers for increasing chromosome size to some minimum threshold level necessary for chromosome stability; act as barriers against transcriptional silencing; provide a location for the adaptive amplification of genes; and be involved in secondary mechanism of telomere maintenance via recombination when telomerase activity is absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4723494 | 2,009,861 |
2,142,702 | The top seven seeds each successfully reached the quarter-finals, which began just before midday on 23 August. The match between Choirunisa and Chang featured the biggest upset, with Chang delivering an uneven performance typified by a pair of sevens in her third set and the failure to win the fifth set to tie the game, allowing the Indonesian to take an unexpected victory by seven set points to three and advance to the semi-final. The "Korea JoongAng Daily" suggested Chang's defeat was due to the pressure placed upon her shoulders from national expectations to win gold medals in both the women's team recurve and the mixed recurve events, in addition to the women's individual recurve. South Korea's hopes of a gold medal were therefore pinned on top seed Kang, who had earlier dispatched Cao Hui of China in four sets to set up a semi-final tie with Cao's compatriot Zhang Xinyan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58228955 | 2,141,471 |
512,527 | Following the on 27 August, the teams conducted a four-day testing session at Monza and concentrated on optimising their car set-ups for low downforce. Arrows' Jos Verstappen set the quickest times on the first day, ahead of Sauber's Pedro Diniz. Coulthard was quickest on the second day. Benetton driver Giancarlo Fisichella crashed at high speed into the Ascari chicane, bringing a brief halt to testing. He visited Rome to undergo a medical examination and was diagnosed with an inflamed tendon in his right ankle, but was cleared to race having been advised to take five days of rest. Jacques Villeneuve set the quickest times on the third day for BAR as rain shortened the team's running. Minardi's Gastón Mazzacane had a high speed accident at the Ascari chicane, forcing testing to be stopped. Ralf Schumacher was fastest on testing's fourth and final day. Michael Schumacher's car developed a malfunction and pulled off the race track, limiting Ferrari's testing time as the car's power unit was changed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1123405 | 512,261 |
2,131,767 | In insects, CSPs are found throughout the whole insect development process from eggs and larvae to nymphal and adult stages [4, 16-19]. In locusts, they are mainly expressed in the antennae, tarsi and legs, and found to be associated with phase change [3-4, 20-22]. CSPs are not the apanage of insects. They are also expressed in many various organisms such as crustacean, shrimp and many other arthropod species [23]. However, they are not specific to the arthropod kingdom. They are also expressed at the level of the bacterial superkingdom, demonstrating their existence not only in eukaryotes, but also in prokaryote organisms [23-24]. Prokaryote CSPs are twins or identical twins to insect CSPs [24]. They have been reported from bacterial species such as coccobacillus Acinetobacter baumannii, Macrococcus/Staphylococcus caseolyticus, the filamentous actinomycete Kitasatospora griseola, an Actinobacteria genus in the family Streptomycetaceae, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) which are known as common bacteria from the digestive tract, main prokaryotic secondary metabolites, opportunistic multi-drug resistant pathogens, high positive cytochrome c oxidase reactions, and symbionts of multiple insect species [24]. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14085336 | 2,130,542 |
1,077,438 | They assessed Plantinga's main argument—which asserts that since the reliability of evolutionary naturalism is low or of inscrutable value, those believing it should withhold assent from its reliability, and thus withhold assent from anything else they believe including evolutionary naturalism, which is therefore self-defeating—and found it unconvincing, having already disputed his argument that the reliability is low. Even if "E&N" defeated the claim that 'at least 90% of our beliefs are true,' they considered that Plantinga must show that it also defeats the more modest claim that 'at least a non-negligible minority of our beliefs are true'. They considered his sentiment that high probability is required for rational belief to be repudiated by philosophical lessons such as the lottery paradox, and that each step in his argument requires principles different from those he had described. They concluded that Plantinga has drawn attention to unreliability of cognitive processes that is already taken into account by evolutionary scientists who accept that science is a fallible exercise, and appreciate the need to be as scrupulous as possible with the fallible cognitive processes available. His hyperbolic doubt as a defeater for evolutionary naturalism is equally a defeater for theists who rely on their belief that their mind was designed by a non-deceiving God, and neither "can construct a non-question-begging argument that refutes global skepticism." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7322651 | 1,076,883 |
28,316 | The length and density of the fur vary depending on the environment that the species inhabits. In warm climate species, the fur is often short in length and lighter. In cold climate species, the fur is either dense or long, often with an oily substance that helps to retain heat. The pelage coloration differs between species, often including black, white, orange, yellow, red, and many shades of grey and brown. Some are striped, spotted, blotched, banded, or otherwise boldly patterned. There seems to be a correlation between habitat and color pattern; for example spotted or banded species tend to be found in heavily forested environments. Some species like the grey wolf are polymorphic with different individual having different coat colors. The arctic fox ("Vulpes lagopus") and the stoat ("Mustela erminea") have fur that changes from white and dense in the winter to brown and sparse in the summer. In pinnipeds, polar bears, and sea otters a thick insulating layer of blubber helps maintain their body temperature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5221 | 28,306 |
919,746 | In 2020, PHC's website listed eighteen full-time professors, of which fifteen held at least one doctorate. As of the same year, PHC also listed twenty-seven part-time faculty, all of whom have received a master's degree or higher. Chancellor Emeritus Mike Farris has a J.D., has authored several novels and critiques of constitutional law, and has argued numerous cases before federal and state high courts, as well as the United States Supreme Court. In addition to serving as Chancellor Emeritus of Patrick Henry College, he is also chairman and General Counsel of the Home School Legal Defense Association. in 2017, Michael P. Farris accepted a position at Alliance Defending Freedom where he is currently the president and CEO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025788 | 919,260 |
133,884 | A governing council served the empire, with clear executive divisions. Each acquired region was assigned a local administrator. Families served in king-making capacities. Oyo, as a northern Yoruba kingdom, served as middle-man in the north–south trade and connecting the eastern forest of Guinea with the western and central Sudan, the Sahara, and North Africa. The Yoruba manufactured cloth, ironware, and pottery, which were exchanged for salt, leather, and most importantly horses from the Sudan to maintain the cavalry. Oyo remained strong for two hundred years. It became a protectorate of Great Britain in 1888, before further fragmenting into warring factions. The Oyo state ceased to exist as any sort of power in 1896. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14099 | 133,831 |
27,774 | Having settled permanently at Frombork, where he would reside to the end of his life, with interruptions in 1516–19 and 1520–21, Copernicus found himself at the Warmia chapter's economic and administrative center, which was also one of Warmia's two chief centers of political life. In the difficult, politically complex situation of Warmia, threatened externally by the Teutonic Order's aggressions (attacks by Teutonic bands; the Polish-Teutonic War of 1519–21; Albert's plans to annex Warmia), internally subject to strong separatist pressures (the selection of the prince-bishops of Warmia; currency reform), he, together with part of the chapter, represented a program of strict cooperation with the Polish Crown and demonstrated in all his public activities (the defense of his country against the Order's plans of conquest; proposals to unify its monetary system with the Polish Crown's; support for Poland's interests in the Warmia dominion's ecclesiastic administration) that he was consciously a citizen of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic. Soon after the death of uncle Bishop Watzenrode, he participated in the signing of the Second Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (7 December 1512), governing the appointment of the Bishop of Warmia, declaring, despite opposition from part of the chapter, for loyal cooperation with the Polish Crown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323592 | 27,764 |
387,189 | This DNA based molecular phylogenetic research confirmed on the one hand that the monocots remained as a well defined monophyletic group or clade, in contrast to the other historical divisions of the flowering plants, which had to be substantially reorganized. No longer could the angiosperms be simply divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons; it was apparent that the monocotyledons were but one of a relatively large number of defined groups within the angiosperms. Correlation with morphological criteria showed that the defining feature was not cotyledon number but the separation of angiosperms into two major pollen types, uniaperturate (monosulcate and monosulcate-derived) and triaperturate (tricolpate and tricolpate-derived), with the monocots situated within the uniaperturate groups. The formal taxonomic ranking of Monoctyledons thus became replaced with monocots as an informal clade. This is the name that has been most commonly used since the publication of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system in 1998 and regularly updated since. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55625 | 386,994 |
1,137,315 | Siegfried raises funds for the South Bend Homeless Shelter through its annual Day of Man fundraiser. On this cold February day, the Ramblers venture out in only T-shirts, flip-flops, and shorts. Siegfried residents are involved in activities ranging from the Notre Dame Marching Band to leadership roles in various clubs. Siegfried hosts two dances each year. The Winter Formal is held at the Warren Clubhouse. It is the only dance held at the Warren Golf Club, and is usually held the first weekend in December. Siegfried's annual retreat usually takes place in March, in a variety of places including in a state park, and across the lakes. Siegfried has a strong tradition of interhall athletic competition. The coat of arms features three gray chevrons gray on a maroon field, the colors of Siegfried. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15873547 | 1,136,722 |
2,011,083 | NCF-Envirothon is an annual environmentally themed academic competition for high school aged students organized by the NCF-Envirothon a program of the National Conservation Foundation. The competition is held by the United States and Canada on a regional, state, and bi-national level. Envirothon combines in-class and hands-on environmental education in a competition setting which involves a problem-solving presentation as well as written field tests. The competition tests students on five core subjects- aquatic ecology, forestry, soils and land use, wildlife- along with a fifth annually-changing subtopic which focuses on relevant environmental issues. Currently, roughly 500,000 students from forty-five U.S. states and nine Canadian provinces/territories participate in the competition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1906920 | 2,009,930 |
1,167,143 | The Sun's primary energy source is hydrogen fusion to helium at about 15 million degrees. The proton–proton chain reactions dominate, they occur at much lower energies although much more slowly than catalytic hydrogen fusion through CNO cycle reactions. Nuclear astrophysics gives a picture of the Sun's energy source producing a lifetime consistent with the age of the Solar System derived from meteoritic abundances of lead and uranium isotopes —an age of about 4.5 billion years. The core hydrogen burning of stars, as it now occurs in the Sun, defines the main sequence of stars, illustrated in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that classifies stages of stellar evolution. The Sun's lifetime of H burning via pp-chains is about 9 billion years. This primarily is determined by extremely slow production of deuterium, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5470137 | 1,166,525 |
2,029,921 | After two years working at Procter & Gamble, he was hired by John Tukey to work in the nascent statistics group at Bell Telephone Laboratories and became a department head shortly afterwards. He worked closely with Martin Wilk, with whom he wrote a number of papers on graphical methods for data analysis. The most widely cited of these (Wilk and Gnanadesikan, 1968) describes the Q–Q and [[P–P plots, which are used to compare different statistical distributions. This work arose in part out of work in speaker recognition, as it was found that the statistical distribution of energy across frequency bands was different for different speakers. His highly-cited 1977 monograph on multivariate data analysis has been translated into Japanese and Russian and a second edition was published in 1997. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27240416 | 2,028,753 |
1,032,846 | In 1980, Carlo Mauri, an Italian mountaineer, explorer, and photojournalist, on the urgings of his Russian colleague Yuri Senkevich, travelled to Kurgan, in the Soviet Union. He was to be treated by Ilizarov for a tibial fracture that healed incorrectly after a skiing accident ten years earlier. Italian doctors had long given up hope of any surgical improvement to the leg. Ilizarov distracted the stiff non-union in his tibia by 2 cm, healing the pseudarthrosis, corrected an equinus deformity by distraction and lengthened his leg. Mauri dubbed Ilizarov "the Michelangelo of Orthopaedics". On his return to Italy, the healing of Mauri's leg amazed orthopaedic surgeons. Subsequent to this, Ilizarov was invited by Antonio Bianchi-Maiocchi and Roberto Cattaneo to be a guest speaker at the AO Italy conference in 1981 in Bellagio. He gave three lectures at the conferences to more than 200 participants from Italy, France, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. At the end of the lectures, Ilizarov earned a ten-minute standing ovation. This was the first time Ilizarov spoke outside of the Iron Curtain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5163140 | 1,032,310 |
1,552,252 | The Tuskegee syphilis experiment is probably the most infamous case of unethical medical experimentation in the United States. Starting in 1932, investigators recruited 399 impoverished African-American sharecroppers with syphilis for research related to the natural progression of the untreated disease, in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. By 1947, penicillin had become the standard treatment for syphilis, but the Tuskegee scientists decided to withhold penicillin (and information about it) from the patients. The study continued under numerous supervisors until 1972, when a leak to the press resulted in its termination. Victims included a number of men who died of syphilis, their wives who contracted the disease, and some children who were born with syphilis. Even when the results were made public, the initial reaction of the medical scientific community was to exonerate the study and criticize the popular press for interfering with the research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26776184 | 1,551,371 |
868,861 | Gas vacuoles are membrane-bound, spindle-shaped vesicles, found in some planktonic bacteria and "Cyanobacteria", that provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density. Positive buoyancy is needed to keep the cells in the upper reaches of the water column, so that they can continue to perform photosynthesis. They are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from condensing inside) but permeable to most gases. Because the gas vesicle is a hollow cylinder, it is liable to collapse when the surrounding pressure increases. Natural selection has fine tuned the structure of the gas vesicle to maximise its resistance to buckling, including an external strengthening protein, GvpC, rather like the green thread in a braided hosepipe. There is a simple relationship between the diameter of the gas vesicle and pressure at which it will collapse – the wider the gas vesicle the weaker it becomes. However, wider gas vesicles are more efficient, providing more buoyancy per unit of protein than narrow gas vesicles. Different species produce gas vesicle of different diameter, allowing them to colonise different depths of the water column (fast growing, highly competitive species with wide gas vesicles in the top most layers; slow growing, dark-adapted, species with strong narrow gas vesicles in the deeper layers). The diameter of the gas vesicle will also help determine which species survive in different bodies of water. Deep lakes that experience winter mixing expose the cells to the hydrostatic pressure generated by the full water column. This will select for species with narrower, stronger gas vesicles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4209093 | 868,401 |
1,247,811 | The most complete specimen of "Vancleavea" (GR 138) was around 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in length. However, isolated bones have shown that members of the genus could grow larger than GR 138. In particular, MCCDM 1745 from New Mexico may have reached a total length of . Imbricating osteoderms cover the entire body, the limbs are relatively short, and the skull is highly ossified. The supratemporal fenestra is absent, which may represent a secondary closure rather than a plesiomorphic trait. The nares open dorsally (i.e. nostrils face upward) and the jaw contains enlarged caniniform fangs. Each osteoderm possesses a pronounced central keel and an anterior projection. The ilium of "Vancleavea" resembles those of unrelated drepanosaurs. The unique morphology of "Vancleavea" differs greatly from any other known basal archosauriform. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25282954 | 1,247,135 |
320,729 | A swept wing has a higher lift coefficient on its outer panels than on the inner wing, causing them to reach their maximum lift capability first and to stall first. This is caused by the downwash pattern associated with swept/tapered wings. To delay tip stall the outboard wing is given washout to reduce its angle of attack. The root can also be modified with a suitable leading-edge and airfoil section to make sure it stalls before the tip. However, when taken beyond stalling incidence the tips may still become fully stalled before the inner wing despite initial separation occurring inboard. This causes pitch-up after the stall and entry to a super-stall on those aircraft with super-stall characteristics. Span-wise flow of the boundary layer is also present on swept wings and causes tip stall. The amount of boundary layer air flowing outboard can be reduced by generating vortices with a leading-edge device such as a fence, notch, saw tooth or a set of vortex generators behind the leading edge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=81511 | 320,557 |
1,279,690 | Upon advice of his parents, Morley entered Andover Theological Seminary in 1861, finishing in 1864. It was here, probably, that he acquired a good working knowledge of Hebrew. From 1866 to 1868 he was a teacher in a private school and later, in 1868, he was called to preach in a small country parish in Ohio. At about the same time, he was appointed professor of chemistry in Western Reserve College (then situated at Hudson, Ohio and later moved to Cleveland and renamed Case Western Reserve University), where he remained until his retirement in 1906. This appointment was the turning point in his career. In 1873 he also became professor of chemistry in Cleveland Medical College, but resigned this chair in 1888 to have more time for research. Just before moving to Hudson he married Miss Imbella A. Birdsall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173312 | 1,278,995 |
1,750,276 | The IGC Rwanda programme began operations in November 2010, at the request of President Paul Kagame. It operates under a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda) which requires that it "produce demand-driven research outputs that strengthen the evidence base for policy-making relevant to Rwanda’s long-run growth", with a focus on research and analysis under four main thematic areas: agriculture, infrastructure, macroeconomic policy and finance, and trade and industry. The IGC participated in a Rwanda Research Roundtable in 2014 as part of its partnership with the Rwandan government. A joint NAEB-IGC study on the Rwandan coffee sector found that Rwandan export revenues are affected by coffee washing stations operating below capacity, with the majority of the washing stations lacking funding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29572962 | 1,749,290 |
1,409,818 | However, applications for the terahertz regime, previously defined as the terahertz gap of 0.1 to 10 THz, is an impoverished regime by comparison. Sources for generating the required THz frequencies (or wavelength) exist, but other challenges hinder their usefulness. Terahertz laser devices are not compact and therefore lack portability and are not easily integrated into systems. In addition, low-power-consumption, solid state terahertz sources are lacking. Furthermore, the current devices also have one or more shortcomings of low power output, poor tuning abilities, and may require cryogenic liquids for operation (liquid helium). Additionally, this lack of appropriate sources hinders opportunities in spectroscopy, remote sensing, free space communications, and medical imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24386708 | 1,409,026 |
139,494 | Some federations allow single ply knee sleeves, which contestants can put on and off by themselves, and wraps for wrists in raw competition, while some don't and there are also some federations that hold raw records with and without wraps like GPA. Straps are also used, as help with deadlift in case of a weak grip but are not allowed by any federations in official competitions. A belt is the only supportive equipment that is allowed by all federations in raw competition. The use of supportive equipment distinguishes 'equipped' and 'un-equipped' or 'raw' divisions in the sport, and 'equipped' and 'unequipped' records in the competition lifts. The wide differences between equipped and unequipped records in the squat and bench suggest that supportive equipment confers a substantial advantage to lifters in these disciplines. This is less evident in the case of the deadlift, where the lack of an eccentric component to the lift minimizes how much elastic energy can be stored in a supportive suit. Supportive equipment should not be confused with the equipment on which the lifts are performed, such as a bench press bench, conventional or monolift stand for squat or the barbell and discs; nor with personal accessories such as a weightlifting belt that may allow greater weight to be lifted, but by mechanisms other than storing elastic energy. Chalk is commonly used by lifters to dry the hands, especially to reduce the risk of folding and pinching of skin while gripping the deadlift. Chalk can also be added to the shoulders for squatting and on the back for bench pressing to reduce sliding on the bench. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64223 | 139,437 |
12,792 | The first contract for 48 production aircraft was signed at the 2009 MAKS Air show in Moscow. In May 2011, Sukhoi delivered the first Su-35S to Akhtubinsk to conduct state joint tests with the Defence Ministry to prepare for operational service. The first of two stages of the trials commenced in August 2011. By March 2012, the two prototypes and four production aircraft were conducting flights to test the type's technical characteristics, which were assessed by the end of that year to have generally complied with requirements. A batch of six production aircraft was handed over in December 2012. In February 2013, five of these at the Gromov Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky started the second stage of the trials, focusing on the Su-35's weapons and combat maneuverability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314292 | 12,787 |
657,880 | In 1926 Krebs joined Otto Heinrich Warburg as a research assistant at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Dahlem, Berlin. He was paid a modest 4800 marks per year. After four years in 1930, with 16 publications to his credit, his mentor Warburg urged him to move on and he took up the position of Assistant in the Department of Medicine at the Municipal Hospital in Altona (now part of Hamburg). The next year he moved to the Medical Clinic of the University of Freiburg. At Freiburg he was in charge of about 40 patients, and was at liberty to do his own research. Before a year was over at Freiburg, he, with research student Kurt Henseleit, published their discovery of the ornithine cycle of urea synthesis, which is the metabolic pathway for urea formation. It is now known as the urea cycle, and is sometimes also referred to as the Krebs–Henseleit cycle. Together they also developed a complex aqueous solution (a buffer), or perfusion "ex vivo", for studying blood flow in arteries, which is now called the Krebs–Henseleit buffer.) In 1932 he published the basic chemical reactions of the urea cycle, which established his scientific reputation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169025 | 657,536 |
352,498 | REMS comprises instruments to measure the Mars environment: humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation. It is a meteorological package that includes an ultraviolet sensor provided by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. The investigative team is led by Javier Gómez-Elvira of the Spanish Astrobiology Center and includes the Finnish Meteorological Institute as a partner. All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover's mast, the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover body. REMS provides new clues about the Martian general circulation, micro scale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36645032 | 352,315 |
1,256,618 | The 2020–21 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's basketball team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by fifth-year head coach Josh Pastner and played their home games at Hank McCamish Pavilion as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. In a season limited due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Yellow Jackets finished the season 17–9, 11–6 in ACC play to finish in fourth place. They defeated Miami in the quarterfinals of the ACC tournament and advanced to the championship game after Virginia was forced to withdraw from the tournament after a positive COVID-19 test. They defeated Florida State to win the tournament championship and received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 9 seed in the Midwest region. They lost in the first round to Loyola. It was the first time since 2010 that the Yellow Jackets had participated in the NCAA Tournament, and their first ACC Championship since 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65893071 | 1,255,934 |
862,808 | In 2012, Capella received criticism for its expenditures on marketing, profit, and CEO pay rather than instruction, and its use of aggressive recruiting practices. According to a report issued by former U.S. Senator Tom Harkin for the Senate Education Committee, approximately 79% of the institution's cash flow comes from US government Title IV payments, including Pell grants. The report concluded that Capella's recruiting and student services were better managed than most other for-profit competitors, especially among graduate degree students. The high withdrawal rate among Bachelor's student hopefuls, the over-reliance on part-time instructors, and the high relative marketing budget were cited as potential causes for concern. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1264057 | 862,348 |
133,751 | Later consolidation of the chiefdoms into broader political entities began to occur in Upper and Lower Egypt, culminating into the unification of Egypt into one political entity by Narmer (Menes) in 3,100 BC. Instead of being viewed as a sacral chief, he became a divine king. The henotheism, or worship of a single god within a polytheistic system, practiced in the sacral chiefdoms along Upper and Lower Egypt, became the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. Bureaucracies became more centralized under the pharaohs, run by viziers, governors, tax collectors, generals, artists, and technicians. They engaged in tax collecting, organizing of labor for major public works, and building irrigation systems, pyramids, temples, and canals. During the Fourth Dynasty (2,620–2,480 BC), long-distance trade was developed, with the Levant for timber, with Nubia for gold and skins, with Punt for frankincense, and also with the western Libyan territories. For most of the Old Kingdom, Egypt developed her fundamental systems, institutions and culture, always through the central bureaucracy and by the divinity of the Pharaoh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14099 | 133,698 |
831,588 | In 2017 Eagleman and co-author Anthony Brandt (a music composer) wrote "The Runaway Species", an examination of human creativity. The book was described by the journal "Nature" as "A lively exploration of the software our brains run in search of the mother lode of invention… It sweeps the reader through examples from engineering, science, product design, music and the visual arts to trace the roots of creative thinking." "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that "the authors look at art and science together to examine how innovations — from Picasso's initially offensive paintings to Steve Jobs's startling iPhone — build on what already exists ... This manifesto of sorts shows how both disciplines foster creativity." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6058684 | 831,139 |
2,112,944 | There is some evidence that marine bioaerosols containing cyanobacteria and microalgae may be harmful to human health. Phytoplankton can absorb and accumulate a variety of toxic substances, such as methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cyanobacteria are known to produce toxins that can be aerosolized, which when inhaled by humans can affect the nervous and liver systems. For example, Caller et al. (2009) suggested that bioaerosls from cyanobacteria blooms could play a role in high incidences of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, a group of toxic compounds called microcystins are produced by some cyanobacteria in the genera "Microcystis, Synechococcus", and "Anabaena". These microcystins have been found in aerosols by a number of investigators, and such aerosols have been implicated as causing isolated cases of pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dinoflagellates are also thought to be involved in bioaerosol toxicity, with the genus "Ostreopsis" causing symptoms such as dyspnea, fever, rhinorrhea, and cough. Importantly, marine toxic aerosols have been found as far as 4 km inland, but investigators recommend additional studies that trace the fate of bioaerosols further inland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62264747 | 2,111,729 |
831,236 | Recent interest in scale-free networks started in 1999 with work by Albert-László Barabási and colleagues at the University of Notre Dame who mapped the topology of a portion of the World Wide Web, finding that some nodes, which they called "hubs", had many more connections than others and that the network as a whole had a power-law distribution of the number of links connecting to a node. After finding that a few other networks, including some social and biological networks, also had heavy-tailed degree distributions, Barabási and collaborators coined the term "scale-free network" to describe the class of networks that exhibit a power-law degree distribution. However, studying seven examples of networks in social, economic, technological, biological, and physical systems, Amaral et al. were not able to find a scale-free network among these seven examples. Only one of these examples, the movie-actor network, had degree distribution "P"("k") following a power law regime for moderate "k", though eventually this power law regime was followed by a sharp cutoff showing exponential decay for large "k". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227155 | 830,787 |
25,894 | By comparison, general relativity did not appear to be as useful, beyond making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory. It seemed to offer little potential for experimental test, as most of its assertions were on an astronomical scale. Its mathematics seemed difficult and fully understandable only by a small number of people. Around 1960, general relativity became central to physics and astronomy. New mathematical techniques to apply to general relativity streamlined calculations and made its concepts more easily visualized. As astronomical phenomena were discovered, such as quasars (1963), the 3-kelvin microwave background radiation (1965), pulsars (1967), and the first black hole candidates (1981), the theory explained their attributes, and measurement of them further confirmed the theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30001 | 25,885 |
1,813,236 | The fruit bodies are high with a conical cap that is tall and wide at the widest point. The cap surface has pits and ridges, formed by the intersection of 12–20 primary vertical ridges and infrequent shorter, secondary vertical ridges and transecting horizontal ridges. The cap is attached in a skirt-like manner to the stipe, roughly halfway from the top, with a sinus deep. The ridges are smooth and colored yellowish brown to honey brown when young, but darken in age to brown, dark brown or black. When young the ridges are up to 1 mm wide and flat with sharp edges but usually become rounded, sharp or eroded in age. The pits are smooth and vertically elongated. Initially whitish to pale brown when immature, they become brownish to yellowish or grayish brown at maturity. The fragile stipe measures tall by thick and is roughly the same width throughout its length, or tapered towards the top. It is often hidden by the cap when young but becomes longer as it matures, often developing shallow longitudinal furrows. In warm, wet conditions the stipe sometimes becomes inflated, especially near the base. White to whitish or watery brownish in color, its texture is occasionally nearly smooth but more commonly covered with mealy whitish granules that sometimes darken to brown. Orson K. Miller likened the stipe texture to that of a cow tongue. The fragile, whitish to watery tan flesh is 1–2 mm thick in the hollow cap, and sometimes forms chambers or layers near the base. The whitish to brownish sterile inner surface of the cap is covered in mealy granules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35467603 | 1,812,202 |
548,209 | The traditional view, personified in such archaeologists as Albright and Wright, faithfully accepted the biblical events as history, but has since been questioned by "Biblical minimalists" such as Niels Peter Lemche, Thomas L. Thompson and Philip R. Davies. Israel Finkelstein suggests that the empire of David and Solomon (United Monarchy) never existed and Judah was not in a position to support an extended state until the start of the 8th century. Finkelstein accepts the existence of King David and Solomon but doubts their chronology, significance and influence as described in the Bible. Without claiming that everything in the Bible is historically accurate, some non-supernatural story elements appear to correspond with physical artifacts and other archaeological findings. Inscriptions such as the Tel Dan Stele and the Mesha Stele can be traced to a non-Hebrew cultural origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673123 | 547,922 |
1,627,412 | Kallithea is a cross-platform free software source code management system, the primary goal of which is to provide a repository hosting service with features for collaboration, such as forking, pull requests, code review, issue tracking etc. Kallithea is a fork of RhodeCode, created after the original developer had changed the license terms. While earlier versions of RhodeCode were licensed entirely under the GNU General Public License version 3, RhodeCode version 2.0 (released in August 2013) introduced exceptions for parts of the software distribution. According to Bradley M. Kuhn of Software Freedom Conservancy, this exception statement is ambiguous and "leaves the redistributor feeling unclear about their rights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44765059 | 1,626,494 |
161,045 | It is sometimes claimed that theoretical rationality aims at truth while practical rationality aims at goodness. According to John Searle, the difference can be expressed in terms of "direction of fit". On this view, theoretical rationality is about how the mind corresponds to the world by representing it. Practical rationality, on the other hand, is about how the world corresponds to the ideal set up by the mind and how it should be changed. Another difference is that arbitrary choices are sometimes needed for practical rationality. For example, there may be two equally good routes available to reach a goal. On the practical level, one has to choose one of them if one wants to reach the goal. It would even be practically irrational to resist this arbitrary choice, as exemplified by Buridan's ass. But on the theoretical level, one does not have to form a belief about which route was taken upon hearing that someone reached the goal. In this case, the arbitrary choice for one belief rather than the other would be theoretically irrational. Instead, the agent should suspend their belief either way if they lack sufficient reasons. Another difference is that practical rationality is guided by specific goals and desires, in contrast to theoretical rationality. So it is practically rational to take medicine if one has the desire to cure a sickness. But it is theoretically irrational to adopt the belief that one is healthy just because one desires this. This is a form of wishful thinking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61032 | 160,960 |
9,283 | Others have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East. However, with evidence strongly suggesting the first farmers originated from the Fertile Crescent, this suggestion is often discarded. Although not specifically discussing Sumerians, Lazaridis et al. 2016 have suggested a partial North African origin for some pre-Semitic cultures of the Middle East, particularly Natufians, after testing the genomes of Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture-bearers. Alternatively, a recent (2013) genetic analysis of four ancient Mesopotamian skeletal DNA samples suggests an association of the Sumerians with Indus Valley Civilization, possibly as a result of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations. According to some data, the Sumerians are associated with the Hurrians and Urartians, and the Caucasus is considered their homeland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50521 | 9,279 |
599,346 | Philips Gloeilampen Fabrieken, headquartered in Eindhoven in the Netherlands, got its start as a manufacturer of light bulbs, but quickly evolved until it is now one of the leading manufacturers of electrical apparatus, electronics, and related products including X-ray equipment. It also has had one of the world's largest R&D labs. In 1940, the Netherlands was overrun by Hitler’s Germany. The company was able to transfer a substantial sum of money to a company that it set up as an R&D laboratory in an estate in Irvington on the Hudson in NY. As an extension to their work on light bulbs, the Dutch company had developed a line of X-ray tubes for medical applications that were powered by transformers. These X-ray tubes could also be used in scientific X-ray instrumentations, but there was very little commercial demand for the latter. As a result, management decided to try to develop this market and they set up development groups in their research labs in both Holland and the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1063456 | 599,040 |
979,313 | Accurate computation of C in multidimensional cases becomes challenging, as precision of standard floating point numbers available in computer programming languages no longer remain sufficient. The insufficient precision causes the floating point truncation errors to become comparable to the magnitudes of some C elements, which, in turn, severely degrades its accuracy and renders it useless. Chandra Shekhar has brought forth two open source softwares, and , which handle these accuracy issues adequately. ACCC performs the computation by using floating point numbers, in an iterative manner. The precision of the floating-point numbers is gradually increased in each iteration, by using GNU MPFR. Once the obtained C's in two consecutive iterations start having same significant digits until a pre-specified distance, the convergence is assumed to have reached. If the distance is sufficiently large, the computation yields a highly accurate C. PCCC employs rational number calculations, by using GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library, and yields a fully accurate C, in the rational number format. In the end, these rational numbers are converted into floating point numbers, until a pre-specified number of significant digits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1988157 | 978,802 |
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